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Werner Von Siemens Conteúdo Páginas Joseph Henry 1 Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac 3 Joseph Norman Lockyer 5 Pierre Janssen 6 Joseph Stefan 8 Ludwig Boltzmann 9 Josiah Willard Gibbs 11 Luigi Galvani 12 Nikola Tesla 14 Pieter Zeeman 16 Werner von Siemens 17 Wilhelm Eduard Weber 19 Wilhelm Röntgen 20 Referências Fontes e Editores da Página 22 Fontes, Licenças e Editores da Imagem 23 Licenças das páginas Licença 24 Joseph Henry 1 Joseph Henry Referência : Ribeiro, D. (2014), WikiCiências, 5(10):0822 Autor: Daniel Ribeiro Editor: Eduardo Lage Joseph Henry (1797 – 1878) foi um físico, dos primeiros grandes cientistas norte-americanos após Benjamin Franklin. Ajudou Samuel Morse (1791 – 1872) no desenvolvimento do telégrafo e descobriu vários fenómenos elétricos importantes, incluindo autoindução eletromagnética, fenómeno de grande importância em circuitos eletrónicos. Henry nasceu numa família pobre de ascendência escocesa e foi criado como presbiteriano, uma fé que seguiu ao longo da sua vida. A sua educação elementar foi obtida nas escolas de Albany e Galway (Nova York), para onde ele foi enviado, antes da morte do seu pai, em 1811, para morar com parentes. Henry foi aprendiz de relojoeiro e ourives, interessou-se por teatro na adolescência, porém, depois de ler a obra de George Gregory “Palestras sobre Filosofia Experimental, Astronomia e Química” (Londres, 1809), passou a interessar-se por ciência. Em 1829, Henry fez importantes melhorias num projeto de desenvolvimento de eletroímanes, na Academia de Albany. Por trabalhar no isolamento Figura 1 Joseph Henry (1797 – 1878). do enrolamento, Henry conseguiu melhorar bastante a força magnética exercida pelo eletroíman. No Yale College, Henry chegou a criar um eletroíman que suportava perto de 1 tonelada, um recorde mundial na época. Foi durante esses estudos que Henry notou, pela primeira vez, o fenómeno de autoindução (1832) e três anos depois, criou e construiu o primeiro motor elétrico. Apesar de se considerar que Michael Faraday (1791 – 1867) foi quem descobriu a indução eletromagnética, pois publicou os seus resultados em 1831, Henry já havia observado o fenómeno um ano antes. No mesmo ano em que Faraday publicou os seus resultados sobre a indução eletromagnética, Henry construiu com sucesso um telégrafo que funcionava a uma distância de uma milha (1,6 quilómetros). Um ano depois, tornou-se professor de filosofia natural no College of New Jersey (mais tarde denominado Princeton University). Ao longo das suas investigações na área da eletricidade e magnetismo, Henry descobriu as leis que regem o funcionamento do transformador de corrente elétrica e compreendeu que as correntes elétricas podiam ser induzidas à distância (percursoras do funcionamento do rádio). De 1838 a 1846, Henry foi extremamente ativo nas suas investigações, não só em eletricidade e magnetismo, mas também noutras áreas da física. Por exemplo, publicou artigos sobre capilaridade (1839, 1845) e fosforescência (1841). Em 1845, Henry utilizou um termogalvanómetro, um instrumento de deteção de calor, para mostrar que as Joseph Henry 2 manchas solares emitem menos radiação que o resto da superfície solar. Escreveu também artigos sobre atomicidade (1846) e sobre a teoria dos imponderáveis (1859). Publicou vários trabalhos sobre a aurora e sobre calor. Henry revelou, também, bastante interesse sobre o daltonismo, para além de ter feito investigações sobre propagação e deteção de luz e som. Em 1846, Henry tornou-se o primeiro-secretário do Smithsonian Institution (Washington), onde organizou e apoiou um corpo de observadores meteorológicos voluntários (grupo que se tornou percursos do serviço de meteorologia do Estados Unidos da América). Além disso, Henry foi também um dos principais assessores técnicos de Abraham Lincoln, durante a Guerra Civil dos EUA, principal estruturador da Academia Nacional de Ciências (EUA) e o seu segundo presidente. Em 1893, o seu nome foi dado à unidade de indutância, o henry (H). Referências • Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition: Joseph Henry [1], consultado em 05/09/2012. • Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography: Henry, Joseph [2], consultado em 05/09/2012. • Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition: Henry, Joseph [3], consultado em 05/09/2012. Criada em 05 de Setembro de 2012 Revista em 16 de Novembro de 2012 Aceite pelo editor em 01 de Outubro de 2014 Referências [1] http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 261387/ Joseph-Henry [2] http:/ / www. encyclopedia. com/ doc/ 1G2-2830901941. html [3] http:/ / www. britannica. com/ bps/ media-view/ 59220/ 1/ 0/ 0 Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac 3 Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac Referência : Ribeiro, D. (2014), WikiCiências, 5(10):0823 Autor: Daniel Ribeiro Editor: Eduardo Lage Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1766 – 1844), químico e físico francês, foi um pioneiro em investigações sobre o comportamento dos gases, estabelecendo também novas técnicas de análise e avanços notáveis na química aplicada. Gay-Lussac era o filho mais velho de um advogado e ex-oficial real que perdeu a sua posição na Revolução Francesa de 1789. O pai de Gay-Lussac enviou-o para Paris, para se preparar para estudar Direito. No entanto, logo no início da sua escolaridade, Gay-Lussac adquiriu interesse pela ciência, e a sua habilidade matemática permitiu-lhe passar no exame de admissão à École Polytechnique. Gay-Lussac provou sempre ser um aluno exemplar ao longo dos seus anos de graduação, de 1797 a 1800. Depois disso, ele entrou na École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, mas logo saiu da instituição para se tornar assistente de investigação de Claude-Louis Berthollet (1748 – 1822). A primeira publicação de Gay-Lussac (1802) foi sobre a expansão térmica dos gases, concluindo que todos os gases se expandem igualmente ao Figura 1 Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1766 – 1844). longo do intervalo de temperatura de 0 a 100 °C. Esta lei, normalmente (e erroneamente) atribuída ao físico francês Jacques Charles (1746 – 1823) como “lei de Charles”, foi a primeira de várias harmonias no comportamento da matéria que Gay-Lussac estabeleceu. De todas as leis que Gay-Lussac descobriu, continua a ser melhor conhecido lei da combinação de volumes (1808), ou “lei de Gay-Lussac”. Antes disso, Gay-Lussac já havia estabelecido que o hidrogénio e o oxigénio se combinam, em volume, numa proporção de 2:1, para formar a água (1805). Abordagem de Gay-Lussac ao estudo da matéria era consistentemente volumétrica, em vez de gravimétrica, contrastando com o seu contemporâneo John Dalton (1766 – 1844). Um outro exemplo da abordagem volumétrica de Gay-Lussac surgiu em 1810, numa investigação realizada com o seu amigo Louis-Jacques Thenard (1777 – 1857), sobre a composição de substâncias vegetais. Juntos identificaram uma classe de substâncias (mais tarde designadas hidratos de carbono), que continham hidrogénio e oxigénio na proporção de 2:1. Eles anunciaram os seus resultados sob a forma de três leis, de acordo com a proporção do hidrogénio e do oxigénio contido nas substâncias. Enquanto jovem, Gay-Lussac realizou perigosas proezas para conseguir atingir objetivos científicos. Em 1804, subiu num balão de hidrogénio com Jean-Baptiste Biot (1774 – 1862), para investigar o campo magnético da Terra a Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac 4 elevada altitude e a composição atmosférica. Atingiram uma altitude de 4000 metros; e num voo a solo, Gay-Lussac atingiu os 7016 metros, estabelecendo um recorde para o voo mais alto de balão, que permaneceu imbatível por cerca de meio século. Em 1807, publicou um importante estudo sobre o aquecimento e refrigeração produzidos pela compressão e expansão de gases. Só mais tarde se percebeu a relação desta experiência com a lei da conservação da energia. Gay-Lussac deu aulas na École Polytechnique e na Faculdade de Ciências de Paris, em 1808. Em 1816, Gay-Lussac foi editor da revista Annales de chimie et de physique e dois anos depois tornou-se membro da comissão de pólvora do governo. Também chegou a ser nomeado diretor do departamento de análise quantitativa da Casa da Moeda de Paris, para o qual desenvolveu um método preciso e exato para a análise quantitativa da prata. Em 1848 (o ano das revoluções na Europa central e oriental), Gay-Lussac renunciou aos seus vários compromissos em Paris e retirou-se para uma casa, com biblioteca e laboratório privado, no local onde passou a sua infância. Referências • Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition: Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac [1], consultado em 29/11/2012. • Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography: Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis [2], consultado em 29/11/2012. • Library of Congress: Gay-Lussac [3], consultado em 29/11/2012. Criada em 29 de Novembro de 2012 Revista em 30 de Novembro de 2012 Aceite pelo editor em 06 de Outubro de 2014 Referências [1] http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 227390/ Joseph-Louis-Gay-Lussac [2] http:/ / www. encyclopedia. com/ doc/ 1G2-2830901594. html [3] http:/ / www. loc. gov/ pictures/ resource/ ppmsca. 02237/ Joseph Norman Lockyer 5 Joseph Norman Lockyer Referência : Ribeiro, D. (2014), WikiCiências, 5(10):0824 Autor: Daniel Ribeiro Editor: Eduardo Lage Joseph Norman Lockyer (1836 – 1920) foi um astrónomo britânico que, em 1868, descobriu um novo elemento químico na atmosfera solar, ao qual chamou hélio, de Helios, designação grega para Sol e a respetiva deidade. Lockyer era filho de Joseph Hooley Lockyer, cirurgião-farmacêutico com amplos interesses científicos, e Anne Norman, um casal de classe média. A sua educação formal, em escolas nos Midlands ingleses, era bastante classicista, porém, a atmosfera científica doméstica, complementada por viagens à Suíça à França, serviram para ampliar os interesses de Lockyer. O seu primeiro emprego foi como funcionário público no Ministério da Guerra de Inglaterra, em 1857. Lockyer permaneceu nesse emprego até atingir proeminência como astrónomo amador. Ele conseguiu ter acesso aos núcleos científicos através de um período de serviço temporário como secretário do duque da comissão de instrução científica de Devonshire. Através dessa associação com o duque, Lockyer conseguiu um lugar permanente no Departamento de Ciência e Figura 1 Joseph Norman Lockyer (1836 – 1920).
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