Hydrofoils and Chesapeake Bay Ferries
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International Hydrofoil Society 11 March 2010 Mark Rice, P.E. & Jeanne Torstenson, P.E. Hydrofoils and Chesapeake Bay Ferries Graphic from Google Earth Graphic from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Chesapeake Bay Growth Since 1986 Outline Early Ferry Transportation & Transition to Bridges John Smith Historic Waterway Trail Transportation Changes? Hydrofoil Ferries for Chesapeake Bay Technology Options for Reducing Hydrofoil Energy Consumption BALTIMORE ROCK HALL ANNAPOLI KENT ISLAND S SHADY SIDE ST. MICHAELS CAMBRIDGE SOLOMONS/ LEXINGTON PARK CRISFIELD REEDVILLE ONANCOC K CAPE CHARLES WILLIAMSBUR YORKTOWN G HAMPTON VA BEACH NORFOLK Common 19th & 20th Century Ferry Routes 1640 - 1952 Slower pace No bridges Lots of Time No other choice Alternative routes were very long 19th Century Chesapeake Bay excursion steamboat the Emma Giles, circa 1890 1829: The Washington, Alexandria, and Baltimore Steam-packet Company was succeeded by the Washington, Alexandria and Georgetown Steam –packet Company 1840: Baltimore Steam Packet Company is founded. Early 20th Century Love Point Resort Steamer Westmoreland at Love Point - 1910 - two dollars for the car and driver - $0.50 per passenger Baltimore 1912 Early 20th Century Steamboat Louise Steamer Nellie White Early 20th Century Steamer Routes • Tolchester – Baltimore • Baltimore – Love Point • Annapolis – St Michaels • Annapolis – Matapeake - Claiborne Baltimore Harbor 1935 1930s Steamers Luxury Steamer President Warfield – Built for Chesapeake Bay Converted to a Troop Ship in WW II – Survived a torpedo attack Purchased as scrap – Renamed EXODUS Covertly Carried 4,554 Illegal Jewish Emigrants to Palestine in 1947 1928 - 1964 316’ M.V. North Hampton – 1948-1964 339’ S.S. Delmarva – 1933-1964 339’ S.S. Virginia Lee – 1928-1964 291’ S.S. Accomac – 1951-1964 339’ S.S. Princess Anne – 1932-1964 305’ M.V. Old Point Comfort – 1958-1964 358’ S.S. Pocahontas – 1941-1964 327’ M.V. Virginia Beach – 1961-1964 Two Fixed Crossings Chesapeake Bay Bridge – 4.35 miles – Opened 1952 / Second span 1973 – $2.50 toll east bound only – State and Federal tax dollars (~$5B total in 2010 dollars) – 2009: 65,000 trips/day on weekdays, 95,000 trips on summer weekends – 2025: 85,000 trips/day on weekdays, 135,000 trips on summer weekends Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel – 17.6 miles – Opened 1964 / Second span 1999 – $12.00 toll south bound only – Financed by state guaranteed revenue bonds (~$2.3B total in 2010 dollars) – Replaced ferry service (1930s–1964) – ~10,000 trips/day Chesapeake Bay Bridge Summer Congestion: 95,000 trips per day Bridge Is Now Over Capacity During Summer • 60,000 avg. daily trips in 2004 -- 86,000 avg. daily trips in 2025 • 11,000 people commute daily from the Eastern Shore to the Western Shore • Eastern Shore will experience a growth spike in the next 30 years on the order of 150% • New bridge will cost $3B+ and is at least 15 years away Task Force on Traffic Capacity Across the Chesapeake Bay - Bridge Study Results Puget Sound Comparison 28 Vessels, 10 routes, 11 million cars + 26 million people per year 2 Bridges, 30 million vehicles per year Outline Early Ferry Transportation & Transition to Bridges Captain John Smith Historic Waterway Trail Transportation Changes? Hydrofoil Ferries for Chesapeake Bay Hydrofoil Technical Advances Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail • National Park Service • Authorized by Congress – 12/06 • Numerous Commercial Partners • 150+ Designated Sites and Attractions Captain John Smith Trail Maryland Points of Interest Tributary Points of Interest Chesapeake Bay An International Tourist Destination History – Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail – Washington, D.C. – Williamsburg & Jamestown – Baltimore & Annapolis Ecology – Estuary ecology walks and watercraft trips – Smithsonian Institution – 8 National Wildlife Refuges Entertainment – Water sports and Beaches – Baltimore – Washington attractions – Aquariums, Museums, Bicycle Trips Outline Early Ferry Transportation & Transition to Bridges Captain John Smith Historic Waterway Trail Transportation Changes? Hydrofoil Ferries for Chesapeake Bay Hydrofoil Technical Advances Fast Ferry Energy Use (BTU/Passenger Mile) Fuel Efficiency - BTU/Passenger Statue Mile at 50% Load Fraction 14000 11788 12000 10000 8000 7145 6253 6549 6727 42 kts 6000 5123 4000 2000 34 kts 36 kts 37 kts 50 kts 0 40 kts MAPC 250 MAPC 200 MAPC 149 FA Cat SP Hydrofoil JetFoil Shaded values are estimates, Full Load Calm Sea Not The Most Efficient Per Mile Energy Use per Passenger Mile 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 BTU/passenger-mile . 0 Airlines Amtrak Transit Bus Automobile Electric Car Prius Hybrid . MAPC 250 Hydrofoil . 2008 Transportation Energy Data Book, US Department of Energy & Other Sources Rock Hall/Tolchester – Baltimore Passenger Ferry Ferry is VERY Efficient on a Per Passenger Trip Basis Kent County residents going to Baltimore Shopping Hospitals and doctors Universities Concerts / museums / plays / restaurants / BSO Orioles / Ravens games Commute to higher paying jobs Connect to BWI, Amtrak, MARC, Greyhound Produce / seafood delivery to Baltimore School/club/retirement community tours & charters Baltimore residents going to Kent County Museums / historic sites / antique shops Bicycle trips Bed and breakfasts / restaurants Marinas / boating Connecting transportation going to Atlantic coast Flexcar / Zipcar rental on the Eastern Shore 87 s. miles by road School/club/retirement community trips School/club/retirement community tours & charters 19 n. miles by ferry Transportation Tomorrow - Conjecture Short-haul vehicles – Electric car becomes dominant - 60 to 80 miles between charges – Highway & bridge congestion continue to grow - Commuter rail and ferry grow due to congestion & efficiency - Electric power “from the road” or new battery technology Electric cars move into the mid-haul market Mid-haul trips – Hybrid bio-diesel electric car for mid-range – More intermodal options for people who own only electric cars - Greater inter-city rail - Regional air travel with more efficient small aircraft Long-haul – Remains the purview of large airplanes which continue to get more efficient Market for Ferry Travel on the Chesapeake Returns Outline Early Ferry Transportation & Transition to Bridges Captain John Smith Historic Waterway Trail Transportation Changes? Hydrofoil Ferries for Chesapeake Bay Hydrofoil Technical Advances Waterways As Transportation Corridors Low-Cost Low-Impact Alternative to New Bridges A Smart Growth Opportunity Small High-Speed Passenger Vessels - Frequent Service – Shallow draft (6.5 feet), 149-passengers – High quality, high speed (35-50 knots) – Rock Hall/Tolchester – Baltimore – Annapolis – Matapeake - Baltimore – St Michaels – Annapolis - Baltimore – Cambridge – Annapolis – Shady Side – Annapolis – Aberdeen – Baltimore – Betterton – Solomons - Honga Mesh with Future Transportation Systems Ferry as an integral component of the total transportation system Baltimore side – Established local mass transit via MTA bus, light rail, taxi – Established connections to long-range transit - Connections to BWI - Connections to MARC train, Amtrak and intercity bus Eastern shore side – Connecting bus to the beach – Flexcar / Zipcar rentals – Private bus services – Feeder buses to the ferry Chesapeake Bay Passenger Hydrofoil • 90 feet, 75 L.tons • 7.5 ft / 5 ft drafts • 20 ft Air Draft • 26 foot beam • Three strut hydrofoil • Caterpillar C32 engines • Sea state 3 • 37 or 50 knots variants • Stern or side loading • 149 passengers + luggage • Fixed shallow-draft struts, Rolls Royce CPZ Drives • USCG Subchapter T + IMO High Speed Code Chesapeake Passenger Ferry Market discriminator for Baltimore port cities (Baltimore, Annapolis, Cambridge, etc.) – Commuters – Tourism Smart Growth Development opportunities in Bay communities – Fosters alternative and intermodal transportation – Creates investment in town centers – Fosters Appropriate Economic development in small communities No expensive infrastructure required Energy efficient Flexible solution – not tied to road or bridge investments – Routes can be changed – Magnitude can be altered Enables travel on the John Smith Waterway New York Markets New York Hydrofoil • 90 feet, 75 L.tons • 14 ft / 9 ft drafts • 22 ft Air Draft • 26 foot beam • Three strut hydrofoil • Caterpillar C32 engines • Sea state 4 • 37 or 50 knots variants • Stern or side loading • 149 passengers + luggage • Fixed shallow-draft struts, Rolls Royce CPZ Drives • USCG Subchapter T + IMO High Speed Code Resistance New York Variant – Power vs Speed Range and Endurance Open Ocean Routes • 132 feet, 125 L.tons • 16 ft / 8.5 ft drafts • 32 ft Air Draft • 24 foot beam • Three strut hydrofoil • Caterpillar C32 engines • Sea state 4+ • 40 knots • Stern or side loading • 250 passengers + luggage • Fixed shallow-draft struts, Rolls Royce CPZ Drives • USCG Subchapter T + IMO High Speed Code Open Water Markets UK - France Caribbean Brazil Mediterranean Asia Next Generation Hydrofoils? Maritime Applied Physics Corporation – in the Fairfield Section of Baltimore City Wing In Ground Effect Hydrofoil + = Limited speed Good speed Good speed Good seakeeping Poor seakeeping Good seakeeping Good control Poor control Good control Wing In Ground Effect 25% reduction in fuel use per passenger mile Hydrofoil (WIGH) relative to existing 40-knot ferries Higher Speed WIGH Lift Regimes Buoyant Lift Aero/Hydro Lift 100 Subcavitating Hydrofoil Lift Catamaran 75 Hullborne ->