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Dien Mit Zukunft Meyer-Stoll, Phil.-Hist Druckerei C.H . Beck Medien mit Zukunft Meyer-Stoll, Phil.-hist. Abh. 136 ..................................... Revision, 20.12.2010 BAYERISCHE AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN PHILOSOPHISCH-HISTORISCHE KLASSE ABHANDLUNGEN . NEUE FOLGE, HEFT 136 Revision Cornelia Meyer-Stoll Die Maß- und Gewichtsreformen in Deutschland im 19. Jahrhundert unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Rolle Carl August Steinheils und der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Vorgelegt von Knut Borchardt in der Sitzung vom 7. Mai 2010 MÜNCHEN 2010 VERLAG DER BAYERISCHEN AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN IN KOMMISSION BEIM VERLAG C. H. BECK MÜNCHEN Druckerei C.H . Beck Medien mit Zukunft Meyer-Stoll, Phil.-hist. Abh. 136 ..................................... Revision, 20.12.2010 ISSN 0005–710X ISBN 978 3 7696 0124 4 © Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, München 2010 Gesamtherstellung: Druckerei C. H. Beck, Nördlingen Gedruckt auf säurefreiem, alterungsbeständigem Papier (hergestellt aus chlorfrei gebleichtem Zellstoff) Printed in Germany Druckerei C.H . Beck Medien mit Zukunft Meyer-Stoll, Phil.-hist. Abh. 136 ..................................... Revision, 21.12.2010 Ludwig Thiersch: Carl August Ritter von Steinheil (1801–1870) Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften Revision Druckerei C.H . Beck Medien mit Zukunft Meyer-Stoll, Phil.-hist. Abh. 136 ..................................... Revision, 21.12.2010 Druckerei C. H . Beck Medien mit Zukunft .................Meyer-Stoll, Phil.-hist..................... Abh. 136 Revision, 17.12.2010 KTrechts V Revision KTrechts KTlinks „Es ist allerdings ein großer Gewinn zumal für einen Handelsstaat, ein festes unveränderliches Maaß zu suchen, daß nicht von der zufälligen Zerstörung einer Meßstange abhängt, wodurch jedesmal[,] wenn die alte unbrauchbar wird und eine neue an ihrer Stelle gesetzt werden muß, eine Veränderung des Maaßsystems eingeführt wird. Das ist so wahr[,] daß es keinen Staat giebt[,] von dem man jetzt genau weiß[,] was sein Maaß vor 100 Jahren war, indem kein Staat damals sein Maaßsystem an ein Naturmaaß band, und die damaligen Maßstangen theils verloren[,] theils auch so grob sind, daß nichts genaues danach bestimmt werden kann.“ Vorlage von Heinrich Christian Schumacher für eine Petition von Johann Georg Repsold an den Ham- burger Senat zwecks Anbindung des hamburgischen Längenmaßes an die einfache Länge des Sekunden- pendels, Juli 1820. Zitiert aus: Die Briefwechsel von Johann Georg Repsold mit Carl Friedrich Gauß und Heinrich Christi- an Schumacher. Kommentierte Übertragung der Brieftexte von Jürgen W. Koch. – Hamburg 2000, S. 88. Druckerei C. H . Beck Medien mit Zukunft .................Meyer-Stoll, Phil.-hist..................... Abh. 136 Revision, 17.12.2010 VI KTlinks Druckerei C. H . Beck Medien mit Zukunft .................Meyer-Stoll, Phil.-hist..................... Abh. 136 Revision, 17.12.2010 Inhaltsverzeichnis VII Revision Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Vorwort und Dank ......................................................................................................... IX Siglen- und Abkürzungsverzeichnis ................................................................................ XIII Einleitung ...................................................................................................................... 1 I. DIE SUCHE NACH EINEM UNVERÄNDERLICHEN, UNZWEIDEUTIGEN MASS ....................................................................................................................... 15 1. Das französische Vorbild ........................................................................................ 15 2. Die Vereinheitlichung von Maß und Gewicht in den vier großen Rheinbund- staaten und in Preußen und die Anpassung an das französische Maßwesen ............. 24 2.1. Die Vereinheitlichung von Maß und Gewicht in Bayern 1809/11 ................... 33 2.2. Die Wirkung der Maßanpassungen ................................................................. 44 3. Steinheils Anfänge als Privatgelehrter und Akademiker .......................................... 49 4. Steinheils Methode zur Regulierung der Urmaße ................................................. 55 4.1. Vorarbeiten für die Herstellung von Etalons für Bayern: Steinheils Reisen nach Altona und Paris ............................................................................................ 55 4.2. Herstellung der bayerischen Etalons durch Steinheil ........................................ 65 4.3. Nachfolgeaufträge oder die leichte Herstellung sicherer Kopien ...................... 74 5. Die Herstellung der englischen Standards unter dem Einfluß von Bessels und Steinheils Arbeiten: Naturwissenschaftliche Präzision wird zur gesetzlichen Norm ................................................................................................................... 78 II. DIE ZEIT DES ÜBERGANGS – DIE LANGE ZEIT DER VERHAND- LUNGEN ................................................................................................................ 87 1. Reformvorschläge von Naturwissenschaftlern, insbesondere Steinheils, zur Verein- heitlichung des deutschen Maßwesens 1847–1849 .................................................. 87 1.1. Steinheils Gutachten von 1847 zur Einigung im Deutschen Zollverein ............ 89 1.2. Reformvorschläge von Naturwissenschaftlern zum gesamtdeutschen Maß- wesen 1848/49 ............................................................................................... 95 2. Die Wirkung des Scheiterns der Nationalversammlung auf den Unifikationsprozeß im Maßwesen, insbesondere in Österreich ............................................................. 111 2.1. Steinheils Berufung nach Wien ...................................................................... 113 2.2. Steinheils Entwurf zur Einführung des französisch-metrischen Systems in der k. u. k Monarchie 1850 .................................................................................. 118 3. Stillstand oder Fortschritt? – Die Jahre 1856–1861 .................................................. 129 3.1. Das Zollpfund als allgemeines deutsches Landesgewicht .................................. 129 3.2. Verdrängung der heimischen Maße und Gewichte .......................................... 133 3.3. Die Einberufung der Bundeskommission zur Einführung eines einheitlichen Maßes und Gewichtes in ganz Deutschland 1861 ............................................ 139 3.4. Hagens Denkschrift von 1861 und die Hintergründe für die Ablehnung des französisch-metrischen Systems in Preußen 1856–1865 ................................... 151 Druckerei C. H . Beck Medien mit Zukunft .................Meyer-Stoll, Phil.-hist..................... Abh. 136 Revision, 17.12.2010 VIII Inhaltsverzeichnis 3.5. Das Gutachten der Bundeskommission von 1861 ............................................ 165 3.5.1. Die Argumentation der Bundeskommission zur Einführung des Meters und ihre Vorschläge zur Modifizierung des französisch-metrischen Systems ................................................................................................ 173 3.5.2. Die Vorschläge der Bundeskommission zur Herstellung deutscher Urmaße und die Abstimmung der Bundesregierungen zur Einführung eines gemeinsamen Maßsystems ............................................................ 183 4. Zollvereinskrise und Verhandlungen der zweiten Bundeskommission 1865 ............. 186 5. Vorbereitungen zur Einführung des französisch-metrischen Systems in Bayern ....... 195 III. DIE ADAPTION DES FRANZÖSISCH-METRISCHEN SYSTEMS IN ÖSTERREICH-UNGARN, IM NORDDEUTSCHEN BUND UND SCHLIESSLICH IM DEUTSCHEN REICH .......................................................... 201 1. Steinheils Bergkristallkilogramm und Glasmeter als Standards des metrischen Systems in Österreich-Ungarn .............................................................................. 201 2. Die Maß- und Gewichtsordnung des Norddeutschen Bundes vom 17. Aug. 1868 und der Anschluß der süddeutschen Staaten und Elsaß-Lothringens ....................... 213 3. Der allmähliche Übergang zum rein metrischen System im Deutschen Reich zwischen 1873 und 1908 ....................................................................................... 223 IV. DIE „EUROPÄISCHE GRADMESSUNG“ UND IHRE ROLLE FÜR DAS ZUSTANDEKOMMEN DER INTERNATIONALEN METERKONVENTION 1875 ......................................................................................................................... 227 1. Die Ankündigung zum Abschied von der Toise du Pérou ...................................... 227 2. Steinheils Meßapparate für die Geodäsie und die Einladung Frankreichs zur Internationalen Meter-Kommission 1870 .............................................................. 233 3. Nachhall des Steinheilschen Wirkens ..................................................................... 240 Anhang .......................................................................................................................... 249 Maße und Gewichte ..................................................................................................... 251 Biogramme .................................................................................................................. 257 Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis .................................................................................. 273 Personenregister ............................................................................................................
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