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Evolution and Understanding of the D-Block Elements in the Periodic Table Cite This: Dalton Trans., 2019, 48, 9408 Edwin C
Dalton Transactions View Article Online PERSPECTIVE View Journal | View Issue Evolution and understanding of the d-block elements in the periodic table Cite this: Dalton Trans., 2019, 48, 9408 Edwin C. Constable Received 20th February 2019, The d-block elements have played an essential role in the development of our present understanding of Accepted 6th March 2019 chemistry and in the evolution of the periodic table. On the occasion of the sesquicentenniel of the dis- DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00765b covery of the periodic table by Mendeleev, it is appropriate to look at how these metals have influenced rsc.li/dalton our understanding of periodicity and the relationships between elements. Introduction and periodic tables concerning objects as diverse as fruit, veg- etables, beer, cartoon characters, and superheroes abound in In the year 2019 we celebrate the sesquicentennial of the publi- our connected world.7 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. cation of the first modern form of the periodic table by In the commonly encountered medium or long forms of Mendeleev (alternatively transliterated as Mendelejew, the periodic table, the central portion is occupied by the Mendelejeff, Mendeléeff, and Mendeléyev from the Cyrillic d-block elements, commonly known as the transition elements ).1 The periodic table lies at the core of our under- or transition metals. These elements have played a critical rôle standing of the properties of, and the relationships between, in our understanding of modern chemistry and have proved to the 118 elements currently known (Fig. 1).2 A chemist can look be the touchstones for many theories of valence and bonding. -
A Crystal.Chemical Investigation of Alpine Gadolinite 135
LN Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 30, pp. 1n-136 (1993) A CRYSTAL.CHEMICALINVESTIGATION OFALPINE GADOLINITE FRANCESCODEMARTIN Istinto di ChimicaStrumtristica Inorganica" Universit degli Studi, Via G. Venezian21, I-20133 Milan' Italy TULLIOPILATI CentroCNR per Io Studiodelle Relazioni fra Strunurae ReattivitChimica, via Golgi 19,I-20133 Milan' Italy VALERIADIELLA Centro CNRdi Sndio per la Stratigrafia e Petrografiadelle AIpi Centrali, via Bonicelli 23, I-20133Milan' Italy PAOLO GENTILE AND CARLO M. GRAMACCIOLI Dipanimentodi ScienzedellaTerra, Ilniversit degli Studi,via Bonicelli 23, I-20133Milnn' Italy ABSTRACI Gadolinite-(Y) specimensfrom variouslocalities in the Alps havebeen examined by electronmicroprobe and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. tn generat,dysprosium is the most abundantrare-earth, although a few samplescontain approximately equal ulnount,of Dy undYb-,andin oneinstance, Gdpredominates.Incontrasttomanynon-Alpineoccunences, mostof these specimens show only lirnited amountsof the lighter REE.There is an almostconstant presence of calcium (up to 4 wt7o.CaO' and.possibly twice thai amountfor morequestiorible samples;;iron is often markedlydeficient with respectto the tleqretlcal formula, and in ar leastone case (Glogstafelberg), the materialshould more properly be ialled hingganite-(Y)(4.0 wrToFeO). In somespecimens, a silnificant substituiionof S fJi Be (up to about4 .Z wtUoUrOll canbededuced-from crystal-structure data, on the basisof linear inteipolation of the measuredBe-O''6ond lengfhswith reip".t to other gadolinite-groupminerals. This substitutionis more exteisive for specimenshigh in Ca and low in Fe, and which thereforegrade toward datolite. No evidencefor replacementof Si by B hasbeen iound. Minor amountsof thorium (up to 0.4 wtToThO2)commonly are present' and uranium(0.3 wtVoUO) was found in one specimen.As for xenotimeand monazite,the behaviorbf Y is not uniquely determinedby the ionic radius,some specimensbeing especiallyemiched in this elementwith respectto the middle-heavyrare earths(up to 4 I .5 wt%oY 2O) . -
Spectrophotometric Determination of Praseodymium by 1,4
Arab Journal of Sciences & Research publishing Issue (2), Volume (1) September 2015 ISSN: 2518 - 5780 Spectrophotometric Determination of Praseodymium by 1,4- Dihydroxyanthraquinone after its Selective Separation from Rosetta Monazite Rare Earth Concentrate by Solvent Extraction Abdel Fattah N. A a Sadeek A. S b Ali B. H a Abdo, A. A a Weheish, H. L.a a Nuclear Materials Authority || Egypt b Faculty of Science || Zagazig University || Egypt Abstract: A rare earths concentrate of Rosetta monazite assays about 44, 23, 16.94 and 5.91 % for Ce, La, Nd and Pr respectively. Separation of cerium by air oxidation at 200oC. Selective separation of Pr by D2EHPA at pH1 followed by a sensitive spectrophotometric method which described for the determination of praseodymium (Pr) with l,4- dihydroxyanthraquinone . The calibration curve was linear from 0.1 to 12 µgml -1 praseodymium. The influences of various parameters and reaction conditions for maximum colour development were investigated. The relative standard deviation for determination of 1 µgml-1 praseodymium has found to be 1.3 after 5 repeated determinations; percent error 5.02%, molar absorptivity (ε) was 1.23x106M-1 cm-1and detection limit was 0.1µgml-1. The method for determination of praseodymium showed good accuracy and selectivity. INTRODUCTION Rare earth elements (REEs), represent one of a set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, specifically the fifteen lanthanides, as well as scandium and yttrium (Connelly, N.G., et al., 2005). It was discovered of the black mineral Gadolinite by Carl Axel Arrhenius in 1787 (Gschneidner, and Cappellen, 1987). Traditionally, the REEs are divided into two groups on the basis of atomic weight; the light REEs are lanthanum through gadolinium (atomic numbers 57 through 64); and the heavy REEs comprise terbium through lutetium (atomic numbers 65 through 71). -
Yttrium Från Ytterby Och Litium Från Utö – Del 1 En Topografisk Karta Stockholm Vid 1200-Talets Slut
Grundämnenas upptäckt Grundämnenas upptäckt Exkursioner till Ytterby och Utö 6-7 juni eller 8-9 juni 6 juni Färje 1371: Strömkajen 08:30 Ytterby 09:30 09:45 – 10:45 Ytterby gruva Buss 682: Ytterby 11:03 Engarn 11:07 Buss 670: Engarn 11:09 Tekniska högskolan 11:44 Buss 4: Östra station 11:52 S:t Eriksplan 12:02 12:15 – 14:00 Rörstrands slott (lunch och visning) 14:00 – 16:00 Birkastan 7 juni Tåg 43: Stockholm City 08:16 Västerhaninge station 08:48 Buss 846: Västerhaninge station 09:09 Årstra brygga 09:22 Färje 2173: Årsta brygga 09:30 Gruvbryggan (Utö) 10:10 10:15 – 14:15 Rävstavik och Utö gruvor (matsäck) Färje 2178: Gruvbryggan (Utö) 14:30 Årsta brygga 15:25 Buss 846: Årstra brygga 15:32 Västerhaninge station 15:50 Tåg 43: Västerhaninge station 15:57 Stockholm City 16:29 Grundämnenas upptäckt Exkursioner till Ytterby och Utö 6-7 juni eller 8-9 juni 8 juni Färje 951: Strömkajen 09:15 Ytterby 10:40 10:55 – 11:45 Ytterby gruva Buss 682: Ytterby 12:03 Engarn 12:07 Buss 670: Engarn 12:09 Tekniska högskolan 12:44 Buss 4: Östra station 12:52 S:t Eriksplan 13:02 13:15 – 15:00 Rörstrands slott (lunch och visning) 15:00 – 17:00 Birkastan 9 juni Tåg 43: Stockholm City 08:16 Västerhaninge station 08:48 Buss 846: Västerhaninge station 09:09 Årstra brygga 09:22 Färje 2173: Årsta brygga 09:30 Gruvbryggan (Utö) 10:10 10:15 – 14:15 Rävstavik och Utö gruvor (matsäck) Färje 2178: Gruvbryggan (Utö) 14:30 Årsta brygga 15:25 Buss 846: Årstra brygga 15:32 Västerhaninge station 15:50 Tåg 43: Västerhaninge station 15:57 Stockholm City 16:29 -
GLOBAL RARE-EARTH PRODUCTION: HISTORY and OUTLOOK History – the Discovery
Center for Strategic and International Studies Rare Earth Elements: Geology, Geography, and Geopolitics James B. Hedrick Hedrick Consultants, Inc. U.S. Rare Earths, Inc. Burke, Virginia December 15, 2010 Washington, DC GLOBAL RARE-EARTH PRODUCTION: HISTORY AND OUTLOOK History – The Discovery . The rare earths were discovered in 1787 by Swedish Army Lieutenant Carl Axel Arrhenius . Carl, an amateur mineralogist collected the black mineral ytterbite, later renamed gadolinite, from a small feldspar and quartz mine at Ytterby, Sweden . With similar chemical structures the rare earths proved difficult to separate . It was not until 1794 that Finnish chemist Johann Gadolin separated the first impure yttrium oxide from the mineral ytterbite History – The Discovery History – The Commercialization . The rare earths were commercialized when the incandescent lamp mantle industry was established in 1884 with mantles of zirconium, lanthanum, and yttrium oxides with later improvements requiring only the oxides of thorium and cerium. The lamp mantle was discovered by Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach . The mantles also used small amounts of neodymium and praseodymium as an indelible brand name Welsbach label History – The Early Mining . Rare earths were first produced commercially in the 1880s with the mining in Sweden and Norway of the rare-earth thorium phosphate mineral monazite . Foreign Production Brazil produced monazite as early as 1887 India produced monazite starting in 1911 . Domestic Production Monazite production in the United States was first recorded in 1893 in North Carolina - a small tonnage of monazite was reportedly mined in 1887 Monazite mining in South Carolina began in 1903 History – The Processing . Three main methods for separating and refining the rare- earth elements since they were discovered . -
~Ui&£R5itt! of J\Rij!Oua
Minerals and metals of increasing interest, rare and radioactive minerals Authors Moore, R.T. Rights Arizona Geological Survey. All rights reserved. Download date 06/10/2021 17:57:35 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/629904 Vol. XXIV, No.4 October, 1953 ~ui&£r5itt! of J\rij!oua ~ul1etiu ARIZONA BUREAU OF MINES MINERALS AND METALS OF INCREASING INTEREST RARE AND RADIOACTIVE MINERALS By RICHARD T. MOORE ARIZONA BUREAU OF MINES MINERAL TECHNOLOGY SERIES No. 47 BULLETIN No. 163 THIRTY CENTS (Free to Residents of Arizona) PUBLISHED BY ~tti£ll~r5itt! of ~rh!Omt TUCSON, ARIZONA TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 5 Acknowledgments 5 General Features 5 BERYLLIUM 7 General Features 7 Beryllium Minerals 7 Beryl 7 Phenacite 8 Gadolinite 8 Helvite 8 Occurrence 8 Prices and Possible Buyers ,........................................ 8 LITHIUM 9 General Features 9 Lithium Minerals 9 Amblygonite 9 Spodumene 10 Lepidolite 10 Triphylite 10 Zinnwaldite 10 Occurrence 10 Prices and Possible Buyers 10 CESIUM AND RUBIDIUM 11 General Features 11 Cesium and Rubidium Minerals 11 Pollucite ..................•.........................................................................., 11 Occurrence 12 Prices and Producers 12 TITANIUM 12 General Features 12 Titanium Minerals 13 Rutile 13 Ilmenite 13 Sphene 13 Occurrence 13 Prices and Buyers 14 GALLIUM, GERMANIUM, INDIUM, AND THALLIUM 14 General Features 14 Gallium, Germanium, Indium and Thallium Minerals 15 Germanite 15 Lorandite 15 Hutchinsonite : 15 Vrbaite 15 Occurrence 15 Prices and Producers ~ 16 RHENIUM 16 -
EMD Uranium (Nuclear Minerals) Committee
EMD Uranium (Nuclear Minerals) Committee EMD Uranium (Nuclear Minerals) Mid-Year Committee Report Michael D. Campbell, P.G., P.H., Chair December 12, 2011 Vice-Chairs: Robert Odell, P.G., (Vice-Chair: Industry), Consultant, Casper, WY Steven N. Sibray, P.G., (Vice-Chair: University), University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE Robert W. Gregory, P.G., (Vice-Chair: Government), Wyoming State Geological Survey, Laramie, WY Advisory Committee: Henry M. Wise, P.G., Eagle-SWS, La Porte, TX Bruce Handley, P.G., Environmental & Mining Consultant, Houston, TX James Conca, Ph.D., P.G., Director, Carlsbad Research Center, New Mexico State U., Carlsbad, NM Fares M Howari, Ph.D., University of Texas of the Permian Basin, Odessa, TX Hal Moore, Moore Petroleum Corporation, Norman, OK Douglas C. Peters, P.G., Consultant, Golden, CO Arthur R. Renfro, P.G., Senior Geological Consultant, Cheyenne, WY Karl S. Osvald, P.G., Senior Geologist, U.S. BLM, Casper WY Jerry Spetseris, P.G., Consultant, Austin, TX Committee Activities During the past 6 months, the Uranium Committee continued to monitor the expansion of the nuclear power industry and associated uranium exploration and development in the U.S. and overseas. New power-plant construction has begun and the country is returning to full confidence in nuclear power as the Fukushima incident is placed in perspective. India, Africa and South America have recently emerged as serious exploration targets with numerous projects offering considerable merit in terms of size, grade, and mineability. During the period, the Chairman traveled to Columbus, Ohio to make a presentation to members of the Ohio Geological Society on the status of the uranium and nuclear industry in general (More). -
Study on Extraction of Lanthanum Oxide from Monazite Concentrate
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Vol:2, No:10, 2008 Study on Extraction of Lanthanum Oxide from Monazite Concentrate Nwe Nwe Soe, Lwin Thuzar Shwe, and Kay Thi Lwin La2O3 has more extensive applications. It is a white Abstract—Lanthanum oxide is to be recovered from monazite, amorphous powder; insoluble in water improves the alkali which contains about 13.44% lanthanum oxide. The principal resistance of glass. The Kodak's camera objectives contain objective of this study is to be able to extract lanthanum oxide from from 20 to 40% La2O3. Lanthanum oxide can also be used in monazite of Moemeik Myitsone Area. The treatment of monazite in optical glasses where it imparts improved alkali resistance, this study involves three main steps; extraction of lanthanum La-Ce-Tb phosphors for fluorescent lamps, dielectric and hydroxide from monazite by using caustic soda, digestion with nitric conductive ceramics, Barium titanate capacitors, X-Ray acid and precipitation with ammonium hydroxide and calcination of lanthanum oxalate to lanthanum oxide. intensifying screens and lanthanum metal production [1]. Keywords—Calcination, Digestion, Precipitation. II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Monazite from Moemeik Myitsone Area was used as raw I. INTRODUCTION material for the experiments. Monazite was ground to obtain - ANTHANUM was discovered in 1839 by Swedish 325 mesh. It has beach color. The flow diagram of the L Chemist Carl Gustav Mosandar when he partially extraction of lanthanum oxide is shown in Fig. 1. decomposed a sample of cerium nitrate by heating and treating Monazite the resulting salt with nitric acid. -
Evolution and Understanding of the D-Block Elements in the Periodic Table Cite This: Dalton Trans., 2019, 48, 9408 Edwin C
Dalton Transactions View Article Online PERSPECTIVE View Journal | View Issue Evolution and understanding of the d-block elements in the periodic table Cite this: Dalton Trans., 2019, 48, 9408 Edwin C. Constable Received 20th February 2019, The d-block elements have played an essential role in the development of our present understanding of Accepted 6th March 2019 chemistry and in the evolution of the periodic table. On the occasion of the sesquicentenniel of the dis- DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00765b covery of the periodic table by Mendeleev, it is appropriate to look at how these metals have influenced rsc.li/dalton our understanding of periodicity and the relationships between elements. Introduction and periodic tables concerning objects as diverse as fruit, veg- etables, beer, cartoon characters, and superheroes abound in In the year 2019 we celebrate the sesquicentennial of the publi- our connected world.7 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. cation of the first modern form of the periodic table by In the commonly encountered medium or long forms of Mendeleev (alternatively transliterated as Mendelejew, the periodic table, the central portion is occupied by the Mendelejeff, Mendeléeff, and Mendeléyev from the Cyrillic d-block elements, commonly known as the transition elements ).1 The periodic table lies at the core of our under- or transition metals. These elements have played a critical rôle standing of the properties of, and the relationships between, in our understanding of modern chemistry and have proved to the 118 elements currently known (Fig. 1).2 A chemist can look be the touchstones for many theories of valence and bonding. -
Alphabetical List
LIST L - MINERALS - ALPHABETICAL LIST Specific mineral Group name Specific mineral Group name acanthite sulfides asbolite oxides accessory minerals astrophyllite chain silicates actinolite clinoamphibole atacamite chlorides adamite arsenates augite clinopyroxene adularia alkali feldspar austinite arsenates aegirine clinopyroxene autunite phosphates aegirine-augite clinopyroxene awaruite alloys aenigmatite aenigmatite group axinite group sorosilicates aeschynite niobates azurite carbonates agate silica minerals babingtonite rhodonite group aikinite sulfides baddeleyite oxides akaganeite oxides barbosalite phosphates akermanite melilite group barite sulfates alabandite sulfides barium feldspar feldspar group alabaster barium silicates silicates albite plagioclase barylite sorosilicates alexandrite oxides bassanite sulfates allanite epidote group bastnaesite carbonates and fluorides alloclasite sulfides bavenite chain silicates allophane clay minerals bayerite oxides almandine garnet group beidellite clay minerals alpha quartz silica minerals beraunite phosphates alstonite carbonates berndtite sulfides altaite tellurides berryite sulfosalts alum sulfates berthierine serpentine group aluminum hydroxides oxides bertrandite sorosilicates aluminum oxides oxides beryl ring silicates alumohydrocalcite carbonates betafite niobates and tantalates alunite sulfates betekhtinite sulfides amazonite alkali feldspar beudantite arsenates and sulfates amber organic minerals bideauxite chlorides and fluorides amblygonite phosphates biotite mica group amethyst -
Peaceful Berkelium
in your element Peaceful berkelium The first new element produced after the Second World War has led a rather peaceful life since entering the period table — until it became the target of those producing superheavy elements, as Andreas Trabesinger describes. f nomenclature were transitive, element 97 with the finding that in Bk(iii) compounds would be named after an Irish bishop spin–orbit coupling leads to a mixing of the Iwhose philosophical belief was that first excited state and the ground state. This material things do not exist. But between gives rise to unexpected electronic properties the immaterialist George Berkeley and the not present in analogous lanthanide element berkelium stands, of course, the structures containing terbium. Even more fine Californian city of Berkeley (pictured), recently5, a combined experimental and where the element was first produced in computational study revealed that berkelium December 1949. The city became the eponym can have stabilized +iii and +iV oxidation of element 97 “in a manner similar to that states also under mild aqueous conditions, used in naming its chemical homologue indicating a path to separating it from other terbium […] whose name was derived from lanthanides and actinides. the town of Ytterby, Sweden, where the rare The main use of berkelium, however — earth minerals were first found”1. arguably one that wouldn’t have met with A great honour for the city? The mayor Bishop Berkeley’s approval — remains a of Berkeley at the time reportedly displayed PHOTO STOCK / ALAMY AF ARCHIVE distinctly material one: as the target for “a complete lack of interest when he was the synthesis of other transuranium and called with the glad tidings”2. -
Columbium and Tantalum
Rediscovery of the Elements Columbium and Tantalum Figure 2. Hatchett’s coach-making business was located at 121 Long Acre III (N51° 30.76 W00° 07.52). Charles spent his youth in Belle Vue in Chelsea (owned by his father) and then repurchased the home for his final James L. Marshall, Beta Eta 1971, and years (91-92 Virginia R. Marshall, Beta Eta 2003, Cheyne Walk; N51° 28.92 W00° 10.45). Department of Chemistry, University of Charles Hatchett’s North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5070, first home after his marriage was at the Lower Mall in Hammersmith at an address today unknown; this [email protected] area was bombed in World War II and is now occupied by Furnival Gardens (N51° 29.42 W00° 13.99); this is where he discovered columbium. Also in Hammersmith may be found today at Hop Poles Inn (17-19 Charles Hatchett (1765–1847), a prosperous King Street, N51° 29.56 W00° 13.55), a favorite haunt of Charles Hatchett. In mid-life his home was London coach-builder and avocational Mount Clare (1808–1819) at Minstead Gardens, Roehampton (N51° 27.11 W00° 15.04). chemist, discovered columbium (niobium) in 1801. The following year, Anders Gufstaf Charles Hatchett 1 (Figure 2) was born at his merit his election to the Royal Society. His work Ekeberg (1767–1813), professor of chemistry at father’s carriage manufactory on Long Acre with bones and shells3b first determined the dif- the University of Uppsala, Sweden, discovered (Figure 3). Charles, being the only son, had ferent compositions of bones and teeth (mostly tantalum.