International Hydrofoil Society 11 March 2010 Mark Rice, P.E. & Jeanne Torstenson, P.E. Hydrofoils and Chesapeake Bay Ferries
Graphic from Google Earth Graphic from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Chesapeake Bay Growth Since 1986 Outline
Early Ferry Transportation & Transition to Bridges
John Smith Historic Waterway Trail
Transportation Changes?
Hydrofoil Ferries for Chesapeake Bay
Technology Options for Reducing Hydrofoil Energy Consumption BALTIMORE ROCK HALL
ANNAPOLI KENT ISLAND S SHADY SIDE ST. MICHAELS
CAMBRIDGE
SOLOMONS/ LEXINGTON PARK
CRISFIELD REEDVILLE
ONANCOC K
CAPE CHARLES WILLIAMSBUR YORKTOWN G HAMPTON VA BEACH NORFOLK Common 19th & 20th Century Ferry Routes 1640 - 1952 Slower pace
No bridges
Lots of Time
No other choice
Alternative routes were very long 19th Century
Chesapeake Bay excursion steamboat the Emma Giles, circa 1890
1829: The Washington, Alexandria, and Baltimore Steam-packet Company was succeeded by the Washington, Alexandria and Georgetown Steam –packet Company
1840: Baltimore Steam Packet Company is founded. Early 20th Century
Love Point Resort
Steamer Westmoreland at Love Point - 1910 - two dollars for the car and driver - $0.50 per passenger
Baltimore 1912 Early 20th Century
Steamboat Louise
Steamer Nellie White Early 20th Century Steamer Routes • Tolchester – Baltimore • Baltimore – Love Point • Annapolis – St Michaels • Annapolis – Matapeake - Claiborne Baltimore Harbor 1935 1930s Steamers
Luxury Steamer President Warfield – Built for Chesapeake Bay Converted to a Troop Ship in WW II – Survived a torpedo attack Purchased as scrap – Renamed EXODUS Covertly Carried 4,554 Illegal Jewish Emigrants to Palestine in 1947 1928 - 1964
316’ M.V. North Hampton – 1948-1964 339’ S.S. Delmarva – 1933-1964
339’ S.S. Virginia Lee – 1928-1964 291’ S.S. Accomac – 1951-1964
339’ S.S. Princess Anne – 1932-1964 305’ M.V. Old Point Comfort – 1958-1964
358’ S.S. Pocahontas – 1941-1964 327’ M.V. Virginia Beach – 1961-1964 Two Fixed Crossings
Chesapeake Bay Bridge – 4.35 miles – Opened 1952 / Second span 1973 – $2.50 toll east bound only – State and Federal tax dollars (~$5B total in 2010 dollars) – 2009: 65,000 trips/day on weekdays, 95,000 trips on summer weekends – 2025: 85,000 trips/day on weekdays, 135,000 trips on summer weekends
Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel – 17.6 miles – Opened 1964 / Second span 1999 – $12.00 toll south bound only – Financed by state guaranteed revenue bonds (~$2.3B total in 2010 dollars) – Replaced ferry service (1930s–1964) – ~10,000 trips/day Chesapeake Bay Bridge Summer Congestion: 95,000 trips per day Bridge Is Now Over Capacity During Summer
• 60,000 avg. daily trips in 2004 -- 86,000 avg. daily trips in 2025 • 11,000 people commute daily from the Eastern Shore to the Western Shore • Eastern Shore will experience a growth spike in the next 30 years on the order of 150% • New bridge will cost $3B+ and is at least 15 years away
Task Force on Traffic Capacity Across the Chesapeake Bay - Bridge Study Results Puget Sound Comparison
28 Vessels, 10 routes, 11 million cars + 26 million people per year 2 Bridges, 30 million vehicles per year Outline
Early Ferry Transportation & Transition to Bridges
Captain John Smith Historic Waterway Trail
Transportation Changes?
Hydrofoil Ferries for Chesapeake Bay
Hydrofoil Technical Advances Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail
• National Park Service • Authorized by Congress – 12/06 • Numerous Commercial Partners • 150+ Designated Sites and Attractions Captain John Smith Trail Maryland Points of Interest Tributary Points of Interest Chesapeake Bay An International Tourist Destination
History – Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail – Washington, D.C. – Williamsburg & Jamestown – Baltimore & Annapolis
Ecology – Estuary ecology walks and watercraft trips – Smithsonian Institution – 8 National Wildlife Refuges
Entertainment – Water sports and Beaches – Baltimore – Washington attractions – Aquariums, Museums, Bicycle Trips Outline
Early Ferry Transportation & Transition to Bridges
Captain John Smith Historic Waterway Trail
Transportation Changes?
Hydrofoil Ferries for Chesapeake Bay
Hydrofoil Technical Advances Fast Ferry Energy Use (BTU/Passenger Mile)
Fuel Efficiency - BTU/Passenger Statue Mile at 50% Load Fraction
14000 11788 12000 10000 8000 7145 6253 6549 6727 42 kts 6000 5123 4000
2000 34 kts 36 kts 37 kts 50 kts 0 40 kts MAPC 250 MAPC 200 MAPC 149 FA Cat SP Hydrofoil JetFoil
Shaded values are estimates, Full Load Calm Sea Not The Most Efficient Per Mile
Energy Use per Passenger Mile 6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
BTU/passenger-mile . 0
Airlines Amtrak Transit Bus Automobile Electric Car Prius Hybrid .
MAPC 250 Hydrofoil .
2008 Transportation Energy Data Book, US Department of Energy & Other Sources Rock Hall/Tolchester – Baltimore Passenger Ferry Ferry is VERY Efficient on a Per Passenger Trip Basis Kent County residents going to Baltimore Shopping Hospitals and doctors Universities Concerts / museums / plays / restaurants / BSO Orioles / Ravens games Commute to higher paying jobs Connect to BWI, Amtrak, MARC, Greyhound Produce / seafood delivery to Baltimore School/club/retirement community tours & charters
Baltimore residents going to Kent County Museums / historic sites / antique shops Bicycle trips Bed and breakfasts / restaurants Marinas / boating Connecting transportation going to Atlantic coast Flexcar / Zipcar rental on the Eastern Shore 87 s. miles by road School/club/retirement community trips School/club/retirement community tours & charters 19 n. miles by ferry Transportation Tomorrow - Conjecture
Short-haul vehicles – Electric car becomes dominant - 60 to 80 miles between charges – Highway & bridge congestion continue to grow - Commuter rail and ferry grow due to congestion & efficiency - Electric power “from the road” or new battery technology Electric cars move into the mid-haul market Mid-haul trips – Hybrid bio-diesel electric car for mid-range – More intermodal options for people who own only electric cars - Greater inter-city rail - Regional air travel with more efficient small aircraft Long-haul – Remains the purview of large airplanes which continue to get more efficient
Market for Ferry Travel on the Chesapeake Returns Outline
Early Ferry Transportation & Transition to Bridges
Captain John Smith Historic Waterway Trail
Transportation Changes?
Hydrofoil Ferries for Chesapeake Bay
Hydrofoil Technical Advances Waterways As Transportation Corridors Low-Cost Low-Impact Alternative to New Bridges A Smart Growth Opportunity
Small High-Speed Passenger Vessels - Frequent Service – Shallow draft (6.5 feet), 149-passengers – High quality, high speed (35-50 knots) – Rock Hall/Tolchester – Baltimore – Annapolis – Matapeake - Baltimore – St Michaels – Annapolis - Baltimore – Cambridge – Annapolis – Shady Side – Annapolis – Aberdeen – Baltimore – Betterton – Solomons - Honga Mesh with Future Transportation Systems
Ferry as an integral component of the total transportation system
Baltimore side – Established local mass transit via MTA bus, light rail, taxi – Established connections to long-range transit - Connections to BWI - Connections to MARC train, Amtrak and intercity bus Eastern shore side – Connecting bus to the beach – Flexcar / Zipcar rentals – Private bus services – Feeder buses to the ferry Chesapeake Bay Passenger Hydrofoil
• 90 feet, 75 L.tons • 7.5 ft / 5 ft drafts • 20 ft Air Draft • 26 foot beam • Three strut hydrofoil • Caterpillar C32 engines • Sea state 3 • 37 or 50 knots variants • Stern or side loading • 149 passengers + luggage • Fixed shallow-draft struts, Rolls Royce CPZ Drives • USCG Subchapter T + IMO High Speed Code Chesapeake Passenger Ferry
Market discriminator for Baltimore port cities (Baltimore, Annapolis, Cambridge, etc.) – Commuters – Tourism
Smart Growth Development opportunities in Bay communities – Fosters alternative and intermodal transportation – Creates investment in town centers – Fosters Appropriate Economic development in small communities
No expensive infrastructure required
Energy efficient
Flexible solution – not tied to road or bridge investments – Routes can be changed – Magnitude can be altered
Enables travel on the John Smith Waterway New York Markets New York Hydrofoil
• 90 feet, 75 L.tons • 14 ft / 9 ft drafts • 22 ft Air Draft • 26 foot beam • Three strut hydrofoil • Caterpillar C32 engines • Sea state 4 • 37 or 50 knots variants • Stern or side loading • 149 passengers + luggage • Fixed shallow-draft struts, Rolls Royce CPZ Drives • USCG Subchapter T + IMO High Speed Code Resistance New York Variant – Power vs Speed Range and Endurance Open Ocean Routes
• 132 feet, 125 L.tons • 16 ft / 8.5 ft drafts • 32 ft Air Draft • 24 foot beam • Three strut hydrofoil • Caterpillar C32 engines • Sea state 4+ • 40 knots • Stern or side loading • 250 passengers + luggage • Fixed shallow-draft struts, Rolls Royce CPZ Drives • USCG Subchapter T + IMO High Speed Code Open Water Markets
UK - France Caribbean
Brazil Mediterranean
Asia Next Generation Hydrofoils?
Maritime Applied Physics Corporation – in the Fairfield Section of Baltimore City Wing In Ground Effect Hydrofoil
+ =
Limited speed Good speed Good speed Good seakeeping Poor seakeeping Good seakeeping Good control Poor control Good control
Wing In Ground Effect 25% reduction in fuel use per passenger mile Hydrofoil (WIGH) relative to existing 40-knot ferries Higher Speed WIGH Lift Regimes
Buoyant Lift Aero/Hydro Lift 100 Subcavitating Hydrofoil Lift
Catamaran 75 Hullborne -> Planing Dynamic Control Decreasing foil + 65% of Total Lift 50 lift with increased
% Lift cavitation number 35% of Total Lift
25 PlaningLift WIG Aerodynamic Lift
10 20 30 40 50 60 Speed (knots) • Air Propulsion – Avoids Cavitation Limits on Combined Aero & Hydro Lift Marine Propellers – Lift of ‘wing’ enables foil to operate at higher cavitation-free speeds • Deployable Buoyancy – Improved L/D − Quiet approach – Low specific power − Shallower draft Wing In Ground Effect Hydrofoil Passenger Ferry
Performance:
Cruise Speed 40 kts Take Off Speed 25 kts Catamaran Mode 6 kts Propulsion Power 1400 hp
Passengers 149 Total Weight 110,000 lbs Wind Tunnel Experiment
Wind tunnel experiments were performed at the University of Maryland wind tunnel, as part of the MIPS program, to determine the aerodynamic characteristics of the hull shape. Total Lift & Drag 110,000 lb. Wing In Ground Effect Hydrofoil
Velocity vs Hydrodynamic Lift, 110,000lb Hydrofoil Velocity vs L/D, 110,000lb Hydrofoil 120000 25 100000
80000 Hydrodynamic L/D Aerodynamic L/D 60000 20 Lift, lbs Total L/D 40000
20000
0 25 30 35 40 45 50 15 Velocity, kts L/D
10
Velocity vs Hydrodynamic Drag, 110,000lb Hydrofoil 14000 12000 5 10000 lbs 8000 6000 Drag, 4000 0 2000 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 Velocity, kts 25 30 35 40 45 50 Velocity, kts WIGH Summary Chesapeake Bay Ferry System
East-West travel is increasing Existing bridge infrastructure has reached capacity during summer East-West travel is fuel and carbon intensive due to North-South distances to the bridge East-West passenger passenger ferry routes can reduce energy use and carbon emissions Hydrofoil technology offers the lowest fuel use and carbon emissions If developed with public leadership, “smart growth” and environmental objectives can be honored Fosters tourism on the John Smith National Waterway Trail
Red areas indicate development since 1986 Data compiled by Scott Goetz, Woods Hole Research Center, as published in the Washington Post, 8 August 2004 Backup Slides Canton – Rock Hall Rock Hall Rock Hall Canton Berth Fells Point to Ft Mc Henry Buoy (6 knot speed restriction) Fells Point H&S Properties to Ft Mc Henry Buoy Inner Harbor to Ft McHenry Buoy Baltimore – Rock Hall - Annapolis Possible Annapolis Berth Annapolis – Saint Michaels St. Michaels Aberdeen - Annapolis Aberdeen – Rock Hall Aberdeen Bainbridge – Aberdeen - Betterton Aberdeen - Betterton Betterton Bainbridge / Port Deposit Annapolis - Crisfield Crisfield Annapolis – Kent Island Matapeake