Fuel Cell Electric An attractive value proposition for zero emission transit in May 2020 Table of Contents

Executive Summary...... 3 Introduction ...... 6 Benefits of Zero-Emission Fuel Cell Buses...... 7 Performance ...... 8 Reliability...... 8 Resiliency...... 8 Sustainability...... 8 Scalability of Infrastructure...... 8 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions...... 9 Cold Weather Operation...... 11 Fuel Cell Electric ...... 13 Hydrogen Fuelling for Fuel Cell Bus Fleets...... 15 Hydrogen Production ...... 15 Hydrogen Fueling Infrastructure...... 15 Fuel Cell Total Cost of Ownership...... 15 Value to Canada...... 17 Whistler: Lessons Learned ...... 20 Conclusion...... 21 Affordable ...... 21 High Performing ...... 21 Zero-Emission ...... 21 The Other Electric Bus...... 23 Document References...... 24 Tables & Figures

New Flyer’s Xcelsior CHARGE H2™ 18 metre articulated fuel cell electric bus...... 4 Fuel cell electric bus in operation at Orange County Transportation Authority, California...... 7 Canadian Industry Leaders...... 18

Ballard Power Systems 2 Executive Summary

There is no doubt that the future of public zero emission counterparts, battery electric buses. transportation is going to be zero emission and Canada is already a leader in the production of it will happen quickly. With the government’s hydrogen as an energy carrier, and has many mandate that all federally financed bus purchases competitive advantages (e.g. low carbon feedstocks) be zero emission beginning in 20231, cities and that will grow this sector as the world seeks low transit authorities are faced with a choice of what carbon intensity fuel options. On the technology technology to deploy. Transit operators can consider side, Canada is already home to world leading two zero emission electric bus solutions: fuel cell hydrogen and fuel cell companies that cover all electric buses (FCEBs) or battery electric buses elements of the supply chain— including hydrogen (BEBs). Both technologies are needed to ensure the production, distribution, dispensing and utilization, transition to 100% zero emission transit. fuel cell vehicle engineering and manufacturing).

FCEBs are electric buses that offer all of the benefits The potential for growth is immense, with financial of BEBs without some of the drawbacks. FCEBs incentives available at regional and national levels fueled with hydrogen are the only zero-emission to support the deployment of fuel cell electric technology to offer one-to-one replacement of buses and hydrogen refueling stations. Analysis diesel fleets with complete route flexibility, short performed by both Deloitte China and McKinsey & refueling time and similar depot space utilization. Company shows that commercial fuel cell vehicles, such as transit buses, will become competitive with With more than 15 years on the road and millions of diesel vehicles within the next five to seven years. kilometers in passenger service, FCEBs have proven There is a clear line of site to a positive payback, their performance. FCEBs have demonstrated with fuel cell electric vehicles projected to be less reliable operation in revenue service despite varied expensive to run than battery electric and internal drive cycles and challenging geographies. Over combustion engine vehicles within 10-years. 2,500 fuel cell buses have been delivered to transit operators around the world. Read on to learn more about the benefits of zero- emission FCEBs for public . Fuel cell electric buses hold a significant economic value for Canada, even when compared to their

Ballard Power Systems 3 ’s Xcelsior CHARGE H2™ 18 metre articulated fuel cell electric bus Zero–Emission Fuel Cell Electric Buses for Canada

Ballard Power Systems 4 Clean public transit powered by renewable hydrogen will improve air quality in our cities.

Ballard Power Systems 5 Introduction

Climate change is one of the most significant issues of our Canadian cities and transit agencies have already recognized times, demanding action today . Governments around the world the need to transition to zero emission buses . The City of are doing their part; Canada has committed to achieve net-zero Vancouver, for instance, has committed to working with the emissions by 2050 . Net-zero emissions – where there are no regional transit authority to procure only zero emission buses carbon emissions, or where emissions are completely offset by from 2025 . B C. . Transit is rolling out a plan to electrify its entire other actions that remove carbon from the atmosphere – are fleet of more than 1,000 buses across the province by 2040 essential to keeping the world our children grow up in safe and livable . The Canadian Federal Government’s December 2019 mandate letter to the Minister of Infrastructure and There are significant opportunities for zero emission vehicles to Communities3 outlines a policy that will affect many transit play a key role in Canada’s carbon neutrality mandate . In 2017, operators . Beginning in 2023, all new bus and rail rolling- the transportation sector was the second largest source of stock procurement that is federally financed must be zero GHG emissions, accounting for 24% (174 megatonnes of carbon emission . In support of this initiative, the Federal Government dioxide equivalent) of total national emissions 2. Between 1990 has committed to working with provinces and territories to and 2017, GHG emissions from the transportation sector grew introduce new funding to help school boards and municipalities by 43% . purchase 5,000 zero-emission school and transit buses over the next five years . Net zero by 2050 can only be achieved by decarbonizing both heavy-duty vehicles and passenger cars – and hydrogen is a This is undoubtedly a major change in the future of urban vital part of the solution . In fact, it’s hard to see how we can get transportation in Canada and one that will require forward there without it . On a “well to wheel” or “cradle to grave” basis, thinking planning to develop a feasible roll out plan . Agencies zero emission vehicles powered by green hydrogen represent a must consider the type of zero-emission buses the agency will compelling solution to decarbonize transportation and reduce employ, how the necessary infrastructure will be built out, and GHG emissions .In California, one of the leading regions in the how the workforce will be trained . The central decision is the world in implementing zero-emissions vehicles (including choice of zero-emission technology: fuel cell electric buses transit buses), climate change and air quality concerns have (FCEBs) or battery electric buses (BEBs)—or, most likely, a compelled multiple agencies to deploy both battery electric combination of both . and fuel cell electric buses into their fleet operations to meet all required duty cycles . Providing the hydrogen produced FCEBs are the only zero emission solution that can meet is from low carbon sources, or the carbon emissions created the performance demands of transit operators without from it captured, hydrogen could play an important role compromise . With tens of millions of kilometers in in eliminating one of the largest sources of carbon dioxide commercial services and more than fifteen years on the road emissions in Canada . in different environments, FCEBs have been proven to meet the operational requirements of transit agencies and bus Travelling up to ten times further than the average passenger operators . vehicle, urban buses are a significant source of pollution, impacting local air quality and global carbon emissions .

Ballard Power Systems 6 Benefits of Zero-Emission Fuel Cell Buses

FCEBs provide affordable zero-emission transportation with FCEBs do a complete day’s work even on the most arduous no compromise in vehicle performance . FCEBs are the only routes and allow for a 1:1 replacement for conventional diesel zero-emission technology to offer full vehicle capability or compressed natural gas (CNG) technologies . This means that (gradeability, highway speeds, and long range) in all operating FCEBs can operate on all urban bus routes without compromise environments . during long shifts in winter or summer .

Zero-emission transportation with no compromise in performance or operation.

Fuel cell electric bus in operation at Orange County Transportation Authority, California

Ballard Power Systems 7 Performance Furthermore, Ballard offers its customers a refurbishment program for fuel cell stacks that have reached the end of life . FCEBs offer the performance benefits of long range, fast Ballard’s ability to refurbish the fuel cell stack and recover refueling and full route flexibility, consistent with the internal more than 95% of platinum means far fewer waste products combustion engine vehicle experience that transit operators end up in landfills, as well as further lowering life cycle cost are familiar with . FCEBs operate over 450 kilometers during and carbon footprint . an 18-hour shift on the road with a single 10-minute re-filling at night . This is in contrast to the limitations of BEBs – range Scalability of Infrastructure limitations, long recharge times or roadside recharging infrastructure, route inflexibility, and performance degradation When assessing and comparing TCO across zero emission in cold temperatures . technology alternatives, a critical cost driver is the cost of infrastructure and how it develops with increasing scale . Reliability The cost of hydrogen fueling infrastructure for a small fleet The thousands of FCEBs operating around the world have of FCEBs is initially significantly higher the cost of charging proven to meet operational requirements of transit agencies infrastructure for a small number of BEBs . However, the and bus operators . FCEBs powered by Ballard’s fuel cells have infrastructure cost per bus swiftly becomes lower for FCEBs traveled more than 20 million kilometers of revenue service, with increasing fleet size with typical cross-over point around equivalent to circling the Earth 500 times, with fuel cell system 40-50 vehicles per depot . availability above 97% . Hydrogen fueling stations at transit depots are built to be Resiliency scalable from tens of buses to hundreds . An existing station can grow its capacity with minimal incremental cost by Access to transit is considered an essential service by upgrading the compression and storage equipment and adding many, especially in disadvantaged communities . And, in an dispensers . emergency, buses can play a lifesaving role in transporting the injured or sick . BEB infrastructure costs typically increase as the fleet grows, due to the introduction of fast chargers in the system and grid The question then arises of how BEB fleets will be charged upgrades (including off-site power substations) that may be in the event of a prolonged power outage . Hydrogen stored required to cover the increased load . on site at the bus depot will ensure transit agencies have an abundance of stored chemical energy to avoid this issue, providing multiple refuelings for each bus . FCEBs can also be used as dispatchable emergency power generators during natural disasters .

Sustainability

A higher percentage of the fuel cell electric bus overall lifetime emissions is actually a result of their manufacturing and end-of-life processes . As a key component supplier, Ballard is actively engaged in reducing the total lifecycle emissions of FCEBs . The manufacturing of a fuel cell electric power train (fuel cell system + battery) generates 75% less GHG emissions than 100% battery power train (from cradle to gate) .

Ballard Power Systems 8 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions

BEBs and FCEBs produce zero direct emissions at the tailpipe . Low or zero-emission hydrogen produced by electrolysis of This significantly improves air quality in urban areas through water enables significant emission reductions in buses, when the elimination of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxides and criteria compared with diesel or CNG . emissions . In British Columbia, hydrogen produced from water using grid Clean hydrogen production will play a major role in the electricity (with an emission factor of 10 .67 tCO2e/GWh), will complete decarbonization of transportation on a well-to- reduce GHG emissions by 180% versus a diesel bus . wheel basis . Both green and blue hydrogen produced in Canada can provide emissions reduction benefits to achieve In Quebec (with a grid emission factor of 2 .26 tCO2e/GWh), our environmental goals . Today, blue hydrogen can provide emissions would be reduced over 190% . industrial-scale volumes of carbon-neutral hydrogen, while green hydrogen will increase deployment of renewable power generation .

Ballard Power Systems 9 Ballard Power Systems 10 Cold Weather Operation

Transit systems are vulnerable to both extreme weather events electric buses in cold weather climates may have to acquire and the incremental impacts of a changing climate . In Canada, additional buses or infrastructure to maintain full service during where we have one of the most severe winter climates of any cold weather conditions . country in the world, we need to consider our transportation systems’ resilience to cold climate extremes . In 2019, The Center for Transportation and the Environment (CTE) with the Midwest Hydrogen Center of Excellence As transit agencies plan to replace their traditional diesel- (MHCoE), Cleveland State University (CSU), and the Stark Area fueled buses with zero-emission buses, they will need to Regional Transit Authority (SARTA) released a study evaluating consider the effects of extreme weather on the range of the the relationship between ambient temperature and fuel new buses replacing their existing fleets . Since battery-electric economy for zero-emission buses . The results of the analysis buses typically have a lower range than fuel cell electric show that the loss in range during a temperature change buses, even under optimal conditions, this is an important from 10-15°C to -5-0°C was greater for battery-electric buses consideration for transit agencies that are seeking one for (37 .8% decrease) than for fuel cell electric buses (23 1%. one bus replacements . Otherwise, agencies operating battery decrease) 7.

Ballard Power Systems 11 Cold temperatures slow the electrons in batteries and reduce In colder climates, buses must also be able to heat the energy output, which significantly affects the hauling power passenger compartment with vehicle doors opening frequently . and range of battery-powered electric buses . Battery output These auxiliary heating systems consume additional power, drops as operating temperature falls . Below 25°C, power which reduces the total travel range even further . At some output from lithium batteries reduces and the charging point, more energy actually goes toward heating the bus than time lengthens . At -20°C recharging is 20 times slower than propelling it forward . Fuel cells generate heat which is recovered at +20°C . Most electric buses have thermal management in order to improve the bus efficiency . Some bus manufacturers systems to keep the battery warm, this system consumes include a diesel power unit for passenger heat, which may be significant power, which drastically lowers the vehicle’s total effective, but generates emissions . And one can ask, is a bus with driving range . a diesel-powered heater a true zero emission bus?

Ballard Power Systems 12 Built on the proven New Flyer Xcelsior® platform, the Xcelsior CHARGE H2™ utilizes the same robust electric propulsion system as the Xcelsior CHARGE™ battery-electric bus, in a hybrid configuration with fuel cells . In this ‘made in Canada’ bus, the fuel cell acts like a continuous battery charger to extend the range of the vehicle .

FEATURES

• Travel up to 560 kilometers on a single refueling • Fast fill time ranging from 6-20 minutes • Powered by Ballard fuel cells • Available in 40-foot and 60-foot lengths • Fuel cell-rejected heat is captured to supplement the HVAC system, there is little to no reduction in range at cold ambient temperatures .

Fuel Cell Electric Bus

A fuel cell electric bus is a battery electric bus with an on-board There is no need to plug in the bus to recharge the batteries as range extender . hydrogen stored in bus provides the entire daily energy need of the bus . The remaining bus elements (glider, electric drive, etc .) A FCEB is an electric vehicle that includes both a fuel cell and are identical to battery electric buses . batteries working seamlessly together to provide efficient zero-emission power without compromised range or service Hydrogen offers much higher energy density compared to requirements . In such a hybrid architecture, the fuel cell electrical storage systems such as batteries . With the addition works in both parallel and series modes to keep the batteries of a hydrogen fuel cell system, the battery system can be charged, provide peak traction power, and provide the energy reduced in size, decreasing the overall weight of the propulsion necessary for the bus auxiliary loads . system and provide energy for the bus heating and cooling systems . This improves the fuel efficiency of the vehicle and The fuel cell power module onboard the bus efficiently will allow the vehicle to carry more passengers . generates electric energy through an electro-chemical reaction leaving only water and heat as by-products . The electric energy is used to keep the batteries charged and, as a further benefit, the by-product heat is useful as a source of energy for maintaining passenger comfort, to improve vehicle efficiency . The batteries also provide storage for regenerated energy .

Ballard Power Systems 13 Hydrogen Fuel: The Zero Emission Solution

Ballard Power Systems 14 Hydrogen Fuelling for Fuel Cell Bus Fleets

Hydrogen Production Hydrogen Fueling Infrastructure

The electrical grid in Canada is powered by a relatively high Deployments around the world have proven FCEBs can be percentage of renewables and low-carbon sources, including fueled with hydrogen safely and efficiently in the depot . 60% hydro power, 16% nuclear, and 5% other renewables 4. Typically the fueling station is comprised on high pressure Hydrogen can provide a complement to renewable power storage, compression and dispensing as a stand alone unit, or generation, as it offers the ability to store excess renewable integrated into a fueling island with other fuels . The hydrogen electricity, thereby enhancing the uptake of lower carbon feedstock is produced either onsite or trucked in from a central sources on the grid 5. production facility in gaseous or liquid form . The ideal solution depends on the hydrogen demand and physical layout of the Electrolysis uses well-established technology to transform depot . electricity and water into zero emission hydrogen . Canadian companies are among the world’s leading suppliers of Hydrogen refueling systems are scalable and there are electrolyzers . In jurisdictions like BC, Manitoba and Quebec with solutions for every hydrogen fuel cell vehicle . It is also possible low carbon intensity electrical grids, this technology produces to upgrade the refueling station in order to service additional low-cost, low-carbon green hydrogen that is ideal for powering buses as the number increases over time . fuel cell electric buses with very low emissions on a well to wheel basis . Hydrogen suppliers can provide delivered hydrogen at a fixed price dispensed at the pump over, for example, a 5 to In other regions, Canada’s oil and gas sector can also play a role 10-year period, similar to current CNG and diesel contracts . in generating hydrogen fuel through steam methane reforming This means no investment in infrastructure for the bus and carbon capture and sequestration to generate low carbon operator . The target price is diesel parity on a dollar per “blue” hydrogen . This fuel can then be transported as a gas via kilogram basis, which is already achievable in a few countries tube trailer or pipeline, or as a liquid to other jurisdictions for use . worldwide .

Fuel Cell Electric Bus Total Cost of Ownership

FCEBs are set to become much cheaper as manufacturing with BEBs and conventional diesel ICE buses . The analysis technology matures, economies of scale improve, hydrogen considers three specific use cases: short-distance urban fuel costs decline and infrastructure develops . Indeed, a recent buses with a 150-km range per refuelling, long distance urban paper jointly published by Ballard and Deloitte conservatively transportation with a 450-km range, and coaches for long- estimates the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) for commercial distance travel with a range of 500 km . hydrogen vehicles will fall by more than 50% in the next 10 years . The analysis shows that FCEBs outcompete BEBs when the range required exceeds 400 km, due to the BEB’s large, heavy A recent report from the Hydrogen Council entitled “Path battery and long charging times . For buses with shorter ranges, to Hydrogen Competitiveness” compares the TCO of FCEBs e .g . urban buses, FCEBs and BEBs reach cost parity by 2030 .

Ballard Power Systems 15 The total cost of ownership is highly sensitive to local preferences for flexibility, operational constraints and conditions such as costs of electricity or hydrogen fuel, infrastructure costs . available infrastructure for refuelling, range required, and mileage . The FCEB economics benefit from higher grid The key takeaway from this modeling is that BEBs and FCEBs electricity cost, more vehicles per depot or requirements for will be less expensive than ICE buses in the short term and very longer range and route flexibility . Ultimately, the optimal similar in lifecycle costs allowing the transit agency to choose technology choice will depend on the fleet operator the right technology for the right transit route .

Ballard Power Systems 16 Value to Canada

As a proven application with a high technology readiness level At Ballard we’re forming partnerships with Canadian supply (TRL), fuel cell electric buses can be particularly important chain and ecosystem stakeholders, including bus OEMs and to Canada’s economy as we transition to a more sustainable hydrogen equipment suppliers for the production, storage, transportation future . In terms of infrastructure investment, dispensing, and distribution of hydrogen . Together with our bus fleets can provide early, reliable and strategic load as new partners, Ballard could provide a comprehensive end-to- blue and green hydrogen production and liquefaction capital is end solution . The end result will be installation and operating deployed strategically around the country . efficiencies that make the fuel cell electric bus solution truly cost competitive . Fuel cell electric buses hold a significant amount of economic value for Canada, even when compared to their zero emission Together with our partners, Ballard could provide a counterparts, battery electric buses . Canada is home to a comprehensive end-to-end solution . The end result will be significant concentration of hydrogen and fuel cell companies installation and operating efficiencies that make the fuel cell that cover all elements of the supply chain— including electric bus solution truly cost competitive . hydrogen storage, production and delivery, refueling stations, and fuel cell vehicle engineering and manufacturing .

Visit the Canadian Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association member directory to learn more about these companies.

In addition, several bus makers that are producing electric vehicle models and electric drive components have assembly plants in Canada .

In contrast, a significant portion of the value of a battery electric bus is captured overseas . By one estimate, a battery pack accounts for about 26% of the cost of making an electric bus . In most cases, manufacturers import lithium ion cells from Asia to create batteries in North America .6

Ballard Power Systems 17 Canadian Industry Leaders Air Liquide Canada , QC Air Products Canada Edmonton, AB Enbridge Gas Distribution Calgary, AB Hydrogen Hydrogenics Mississauga, ON Production Next Hydrogen Mississauga, ON Quadrogen Power Systems Burnaby, BC Proton Technologies Calgary, AB Agility Fuel Solutions Kelowna, BC Hydrogen Storage Luxfer Canada Ltd . Calgary, AB Hydrogen Refueling Hydrogen Technology and Energy Corporation (HTEC) Vancouver, BC Infrastructure Powertech Labs Inc . Surrey, BC Hydrogen Fuel Cell Ballard Power Systems Burnaby, BC Manufacturing Loop Energy Burnaby, BC New Flyer Industries Winnipeg, MB Electric Bus Saint-Eustache, QC Manufacturing Saint-Jérôme, QC GreenPower Motor Company Vancouver, BC

This is just a sample of industry participants . For more, visit the Canadian Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association member directory .

Ballard Power Systems 18 Ballard Power Systems 19 Whistler: Lessons Learned

Beginning in 2009, BC Transit led a project to conduct a 5-year • Hydrogen Supply— As part of the program, Air Liquide built demonstration of 20 FCEB in Whistler, Canada . Through a liquid hydrogen storage and gaseous dispensing station the planned period of operation – from prior to the XXI in Whistler . The liquid hydrogen was trucked from Air Winter Olympic Games in 2010 until March 2014 – the fleet Liquide’s production facility in Becancour, Quebec via diesel demonstrated the operational viability fuel cell electric buses . The program managers were never able to transition in revenue service, logging more than 4 million kilometers, or away from this supply to a low carbon intensity source an average of more than 100 kilometers per bus per day . During of hydrogen in North Vancouver as planned . Although the demonstration it was the world’s largest FCEB fleet in a the Quebec plant produces hydrogen using renewable single location . methods—through electrolysis of water and using a chlor alkali waste recuperation process – the emissions In addition to the milestones, there were challenges and generated in the delivery of the fuel severely impacted lessons learned from the demonstration related to the bus both the carbon intensity and the cost of the fuel . technology and overall program management . Despite the challenges, this project demonstrated that FCEBs • Third party vehicle integrator ISE Corporation was could be fully integrated into a transit fleet, providing daily responsible for the majority of the bus design/build service in one of the most challenging environments in the effort and declared bankruptcy at the beginning of the Province of British Columbia . Other points to note – demonstration . The company’s demise had a significant impact on the project, resulting in the remaining project • The Whistler experience contributed to a significant partners having to take on the responsibility for systems reduction in the capital cost of fuel cell buses since 2009, integration and overall bus operations . Today, the bus and further reductions will be driven by further product manufacturer, New Flyer, takes ownership of the FCEB industrialization and scaling up of FCEB production . design, integration and customer support, leveraging the • The relatively high cost of hydrogen fuel transported from commonalities with their electric buses . Quebec to Whistler (about 3-times the cost of diesel) could • Balance of Plant Reliability—The air supply system for the be reduced with a local source of low-cost and low carbon fuel cell proved to be one of the biggest technical issues hydrogen . on the buses . These components provide a vital function for the performance and longevity of the fuel cell stack . Even with the transportation of hydrogen to Whistler, the fuel The components were sourced and integrated into the cell bus fleet has reduced emissions by approximately 65% on system by the original integrator . As a result, the air supply a “well-to-wheels” basis, compared to diesel buses . system was not optimized and the sub-components were not as durable as expected . The lessons learned from this issue have already resulted in improvements in future designs . Ballard now supplies the air system fully integrated into the fuel cell module .

Ballard Power Systems 20 Conclusion

With millions of kilometers in commercial services and more Zero-Emission than 15 years on the road in different environments, fuel cell buses have been proven to meet the operational requirements Virtually silent, with no tailpipe emissions and significantly of transit agencies and bus operators . Fuel cell buses offer reduced GHGs on a well-to-wheel basis . a 1:1 replacement to diesel buses without performance compromises . Hydrogen fuel offers a future-proof, scalable refueling solution well adapted to operators requirements Fuel cell manufacturers, bus manufacturers, hydrogen across Provinces . Low carbon hydrogen produced from suppliers and government agencies are all working together in Canadian natural resources provides a path to clean transit . programs aiming to bring attractive fuel cell buses to Canadian cities and operators . Joint procurements could facilitate With high value generated in Canada through the entire value volume production, providing an affordable zero-emission chain from components and vehicles to hydrogen production transit solution . and distribution, the deployment of fuel cell electric vehicles in cities across the country represent a significant economic Today, fuel cell electric buses are: opportunity with job creations .

Affordable Fuel cell electric buses complement the offer of battery electric vehicles to enable to transition towards 100% zero Offering competitive cost of ownership versus an all-battery emission transit . The zero emission FCEB solution is now ready . bus and within 20% of the cost of operating diesel buses . The technology is mature, sustainable, and affordable, and the time is now to deploy FCEBs at scale for public transit in High Performing Canada .

Offering the same convenience as a diesel bus for bus operators, without requiring any operational compromises (such as limited range, long charging times or on-route charging) .

Ballard Power Systems 21 Now is the time to implement zero-emission fuel cell buses in Canada.

Ballard Power Systems 22 The Other Electric Bus

To learn more about fuel cell electric buses and hydrogen refueling solutions:

Fuel Cell Electric Buses – Proven performance and the way forward Hydrogen Fueling for Fuel Cell Electric Bus Fleets Hydrogen at Scale for Fuel Cell Electric Bus Fleets

Ballard Power Systems 23 Document References Ballard Power Systems 9000 Glenlyon Parkway 1,3 Minister of Infrastructure and Communities Mandate Letter Burnaby, BC V5J 5J8 2 . Government of Canada Canada 4 . Canada Energy Regulator 5 . Power Play: Canada’s Role in the Electric Vehicle Transition ballard.com 6 . Congressional Research Service

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