CEU eTD Collection Monarchy. Case study: the activity and discourse of the Romanian National Party National theRomanian of discourse the activity and CaseMonarchy. study: Nationalism, national movements and the dissolution of theAustro thedissolution movements and Nationalism, national - Central European University Central European of Transylvania 1900 Transylvania of Szele Aron 2008 By 1 - 1914 - - Hungarian CEU eTD Collection 1 such Works subject. the out phased gradually post the by perpetuated be to was interpretation This levels. all on movement the onto projected was solidarity collective the in unbr of one war was historiography Romanian of the mindset after itself ingrained which events the on account official The inconsistencies. by plagued been has historiography Romanian by phase activist nationalism. and populist dynastic democracy to loyalty, ideologies from ranged that national T how showing on focus will dissertation nationalism territorial and politics mass on based centre, the of towards contestation discourse a of development the in instrumental was politicians of generation This reverberat and place took which developments the in paramount were activism political and nationalism developed regionally of brand special their that agree most But fashion. dissimilar altogether in Transylvania of elite abou went affiliation political and nationality different of strategies Interpretative one. than ways more in controversial, quite considered be Carl E. Schorske, E. Carl The subject chosen for research has had a turbulent historiographical past, and can and historiographical past, turbulent a has had research for chosen The subject h rniin f h Rmna national Romanian the of rendition The - political elite diachronically altered its discourse, spawning, from the same root, same the from spawning, discourse, its altered diachronically elite political Fin - de - Siėcle Vienna: Politics and Culture, and Politics Vienna: Siėcle - 95 history 1945 Introduction - rtn, ih snl, u prdgai tit it twist: paradigmatic but single, a with writing, 2 aslain oain ainls and nationalism Romanian ransylvanian ed into Hungarian and Romanian history. Romanian and Hungarian into ed oeet f rnyvna uig its during Transylvania of movement s h would the as New York, Vintage Books, 1980 Books, Vintage NewYork, idled triumphalism, and a vision of vision a and triumphalism, idled t rendering the Romanian political Romanian the rendering t - be anm opus magnum 1 . This . of CEU eTD Collection lumii (1905 Ferdinand Franz lui al militar cabinetul şi PNR a federalistă gruparea 1905 între 6 p Liviu, Maior, Liviu, Maior, 5 4 1972 Bucuresti, româ ale naţionale Istorie de 3 2 RNP’s the Secondly, manner. nationalistic overly an in events presents it foremost, and un an in elite Romanian inte this of the problems The present fashion. contextualized and matter, the of side factual the on solely Mandrut’s Boia’s Lucian them among problem, the explore to sought works special and articles of handful mere a 1980’s), late the (until years later In time. much for subject taboo almost an remain would and relegated, be forefron the in characters dangerous ideologically with Memorandist period, the activist The debate. between for open little left progression 1918 winter of and events the and movement continuity of line direct a saw which Th follow. to years of a historiography be the to for was hallmark outlook nationalist rampant volume’s the and subject, the on much say History Transilvanian on Treaty Daicoviciu’s and Pascu history, Transylvanian Mândruţ en Maior, Liviu, Maior, Keith, Hitchins, ,Lucian, Boia C. Daicoviciu, t ru , 1994, p. 289 p. 1994, , realizarea lui realizarea , tom 24, nr.5., pp. 963 pp. nr.5., tom , 24, , Stelian, , - 1920 6 . The latter two are quite constricted due to ideological pressure, concentrate pressure, ideological to due constricted quite are two latter The . Programul politic al mişcării naţionale române din Transilvania între 1881 între Transilvania din române naţionale mişcării al politic Programul Vaida Alexandru Mişcarea naţională română din Transilvania (1900 Transilvania din română naţională Mişcarea Contribuţii privind criza PNR şi trecerea de la pasivism la activ la pasivism la de trecerea şi PNR criza privind Contribuţii , Pascu, Ş Pascu, , , Oradea, Fundaţia Culturală "Cele Trei Criş Trei "Cele Culturală Fundaţia Oradea, Mit ş Mit - nilor din nilor Mişcarea natională şi activitatea p activitatea şi natională Mişcarea 99 , Cluj Napoca, Editura Dacia, 1980 Dacia, Editura Napoca, Cluj , i realitate in istoriografia română istoriografia in realitate t., Din istoria Transilvaniei istoria Din Transilvania î Transilvania - Voievod între Belvedere şi Versaill şi Belvedere între Voievod - 984, Bucuresti, 1971 Bucuresti, 984, n anii 1900 n anii 3 Kih Hitch Keith , , Bucureş , 3 - ; arlamentară a deputaţilor PNR din Transilvania din PNR deputaţilor a arlamentară 1914 Boia, Lucian, Boia, , Bucureş , , i rpretative strategy were threefold: first threefold: were strategy rpretative uri", 1995 uri", n ti, Editura Academiei, 1960, vol.2. 1960, Academiei, Editura ti, Studii de Istorie de Studii ins’ ti, Humanitas, 2000 Humanitas, ti, es - t such as Maniu and Goga was to was Goga and Maniu as such t 1914), , tunnel e Contribu Bucureş 4 ; Mândruţ ; Lvu Maior’s Liviu , Cluj, Editura Dacia, 1986 Dacia, Editura Cluj, - ti, Editura Sincron, 1993 Sincron, Editura ti, 1910) ţ , tom 25, nr.4., pp. 783 pp. nr.4., tom , 25, - ism (1893 ism ii la ist la ii iin f h authors, the of vision , Stelian, , , in , oria miscării oria Istoria ca lectu ca Istoria - - 1905 1914 si lupta si 1914 Relaţia dintre Relaţia 5 n Stelian and ),i 2 n did not did Studii ; - ; 801, ră a ră - CEU eTD Collection setting it in the correct political atmosphere and conditions is paramount. This lends to a to lends This paramount. is conditions and atmosphere political correct the in it setting place, first the In factors. of variety a consideration into take to has party or movement this. show War the World 1900 and of the beginning anti manifest almost have all that would citizens disenfranchised of masses from but bourgeoisie, the of elites long from no support It politics. mass and democracy, of elements with infused is that nation elitist an longer turn in discourse nat the of description Schorske’s E. Carl that discover a can we examination At closer it? was nationalism of sort what But being. of purpose sole its cause nationalist part a was Transylvania of Party National Romanian The centre. the from coming challenge the to response groups nationalities the was what study, case a of method the through con Austro the of groups nationalist century intellectual history. an of need stringent in is subject The ones. empirical the than tools other employany to attempt not did authors the interpretative the besides here, blame late the of Austro that context, right the in acting as depicted not was intelligentsia leading iin fratn is ecpin and perceptions its formatting ditions y of this typology, exhibiting nationalist ideology at the level of discourse, making a making discourse, of level the at ideology nationalist exhibiting typology, this of y - h study The turn many the among developed intelligentsia political Transylvanian The Hungarian Monarchy’s political Monarchy’s Hungarian - of f h hsoy f turn a of history the of - etr Asra eebe te oain n qie el I i no is It well. quite one Romanian the resembles Austria century - building mid building netgto ta wud pl nvl ehd, s hs of those as methods, novel apply would that investigation - nineteenth century nationalism, but a new one, one one, new a but nationalism, century nineteenth lacuna - scene ( ideological and language barriers are to are barriers language and ideological ( scene Hungarian Monarchy, the internal socio internal the Monarchy, Hungarian - statal ideas; its activist political tactics between tactics political activist its ideas; statal - Weltanschauung of 4 ). Lastly, from a methodological viewpoint, methodological a from Lastly, ). - h cnuy Austro century the . h tei wl so how, show will thesis The - ugra nationalist Hungarian r ok its took er - political - ionalist of - the - be - CEU eTD Collection asvs tcis n eggd n vlnait mass voluntarist, a in engaged and tactics t the passivist repudiated it which in existence, its of phase new a into entered party the movement, Memorandist the of failure the after period, this In 1895. after RNP the be resear will and thinkers other political Hungarian Romanian, between thought of streams and ideas of imitation and influence of interplay complex The establishment. the against contestation of framework larger the and analyzed, be will mentality and thinkers Romanian upon influence The acute. became and developed liberalism of crisis political the when 1914, to 1895 the from topicality and theme in changes the treat will It side. the of atmosphere be dissected a will in synthetic proposed solution perc The framework. correct the set to order in state, the of ailments the into investigation societal and political institutional, Austro the of problems structural gener a upon focus will chapter first The subject matter. balanced of the treatment m social correct the Secondly, actions. the behind motivation the suggests but members, individual its and muc ovement in the accurate intellectual accurate the in ovement h better understanding not only of the activity and reactions of the party as a whole a as party the of reactions and activity the of only not understanding better h The third part of the thesis will revolve around the concrete political activity of activity political concrete the around revolve will thesis the of part third The mental and intellectual the analyze and describe will chapter second The chapters. three into down broken be will thesis The purpose, this aid to order In - cnmcl otx ms b li dw. lo cnetaiig the contextualizing Also, down. laid be must context economical fin - de - siécle imperial society, with a with society, imperial eived problems recognized by society itself, and the and itself, society by recognized problems eived - ugra Mnrh. t il netk a short a undertake will It Monarchy. Hungarian - cultural ched. l uln ad rbeaie aayi o the of analysis problematized and outline al 5 milieu y will be contextually integrated into this into integrated contextually be will y - systematic manner. is also essential for a nuanced and nuanced a for essential also is specific focus on the Hungarian the on focus specific - retd nationalist oriented - democratic raditional CEU eTD Collection whole establishment in Austria and in Hungary came under heavy criticism. The criticism. heavy under came Hungary in and Austria in establishment whole the century, the of turn the At them. through displaced being to close themselves found elites liberal the developments, these of initiators the t were they as of much As halves Monarchy. both governing elite nationalist liberal the to due were advances these level, political a On infrastructure. was communication, of modes varying the of development this for reasons the of One in category. urban mostly educated, politically of Austro the of category new a of development level a to lead 1900 by broad transformations social The Monarchy. the on analyzed be will nationalists new the the of account accurate an give to order in framework, correctfactual the with it appendinghistory, intellectual and chapter.of this contents the into fashion problematized a in integrated be also will it disregarded, be not will facet factual concrete The speeches. political their of dissection a with coupled done, pro sources intellectual the of analysis seminal A practices. discursive and topography linguistic of viewpoint the from analyzed be also will Transilvaniei Gazeta the and others) and Romanul later ( Tribuna the sides, in bitter Goga. The poet, Octavian nationalist young a around gathered Youngsters” “Steely of circle the for line, own their inside from criticism under came they politics, in style new a pioneering While disunity. fel also but elections), 1905 the as such ( successes greatest their up racked they epoch, this In period”. “activist the as known formally agitation, political utilzto ad h sra o euain culd ih ueurtzto ad the and bureaucratization with coupled education, of spread the and dustrialization The interpretative strategy that will be used will combine the methods of political of methods the combine will used be will that strategy interpretative utilage mentale utilage - fighting, expresse fighting, duced by the contributors to this debate must be must debate this to contributors the by duced of the protagonists. The social proveni social The protagonists. the of 6 d through the press organs of the two of d throughpress organs the it a tt o deep of state a into l - Hungarian ence of ence reason he CEU eTD Collection o hs vrig n rvln txnme. hs icus ws rfe ot previous onto grafted was discourse This taxonomies. rivaling and varying these to Dive survive. to fittest the of role the themselves assign to tried all which in scheme, Darwinist social a in other each against competed characterologies fenotipical and psychological ap were meta the of elements The linguistic the of investigation seminal a undertaken liberalis of “crisis the foundation for criticism. gave that ideology this was it for nationalism, was based be to again was new the and old which this on language The political a finds motivation. thus discourse in topicality of change the and milieu, this into fitted be can one, Romanian sentiment. of resurgence the preached mass more a mid the of meritocracy and rationality nationalism, elitist the su and its connectiona itself preachingbasis, direct between re to order in establishment, of the crisis the of maketo use tried that Habsburg, of House Imperial the was dispute this of ingredient Another caste. liberal the view to a as ideologies started their and governments categories These conscience. political acquired newly had who population, the of sections large of power to accession the of barring the was rse component nations and ethnicities of the Monarchy became classified according classified became Monarchy the of ethnicities and nations component rse Having already established the main factors of the transition towards the so the towards transition the of factors main the established already Having from shift noticeable a is there mechanisms, mental and ideology of level the On edd ih booia, rai udrtnig f h nto. Diverse nation. the of understanding organic biological, a with pended - oriented political specter, infused with the influence of cult of influence the with infused specter, political oriented ” s en social being as m” - language revolved mainly around the old national debates, but debates, national old the around mainly revolved language - - and anti and Fin nelcul n prl, oiia, hr ms be must there political, partly, and intellectual - 7 de - siecle - national, ossified and as a sel a as and ossified national, topoi ouit ainlss sc a the as such nationalisms, populist used by this new political elite. political new this by used - legitimate itself on new, mass onnew, itself legitimate bjects. political debate between the between debate political - nineteenth century towards century nineteenth ural circles that circles ural f - enclosed - called CEU eTD Collection 7 nat meta its By War. World First the of eve the and 1900 between discourse political the format politi liberal powerless increasingly the nationalisms, new these between interplay complex suffrage. The manhood for universal the 1907law with stage political the the massesonto s a at ( combined Austro the in 1900 around itself expressed ideology which centrifugal as thanaone. rather treating it centripetal force, use and tactic this through nationalism appease to tried They society. in factor dividing a as it recognized informally and ethnicity, to space sufficient allot would it cons already Lueger. such as Karl nationalists tim praised populist radical by same the at and Ferdinand, Franz Archduke the around gathered little as so the of participants comes recurring the of one was thus he that surprise It centre. Imperial the of those and them) saw he as ( nation his bio Popovici C. fines the of One state. federative a into up broken realm Habsburg a envisaged that schemes A.Popovici, C. ionalist groups, that contributed much to the weakening, at the level of legitimacy and legitimacy of level the at weakening, the to much contributed that groups, ionalist - political aspects, both ordered neatly so as to assure a total satisfaction of t assure asatisfaction total orderedneatlyas so to aspects,political both ideration the national question. They reinterpreted their discourse in such a way that way a such in discourse their reinterpreted They question. national the ideration - Aurel theorist and politician Romanian the was discourse of type this of exponents t a eie ( h loe l rpeettvt) ad the and representativity), all loose who ( elites cal agae sca oii ad oiia aflain te N blns o hs new these to belongs RNP the affiliation, political and origin social language, - hs mi discursive main These supra a claimed that ideologies Even mentioned imperial loyalist imperial mentioned 7 . His meta His . Stat si Natiune si Stat ymbolic level) to herald a new era in politics, epitomized by the entry of entry the by epitomized politics, in era new a herald ymbolicto level) - theory is centered around the combination of the federalist and federalist the of combination the around centered is theory , Bucuresti: Albatros, 1998 Albatros, Bucuresti: , leitmotifs W eltanschauung omd h cr o te oiia lnug in language political the of core the formed 8 - ainl r a or national , or the socialist one, had to take into take to had one, socialist the or - ainl ieg, uh s the as such lineage, national - revanchard Hungarian Monarchy. They Monarchy. Hungarian - called “Belvedere Circle”, “Belvedere called , a publicly was e, meil centre imperial he needs of t s a as it CEU eTD Collection h mna lvl a oe f h mjr atr cnrbtn t te islto o the of dissolution the Dualist established the order of to contributing factors major the of one was level mental the at break This parties. the between divorce complete a in resulting end, the in but closer, in resulted identities respective their of continuation and preservation the for competition The periphery. nationalist a and centre nationalist a between interaction complex the into insight much provides that study, case and activity political intellectual production. Romanian the situate correctly will which society, Hungarian turn the of picture nuanced and complete more a of formation the it lend then will This thusly. it contextualize and situate correctly will vocabulary power old the of perception, The Romanian National Party, in its last phase of phase last its in Party, National Romanian The nexus at the end of 1918. nexus - tutr. h aayi o is ciiy n political and activity its of analysis The structure. an pendular motion, bringing them periodically them bringing motion, pendular an 9 existence, provides an excellent an provides existence, - of - the century Austro century the self to self - CEU eTD Collection 9 8 stock, capital industrial the of 57% over controlled holdings financial and banking 5 top the that fact the was this for example good A population. the among distributed unevenly people of level high a t same the At politics. of field the in activation potential for available at resulting substantially, increased therefore had mobility 62,4% from 82% to decreased dependentsubsistence populous for onagriculture period this by cities or towns in resided total the of quarter a around population, the of sector a Austro the debateparticular, giving development, this over itself grafted strife ethnic The occur. to crisis the that caused yield to rigidity) its of because unable, partially and ( unwilling system political betw disparity the was It level. social the at for searched Andrew C. Janos, C. Andrew Ibidem 8 ., p. 411 ., p. . Around 24,2 % of the population was involved in industry, and the perc the and industry, in involved was population the of % 24,2 Around . The urbanization process was by 1900 in full swing in Dualist Hungary. A large A Hungary. Dualist in swing full in 1900 by was process urbanization The be to have level political the on upheaval the to lead that factors deep The The Political CrisisThePolitical Liberalismof in Hungary The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary 1825 Hungary in Backwardness of Politics The - Hungarian, fla Hungarian, Factors ofFactors Crisis Chapter O Chapter 10 vor. ne - 1945 e a hnig oit ad a and society changing a een , pp. 149 , pp. - 152 ime, wealth was still was wealth ime, entage of entage 9 . Social CEU eTD Collection 12 11 subjects compulsory were 10 vernacular and literature history, Hungarian state, the of functioning the about knowledge base of spread simple the However, society. Hungarian right votin the conferred that universities, to access direct granted which gymnasiums, into partition its outset, the from But possible. as efficiently as norm” cultural “humanist the was i divided paradigm, Humboldtian the on based loosely system, school primary) ( Hungarian The control. state to better respond would that class, laboring literate moderately its a creating of all overshadowing far and in counterparts strides, important made had system schooling percentage Romanian 66,9% staggering a and Slovakian 30,3% Hungar of 17,6% and 20,7% only example, For unambiguously. quite it affected divide ethnic the uneven; was but reduced, also was illiteracy of proportion The whole. the of share w institutions facility educational of form the some in enrolled were age of schooling were that children the of 86% 1913, By results. impressive returned had 1868 publ of evolvement high of social transformation. rate a in resulted country, the of industrialization nascent the alongside conditions, medical companies largest 250 the of 220 in investing Peter Hanak(ed.), Peter Ibidem Ibidem. - ess ad omril col, hc dd o, elce te al lns of lines fault the reflected not, did which schools, commercial and census, ians, respectively Germans living on the territory of Hungary were illiterate, to a to illiterate, were Hungary of territory the on living Germans respectively ians, The most important development for the problems analyzed in this thesis is the is thesis this in analyzed problems the for development important most The ., p. 424 ., p. , p. 151 , p. nto two levels of basic and intermediate education. Its wasspread to mission education. and intermediate of basic levels two nto ere operated by the state, although confessional schools still held a sizeable a held still schools confessional although state, the by operated ere atr ad oten egbr tts Te rv ws ntal toward initially was drive The states. neighbor southern and eastern Magyarorszag tortenete Magyarorszag ic education. The law for compulsory primary education introduced in introduced education primary compulsory for law The education. ic , vo , l. 7, tom. II., p. 424 p. tom. II., 7, l. 11 10 Still, . mrvn lvn sadrs and standards living improving 11 . The majority of these of majority The . 12 Nntees the Nonetheless, . g CEU eTD Collection 13 urban the at occurring mostly also contestation, of level the precisely is It levels. same the at remained f but decline, not support did interestingly, The areas, urban confronted. in especially liberalism, were they which with situation undesirable the of out solutions radical for search to started society civil and opinion public the changes, rapid Sin and social the modifications. social the with with concert in reform for allow frustration not did which system, political of increase the was this of outcome The construct. political mobilization. political for available became ofMore the public and more of associations cultural and theaters libraries, as such institutions, public cultural Other of opinion. barometer a and leader a increasingly became politics, around exclusively pene Hungarian) in being 1500 around with ( yearly Hungary in appearing newspapers and periodicals 2000 about c and cultural policy. the means of with educational throughoutall the period, desiderate a as pursued was and alluring, quite also was value society homogenous ethnically own its to according and image, own its in nation the forge to wished that state, liberal the of policies cultural the with accordance in done t hroughout, rigorously enforced by the Educational Inspectorates of the state. This was This state. the of Inspectorates Educational the by enforced rigorously hroughout, muiain n ifrain aogie utrl rdcs Aon 11, hr were there 1913, Around products. cultural alongside information, and ommunication Ibidem fered to many the prospect of understanding the intricacies of the political machinery. political the of intricacies the understanding of prospect the many to fered e h sse, wn t is rglt o ehi gons dd o alt o sot or smooth for allot not did grounds, ethnic on fragility its to owing system, the ce rtn ee te ot eoe ra. h pes wos hms rvttd almost gravitated themes who’s press, The areas. remote most the even trating The result was an increase in citizens who were ready and able to take part in the in part take to able and ready were who citizens in increase an was result The of means the of spread the was latter, the with relation close in factor, Another ., p. 425 ., p. process, but were unable to do so because of the unique nature of the Dualist the of nature unique the of because so do to unable were but process, 13 . Information was reaching the masses in increasing numbers and numbers increasing in masses the reaching was Information . 12 - ytm Te eie f desire The system. r an or or CEU eTD Collection tutr o te oiy ad on n 87 ad teghnd n 85 Te Dualist 14 The 1875. in strengthened and 1867, in down laid polity the of structure the Monarchy other half of the in shift paradigm political the started kick even have may and preceded suggest, Sugar F. c similar a with synchronicity this However, direct idea. had It Monarchy. the this of half Austrian the forward to alone particular not put was phenomena Schorske Carl that context intellectual and 19 late with associated the by system.andthose socially ethnically disenfranchised symbiotic a of in up ending sort themes, other’s a the of feeding into each relationship, entered two The versa). vice sometimes ( well as question nationality the to answer an provide would solutions their that claimed inequity social of establishme the contesting Those clout. considerable gained that level, Peter F. Sugar, F. Peter The reasons for this shift in political language and tactic can be t be can tactic and language political in shift this for reasons The chiefly is utilized, and uttered often so liberalism, of crisis the of concept The An Underrated Event: The Hungarian Consitutional Crisis of 1905 Crisis of Consitutional Hungarian The Event: Underrated An The political crisisThepolitical of liberalisminHungary th and turn and ourse of events in Transleithania, and, as the historian Peter historian the as and, Transleithania, in events of ourse 14 . - of - the century Austria. It was for this social this for was It Austria. century the 13 n a common platform of platform common a n - 1906, nt on the grounds the on nt raced back to the to back raced p. 281 p. - political - 282 CEU eTD Collection 17 History 16 15 new a towards turn a taken the on a appeared practice political The obstruction. parliamentary phenomenon stage: political new a 1897, Around power. in tenure government’s Tisza by perfected and the for airtight muchof Kalman seemed be to Deak by created politics party the The and fruition. procedures to come electoral plans their or heard voices their had rarely they nationalities, parties small other of host a Alongside Hungary. Dualist of framework political the by again and time frustrated were objectives political ’48 so the party, opposition main The was blockaded. opposition the policy, government the of confirmation the outcome usual the as yielded debates parliamentary that fact the and gerrymandering electoral to Due Kalman. pol liberal leading the by up set was chief), party the machinery, “ dubbed voting deputies, liberal of composed efficient highly a legislature, the Inside dominance. comfortable el and political a itself for fashioned emperor, the by class political Hungarian the of partition the for directive the be to was negative, or positive realities other and social on solely based being it of instead class, political the of ideology the to birth gave itself agreement Kozari Monika, Kozari Peter, Laszlo C.A. Macartney, - r, a fudd n h sm ya, 85 a te ieas Fo te ust their outset the From liberals. the as 1875, year, same the in founded was ers, 16 , p. 120 p. , . The Liberal ( Liberal The . uls Hnay ea t ehbt ypos f imn a ery s h Banffy the as early as ailment of symptoms exhibit to began Hungary Dualist The Dualist Ch Dualist The A Dualista Rendszer Dualista A The History of the Habsburg Empire Habsburg the of History Szabadelvu aracter of the 1867 Settlement 1867 the of aracter - found aggression. The catalyst for the apparition of this type this of apparition the for catalyst The aggression. found ) Party, which supported the Compromise, being favored being Compromise, the supported which Party, ) , pp. 134 pp. , 15 Rltn oeef towards oneself Relating . - the Mameluks the 143 14 second half of the 19 second , pp. pp. 687 , - calle , as well as the groupings of the various the of groupings the as well as , , in Gyorgy Ranki, inGyorgy , Idpnec ( Independence d ” ( because of their dependency on dependency their of because ( ” - 689 tcl iue f h pro, Tisza period, the of figure itical coa sse ta esrd its ensured that system ectoral the nd vocabulary had also had vocabulary nd th Hungarian History Hungarian century Ausgleich Fuggetlensegi 17 . , whether - World or ) CEU eTD Collection 19 18 rekindled. be to beginning was 1848 of spirit the as seemed have must it electors, Hungarian the nomina its as party the joined He favor. own their in opposition Independist the by exploited masterfullywas son his of return the and revolution, Hungarian the of figure cult the of death the surrounding ceremonies the 48 the by campaigning sustained after country the matters. dominanceinternal artificial over manifestly liberal proceeding ceremonial the in part take to forth) so and servants civil senior ministers, ( country the of officials the forbidding by assets, electoral needed much of party Liberal the robbed also and event, neve like feeling nationalist up stirred that cult, sepulchral of sort a in resulting him, to of dedicated host were ceremonies a mortuary Hungary, to brought were remains his pathos, and pomp much With Italy. he of the of death area the was capital, the symbolic in significant highly factor, important Another come. to things of herald a be to was it elections, 1895 the after Parliament in representation Independents the of Con thought. of radicalization a signifies itself in of proceedings the obstructing of tool tactic The authority. central against the defense avenue of only the as it legislature, seeing new this of use make to started opposition the to according was, This Union. Customs the and Quota the was order established the of contestation new of Peter F. Sugar, F. Peter Ferenc, Poloskei Accompanying his father’s cortege was Ferenc Kossuth, also allowed back into back allowed also Kossuth, Ferenc was cortege father’s his Accompanying An Underrated Event: The Event: Underrated An A magyar parlamentarizmus a szazadfordulon a parlamentarizmus magyar A Ausgleich s 19 . This only served to further weaken the already feeble and feeble already the weaken further to served only This . , o e eee eey ten every renewed be to Hungarian Consitutional Crisis of 1905 Crisis of Consitutional Hungarian r before. The emperor refused to acknowledge the acknowledge to refused emperor The before. r l leader in the fall of the same year. To many of many To year. same the of fall the in leader l ro of Hungarian nationalism, Kossuth Lajos, in Lajos, Kossuth nationalism, Hungarian of ro 15 jugated with an unprecedented increase unprecedented an with jugated - e r fold. The opportunity provided by provided opportunity The fold. r , pp. 70 pp. , - years 76 18 Te parliamentary The . - 1906, p. 284 p. CEU eTD Collection at s o e ul n vi, n te utm uin ewe te w hle o the of halves two acts last his the of one as do, between could Banffy that union All dissolved. Monarchy customs the and void, and null be to as pact the declared Independists The Reichsrat. the by ratified not negotiatio were concluded, effectively the that fact the Badeni and the half, of Austrian fall the in the administration from profited opposition The results. positive any yield not an in effectively 1898 above i found the country The passed. be not mention could bills, recruiting army and agreements to not budgets, as such parliament, by voted be to had that acts, important that was result The body. legislative the of proceedings im of campaign fierce a unleashed devices, other or diversions loud of way by opposition, parliamentary The obstruction”. of years “the historiography Hungarian discourses. ’67 between gravitating continuously government, Coalition the of wing conservative the form to on go would They followers. of amount significant st the by frustrated leadership at endeavors their had who Apponyi, Albert as such men Moreover, authority. party the in appeared public, the to visible cracks, and erroneously, pa the of part latter the in policy governmental the for support efficient of lack and instability to lead turn, in This, it. for vying started they and grabs, for up was leader of position the T Kalman of retirement the rong - t’ eitne Te at vtn ad rpgna ahnr satd o function to started machinery propaganda and voting party The existence. rty’s hand tactics of Banffy and later, Istvan Tisza, broke away from the party, with a with party, the from away broke Tisza, Istvan later, and Banffy of tactics hand The Liberal Party was beginning to show signs of evident internal weakness after weakness internal evident of signs show to beginning was Party Liberal The h sae a tu st o te einn o wa ws prpitl dbe by dubbed appropriately was what of beginning the for set thus was stage The ex lex ex isza. It soon became obvious for the higher party echelon that echelon party higher the for obvious became soon It isza. situation. The forceful tactics of the Banffy government did government Banffy the of tactics forceful The situation. 16 - er and ’48 and er , was force through force was , - etoe Quota mentioned s o te 1897, the for ns - er attitudes er eig the peding tself after tself and CEU eTD Collection 21 20 seemed havethe of results to the elections indicated. as multiplying, than rather decreased actually support political his fact, In foundations. ad Szell’s in resulted group, Apponyi’s with partnership Apponyi Albert of electorate Party National former the to mostly attributed be can and system), electoral dualist the of conditions artificial rather was increase the out, points Dolmanyos Istvan historian Hungarian the as However, 1901. of elections the after parliament in ofbegan the opp bolsterthe bulwark to Jr., Gyula Andrassy count by led deputies, 32 of faction, This Quota. the over wrangling the groundof partythe the on with broke ostentatiously and appeared, dissidents groupof this But some since much, for count parliament. not did success temporary Hungarian the of House Lower the of chair the to appointment by pacified temporarily was He fold. the into back group Apponyi’s bring to was him le needed the passing for exchange in concessions, various offer and opposition, the of members leading the with negotiations initiate to was machinery politic deadlocked the revitalize to tactic His strategy. conciliatory his to leveler” great “the epithet the by known became soon he and from office. ousted was he before year, more one for agreement 1887 the of extension an parliament Dolmanyos Istvan, Dolmanyos Ferenc Poloskei The term in office of Szell Kalman was accompanied by high hopes for peace, for hopes high by accompanied was Kalman Szell of office in term The Under the leadership of Szell, the liberals gained victory and an increase of seats of increase an and victory gained liberals the Szell, of leadership the Under , op.cit , A magyar parlamenti ellenzek tortenetebol ( 1901 tortenetebol ellenzek parlamenti magyar A . , p. 100 p. , . osition from 1899onwards. from osition 17 21 Ti fc, ojgtd ih h uneasy the with conjugated fact, This . gislation. Another successful move by move successful Another gislation. months earlier, another significant another earlier, months ministration lying on quite shaky quite on lying ministration - 1904 ) 1904 ee udr h factitious the under even ( or the “peacemaker” the or , p. 129 p. , - 130 20 , due , CEU eTD Collection Poloskei Ferenc, Tisza Istvan, p Istvan, Tisza Ferenc, Poloskei 23 22 very its to it stretching while framework, Dualist the uphold to attempt The downfall. conces between government and opposition. gap between br available necessary or to resolve his and opposition, the of terms the on an representing leader, debate to refusal His method. forceful his and political Tisza Istvan protest: quell to path alternate alternative an of emergence the was party the and practice into put never was never it and agreement, this of ratification the blocked parliament pol in unleashed they of obstruction strong The late. too radicalization little too was it thought, of and language phases final the through going was which opposition, the for But 1902. in agreement Trade and Tariff favorable more a government Austrian the of out squeeze to managed He success. of measure a with debuted mandate Szell’s area this In question. constitutional ominous the by gripped still was Hungary of imaginary political The feats. these acknowledging for room civil no and was opinion there society, public the of eyes the the in of However, modernization system. the agricultural backward to contributed greatly that reforms of series a he engineered consummatetechnocrat, A significant. the most were achievements Ignac’s Daranyi minister, agricultural the these of out areas; financial and agricultural social, Gabor Vermes, Gabor Sugar, The term in office of Szell brought many promising and necessary reforms i reforms necessary and promising many brought Szell of office in term The The very fact that Szell attempted a reconciliation and gravitated back and forth and back gravitated and reconciliation a attempted Szell that fact very The authority Szell’s undermined that factor important Another op. cit op. 22 . ., p. 286 ., p. Istvan Tisza Istvan sions to Hungarian nationalism and to the Compromise, brought about his about brought Compromise, the to and nationalism Hungarian to sions 23 alienated many ( such as Andrassy Jr.’s faction), and widened the and faction), Jr.’s Andrassy as ( such alienated many , in Body Pal (ed.), Pal inBody , . 84 Hungarian Statesmen of Destiny 1860 Destiny of Statesmen Hungarian 18 a osrcin y n means any by obstruction eak at the head of the state the of head the at - 1960 , p. 83 and 83 p. , country’s s well, as n the n itical CEU eTD Collection his by passed were votes the period; the of obstruction fiercest the by met was House Lower the in conduct orderly of norms internal new for bill proposed His opposition. the against of avenue other no Istvan solution. forte tactic than andpolitical Tisza’s language to open was and self, dominant former its of shadow a was now party liberal The affairs. military over dominance unequivocal his reinforced he which in 67’ the and him dealt Khuen Karoly count emperor The matters. contested the of any resolving in success more little had Hedervary, Croatia, of ban former the successor, His resigned. Szell and non be to militarybill limited new the having in succeeded obstruction, of means the by again, opposition the authority, central the of out solution halfway some wrangle to attempted Szell While Hungarian”. “un be to deemed were which used, insignia the and soil, home on troops Hungarian of the as Hungarian stationing the army, the of of contigents Hungarian the in drills introduction and instruction of language the was demands other Among own. its of army Hungaria separate a in result would it that extent the to guard) national of sort a (then army Honved the of rights the of extension the than more nothing demanded lineage, langu instruction army contributions, budget army and recruiting the conundrum, financial 1902 in question army the around out broke that debate heated temporary half and trickery legislative skilful via limits supporters waving handkerchiefs instead of the usual method. The bill passed under passed bill The method. usual the of instead handkerchiefs waving supporters age and soforth, were brought to the fore. The opposition, owing to its nationalist its to owing opposition, The fore. the to brought were soforth, and age H s is tr i ofc ws o e akd y nrcdne maue taken measures unprecedented by marked be to was office in term first is solution at best. The final blows to Szell’s administration were given by the by given were administration Szell’s to blows final The best. at solution - er camp a hard blow by the notorious Chlopy decla Chlopy notorious the by blow hard a camp er - ratified. Hungary was again in an effective ex l ex effective an in again was Hungary ratified. 19 - esrs ht aife no satisfied that measures - 03. Linked to the previous the Linkedto 03. ration of 1903, of ration - ex situation, ex n, a a was one, n - - CEU eTD Collection 5 o te ne all once the of 159 lowly a over mandates, 166 staggering a obtaining day, the carried Party Independence newly the which in 1905, early in co the in nail final The “Coalition”. the hard Tisza’s as known became what into associated which opposition, the of rank the of strengthening that All electors. respective their least, not but last and Party People’s Catholic ’48 the joined parties small other of host A time. this by party National his reconstituted had Apponyi and party the non into passing its of point the to Party, Liberal the of weakening internal unprecedented an by represented was coin this of side important more other, The methods. forcible most the by achieved consolidation Tisza’ of result direct The later. addressed be will this but time, the eyepublicof the in class political the indeed, and parliament the of value the discredit to much did event This prior. what weeks three from act for unlawful manifestly the as retribution perceived as house, the and of 1904 interior the 13, of December much on destroyed physically House Lower the The of politics. chambers of the field entered the opposition into violence of entry the was It life. political pu Hungarian event new a proceedings, parliamentary of reopening the at recess, week three a After contesters. its and Ausgleich the of defenders few the between chasm the deepened it since victory, Pyrrhic a than more little in resulted this of All necessary. chamber the from removed even or pacified forcefully be to deputies for allowed and ill the - boding name of lex Daniel ( after the nominal author of the proposal for the law) the for proposal the of author nominal the after ( Daniel lex of name boding - encompassi - r cm, uh s h Ugron the as such camp, ers - g ieas Ohr ebr o te olto, ih the with Coalition, the of members Other Liberals. ng existence. As state As existence. - formed Coalition obtained a resounding victory. The victory. resounding a obtained Coalition formed ffin of the Liberal Party was the call for elections for call the was Party Liberal the of ffin 20 the nationalities, hoping for more rights for rights more for hoping nationalities, the d above, Andrassy Jr. had already left already had Jr. Andrassy above, d - ie taey civd a the was achieved strategy line - at o Nno Zichy’s Nandor or Party s actions was an internal an was actions s is ak on mark its t they s, if s, CEU eTD Collection Coalition were numbered. Parliamentary elections were decreed for the spring of 1906, of spring the for decreed were elections Parliamentary numbered. were Coalition the place in left that government Coalition a form a period.for kingshipthe aureola of aback the emperor, populist the person onto of brought and submission, into opposition the goaded vote universal of promise The intact. the of resistance the compromis a tame into it to coerce and order Coalition, in discourse his in efficiently quite threat this used he Instead, results. favorable yield would convinced not was and make, to prepared he the that governance in experiment an and Jozsef Interior, darkness, the into jump complete the a meant have would action of course this But Kristoffy. of Minister Hungarian his of discourse the through transpire let Hungari the into suffrage universal introducing of idea the with while a for toyed he minister, prime as loyalist) staunch a ( Fejervary Geza baron of appointment the After reign. centralist a through subjects his with interaction pol Hungarian the of annoyance constant the with away doing of possibility the forward brought it him; for opportunity novel a provided also it But protected. long so had he framework Dualist the of dissolution the to tantamount been Joseph’s Franz In concerned. was emperor the as far as policy, a for at least. afroma politics, period step back pro the of number the brought representatives), 2 ( Party People’s Slovak the and mandates) newly the as such parties, nationalities of support - change camp up to 241 to camp up change The new parliamentary dominance could not be translated into a government and government a into translated be not could dominance parliamentary new The The moment Kossuth Ferenc concede Ferenc Kossuth moment The . The Liberal Party was subsequently dissolved and Tisza took and Tisza dissolved subsequently was Liberal Party . The ta wud ev te uls superstructure Dualist the leave would that e 21 d to accept the demands of the emperor, and emperor, the of demands the accept to d d f h ipra hueod a nt yet not was household imperial the of ad - an half of the Monarchy, a thought he thought a Monarchy, the of half an reformed Romanian National Party (8 Party National Romanian reformed Ausgleich ytm te as f the of days the system, tcl ls, n direct and class, itical eyes, this would have would this eyes, CEU eTD Collection in the late 19 late the in actor concessi whom to as them unruly an as but politics, of recognized field the in entry their signified and This legitimation. of sources target desired the as them at aiming started that discourse, als were masses The numbers. unprecedented in access gained had they which to system, political the to participation ill the as such ( legislation to was answer Their discourse. significant equally an by replaced be to had and unavailable, become had framework Dualist the of target The shift. discursive significant a make to had they w a of basis the on office into swept been Having policy. moderate and conciliatory a pursue to having power, in themselves found now opposition the of leaders The illegitimate. and unjust as end on years for denouncing confines the into forced were They upholding. been had parties other the and Independence the that everything undermined act very The emperor. the by taboo deemed were that claims all dropping Wekerle, Sandor of guise C The down. hands won Coalition the which Consequences and the backdropofConsequencesthe and Constitutionalthe Crisis The first and foremost consequence of the crisis of political liberalism that started that liberalism political of crisis the of consequence foremost and first The th century and ended with Is with ended and century ons had to be made in order to keep it in check at all times. hadkeepcheckatons beall to in to made order it in - ae Apni a fr dcto) n t ipd their impede to and education) for Law Apponyi famed acre lre ad agr etos f h political the of sections larger and larger accorded o agt h ntoaiis ih e pee o restrictive of pieces new with nationalities the target tvan Tisza’s second mandate as prime minister prime as mandate second Tisza’s tvan 22 ave of nationalistic and chauvinistic slogans, chauvinistic and nationalistic of ave aiin omd gvrmn udr the under government a formed oalition f h vr srcue hy a been had they structure very the of thopos in the public the in CEU eTD Collection vns a te ocfl jcin f nuy euis y oie t h odr f iz in Tisza of order 24 the at police by deputies unruly of ejection forceful the was of events course this of epilogue The furniture. damaged the of remains the among pictures numerous no were there them Among 1904. in representatives opposition the by House Lower the of interior the of destruction physical the of act symbolic against the with culminating turned class intellectual the of establ part significant A others. and Jaszi Oszkar Endre, Ady as such intelligentsia, the of members and commentators, of political number a by questioned be to became soon conditions existent the in government representative of legitimacy The scenes. ridiculous numerous public with peppered the opinion, to spectacle tragicomic a offered parliament deadlocked The day occurrence. almost an 1897 after became that legislature, the obstructing of tactic the symbolized the ledcrescendo upto all This of course action. as againa legitimate role to seemed aggression and ones legal over favored were solutions radical more, and More dispute these of most as avenue, another through life political into entered Violence rational argumentation. through subdued be not could that opponent an discredit to than scope other involving another, immora personal toward representative some by launched accusations aggressive of cases numerous are There itself. institution the over Party Liberal the of control of t in civility of decrease noticeable but gradual, a is there on, 1880’s late the From class. political the on, further 1910 (in Andras Gero, Andras al fre lbrl, uh s afy es; fewrs te pody oe for posed proudly they afterwards, Dezso; Banffy as such liberals, former table ishment after the turn of the century. The entire institution offered a chaotic image, chaotic a offered institution entire The century. the of turn the after ishment - 1918), and the disappearance of it, was the loss of credibility of Parliament, and Parliament, of credibility of loss the was it, of disappearance the and 1918), s ended up in duel, a practice that the authorities were powerless to prevent. to powerless were authorities the that practice a duel, in up ended s Az elsopro kisebbseg elsopro Az lity or cases of corruption of cases or lity he political etiquette in the parliament, that coincides with the loss the with coincides that parliament, the in etiquette political he , pp. 213 pp. , - 215 23 24 . Most of these were gratuitous and had no had and gratuitous were these of Most . - to - day by CEU eTD Collection 25 the of Out framework. dualist the of ailments their the all in common is that all heal would that panacea a of motif role the on took this discourse, radical the In discourses). the is (this suffrage universal being important measures social and ( system political the reform to measures radical demanded that groups various were These class. political alternate an of form this with away of the t a or perhapscombination forte, orsolutions, mass favor in doingrepresentation of destination: same the to leading be to seemed roads All legislature. the of image the at away chipped also system electoral equitable an of lack The leaders. party few the of will the enacting than end other no served that machine voting giant a with synonymous became parliament of institution The order. political skill their for mentionable worth personalities political fewer and fewer emerged there Tisza, Kalman of age the since ever that fact the with combined This, away. fell legitimacy 1912 Andras Gero, Andras n reoi poes rsle i frhr ecie ilgtmc o te present the of illegitimacy perceived further in resulted prowess, rhetoric and 25 Te vns a cm fl crl, n te ak f iiiy rtoaiy and rationality civility, of mask the and circle, full come had events The . Another important effect of the crisis was the emergence and growing support for support growing and emergence the was crisis the of effect important Another Modern Hungarian Society in the Making. The unfinished experience Theunfinished Making. the in Society Hungarian Modern The loss ofcrowd theTheloss 24 political parties that campaigned for it for campaigned that parties political s el, mn te te most the them among well), as , p. ,163 p. wo. CEU eTD Collection 27 26 other a few and could onlyuponstudents it that call Coalition the by the of gaining power crowd “chastened The them. from expected were that plans reform sweeping the enact to want not did Kossuthites the after str clashes street and Violence repress. to sought and 1906, after control not could it element an was it But government. Fejervary the during resistance” “national promote cities major other and Budapest in occurrence yearly a became manifestations Mayday reform. social and suffrage universal supported that marches and demonstrations in participating early As scene. political the on participant legitimate a of role the more this and more on taking in progression, agent principal the are masses urban The process. this characterize to crowds option. this preferred the was discourse this of radicalization of nationalized, be to perceived was crowd most Because them. from away attention some divert to order in vocabulary, po in those influenced mustered quite a they support was mass the However, also interests. vested momentary this of coalition heterogeneous But representation. political official no or little to access had the the had and They groups. Jaszi) nationalities ( intelligentsia the of groups radical Achim’s, as such parties peasant times), (at Party Independence the wingof left the Socialists, the were important most the AliceFreifeld, Ibidem ikes and manifestations happened more and more often as it soon became obvious that obvious became soon it as often more and more happened manifestations and ikes 26 . The o The . Te mrcn h American The , p. 161 p. , pposition itself sparked off this evolution, by actively asking the masses to masses the asking actively by evolution, this off sparked itself pposition Nationalis s h lt 19’, h ubn rw bgn o ae t vie heard, voice its make to began crowd urban the 1890’s, late the as m and the Crowd in Liberal Hungary 1848 Hungary Liberal in Crowd the and m soin lc Fefl luce te ocp o te os f the of loss the of concept the launches Freifeld Alice istorian 27 ” of the old establishment eroded so much a few yearsaft few a much so eroded establishment old the of ” wer to also make a shift in their discourse and political and discourse their in shift a make also to wer unmitigated support of the crowds behind them, but them, behind crowds the of support unmitigated 25 - 1914 , p. 260 , p. - 261 er CEU eTD Collection 28 control the above to bid a in done all was This populist. more and more became also and practice political 1905 centur nineteenth the of years political accompanied also activism discourse. from the autonomy official gain of measure some anpropaganda to effort in Cultural practice. usual became rallies them. Mass educate” “civically to order in constituencies, ethnic own its among campaign newly the example, pe be can masses” the towards “turning similar a camp, nationalities the In nation. the of body the into seamlessly crowd the integrate and unity express to was role social Their important. more and more became Rakoczi, hero historical the of remains o reburial the with about brought opportunity the or 15, March as support such nationalism, for elements bourgeois petty Ibidem - 1906. During this period Hungarian nationalist polity radicalized its discourse and discourse its radicalized polity nationalist Hungarian period this During 1906. There is a pregnant, noticeable evolution of discourse and ideology from the latter the from ideology and discourse of evolution noticeable pregnant, a is There , p. 297 p. , Thechallengeanswered:remodelednationalism - me ntioned amorphous, looming element represented by the masses. element represented the by amorphous,ntioned looming - eomd oain ainl at’ srtg ws o actively to was strategy Party’s National Romanian reformed , edn al h wy p o h Cntttoa cii of crisis Constitutional the to up way the all leading y, 28 26 Smlaeul, ulc eertos of celebrations public Simultaneously, . rceived. For rceived. f the f CEU eTD Collection hopes from the new order of things to ac to of order things new hopes from the high beginning, the in had, They vocal. be to as so deputies of amount enough significant so the formed they parliament, in ( nationalities the t was along this helped also What deference. with less all the of front in seat back a taken always had it past, the In debate. public the into entered really problem nationality a was It question. nationality the of reemphasis the was demands, social nascent and bungling own its from attention upon, divert to stumbled order elite in partially ruling the that formula new The goal. common new a towards had rhetoric nationalist that boundaries these within It was devoutness. nationalist of reorientation a for asked politics, mass of virtues the vigor more and more with preaching started that parties, alternate of emergence the and forces oppositional coale the of heterogeneity The discourse. moderate more a toward reversion a afford scarcely could they nationalism, activist of that was with operated Coalition the formed com a of means theby before), even symptoms indicative were although there ( Coalition theby power of seizure the after occurred shift paradigm real The significantly. loosened power turn the in preeminence gain to them for natural only was It 1867. of paradigm ideological the of products were 1905 the preexisted them of Many above. described crisis the to lead and on the were Hungary and Austria between settled be to problems financial and military education, question, Law Common promise with the emperor. Since the political language that most of the groups that groups the of most that language political the Since emperor. the with promise evn ntoaim hrceie te ulc eae ad hms uh s the as such themes and debate, public the characterized nationalism Fervent of the century years, as the grip of the liberal elite on the rains ofrains the on elite liberal the ofgrip the years,as century the of - encompassing Public Law debate, and was treated more or more treated was and debate, Law Public encompassing es that dominated. These motifs towered over all others all over towered motifs These dominated. that es t in accordance with its staunchdiscourse legalist its with accordance in t 27 - called “Nationalities Club”), with a with Club”), “Nationalities called he entry of the representatives of representatives the of entry he ti pit ht the that point this t to be reinterpreted be to - 06 events, and events, 06 - political sced CEU eTD Collection 29 a as Magyar of introduction and teachers, the of salaries the for provision its details, already the is first The agenda. political the characterize adequately and desiderate, this accomplish to meant were that laws of examples two identified Ihave Magyarize. to and Magyarized be importantly, more and trustworthy, new, a forge to wish outspoken government’s the was It future. the in it of success the curtail and agitation, this of spread further the prevent to order in up propping started legislation among auth its undermine to order in government citizens, peaceful otherwise its and Hungary, of distrust spread they methods, activist found new their with that was perception dominant The it. of integrity the to threat a and state” many On “dis untrustworthy. as qualified were they debates, parliamentary during occasions deemed and agitators as Coalition ruling the by perceived be to them lead rights equal of share their to claims governance) the to be to seemed they frontof in ofthe law. the upholding agenda preeminence In words, thehas national other reads: address Banffy’s Novacu. representative, Aurel NationalParty Romanian government Fejervary the of the appointment speech oncount Banffy’s denounced that motion the seconding example, For letter. the to Law Nationalities 1868 the of application the enforce consequently and R. W. Seton W. R. “The legal state is the aim, but with this question we can only concern ourselves concern only can we question this with but aim, the is state legal “The The entry of the nationalities representatives and their sudden ( at l ( sudden and their representatives the nationalities of The entry chauvinisticlines. erection extreme on the most natio the assured already have we when - Watson, - mentioned A History of the Roumanians the of History A L ex Apponyi ex and the prorogation of parliament in 1905 was made by a by made was 1905 in parliament of prorogation the and for public education. Without going into its fine its into going Without education. public for Magyar, citizens’ class. Ergo, institutions had to had institutions Ergo, class. citizens’ Magyar, 28 , p. 419 p. , nal state…Hungary’s interests demand its demand interests state…Hungary’s nal 29 ” ority. Therefore, new pieces of pieces new Therefore, ority. loyal to the Hungarian the to loyal east that is how is that east - CEU eTD Collection 31 30 intelligentsia political Hungarian Beksics, Gusztav and Beothy Zsolt Mihaly, Rez of forsupport the Hungar of mastery obligatory of territory the of whole the the on staff auxiliary and employees railway was the by Hungarian provision important most Its Party. Independence groups,nationality in and religious various of facilities educational the were targeted conspicuously Those atlevels. all education of in interference the right arrogated itself meantthe that state This the agailanguage, went of mastery its proved had that staff educational required that subject compulsory Peter Hanak(ed.), Peter Hanak, ae f hs anti these of case means the authorities educational highest the giving and state the to hostile activities with authorities school supervisory of cooperation the with “dealing At the influence of neo of influence the At language. the Croatia with be familiar also the must local population or the passengers with either contact in come railroad the on service their during who employees those Croatia of territory the On Crown. Holy Hungarian the of lands the in power public a by employed be can language Hungarian the mastered has and citizen Hungarian a is who individual an “Only the was law other The widespread. y, including Croatia. This served to further alienate the already wavering Croatian wavering already the alienate further to served This Croatia. including y, The nationalitatenfrage… The Nagodba 31 Magyarorszag ” 30 nst cultural autonomy. The law stipulated: autonomy.law cultural The nst ” particular. . - tt activities state tortenete apud. - conservative intellectual streams of thought, such as those as such thought, of streams intellectual conservative Peter F. Sugar, F. Peter e Kossuth Lex , vol. 7, tom. II., p. 641 p. tom. II., 7, vol. , - 29 o roo to op. cit., op. capoe b te edr f the of leader the by championed , ot h eis ht r extremely are that evils the out t - driven railroad company railroad driven p. 300 p. operating - Slavonia - in the in n CEU eTD Collection on, in the practicalofon, in reconciliatio impossibility of later and elites political two radicalization the between chasm widening a in resulted practice discursive The Popovici. C. Aurel being prominent most the well, as thinkers filtered attitude This means. all by win to had Hungarians that groups, ethnic between competition a as nationalization of process political whole the saw they Also, suppression. their at attempt an than more nothing were legislature of The dangerous. as nationalities other the treat and perceive to started 30 n. down to some nationalities’ some to down above quoted pieces quoted above CEU eTD Collection needs crls Ti ws civd hog gopn te aon a e common few a around them grouping through achieved was This circles. Independist betwee success, less or more with fulfilled he which role, mediatory the is feat important most Jaszi’s groupings. such others and this for support growing the assured answers revolutionary and novel to opinion public same the at being as regarded were themselves problems the that measure the to radical were see) will we as ( offered solutions The 1900. after itself found life political and society Hungarian which in crisis perceived the establishment the to unbeknown most incipiently emerge, to began ideas of currents New trends. and life intellectual of transfiguration the was This century. the of turn the after Hungary in itself manifesting began phenomena new Hungary’sfin As a result and congruent to the factors and events describ events and factors the to congruent and result a As Theleftistresponse theto nationality problem Oszkar Oszkar Jasziandthe HuszadikSzazad group. - de - siecle intellectual background and background intellectual siecle Chapter TwoChapter atmosphere 31 ntoaiy social nationality, n ee. h rcpiees f h urban the of receptiveness The level. . Theirs was a novel response to response novel a was Theirs . - ed in the first chapter, a chapter, first the in ed eortc ad leftist and democratic, CEU eTD Collection of the new generation of Hungarian intellectual radicalism and sociology were two men: two were sociology and radicalism intellectual Hungarian of generation new the of development the Instrumental in niche. find a to began was sociology, of which important it and society about and of theories emerging newly the Here, Law. of Faculty University’s Budapest the from came review Szazad Huszadik the and Society the form to on went that those of roots intellectual The youth. scientifically together bring to designed 1918, in itself manifest to was forces oppositional of coadunation second this of heterogeneity The sown. were dissent of seeds the that meant also this However, participation. political or more sought and interests, vested of principle a on operated It Radicals. Civic his and Jaszi was which of important most the strings, loose with together held was It contestation. of platform formal never although that, formed was Coalition second A establishment. the of that to structure power alternative 1908 an parties new The forth. so and suffrage universal for campaigns as such occasions on elements ideological and themes discursive - 09 apparent failure of the Coalition government, to quickly format themselves as an as themselves format quickly to government, Coalition the of failure apparent 09 with disastrous after disastrous with From the From SociologicalSociety RadicalCivicthe to Party The Sociological Society ( Tarsadalomtudomanyi Tarsasag) began as a platform a as began Tarsasag) Tarsadalomtudomanyi ( Society Sociological The less the same immediate goal: a democratized Hungary, based on mass on based Hungary, democratized a goal: immediate same the less - effects for the fabric the Monarchy. for of the effects ly paraphed, started to attack the establishment on a common a on establishment the attack to started paraphed, ly - minded, but minded, d political formations of the sort began, after the after began, sort the of formations political d 32 fntoig ad acn sine, most sciences, nascent and functioning, s also ( less visibly), socially militant socially visibly), less ( also - CEU eTD Collection 34 33 32 divergin that fact the But periodical. new the of issue first the headline to was theletter anddispute, this of future the for way,symbolically his haveto was Jaszi o Jaszi radical the while Gratz, Gusztav by championed t within from heard voices their making began ideas of currents different two outset, the From remedy. scientific of possibility the and mutations societal regarding ideas of exchange gro the of opinions The organ. press a of means by debate public and scientific Hungarian the inside themselves for t of turn the after intensely semi in themselves organize state. whic with methods, scientific new and conjecture of synthesis original an developing further, even ideas these took students their But positivism. of influence European the of manifestation a course, of na like society, that idea the also and and state law, Spencer’s, Herbert as such society, on theories of novel encapsulated exposes Their society. philosophy as such themes on lectured frequently and university, Pulszky Agost and Pikler Gyula r on the cover of the journal of a ( mildly) congratulatory letter by Herbert Spencer. Herbert by letter congratulatory mildly) ( a of journal the of cover the on r Pok, Pok, Attila 6 p. Jaszi, Oscar Litvan, 34 The Social Function… Social The . The first edition facilitated the first conflict, relating to the placement in the body the in placement the to relating conflict, first the facilitated edition first The . h sal ruig o rfrit ots ea t fr dbt crls n to and circles debate form to began youths reformist of groupings small The e rmwr o te ulcto. h liberal The publication. the of framework he The Social Function Social The Huszadik Szazad Huszadik up, but also to crystallize it further. It also provided a forum for the for forum a provided also It further. it crystallize to also but up, , p. 270 , p. he century. The new logical step for them was to gain a voice a gain to was them for step logical new The century. he , p. 267 p. , periodical fulfilled two exigencies: the need to publicize the publicize to need the exigencies: two fulfilled periodical h they aimed to cure the ailments of Hungarian society and society Hungarian of ailments the cure to aimed they h - - fiil lses ne dfeet ae mr ad more and more names different under clusters official 271 32 Te t The . ture, functioned according to strict laws strict to according functioned ture, o ee pr o te a dprmn a the at department Law the of part a were wo 33 - ets oe a rpeetd y Oszkar by represented was one leftist - reformist - oeae rn was trend moderate g systems of ideas of systems g 33 . This was, This . CEU eTD Collection seen as the appanage of a socially backward, unprogressive caste, and a stage that did not did that stage a and caste, unprogressive backward, socially a of appanage the as seen twofol were decision this behind reasons The journal. the to contributors the of all by manner concordant a in espoused was viewpoint non total a and science to adherence staunch compelling. fin the to contribution intellectual and ideology group’s the and Jaszi’s of elements salient the of treatment a Instead, mentioning. worth the as such these, by spawned groupings different the as well as 1912, in Party Radical Civic the and 1900, the Society, Sociological the of formation The thesis. this to concern is itself manifested group the which through organizations civic and political Istvan, others. and the mensponsored Tisza by social of Marxism dogmatic the Party, Independence the of nationalism new the as such ideas of currents with indirect, and direct both debates, in engaged continuously They thought. inf being and influencing both flux, continuous in belief and theory of core definite a having although that, was factor other The ideas. of exchange the for forum unconfined an indeed Itwas Jaszi). i characterized more which and, dogmatism it, of of lack flexibility the the to to dueimportantly, was This journal. the of life the in late until the within existed - democrats, populist democrats, n h bgnig Jsi n te ru form group the and Jaszi beginning, the In different the of formation the and review the of life the concerning narrative The Martinovics Huszadik Szazad - authoritarian ten authoritarian - lodge editorial board did not leadthem not abetween did to divorce editorialboard and the and dencies of the Court, the new conservatism of conservatism new the Court, the of dencies 34 Galileo circle Galileo d: one the one hand, the political scene was scene political the hand, one the one d: - involvement in politics. This anti This politics. in involvement - de une b ohr aall tem of streams parallel other by luenced d rud h rve avctd a advocated review the around ed - ice ugra mle i more is milieu Hungarian siecle - system, the faction’s ideas were ideas faction’s the system, are th are s ebr ( especially ( members ts e few significant events significant few e Huszadik Szazad Huszadik - f little of political in CEU eTD Collection 36 E and 35 regarding: forwardput views, his Social of Theory co the in Applications”; Practical Its of the Few a and Development “On Society Sociological the at lectured Somlo Bodog 1903, deriving from roots their by sociology of that to linked were fields these of All 1905. and 1900 between journal Grosse) Ernst Guyau, Grant, Allen ( aesthetics ideologic contemporary the on George, Henry by theory rent ground on articles Foreign materialism. historical on works published all Szabo Ervin and Somlo Bodog mechanism, Jaszi, example, For sociology. internal of that to their and societies, Austrian the aim, this realize To particularities. and Hungarian to attention special dedicating society, of functioning the governed which laws the of investigation soci in ground new break to forth the of board editorial The it. of corruption meta abstract an of body political a by application 19 in article an in who Ervin, Szabo scientific account into take Gyorgy Litvan, Gyorgy Attila, Pok uropean Civilization uropean h ms ueu fr oit a a hl, u I ead h fedm f political of freedom the guarantagitation be to the best regard I but whole, a as society for useful most the be to manner possible fullest the in ideas new of propagation and exposition “the as early As long. last not did circle the by professed isolationism political The The social function of sociology in fin in sociology of function social The ,A Twentieth , p. 269 p. , the lawsof social mobility. - Century Prophet Century - ainl iw. h scn cue a epesd et by best expressed was cause second The views. rational l rns n h lbr oeet ad h scooy of sociology the and movement, labor the in trends al ee of development ee l cec. hi atvt gaiae aon the around gravitated activity Their science. al ir research tackled a variety of subjects, contingent subjects, of variety a tackled research ir : 6 pt owr te da ht n atmt at attempt any that idea the forward put 06, Oszkar Jaszi Oszkar - de 35 Huszadik Szazad Huszadik - siecle Budapest siecle 35 were all included in the editions of the of editions the in included all were 1875 - hoy il eut n h inevitable the in result will theory 36 - 1957, ”. , in Gyorgy Ranki (ed.), Ranki inGyorgy , and its columnists thus set thus columnists its and p. 27 p. urse of this expose, Jaszi expose, this of urse Hungary CEU eTD Collection 37 Hungary. a mass rational, free,democratic, legalist, stepping the was suffrage Universal country. the in existent tensions ethnic and social the of easing the and transition political smooth insure would that reform main the as seen was It group. the of objective main the as place in set was measure electoral 1905 the throughout propagated proj political first organization’s The administration. the of character treacherous and foreign the at outraged was which opinion public Hungarian a to ideas its convey successfully Fejervar the of schemes the with associated closely too was it as project, the of out pulled soon Jaszi Oszkar and Endre, Ady poet the were organization the of members adh political supra a advocated still It Ligaja). Jog Valasztoi Titkos Altalanos ( Suffrage Secret Universal for League the Social the and Jaszi’s as such circles leftist with relationships cultivated and out sought actively also He universal perhaps, suffrage. of extended, introduction ofcause the began the championing the The administration. new this for support opportunity an moderate a in followers his organized Jaszi Paris, from return his government, Upon available. became Fejervary the and crisis, political the of outset the with a of lack a of sense a from beginning the in derived was stance apolitical The congruent. be to but irreconcilable, be to politics of that and science of field the view not did who supporters his of many from fire under came soon Jaszi Richard E. Allen, E. Richard c ws hs nucsfl Bt t mi dsusv too ws et ad actively and kept, was thopos discursive main its But unsuccessful. thus was ect gvrmn. o ln atr te ege iitgae, o big be to able being not disintegrated, League the after, long Not government. y erence, to join the League. Among the public signatories of the appeal, and appeal, the of signatories public the Among League. the join to erence, - Democrats. Oscar Jaszi and Radicalism in Hungary in Radicalism and Jaszi Oscar - oii attd, peln pbil t al iies irsetv of irrespective citizens, all to publicly appealing attitude, politic In response, the Sociological Society inspired the creation of creation the inspired Society Sociological the response, In - 98 eid uiesl ufae Ti tp o radical of type This suffrage. universal period: 1918 36 n - Minister of the Interior, Jozsef Kristoffy, Jozsef Interior, the of Minister 1900 - 1919, lternative in politics. In 1904 In politics. in lternative p. 110 p. - 111 - stone towards stone 37 Te latter The . - 05, CEU eTD Collection 38 1904,he in continues, stating: Szabo In Ervin letters to two his in project: solution Jaszi’s foundproblems a common national and political Social, themes. disparate apparently together forged he which with alrea scientific his of works main The activity. political withstand to enough mature being of that phase, other’s mutuallyeach methodology. influenced such asASTRA the Romanian nationalities, the of associations cultural the and School Free The education. political act direct of method the in ushering politics, to approach novel a was This subjects. political and scientific various on lectures with contributed all Society Sociological the of scholars 1 in founded was Sciences Social of School Free The sociology. as such sciences, and doctrines new the in class working andyoung members of the educateto intellectuals up a number of seminars Allen, p. 178 p. Allen, vs ad rpgto o nw dooy mn te lcoae ad f alternative of and electorate, the among ideology new of propagation and ivism dy great. His greatest addition to the political debate was most probably the ability the probably most was debate political the to addition greatest His great. dy Another of the Soc the of Another the nationalist agitatorsthe nationalist d element Magyar the can policy socialist a through the element…Only of Magyar the sovereignty of role leadership the historical the with or state conflict Hungarian in interests no have they same…and Hungari of interests the “ 1905 By oeuvre - were to still lie ahead, but his intellectual prowess and influence were influence and prowess intellectual his but ahead, lie still to were 1906, 906 - Jaszi’s theories and theories Jaszi’s 7 ad h cnrbtr t te uzdk zzd ora ad the and journal Szazad Huszadik the to contributors the and 07, iological Society’s important and influential moves was to set to was moves influential and important Society’s iological 38 ” an, Slovak, German, and Romanian proletariat are the are proletariat Romanian and German, Slovak, an, Weltanschauung 37 began to enter into their final their into enter to began efend its existence vis existence its efend - à - vis CEU eTD Collection 41 40 39 rema a which of out opinions, diverging order. towards the established contestation divergingforces of successfully reconcile the e predominantly the and versus nation citizenship, the of understanding political a offering By means. voluntary via nation, dominant the of body the into nationalities of integration smooth the level, theoretical basis. social or ethnic on against discriminated be they whether disenfranchised, the to rights coherence, national its state, Hungarian the of maintenance and consolidation ends: many suffices plan His it. defuse successfully to the of core the into question the social of injection of By means smoothlyproblem alsofits the proposedinto plan: austro by inspired be to seem arguments his Here, Ibidem Ibidem Ibidem survival s in the interest in ofsurvival s socialism Accor components. their into units national evolved anti more no is there “ az’ udrtnig f h nto dvlpd i a uttd o dfeet and different of multitude a via developed nation the of understanding Jaszi’s the nationality millions superior] of benefit the in be only would assimilation strength….this their cultural and economic [ through fashion fraternal in assimilate Magyars…must “the their ownlanguage. in the proletariat) speakingalways of and judicial, I’m ( nationalities the of interests vital most the 1868….administrative, meet will which policy economic of Act Nationality the of enforcement Social the of policy nationality “The ., p. 179 ., p. 179 ., p. 178 ., p. 41 ” - oils togt hn h dsr t break to desire the than thought socialist kby rgnl ytei rsle. s e have we As resulted. synthesis original rkably hi udrtnig f t Jsi a al to able was Jaszi it, of understanding thnic 38 39 ”. - Democ This framework also assured, at least on a on least at assured, also framework This - axs ifune Te nationality The influence. marxist ai Pry ut e ae o the on based be must Party ratic dingly, the Hungarian state’s Hungarian the dingly, national one, Jaszi hoped Jaszi national one, 40 “ - p already up CEU eTD Collection 42 Otherwise, Hungary. to allegiance securetheir could nationalities, the of languages native the in all system, justice equitable an and policy, cultural benign a administration, good Go rule. continued its assure state Hungarian the could Law Nationality 1868 the of extension and application strict the through only Question, Nationality the of and nations ruling current the well most his in announces Hungarians. he As to favorable necessarily as evolution unavoidable a by Marxian influenced hybrid highly be to seems thinking His development. economic and social unalter the of because another, or way one in nations, the of body greater the into melt to were nationalities The institutionalized. be to had which nationalism, of energy innate the harness to was stage this surpass could society which through way only Th symptom. congenital a societal as question in nationality step the it, necessary alongside and and development, natural, a as nations of emergence the viewed Jaszi 1911 heideaso forth put his onthe emergence “The entitled lecture in circle Galileo a the of meeting In a at given Future” them. Hungary’s and Question Nationality and state the between contract social unwritten his and oeuvre Eotvos the Jozsef namely of sources, leaders traditional the very by by inspired voiced was demands nationalities the to answer immediate his seen, already Ibidem . He understood the nation as being com being as nation the understood He . psychological conditions of social development appear. of socialpsychological development conditions c wherever appearing movement, historic a universal is question nationality The enthusiasts. and agitators few a of machinations the as today, Hungary in fashionable is as question] [nationality the view not do “ ., p. 183 ., p. - pnein hoy f rai sca eouin Bt e i nt e this see not did he But evolution. social organic of theory Spencerian 39 - f nations and the nationality question. and the nationality f nations known work, The Development of Nations Development known work, The posed of good citizens, forged through an through forged citizens, good of posed ertain economic, historical and historical economic, ertain 42 ” be as of laws able od schools, od and , e CEU eTD Collection Budapest 43 universal country’s remedy remedy. political for the universal suffrage, the only of idea the around nationalities the and opposition Hungarian the of forces In this. on depended Karolyi and Justh of Independists Left the with collaboration feeble His it”. against directed is conception “constitutional of kind any negated he that declared toppling a to tantamount be would imposition its that The utopian”. austro less the of tendency integrative or the against went criticism age….more and day this “in being as Jaszi by castigated was at belonging nationality promoting Bauer, Otto and Renner Karl of plan The state. Hungarian the offabric the maintain desire to own his with project Viennese the of centralism inherent the espousing time hard a had he Also, solutions. conflict a into enter him made nationalism innate his it, of stream Hungarian st the join and groups, Hungarian radical the and left various with corresponded and relationships activists and politicians nationality cultivating actively began also He Romanian new a party’s his Babes, and his praised Emil He leader. of Party National book a reviewing while view, of point this publicizes he 1907, as early As conflict. national toward them steered that classes, reactionary of intelligentsia, nationalist own their to prey fall would they Kemény, Gá Kemény, Although he was greatly influenced by Marxism and especially by the Austrian the by especially and Marxism by influenced greatly was he Although , Tankönyvkiadó, 1966 Tankönyvkiadó, , Rechstaat bor G., bor Iratok a nemzetiségi kérdés történetéhez Magyarorszá történetéhez kérdés a nemzetiségi Iratok , a democracy which would yield of their demands. most to which would , a democracy - 1985, vol.3, p. 623 p. vol.3, 1985, 43 . The plan was to convince them to coalesce with the with coalesce to them convince to was plan The . ta, e rfre a atmt o oglt the coagulate to attempt an preferred he stead, 40 - - o territorial policy, in fact my whole my fact in policy, territorial ver of statehood. Jaszi also firmly also Jaszi statehood. of ver uge o te civmn o a of achievement the for ruggle ly adopted legalist standpoint. legalist adopted ly those small clusters made up made clusters small those - marxist scheme and the fact the and scheme marxist h lvl f h individual, the of level the gon a dualizmus a gon ih hi proposed their with korá ban , CEU eTD Collection was fallears. ondeaf to t of because languish eventually to was interests of community renewed a for Jaszi of plea The implemented. be solutions could radical more until time their bided and faltering of position a into back fell attempting were and Vlad Goldis Maniu, leaders RNP when time a at came 1912 in Party Radical Civic the of formation The class. political Hungarian the of distrust growing in resulting partner, viable a of nationalities politics into collaborators his and Jaszi of entry 1912 in Party National Romanian the and Istvan Tisza by lead government negotiations between the attempted in wasbe to This mirrored establishment. betwe compromise to favored that was thought of stream it, a promote called he as democracy”, Hungarian of point Archimedean “the problem, nationality the of advancement the for do to managed he thing only The anything. offer The problem with Jaszi’s scheme was precisely th precisely was scheme Jaszi’s with problem The his misdoubt, and its attempted implementation in 1918 in implementation attempted its and misdoubt, his to strike a deal with Tisza and failing. They thus and They failing. Tisza with a deal strike to 41 lo obd h mdrt wn o the of wing moderate the robbed also at he was not in a position to position a in not was he at en the nationalities and the and nationalities the en - 13. The rather late formal late rather The 13. CEU eTD Collection advisers of the strong man of Hungarian politics, Tisza Istvan. Tisza of Hungarianadvisers politics, of man the strong highly were All Jeno. Rakosi and Mihaly Rez of current this Gusztav, Beksics are They period. of the in popularity and significance their to due thought, exponents main three identified have I purpose, this For sources. bri a via question nationality the to contribution their and outlines ideological broad their sketch will I thesis, this of limitations dimensional promote and legalism, historicism constitutionalism, instead struggle, of and racial onraceItfavored a discourse liberal one. consecrated the to alternative an nation, the of apprehension ethnic fresh a proposing possibl any against bulwark a as act to designed pseudo of flurry a with position its up shore would It units. separate,irreconcilable as nations the seeing as well as stereotypes, ethnic powerful would nation the of understanding novel This nation. the of concept alternative new, a offer would it realms, aesthetic and scientific the from coming thought, 19 the of turn the around mutation significant New Hungarian Radical New Nationalism andConservatism. n re t crety hrceie hs ru o itletas ad wn t the to owing and intellectuals, of group this characterize correctly to order In s also level, conceptual and intellectual the at nationalism, Hungarian Ethnic understandingsEthnic nationtheof d bygeneration. the 1867 42 th etr. nlecd y e sras of streams new by Influenced century. nleta pbiit o te r, and era, the of publicists influential cnetto. t sgiiac le in lies significance Its contestation. e - ef archaeology of their intellectual their of archaeology ef scientific and historical arguments, historical and scientific begin operating with operating begin fee a uffered CEU eTD Collection Magyarositas 45 1893 44 es Europaban a benewto upheldideologicaltoolkit. utilizing was Dualism displacement. same the mirroring 1907, in policy Magyarization repressive anti an from went government Coalition Hungarian work, next his and 1893, in appeared tortenete Dualismus the ( years two of matter a just in made was a representative quite and interesting is What years. few a just in make would politics Hungarian that turn degree 180 the for typical was problems, nationality to constitutional from point, focal argumentative his of displacement sudden discursiv his in shift This Europe. Eastern and Central strife racial supremacygiven. a equal none, to and was andHungarian institutional cultural value British of even above be to achievement), greatest its Dualism, of consequently and ( nation Hungarian the of rights the of that and Crown Holy the of doctrine Hungarian the of value the glorified he which well was He standpoint. governmental pro his to owing parliament, Hungarian the of House Lower the to elected himself get to managed he 1884, From period. the of newspapers Hungarian main the all for writing i rhetoric nationalist his for known well became he onward 1880’s mid he had tackled the topic before, in 1883, in a less influential work,entitled influential less in a in1883, before, topic the tackled hehad Beksics, Gusztav Beksics Gusztav was a Hungarian publicist, journalist and legal expert. From the From expert. legal and journalist publicist, Hungarian a was Gusztav Beksics His ideas transpire best in his book entitled book his in best transpire ideas His and races with dealt that works later his for base the become to was idea This , but went back to publish works on constitutional matters constitutional on works publish to went back but , Magyarorszagon ( The Romanian Question and the Fighting of Races in Races of Fighting the and Question Romanian The ( Magyarorszagon Rmn eds s Fjk Harcza, Fajok a es Kerdes Roman A A dualismus tortenete, kozjogi ertelme es nemzeti torekveseink nemzeti es ertelme kozjogi tortenete, dualismus A - n isiuinl system institutional and - known for his works on constitu on works his for known 43 - A Roman Kerdes es a Fajok Harcza Fajok a es Kerdes Roman A 1867 reform 1867 a pbihd n 1895) in published was s well is that this conversion this that is well s 44 Fr i, n hs peers, his and him, For . Magyarosodas es Magyarosodas ist position in 1905 to a to 1905 in position ist , Budapes , srtg ad the and strategy e tional history, in history, tional hs articles, his n t, Athenaeum, t, 45 The . - CEU eTD Collection 46 socialism austro Bauer’s and Renner both of place birthing the were clubs liberal the where case, Austrian the to similar somewhat is This conservatism. them lead l to of that positions, political antagonistic fully was separate, towards provenance liberal and the positivist for initial explanation The dialectic society. a of had evolution and ideology, their market to way a as science radicals the and Jaszi Oszkar time, the of adversaries his as of thought school same the from come and goal same the have to seems Beksics history, and society of functioning the for law concrete establish to endeavor this through Ironically, a theorists racial early of thought the of also and society), of evolution organic the ( Spencerianism them), control to competition the and resources material of penury resulting the growth, population ( Malthusianism fittest), the of survival the and of combination a reflects spec of struggle natural the ( Darwinism of elements containing influences, intellectual construct teleological This victorious. as emerge would therefo ( “races” These sustainment. their for fight to compelled naturally was race a of member each and features, stereotypical these through distinguished were Races all to common were that traits and customs characteristics, of set a was it him, For race. of concept the through understood Beksics what pinpoint to important is it point, this At struggle. racial belong agency prime the which in history, of understanding new a forward puts He mechanism. and organization Hungary). and Europe Schorske, re engaged in a dialectic struggle for survival, out of which only the stronger races stronger the only which of out survival, for struggle dialectic a in engaged re 46 Fin . - de peoples; it is closest to our contemporary definition of an ethnic group. ethnic an of definition contemporary our to closest is it peoples; - siecle Vienna siecle n this In t rcs Te ehns truh hc hsoy vle is evolves history which through mechanism The races. to s , p. , 119 anm opus magnum - 120 44 , esc poer a e ie o social on idea new a pioneers Beksics - axs ad ugrs Christian Lueger’s and marxism eftist democracy and neo and democracy eftist . They both utilized both They . Gumplowicz. s f ajok ) were ies - CEU eTD Collection 48 47 a became history of and annals the in accumulation footnote their of whole the lost they all that the assimilation lost of they quality and stiffened doctrine their when time the at only was It through which race, a size unparalleled a of empire an forged such tactics, assimilatory and adaptability was argues, Beksics Romans, The abilities. best their incorporated and ones, weaker absorbed who those been always have overview, historical the with argues he races, Strong assimilate. to ability its is Beksics, to according latter findthemselves. assimilated be to are they though, Romanians the of efforts the valiant However Slavs. as such races, inferior other versus qualities, redeeming of host a having as way, positive overtly surprisingly a Romani the of assimilation cultural process natural wholly a is what through race, Hungarian the of body the into absorbed be to are Romanians, the as such the region the in culture of of amount greatest possession in is race Hungarian the that investigation, aesthetic and historic a through concludes, Beksics culture. is element important most the four, the of Out races. of power existent the always are or four women these but as urbanization, such four, these to congruent others, several are There capital. and culture idea, national the religion, are They race. a of continuity and identity Beksics, Ker ARoman Beksics, uza Bkis dniid or an forces main four identified Beksics Gusztav nte o te unesnil ulte wih sue h vtlt o a race, a of vitality the assure which qualities quintessential the of Another A Roman Kerdes…, Roman A to the Magyars, because of the superior power superior the of because Magyars, the to des, p. 45; p. 132 p. 45; p. des, p. 127 p. - 128 48 . The Hungarian race has this power of power this has race Hungarian The . 47 an brood. The Romanian race itself is characterized in characterized is itself race Romanian The brood. an Mgaiain a te ol o copih this accomplish to tool the was Magyarization . , and is logically, the dominant race. Other races, Other race. dominant the logically, is and , 45 n dtriat n h cmeiin of competition the in determinant and ht e huh mitie the maintained thought he that - position in which the which in position assimilation as assimilation nd strength. nd - important aid of a of aid CEU eTD Collection 50 49 the in measures nationalist of number A power. political with gentry the of endowment plan a proposed he Instead, progress. inevitable Social the as the such movements rushing to tantamount been have would evolution ensu would that progression racial of laws the did as fullest, the to supremacy racial Hungarian trusted Rez means. violent through conducted be to or forceful be to not was conflict The progress”. of law ro make to die should nations “past that proclaimed Rez Indeed, inevitable. was conflict racial that the conclusion it congenital within carried biology, of side the on bordering nation, the of definition racial participan a race, biological a is itself nation “the claimed, he As standpoint. Darwinist social radical more a advocating further, even Fajpolitika Magyar radica more perhaps was Rez that exception sole the with latter’s, the as line same the mostlyin is framework conceptual His expert. legal a as educated was Beksics, to similarly and journalism of background a had also He Mihaly. the that of them. corruption and weakening leadwould anmixing to eventual of Hungary races in argued who Popovici, C. Aurel thinker, political Romanian a by head its on rhe similar of and sources, intellectual same the to owing argumentation, this Interestingly, abilities. of set and vigor its generations the throughout transmitted and maintained but origin, mixed its via exhibited argues, author the well, Turda, Ibidem nte ebeai tikr o te e ehiit na ethnicist new the for thinker emblematic Another ., p. 135 ., p. The idea of National Superiority National of idea The - 136 and A Magyar Uralma es a kor szelleme kor a es Uralma Magyar A e h asmlto o lse rcs Frig h lw of laws the Forcing races. lesser of assimilation the re - eortc o e anti be to Democratic , p. 133 p. , om for the newcomers; we know this is the perpetual the is this know we newcomers; the for om of Hungarian self Hungarian of - 134 46 t in the perpetual struggle for life” for struggle perpetual the in t l. This author, in works such as A as such works in author, This l. - - ugra ad poe t social to opposed and Hungarian preservation, centered around the around centered preservation, toric lineage, was to be turned be to was lineage, toric , inls cret a Rez was current tionalist took the racial discourse racial the took 50 H denounced He . 49 . This . CEU eTD Collection 51 one important most being Magyarization the value and knowledge the transmit to were Magyars Hungarian integrative an of idea the championed He Law. Public the around debate the from away attention right Inter contesters. leftist highly a was ethnic the to Magyars”. million 30 of Hungary advisers to. circleIstvan he belonged ofand who’s of Tisza, universal of introduction T the suffrage. as such subversion, of measures other and Monarchy the of plans federalization any abhorred also He Ausgleich. the supported Rez region, the statu Magyar’s the and situation racial Hungarian the that Believingavailable. action of course only valid the seemingly and legitimate, a be to hailed also was Magyarization assimilation. internal of Hungarian wer the class middle upper and gentry toward policy protective and favoring the alongside politics, of field Turda, The idea of National…, p. 139 p. National…, of idea The Turda, - ig ad ulcy poe te opoie Bt on e lo ol sit his shift would also he soon But Compromise. the opposed publicly and wing, ntn al f u tobe wud e ovdal f Easte of solved…all be would troubles our of an all Magyars…in instant million 30 of Hungary a of realization the be must goal our nation…instead, the of energies vital the consume to than more nothing achieve co the around conflicts unending “the “a slogan the of articles his in use frequent his by famous made was Rakosi Jeno hrough this opinion, he reflected the official standpoint of the establishment, the of standpoint official the reflected he opinion, this hrough - - nationalist camp’s discourse. Echoing the ideology of Beksics and Rez, he Rez, and Beksics of ideology the Echoing discourse. camp’s nationalist ed n pplr ulcs, h feunl eggd n eae wt the with debates in engaged frequently who publicist, popular and read s as a race was not yet a stable enough platform for a leadership role in role leadership a for platform enough stable yeta not was race a as s estingly, he began as a supporter of the Independence Party, and its and Party, Independence the of supporter a as began he estingly, nation, on a holy mission to civilize the lesser peoples of the east. the of peoples lesser the civilize to mission holy a on nation, - In this short phrase lies his most important contribution important most his lies phrase short Inthis 140 e to assure a degree of autarchy and oil the machinery the oil and autarchy of degree a assure to e 47 51 nstitutional question must be avoided; they avoided; be must question nstitutional . In. he writes: 1899, - system of the West by any means, any by West the of system n uoe ol be would Europe rn CEU eTD Collection 52 of breakdown a in lead these parties. betweentwo communication would and polity, Hungarian the in elite nationality the of application political their and ( strategies discursive These practices). political liberal with broke them sponsoring politicians the while ( liberalism Hungarian of traditions intellectual the with broke they nation, the of apprehension novel b Secondly, means. conservative through achieved consolidation, internal of period a for argued rhetoric The problem. nationality the with them substitute and matters, electoral and social the importantly, more and, question Constitutional the from attenti divert to stated, already have I as was, strategy this of core The strategy. pro newly the supplied They Work. of Party p National Istvan’s the Tisza of of especially politicians the on influence of amount sizeable a had they all, of First become to bid a regional its significant in power. impe fuel to the internal conservative statecraftsolution a of supporter a became He Hungary. of territorythe on living nationalities various the of conversion linguistic and cultural through achieved be could goal his that argued Rakosi Gratz, Gusztá Gratz, - opoie osraie ap ih n dooia bcbn ad discursive a and backbone ideological an with camp conservative Compromise of th Hungary a of goal eachthe inscribed be should not, of or politician a him flag be Hungarian, the chauvinist…on Magyar staunch a become therefore should Hungarian work…each relentless through only attained be can goal ours…this The significance of the thinkers described above in the field of politics is twofold. is politics of field the in above described thinkers the of significance The irty million…” v, A dualizmus kora dualizmus A 52 . , Budapest, Magyar Szemle Társaság, 1934, Társaság, Szemle Magyar Budapest, 48 rialist drive of the Magyar people, the drive of rialist ) resulted in a growing distrust growing a in resulted ) vo l . 2. , p. 5 p. , 2. . psig a pushing y - 6 - reformed on away on eriod, CEU eTD Collection b force driving the was example, for Joseph, Franz 1903. after options centralist new with experimented institution dynastic the of whole the that discover can one examination, with associated are activity and ideology its Generally, movement. Austria Great the is avenue It solution. centralist energies a toward nationalism. ethnic as s such and nationality the elements, espoused successfully novel with flavored and conservatism leftist element of combination a of up made Austro the for typical most was which Monarchy the of overhauling the for plan this was It supporters. many attracting right classic this Austro of ailments the their for cure impose sole the to as projects respective attempt an in other, each confronted schemes national and national hn te eevr amnsrto i Hnay wih tepe ( oe r less or more ( attempted which Hungary, in administration Fejervary the ehind the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his political ambitions. However, upon further upon However, ambitions. political his and Ferdinand Franz Archduke the - ouim te osblt o te nrdcin f nvra sfrg) catholic suffrage), universal of introduction the of possibility the ( populism h ms dsusd n aaye ebdmn o ti nw etait political centralist new this of embodiment analyzed and discussed most The turn the In The Great AustriaTheGreat AurelmovementandC.Popovici - et otoes, tid a third, a controversy, left - of - h cnuy nelcul de intellectual century the - ugra pltcl rdto. t seil hrce was character special Its tradition. political Hungarian tkn rm einl patriotism, regional from taken s 49 ca polm ad ead, teig their steering demands, and problems ocial traie oiia oto ijce itself, injected option political lternative ae a w hv aray en supra seen, already have we as bate, - ugra oit. Into society. Hungarian Kaisertreue - , CEU eTD Collection 53 toget held which lynchpin the was He ethnicity. of ideas modern with dynasticism of idea the imbued that one nation, the of apprehension fresh a well) as nations other to and ( constituency Romanian his offered revamping future the for plan potential fr although ( camp ideologue Austria the Great of was ever there as an to points) closest his of several with disagreed Ferdinand Franz that clear is it correspondence, the been having to therefore historians many by considered is He Popovici. C. Aurel of that was existence in reform authorithy centralized f desire the and Magyars of influence “disproportionate” the and Dualism the against opposition stalwart its was had group the that points common few the among fact, In amalgam. heterogeneous this together fuse to intended was fluidity ideological This neo german Hodza, Milan and Popovici C. Aurel as such politicians, nationality were there camarilla Archd Austro the of reorganization machinery. political existing the circumvent to assay an in 1907 in suffrage universal introduced and left, Austrian the with alliance manifest almost an formed he Cisleithania, In matter. this concerning propaganda disseminated and suffrage universal introduce to truthfully) Kann, k proey et ls a ait o pltcas rm ifrn pdges I his In pedigrees. different from politicians of variety a close kept purposely uke The Multinational Empire Multinational The ocee ln fr h loig ntttoa ad ehp, administrative perhaps, and institutional looming the for plans Concrete ooiis motne s wfl. rmrl, s ttd bv, e fee a offered he above, stated as Primarily, twofold. is importance Popovici’s - conservatives ( Karl Lueger), and traditional loyalists ( Alexander Brosc Alexander ( loyalists traditional and Lueger), Karl ( conservatives - iue Te ny clear only The figure. , vol.2., p. 197 p. vol.2., , - ugra Mnrh ae e ad a bten The between. far and few are Monarchy Hungarian her the disenfranchised nationalities and the Crown. It Crown. the and nationalities disenfranchised the her 53 . - 198 he Secondly, superstructure. imperial the of 50 - u, ntuetlzd rjc o imperial of project instrumentalized cut, or a strong, a or m their om h). CEU eTD Collection historian Nicolae Iorga. In his second most important theoretical work, theoretical important most second his In Iorga. Nicolae historian jour Romanian nationalist populist the to contributor avid an was he life, later his In differentiation. ethnic and organization social traditionalist of project future a developing order, liberal the against the emerg combined Hemodernity sorts. of of critique modernist sophisticated a developed he background, liberal a from Coming himself. conservative a being from far was he But conservatives. the with siding empire, ongo the in stake a took and Vienna in lived he 1908 to 1893 From exile. forced his after especially Lueger, Karl representative, greatest neo of circle Vienna the of sway the under also was german from and Spencer, Herbert and Burke, Edmund from argumentation his up back to concepts borrowed also Popovici race. and ethnicity Joseph and works), his in quotations of ( Chamberlain Stewart Houston Gumplowicz, Ludwig were these Among thinkers. political and scholars such of notions different of comprised neo as of thought intellectuals of school same the in reserves) some with ( included be can he respect, this In character. ethnic nation’s respective the upon based was nation the of idea Popovici’s latter. the of overview short a with begin must and integrated of thescape larger the in turn understood best is contribution intellectual his binom conceptual this through is In order to understand better the motivation lying motivation the better understand to order In - osraie ieg. i itleta ifune ae mosaic a are influences intellectual His lineage. conservative a “ nal Samanatoru - Arthur de Gobineau; he made use of their ideas on ideas their of use made he Gobineau; de Arthur - of - ing, yet murky idea of race with a contestation yet race with murky of idea ing, centurydebate. 51 ” “ ( l” ing debates concerning the future of the of future the concerning debates ing h Sower The - h above the osraie oiiin ad their and politicians conservative both he makes lengthy and lofty andlengthy makes he both behind his proposed plan, one plan, proposed his behind n Egih tltraim He utilitarianism. English and ) la b te nationalist the by lead ”), - ecie Hungarian described Nationalism sau Nationalism - CEU eTD Collection 55 54 the ( Gumplowicz of ideas the mirrors he Here, survival. for fight continuous a pushed in locked that were Races force society. of very evolution the the forward and competition, organic an also was these for struggle nece a indeed, and rights having group ethnic each in resulted and opinion, Popovici’s in itself nature of product a were race of differences The Jewry. with relationship ambiguous their to alluding while spirit”, same the by “animated on example, “a are Hungarians that For declares he oeuvre, his in affirmations. occasions numerous radical produced with operated ethinc he stereotypical which The repertoire others. from apart them set which features distinguishable spawned it to obligatory was It conscience. thosewho continuity of the assure to order reality, in political into sentiment translate this ethnic same the shared who those all community brought nation the of definition integral This nation. Romanian the of maintenance) and ( appearance the in resulted which feeling, national this of cultivation self the was “Romanianness” community. a to belonging of significantly, most also, but heritage, and culture language, of background common a as attributes such of grouping loose a “nationality”, as race defines himself He of the societalnotion edif Democratie Turda, Ibidem. Popovici made frequent use of “race” as the provider of the basis for the nation. the for basis the of provider the as “race” of use frequent made Popovici l rcs fr hs oain oiia tikr h thinker, political Romanian this for races, All Aurel C. Popovici’s nationalism and its political representation political its and nationalism Popovici’s C. Aurel , p. 58 , p. 55 ( . - 59 ainls o Democracy or Nationalism ice 54 . , ulse i 11, e doae a elitist an advocates he 1910, in published ), 52 yeei ntr o rc) Spencer , race) of nature synegetic ssity for a well a for ssity , p. 54 p. , d priua st of set particular a ad - osiu rsl o the of result conscious - 55 - defined habitat. The habitat. defined ll the same” or are or same” the ll oehr n one in together a strong sense strong a CEU eTD Collection 56 of composed structure, federal a developed he Accordingly, lands. crown imperial the of needed was What instead, them. on lost not was lesson the and that, before even dominated pre the of Hungarians Romanians. for reinstatement state ameliorated an in resulted have not would Transylvania The Monarchy. Habsburg the of historically makeup the of federalist idea the with broke generation, whole his did as Popovici, by a to belong to seemed project jealously while the all tendencies, saf centralist and federalist together linked which Osterreich tran a of large Jews. number of incorporation latest its after especially downfall, inevitable its to lead would therefore irreversiblGobineau’s to opposed as dynamic, is degeneration racial of concept his ( argument his of logic the fit to tailored and Gobineau, from appropriated element an is This thought. Popovici’s of cornerstone race of preservation The downfall. their to key the be to ethnicities of mixture the considers Popovici asset, greatest its as race a of assimilate to ability the and combination of value the extols Beksics Where dynamics. of thought the off swerves he where But polemics. into race) of superiority the ( engaged repeatedly he work who’s with Beksics, Gusztav as such thinkers, contemporary Knox and ) evolution (organic Turda, eguarding his beloved concept of ethnic separatism. Although at first appearance, the appearance, first at Although separatism. ethnic of concept beloved his eguarding sposed into concrete form in his in form concrete into sposed hs tnc nepnig f oit, n Popovici’s in society, of underpinning ethnic This The idea…, The Popovici claimed, in the spirit of equity, was an ethnically an was equity, of spirit the in claimed, Popovici ( The United States of Great Austria Great of States United The pp.144 - 148 e atrophy). The hybridized nature of the Hungarian race Hungarian the of naturehybridized The atrophy). e - oe r, t a nt otd n rdtoa politics. traditional in rooted not was it era, gone magnum opus magnum 53 n is ulte truh uacy s the is autarchy through qualities its and ), appeared in 1906. He put forth a plan a forth put He 1906. in appeared ), , Die Vereinigten Staaten von Gross von Staaten Vereinigten Die Beksics is the question of race of question the is Beksics Weltanschauung 56 - based reconfiguration based bt lo f other of also but , wud be would , - - based 1867 - CEU eTD Collection Albatros, 1997, pp. 279 pp. 1997, Albatros, 57 were: Th dominance. ethnic defined well less or more a to circumscribed each provinces, 15 Aurel C. Popovici, C. Aurel 2. 1. 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. emn oei. h north The Bohemia. German the Austria, inner of southernBohemia, Bohemia and southwestern Burgenland, German regions alpine the of out Composed Austria. German Triest. With ItalianItalianIstria” and Triest. With Gorz Tirol Land Szekler Hungary proper TheVoivodina. Serbian Slovakia thelands all Slovene encompass ItKraina. would Istria,Fiume Croatian and Dalmatia, Croatia with Romanian Transylvania the all with Bucovina Hungary and wi region, the of part Ruthenian The Galicia. Eastern Galicia.Western The polish and Silezia MoraviaBohemia, regionremaining of Czech Bohemia. of the All and MoraviaBohemiaGerman (Si Moravia German Tratenau Stat si Natiune. Statele Unite Statele Natiune. si Stat - 280 ei) Apoiaey l o gra Slza ih at of parts with Silezia german of all Approximately lezia). - inhabited part of Southern Hungary part of Southern inhabited - inhabited part - etr pr o Bhma aogie h rgo of region the alongside Bohemia, of part western ale Austriei Mari Austriei ale - 54 inhabited regions of Hungary and ofBucovina Hungary inhabited regions 57 , transl. C. Schirfinet, Bucuresti, Schirfinet, C. transl. , h h Rtein at of parts Ruthenian the th ese CEU eTD Collection 58 to similar Law a draft respect, this in would, Lands Crown the of Each field. educational and cultural the in mainly protection, and rights of amount certain a them for sketches newly his in nationalities of enclaves small when duplicitous somewhat are views His assimilation. was standards own his to up live fully not did Popovici which in problem other The politicians. nationality among fellow his or standards double These Slavs. Italians then rather Romanians Germans, favor to provinces new many up carved he Thusly, Pan Russian to vulnerability their of because danger a them considered fairly a exhibited also He capital. the Vienna and the become have would German empire. whole the over respect, some in and regions, some in domination German favored have to seems also He regions. mixed Tr autonomous for plan maximalist a conceive to him lead nationalism Romanian His uniform. ideologically not was plan his matter, this in even But concerned. was politician Romanian the as far as issues, other all to candle nationa the Solving own. his including nationalities, all corporatism to maneuver and to space little very basis, allowed he orthodox, socially quota being scheme Popovici’s a upon appointed Empire, the of nations into somewhat would seep house upper to The began well). as politics scheme mass Popovici’s of ideas ( suffrage male universal of basis the on elected be to was house lower legislature’s The justice. and health, currency, legisla criminal and civil to relating matters in power total exercise would which government, federal a by governed be would construct This R. A.R. Kann , The Multinational Empire Multinational The , , vol .2., p. 202 p. .2., vol , - crafted 55 onis r cnend Tertcly he Theoretically, concerned. are counties ansylvania, including many ethnically many including ansylvania, unambiguous contempt for Slavs, and Slavs, for contempt unambiguous did not bring him much popularity much him bring not did in frin oiy csos and customs policy, foreign tion, rn tgte te lts f the of elites the together bring lity conflict seemed to hold the hold to seemed conflict lity - Slav propaganda. Slav Reichssprache 58 Besides . CEU eTD Collection 59 with imaginary their in infused became framework Dualist The solutions. radical to open a militant more and more became they discourse, and activity political in consequence, a As tactics. traditional to resorted they if win to hope not could they that one existence, of territory the on living Hungar nationalities jaded already the of estrangement the came dominant the while short a in ethnicizin own its alongside ( elite intellectual and Hungarian the by profusely Pushed problem. Austro indeed and Hungarian, of foreground ap Franz Ferdinand. presumptive, heir the by another or form some under implemented, be to certain most the t seemed it this, of Because conception. of ease and platform social safe its of because Jaszi’s or Renner’s as such projects over circles many in hand upper the Itheld renovation. its for schemes important o days last the until remained been the tablesturned. had seemedonce acceptable, abhorred hands, Magyar in Go the of advocacy own his circumvents temporarily he statement, this By process. natural a as ones, larger the by up swallowed be to is units small these of fate the that admitted openly he works, other one 1868 Eotvos’ of that Popovici rhnin ad otiuin t a rbe wih hy hmevs ruh t the to brought themselves they which problem a to contributions and prehensions The intellectual streams presented in this chapter were the most significant novel significant most the were chapter this in presented streams intellectual The and notoriety, of amount significant a gained plan the shortcomings, its Despite . hy ea prevn tesle a big n cmeiin o ter very their for competition a in being as themselves perceiving began They y. , Stat si Natiune si Stat , g nationalism), in order to eschew social and constitutional matters, it became it matters, constitutional and social eschew to order in nationalism), g , p. 258 and 258 p. , 59 bineau . But, in m in But, . o many, for a long period, to be the only feasible project, and project, feasible only the be to period, long a for many, o - thopos inspired degeneration theory. The assimilatory tactics so tactics assimilatory The theory. degeneration inspired infra. te Austro the f any places in his in places any f h Hnain oiia dbt. ln wt it with Along debate. political Hungarian the of 56 - ugra Mnrh, n o te most the of one Monarchy, Hungarian - ugra dsore te nationality the discourse: Hungarian United States of Great Austria Great of States United and nd CEU eTD Collection a final divorce with Dualism. a with final divorce toward transformation, discursive and ideological gradual a through went Romanians, the nat disenfranchised a of movement a how document will I chapter, following the In to. heeded were deliverance quick promised who those All oppression. of symbolism a 57 ionality, CEU eTD Collection outlook. p Transylvanian the of reconfiguration the toward contributed that moments and among activism of prehistory the of factors salient few the isolating on concentrate therefore Iwill Romanians. Transylvanian picture accurate an have to tactics the behind political lying motivation the of understanding the for vital is It traced. be to have roots the phase, activist last, its in Party National Romanian the of practice political Be fore one can embark on the journey of illustrating the ideology, discursive and discursive ideology, the illustrating of journey the on embark can one fore The Romanian National Party 1903 Party National Romanian The Postmemorandism:a new towards ideology Chapter three Chapter 58 - 1914 olitical new CEU eTD Collection Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 4 p. 1996, Press, University Cambridge Cambridge, 60 All of Unity the For League Cultural the of activity the by clearly most embodied is state acti The others). among ( Transylvania of Romanians the obviously, is, concerned, minority The policy. educational and cultural its and state Hungarian the by o activity the explain groupings political minority to order in states, kin the of nationalism transborder the and them, within minorities the of nationalism defensive the states, “nationalizing the of the nationalism” between relationships interwoven of nexus triadic a of use makes and history its of understanding the social to debatecontribution the Monarchy. inside better a to leading context, greater a into RNP the Hungarian against fight continuous that aspect this exactly is it that Ihypothesize the oppression. of aspect unimportant an as downplayed, nationalist the of view of point the dangerous obscure to wanted Historians consciously. cases, most in overlooked, historiography Romanian that aspect this precisely was It life. party RNP in reflected also being moments watershed the Cisleithania, of mutations internal evolutio its analyzed, carefully If spectrum. well political own Hungarian its having contextual, highly is activity party’s Romanian the respect, this In underpinnings. ideological own its of renovation decisive RN the that discourse and life political Hungarian shifting the is within It chapters. two first the in allow) thesis this of confines the as much as ( sketched Rogers Brubaker, Rogers h ms iprat xenl atr ad nlecs ae led be roughly been already have influences and factors external important most The Methodologically, my analysis will rely upon the method of Rogers Brubaker. H of method Rogers rely uponthe Methodologically, analysiswill my Nationalism reframed. Nationhood and the national qu national the and Nationhood reframed. Nationalism 60 . In this case, the “nationalizing nationalism” is represented is nationalism” “nationalizing the case, this In . vulgata - 59 5 In . - ihig mn pry atos was factions party among fighting is most important, since it links it since important, most is aspects of party strategy from strategy party aspects of - estion in the New the Europe in estion eie nce nie the inside niche defined prles h major the parallels n P also undertook a undertook also P iy f h kin the of vity , the f e CEU eTD Collection dooia dsoain f asvs. h frt s h etbihet f h journal the of establishment the is 61 first The passivism. of dislocation ideological was lacking was that will. political All within. from reformed be could system the that felt basis, daily a on successfully businessmen and politicians Hungarian with dealing themselves, Ardeleana the as establishments generation financial new such The around nation. the developed of interests best the serve not did ways old the that self economically young, A proper. Transylvania by upheld line traditional the dominated, to opposed values of echelon new entirely an Here, region. this from men of mostly t surprising, not therefore is It node. commercial was and mining important effort an Transylvania, of region industrializing Banat the onto significant projected most The urbanization. through concretized concen was development this that important is it thesis, this of topic the to concern special of not are problems these fast a Hungary, 1 the of part latter The substratum. social the of some underlining by again begin will I parts, two first the in treated already of the 19 polit Romanian of progression and evolution the determine that factors of categories major three these between interplay complex the is It Romanians. Liviu Maior, - sufficient andemancip sociallysufficient s hs hpe o te hss is o e mcoom rfetn te matters the reflecting microcosm, a be to aims thesis the of chapter this As hr are There th century. bank in Orastie, the s the Orastie, in bank Miscarea nationala romana din Transilvania 190 Transilvania din romana nationala Miscarea - paced social and economic advancement. Without going into details, as details, into going Without advancement. economic and social paced w mjr ietns n h can f vns ht ed oad the toward lead that events of chain the in milestones major two rtd einly n fw egahc etr, and centers, geographic few a in regionally trated econd and third richest after the after richest third and econd ated class of Romanian petty bourgeois politicians felt politicians bourgeois petty class of Romanian ated hat the new political elite of the RNP was composed was RNP the of elite political new the hat 9 th etr mat fr rnyvna a i dd for did it as Transylvania, for meant, century 60 - 1914 Victoria , Cluj, Dacia, 1986, p.51, p. 59 p. p.51, 1986, Dacia, ,Cluj, ical discourse at the turn the at discourse ical Albina ak n rd r the or Arad in bank of Sibiu of 61 . They . CEU eTD Collection 62 year a on embarked elite party so the through crystallized be to was This action. of sort some toward particular, in president, its Ratiu, dr. and leadership were proposed. will, political bankrupting as seen tactics, Hungarian and constituency, Czech of aping Romanian an of the th instead and of tradition members autochthonous not toward turn were a who Dynamism, youth, nationalist Romanian of number a Romanians all of Unity the of help the and was Romania, from returning aesthete the Slavici, Ioan of contribution Maiorescu Titu of hands the at time the at Romania in place taking was that revolution aesthetic and political cultural, the mirrored value the of decisive. was revision Romania state, kin the of influence the sense, this in passivity; future of option the perspective in set It undertaking. cultural small and principle of declarations than more in engage to RNP the leadershipurgingthe standpoint, passive the of valueimmediate thereinterpret to forth a Gaze Transylvanian the as such publications, Romanian thematic established by traditional pushed the from significantly differed however, tone, newspaper’s The u Romanian fledgling “ Tribuna Tribuna modus vivendi modus h cag o te oiaiy n vlm o pltcl icus u discourse political of volume and topicality the of change The , Ioan Slavici (ed.), Sibiu, 1884, nr.1., p. 1 p. nr.1., 1884, Sibiu, (ed.), Slavici Ioan , ” ( “ ( ” ia utrl pnr Uiae Romanilor Unitatea pentru Culturala Liga The Tribune The for all the nationalities living on the territory of Hungary” of territory the on living nationalities the all for tte rban intelligentsia began conveying their ideas to a larger audience. larger a to ideas their conveying began intelligentsia rban ). In its inaugural number, it declared “the necessity of establishing of necessity “the declared it number, inaugural Inits ). ), bankrolled from Bucharest, he successfully gathered around him gathered around he successfully Bucharest, bankrolled from ), ”) in Sibiu/Nagyszeben in 1884. With this new press organ, the organ, press new this With 1884. in Sibiu/Nagyszeben in ”) - og rpgna apin n rs and press in campaign propaganda long - ald “Memorandum called 61 - oeet o 1891 of movement” Junimea ( The aea Transilvaniei Gazeta utrl League Cultural eeain As, the Also, generation. - ytm f political of system decisive. With the With decisive. gd h RNP the rged hog other through The Tribuna The 62 . It also set also It . - 82 The 1892. RNP. e o the for ( The of CEU eTD Collection disciples of Ratiu and those gathered around the defunct “Tribuna” was a reproduction of reproduction a was “Tribuna” defunct the around gathered those and Ratiu of disciples th and politics, pragmatic for necessity the around mainly revolved topicality The themes. the coffin wasin results, nail the last of passivism. RNP The mobilization. political of state continuous a in citizenry Romanian the of part large a kept conflict political and trials press ensuing The politics. party of permutation future exam for composition, its in leaders peasant of number a had 1892 in Vienna the to went which speeches, delegation the ( numerous mobilization political the of state unprecedented campaign, press vigorous The toolkit. discursive and a of use made that operation political first the was it hand, other the On on. 1893 from dead effectively purposes, and thoughts all for was, emperor”, “good the of myth The intervention. imperial of hopes dashed and Joseph, Franz and breaking symbolic the was This audience). an them denied emperor the ( failure in ended it and centre, imperial the to appealing of politics traditional of project great last the was it hand, one the On results. symbolic few a in lies legal Hungarian the circumvent and passivity sign undertaking,its this of details mere the Beyondtime. same the at framework, of wow to sought own leadership its RNP the bypass way, elegantly this In framework. entire the of revision a for hig the to appealing dualism, the Hungarian of declaimed practices electoral and It cultural Joseph. Franz emperor the to submitted be to was that Romanians, the of demands the concerning memorandum a of text the promote to order in channels, vldt o te aneac o pltcl dees Te usqet eae between debate subsequent The idleness. political of maintenance the of validity e - ed ainlt Cnrs o 19, n Budapest, in 1895, of Congress Nationality lead The post The - memorandist political lexicon was, from 1895 onward, replete with new with replete onward, 1895 from was, lexicon political memorandist 62 - on betwee point lo nig ihu concrete without ending also completely new tactical new completely te oain elite Romanian the n l) al eadd a heralded all ple), hest authority hest ificance CEU eTD Collection (1893 of him accused 63 and the party”, organize governmental to Hungarian plan a a of into “ constituency details Romanian the divulging traitor”, a “ as Brote denounced Popovici. C. Aurel from fire heavy under came company and Brote of authorities Hungarian the toward tactics conciliatory the Soon, area. geographical Romanian mobile socially most the of core the at Arad, in based was newspaper the significantly, Quite movemen the of roots popular the show and side, opposing the from away legitimacy “ called old, the of name the mirroring weekly, new a founded They lines. their reformed ex Brote’s men. faithf Austria with pact diplomatic Romania’s of virtue in movement, national the of support open the from formal his withdrew Sturdza after backing top, on out come to was guard old The support. external provided Popovici, C. Aurel and Tribunist) ( Brote Eugen exiles, Romanian the of control the over wrangling the “Tr by represented was rivalry this of episode first The conflict. ideological bitter a in engaged soon sides two The camp). Popovici the and Ratiu ( Conservatives the and Tribunists) ( Party Liberal Romanian Sturdza’s inter the Tribuna Poporului Tribuna Lucian Boia, Lucian - rbnss wt te ep f rt ad es uwrl, h Bcaet Liber Bucharest the outwardly, less and Brote of help the with Tribunists, ibuna”. Ioan Ratiu and the editor of the Tribuna, Russu Tribuna, the of editor the and Ratiu Ioan ibuna”. - ul after a shrewd maneuver that took away the support of the publishing house from house publishing the of support the away took that maneuver shrewd a after ul 1905) This victory, however, proved out to be only a Pyrrhic one, in the long run. The run. long the in one, Pyrrhic a only be to out proved however, victory, This after 1895 ( the Liberals had seized power in Romania, and had to back away back to had and Romania, in power seized had Liberals the ( 1895 after - at daetc f oai poe. oh atos on bcig rm D.A. from backing found factions Both proper. Romania of dialectic party in - Studii de Istorie Studii Contrib Hungary) utii privind criza Partidului National Roman si trecerea de la pasivism la activism la pasivism la de trecerea si Roman National Partidului criza privind utii ” (“ ” 63 The People’s Tribune People’s The . The “Tribuna” editorial board was to be taken over by Ratiu’s by over taken be to was board editorial “Tribuna” The . , tom 2 , tom 4, nr.5., Bucharest 63 ”). The name was chosen in order to take to order in chosen was name The ”). , 1971 , p.967 - Sirianu faced off, while the while off, faced Sirianu als, He t. - CEU eTD Collection Roman si trecerea de la pasivism la activism la pasivism la de trecerea si Roman 65 64 circles. partisan activist Voievod, from emerged these RN the to consequence of become Orastiei the around gathered as those such groupings, political and of publications satellite the and decreased was these vitalityof But the overwhelming. still was of dr. Ratiu prestige the elders, since party the of favor in principle of declarations unenthusiastic made Babes’) Vincentiu Arad. to Sibiu from power the balance of shift to began nationalism, integral militant, of also but pragmatism of both brimming principles, list the on up high also were opposition, Hungarian the with coadjutation territo the on living nationalities other with cooperation Romanian the rest to laying and life political in engagement be would third The autonomy). Transylvania’s to claim the and r the ( program RNP 1881 the of articles 9 and 1 the of emphasis de a with credo, political fresh a formulate to second, The isolation. political of tactics the of forsaking the was plan this of step first The them. around party the of forces the all coag to attempt the of beginning the and passivity, of abandonment wholesale their mark to was This allegations. Popovici’s to response in program a developed Mangra the of hands the onto L Romanian Hungary in minority Romanian the of interests the “playing Brote to Roman Ciorogariu toRoman Brote Tribuna h fcin ed y Russu by lead faction The r h later the or , XIII, 1896, 25 1896, XIII, , iberal Party iberal Tribuna Poporului Tribuna - 29 Libertatea 64 th , 1902.5.11. , 1902.5.11. , of February and 8 and February of ”. A ubr f oiia fgrs wo ol ltr on later would who figures, political of number A . P, such as Aurel Vlad, Ioan Mihu or Alexandru Vaida Alexandru or Mihu Ioan Vlad, Aurel as such P, - apud. - Hungarian conflict. Other points, such as the smooth the as such points, Other conflict. Hungarian , iin, ue Boe n te rhihp Vasile archbishop the and Brote Eugen Sirianu, p. 972 p. soon gained the upper hand. It spawned a number a spawned It hand. upper the gained soon Boia, - 12 64 th of March issues March of Contributii privind criza Partidului National Partidului criza privind Contributii Most regional groups ( like Mocioni andgroups( Mocioni like regional Most y f ugr, n possible and Hungary, of ry epudiation of Dualism of epudiation 65 . This set of set This . Revista ulate - - CEU eTD Collection 69 INK) ( subsequently 175 p. .3., vol 1964, Tankonyvkiado, Budapest, kerdeshez, nemzetisegi a Iratok 68 67 66 He declares: “ entitled article an publishing sa the In autarchy. political of utterance achievements past our and nation our of values the to adhere to and negated, or debated be to enemy, the to pray fall fate our have to p the in assembly, party the from abstinence of declaration a squeeze to managed Ratiu Still, ignore. to hard then by were reform for opportunity the and life political Hungarian of crisis obvious new The politics. traditional stalwarts. cluster of andshrinking ofhis theresistance Ratiu stubborn with met Mangra their of improvement significant status a broker to fold Romanian the to presented is that opportunity the states He life. political Hungarian in happening changes the underlines “ entitled points, 7 in men Sibiu the on squarely disunity party the for blame the shifts and Romanians, among life political of decay the activity, of lack the declaims “ reads newspaper the of edition first the of headline INK, vol.3., p. 177 p. vol.3., INK, appe electoral The Puncte de de orientare Puncte Actiune 67 . Between the years 1898 years the Between . The discourse of the activist camp is quite conspicuous right from the outset. The outset. the from right conspicuous quite is camp activist the of discourse The goals proposed, desired a desired proposed, goals the of any attain to managed not has passivity of policy the that admit us “Let another meant RNP the for 1901 of elections The - !in initiated party gathering at Cluj or the petition of Iuliu Maniu and Aurel Vlad, Aurel and Maniu Iuliu of petition the or Cluj at gathering party initiated Tribuna Poporului Tribuna al of the RNP committee for the 1901 elections, 1901. sept. 5., in Kemeny G. Gabor, G. in Kemeny 5., sept. elections,1901. the1901 for committee theRNP of al in Tribuna Poporului Tribuna uce e retr” “Poi ( orientare” de Puncte , I, 1897, nr.8. 1897, I, , Puncte noua de orientare de noua Puncte - nd expected…the current of thought created from 1894 from created thought of current expected…the nd 1899 a number of atte of number a 1899 , I, 1897, nr. 19 nr. I, 1897, , me year, Brote makes an open plea for activism, for plea open an makes Brote year, me 65 rogram of 1901 of rogram 69 . hs oee, a t b te last the be to was however, This ”. Actiune! 66 t o Reference”) of nts mpts of reconciliation, such as the as such reconciliation, of mpts . Brote also publishes a proposal a publishes also Brote . ” ( “ ( ” step towards the scrapping of scrapping the towards step 68 New Points of Reference of Points New . It solemnly declared “not declared solemnly It . ” ( “ ( Action! ”). The article The ”). n hc he which in ” ). CEU eTD Collection 72 71 70 the fill to Mangra Vasile for lobbied activists the Goldis, Iosif of away passing the after Po Tribuna The away. ebbing was line Theand between. passivist far party few RNP were line supporters of the official The results. expected the yielded blueprints discursive new these before long not was It getting nowhere us co political another try us let people the with together and us among come towns, the of leaders you, that want and passivity of enough had have “we proclaimed:that o in and opinion public of card play the to group alsobegan Poporului The Tribuna yearA he declared: later, Tribuna Poporului, V, 1901, 29 1901, V, Poporului, Tribuna T 20 1901, V, Poporului, Tribuna ribuna Poporului, VI, 1902, 8 1902, VI, Poporului, ribuna rder to get the better of the RNP chiefs. It published articles with opinions of peasants of opinions with articles Itpublished chiefs. RNP the of better the get to rder give to an already waiting and disciplined army. First, the army waited, then it fell it then armywaited, the First, army. disciplined and waiting alreadyan giveto to goal other what know not did life political national our of leadership the and T Memorandum. the of ideas the of spreading the of basis the on founded was organization grows…Our only passivity of the politics of abandonment the for leadership Romanian the of midst the in onwards eeoe ad icpie pltcl raiain te oain cn ed a send Chamber. the Hungarian into considerable of deputies number can Romanians the organization, political disciplined and developed hard a be will this that realize and ourselves, delude not do We fight. Constitutional the goal: desired the to us guide will that remaining choice one only is “There a disorganization,lackedpolitica becauseinto it - ogt n bte srgl, u nt n ta canno that one not but struggle, bitter and fought 72 ”. th th th of January of of September of October of ouu mn crd itr atr itr. is, n 1902, in First, victory. after victory scored men porului 66 l idea l his idea ( goal) was also realized also was goal) ( idea his 70 ” urse, because passivity is passivity because urse, b wn Wt a well a With won. be t 71 ” vox populi vox - CEU eTD Collection 73 directly, more electorate its toward turned had party The manifold. were nation, the concerning discourse fresh a of use the and vocabulary political new a through reflected changes, ideological The life. political Hungarian into elite Romanian en the marking moment, watershed the was This line. party new the of triumph 10 the on Sibiu in held be to was conference The nat a for pushed then day. the carry would view of point their that politicians fact the in confident RNP, the of conference Arad The elections. 1906 the 16 of in number mandates a gaining in succeed would RNP the since prophetic, ironically were deputies 15 or 10 least at Parliament to sending in succeed will we elections upcomin the in that hope to us leads Dobra at victory “the : declared Poporului Tribuna The resistance. of remnants be last the away swept could quickly Activism transcended. system voting Hungarian the of inequity the and gerrymandering electoral show which victory, symbolic a was It journal. the of columns the in exploited fully was and Tribunists, the for coup great a was This success. unexpected an achieved he propaganda, and rallying of methods new the Using county. Dobra/Hajdudobra the in man deputy vacated the for hierarchy, party the of approval the without 1903, in ran He Vlad. Aurel of candidature subsequent the and organization Arad the by strategy this complete. was cercle The 1904. of spring the in “Tribuna” to name its changed Poporului Tribuna The 1903. April in appear to ceased Sibiu of “Tribuna” The activism. the for open road th in Ioan Ratiu of death The support. clerical considerable drawing succeeded, They seat. bishop’s vacant Tribuna Poporului, VII, 1903, nr. 96, 28 96, nr. 1903, VII, Poporului, Tribuna The catalyst for the adoption of activism was the formal declaration in favor of favor in declaration formal the was activism of adoption the for catalyst The e same year removed the last bulwark of political passivity, and left the left and passivity, political of bulwark last the year removed same e th of May of 67 th f aur 10, n sae the sealed and 1905, January of attempting to employ to attempting 73 ”. The lines The ”. try of the of try g general g d that ed ional date CEU eTD Collection e o cnrl rnyvna o hs cmn fo te atu ad aa. ny 97 Only s Banat. to managed actually and circumscriptions Partium the from coming those to Transylvania central of men the from torch the of passing the for symbolic was venue The polity. Romanian of capital o conference general a for called members a of period the in practice field of into politics. transplantation of it onthe discourse nationalist Romanian the of topicality the analyze Iwill subchapters, following Inthe well. as discourse their on mark the leaving opinions of exchange the Hungary, of movements opposition other and these tow interest careful show to began RNP the Moreover, influential. fin from movements agrarian leftist other and movement socialist the of example The party. mass ofbecominga direction the in pushed suppo popular from legitimacy draw to attempted RNP The campaigns. 1903 the in pioneered was up - to - date methods of political mobilization. The practice of mass rallies, for example, for rallies, mass of practice The mobilization. political of methods date The era of activity officially debuted in the beginning of the year 1905. The RNP The 1905. year the of beginning the in debuted officially activity of era The The period of participationTheperiod (1905 - 94 er i te or ad alc Nglk electoral Nagylak Nadlac/ and Dobra the in years 1904 end a delegate to the party gathering, opposed to opposed gathering, party the to delegate a end 68 traditional the Sibiu, at held be to party the f - de - ice ugr ws biul quite obviously was Hungary siecle - 1910) tvs, lnsd the alongside ctivism, ard cooperating with cooperating ard rt, and was thusly was and rt, CEU eTD Collection 75 it of because 74 and social the linking in populism, and nationalism political of convergence intellectual amon listed also were workers urban for security social of measures of provision the and healthcare Increased authorities. the of estates the from property bestowed be would peasant which size property to according land, on taxes the of reform A agenda. the into inclusion gained sphere social the time, first for Also, the of thecircumscriptions. electoral a reorganization suffrage and in was desiderate new A Eotvos. government. Coalition Jozsef of Law Nationalities the 1868 the of with application full a points for asked articles Subsequent breaking the of one was it since schedule, of language own its w of This command. use and instruction make would regiment every which in army, united an for called and Joseph, Franz of declaration Chlopy 1903 famed the to adherence party’s of soc increasingly, and political, variety a tackled instead and correspondent, 1881 its of articles ninth and first the program party new The others. and Maniu Iuliu Vlad, Aurel Suciu, youn of mostly consisting up, set was Committee Electoral an elections, upcoming the of view In Basesti. de Pop Gheorghe of person the in elected was president party new A abstentions. 6 and 12, to votes 79 struggle intestine the adoption chaos the Nonetheless, produced. and disorganization of measure the show to goes This Hyeronimy the before 1893, in congress, last the in participated that 300 near the the Minister of the Interior of theBanffy of Interior the of theMinister Tribuna , IX, nr. 3., 3 nr. 3., IX, , s activity during the Memorandum movement Memorandum the during activity s te ol t b atie. h pry hrfr, a cery ne the under clearly was therefore, party The attained. be to goals the g and more importantly, a sweeping land reform were proposed, through proposed, were reform land sweeping a importantly, more and rd of January 1905 January of ial and cultural demands. The second article underlined the underlined article second The demands. cultural and ial troduced, in the form of a demand for universal, secret universal, for demand a of form the in troduced, ud rv ot o e sgiiat atr n h party the in matter significant a be to out prove ould - era, Karoly Hyeronimy, had outlawed the party in 1895, in theparty outlawed had Hyeronimy, Karoly era, of the new party line passed overwhelmingly with overwhelmingly passed line party new the of atvss Vsl Lccu Too Mhl, Ioan Mihali, Teodor Lucaciu, Vasile activists: g 69 75 preferred to shelve to preferred - ban 74 . CEU eTD Collection Szemle 76 unofficial through talks initiating began minister prime Hungarian the 1903, November 3 the on office took he Once Tisza. by noticed him got compromise toward proclivity part the breaking when 1902, in boldness His Mihu. Ioan cell, activist Orastie the from politician up and banker prominent the importantly, more and Mangra Vasile bishop ef highly all to rights and size numerical their give to due choice, to privileged the were Romanians mean The nationalities. not did he course, Of appease. to out set he nationalities his toward policy stick” and opponents. “carrot clever a employed and years, latter in famous ourselves as well” quest a is non our of and respect the trust winning of “the announcing that of speeches a by series nationalities, first his during Tisza, Istvan count and militants RNP the between discussion preliminary of beginning the was This account. into taken be to has episode important one session, parliamentary points. converge onseveral andbegan the nationalities to view left of the Hungarian of points The Act. Nationalities 1868 the of application strict the system, institutional were problems both settle suggested: to solutions identical Similarly, questions. national the Zoltan Szasz, Zoltan , 1968, XI, nr. 3, p. 257 p. 3, nr. XI, 1968, , Befo y code, he denounced points 1 and 9 of the 1881 program as anachronic, and his and anachronic, as program 1881 the of 9 and 1 points denounced he code, y etv pltcl raiain Te e coe t boe te ak wr the were talks the broker to chosen men The organization. political fective o o lvl iprac bt fr hs aeoy f non of category this for both importance lively of ion - Hungarian language citizenship is one of the most worthy national causes and causes national worthy most the of one is citizenship language Hungarian ad eom uiesl sce sfrg, n vral f h pltcl and political the of overhaul an suffrage, secret universal, reform, land h primnay btuto h suh t bek hog fre ad the and force, through break to sought he obstruction parliamentary The e rceig o lutae n aaye h RP n h 1905 the in RNP the analyze and illustrate to proceeding re A Roman kerdes Tisza Istvan elso kormanyanak politikajaban kormanyanak elso Istvan kerdesTisza Roman A em s rm mnse. n 93 h bgn o aevr oad the toward maneuver to began he 1903, In minister. prime as term 76 . Tisza was following the politics of pragmatism that would make him would that of pragmatism . Tisza the politics was following 70 (1904) - ugras n for and Hungarians in Tortenelmi - and - coming - 1910 rd of CEU eTD Collection ersnaie, aee bten h trn ad h newly 77 it parliamentary the of suspension of the and against protested voice openly throne Novac Aurel the representation. the through RNP, between The wavered prorogued. representatives, soon was legislature the and choice, political alternative an for opening and necessity the of emperor the convinced post the in date to success RNP The success. big b its parliament, Hungarian the of House Lower the to delegates 8 first send to managed their recorded parties nationality the and Coalition the remained camps two the aft between talks bethe revival onto go the foundation for of the established and would communication of rapprochement channels at the attempt the Still, and flounder. fall government his see would Chamber, the in strong the toward reaction violent the instability, parliamentary The Party. Liberal the join and liberty their of some up give to double nationalities and opposition a playing was Tisza that obvious became it a as that seemed it Nonetheless, were side Romanian the from problem”. hopes These ensue. soon would compromise the to solution any promised program his or character his , past Tisza’s “neither since confidence, of vote his intentions Tisza’s he that declaired Vlad, Aurel time, that at Romanians the of representative hold ever could Traiana Dacia of dreams any than nation our of future the for insurance more is state Habsburg European central a of existence the citizens…because as rights our respects that state Hungarian a of existence the reservation without acknowledge “we proclaimed and era new a of signs ch Tribuna Poporului Tribuna annels. The Tribuna Poporului hailed the declarations of the head of the cabinet as the as cabinet the of head the of declarations the hailed Poporului Tribuna The annels. The Liberal Party came up short in the 1905 elections ( and soon dissolved), but dissolved), soon and ( elections 1905 the in short up came Party Liberal The , 1903, 10 1903, , th - of Novem of 1867 era. The anti The era. 1867 ber 77 71 ”. On the other hand, the only parliamentary only the hand, other the On ”. - Viennese stance of the Independence Party Independence the of stance Viennese - add ae etcn both enticing game, handed - arm - tand political attained tactics of Tisza of tactics could not give not could soon dashed, soon er 1910. strong iggest s CEU eTD Collection Roman 1905 Roman 78 “rebel and “agitators”, “traitors”, as such appellatives Soon, them. against projected mistrust the for point starting the was administration, Fejervary the during nationalities Teodo deputies, its of one of voice the through RNP, The opposition”. “national the of ranks the join to Kossuth, Ferenc leader, opposition by invited were they Immediately, Romanians. minorities Hungarian The date. to parties nationality the of success biggest the them with brought party. mass way becomingan wasto integral onits andliquidated the RNP the thus of were resistance of pockets editor last The points. 1905 ( the of favor in Braniste rally to Drapelul) Valeriu as such men urged whop Iorga, Nicolae politician pea them of many electors, Romanian thousand 10 of gathering the was crowd the amongst campaigning this for example good A cause. its for support up drum to order in areas ideological and propaganda techniques. ideas clearly its althoughby well, influenced was it as Suffrage” Universal For “League the of efforts the towards skepticism considerable Romanian Fejervary the of activity the hinder to Coalition the by trumpeted tha obvious became it soon it but proclaimed, was neutrality of tone overall An proceedings. Stelian Mandrut, Stelian te usin u rgt cos h pry ie I te apin f asv resistance passive of campaign the In line. party the across right cut question the t sants in Lugoj, in late 1905. Also present was the Romanian nationalist historian and historian nationalist Romanian the was present Also 1905. late in Lugoj, in sants Mhl, eue. hs cmltd ih h nurl tiue xiie b the by exhibited attitude neutral the with cumulated This, refused. Mihali, r h 10 eetos te is t b hl i a amshr o rltv freedom, relative of atmosphere an in held be to first the elections, 1906 The new a employ RNP the saw elections 1906 the for campaign electoral The aae t eet 6 eeae t te oe Hue ot f hc 1 were 14 which of out House, Lower the to delegates 26 elect to managed - - toolkit. For the first time, it set out to organize major rallies and go into rural into go and rallies major organize to out set it time, first the For toolkit. obstruct to choice the made circumscriptions dominated 1910 ,Oradea, Fundatia Culturala “Trei Crisuri”, 1995, p. 86 p. 1995, Crisuri”, “Trei Culturala Fundatia ,Oradea, Miscarea Nationala si Activitatea Parlamentara a Deputatilor Partidului National Partidului Deputatilor a Parlamentara Activitatea si Nationala Miscarea 72 - cabinet, 9 out of the 20 the of out 9 cabinet, 78 . The party sh party The . owed ly CEU eTD Collection speech on the Croatian question theCroatian on speech 79 the in Club Nationality’s the law and popular of of platform a on itself flagship situated parliament, the as RNP, The rules. own its by abide against fighting they are that fact the theyunderlined press articles, and parliamentary in occasions, On many speeches gonewrong. framework legal and political a in normality of element an as itself presented therefore RNP The reads:Law. ofinterpellation the 1868Eotvos His the provisions for the observing of Alexan deputy RNP House, Lower the to speech opening his In jurisprudence. of framework existing the of application equitable and correct the and legalism was discourse their of characteristic foremost and first The themes. major fierya particularlyspeech. colleagues, after Vaida Alexandru deputy Romanian T rhetorical responsibilities. and rights economic political, civil, citizen’s around brutal centered showdown, a in locked themselves found soon sides two the The to Club. Nationality referring when deputies Coalition the among commonplace became rousers” ee lses f ipt cliae wt icdns sc a te ocd vcin of eviction forced the as such incidents, with culminated dispute of clusters hese Alexandru Vaida Alexandru Osten Germany’s of upholding the and treason of accused be cannot we electorate…but our of emancipation the with helps that right political any serve will we this… do will we and government, the of politics the combat to forced a this public the of rights Ifthe against goes policy internal Hungary. of line political internal the by decided is line political “our w RNP the of scheme rhetorical the period, this In policy… - Voievod and Milan Hodza’s interpellation and response to count to response and interpellation Hodza’s Milan and Voievod 79 ” , 1906. Nov. 23 Nov. 1906. , - oeo fo te hme b hs Hungarian his by Chamber the from Voievod rd , in INK, p. 7 p. , inINK, 73 a political system that does not even not does system that political a - 8 dru Vaida dru - nd citizenry, then we will be will we then citizenry, nd abiding organization, locked organization, abiding s grgtd rud few a around aggregated as - Voievod made a plea a made Voievod Batthyany Tivadar’s Batthyany D ag Nach rang CEU eTD Collection INK, p. 13 p. INK, county and equal secret, “universal, of introduction the for Bill 80 quickly Vaida of universal suffrage. advocacy of the introduction This reform. electoral of that with association frequent in used also was “constitutionalism” of metonymy The activism. of phase the in RNP important most second the to us brings This Vaida Alexandru as contester. Moreover, on discourse this turned now RNP The government. Coalition the form to on went that forces opposition Hungarian the by used avidly been just had it since opinion, public Hungarian the for even not new, something a against struggle dichotomical almost an in the interpellation of Vaida of interpellation the only a month an month a only took Monarchy the of part other the in that to similar law a devise cannot it that monumental so be government the of work the population…can the of categories App of words…when my type misinterpret not a Do saint. is is that House, …There honored demagogy, demagogy) of Lipot Kallay by accused being “(after na toured the unconstitutional the country, denouncing Tisza the under Coalition, the of sons the how memories our in remains vividly still It it. incited Coalition the of leaders the government, str so been had demand electoral the the and of system, revision a for asked itself country the of opinion public “the ni ord h cuty o gtt fr hs da h bogt t o h lowest the to it brought he idea, this for agitate to country the toured onyi - d a half to draw up?...instead, the House wastes its time with the with time its wastes House the up?...instead, draw to half a d Voievod and the response of of prime response the and Voievod its head, placing itself on the vacated seat of the of seat vacated the on itself placing head, its - Voievod in one of his speeches pointed out: pointed one in speeches of his Voievod 74 tyrannical adversary. This strategy was not was strategy This adversary. tyrannical thopos n bcue h has f h present the of heads the because ong - wide voting rights” voting wide - the of apparatus ideological the in minister Sandor Wekerle concerning the concerning Wekerle Sandor minister - Voievod continued, stating: continued, Voievod ture of the state… ture of the - n Fejervary and , 1906 Nov. 10 Nov. 1906 , rnmtd no an into transmuted 80 ” th , in , - days, CEU eTD Collection 85 84 83 82 81 Vasil talk; Brediceanu’s Coriolan by supported also was motion This basis. its on cooperation future possible a perspectivein and set rights citizen’s as virtuous referring to article democratic program’s suffrage universal t for on rallies addresses, common parliamentary of number a in collaborating soon began parties two The reform. suffrage for asking in influence RNP clear a contained the constituted brought which lynchpin section Romanian The electorate. urban its of cohesion the maintain to order in reform, economic and social for demands more even with discourse its infuse withi section Romanian social interests Romanian of view of point the quoted was Goldis oppression Hungarian feudal same the to subject been had it sincehistory, its in people Hungarian the against risen never had people Romanian “the the propagate further to order in journal, new nationality a 1907, In collaborators. other traditional the beyond partners, potential other toward looked soon begin was direction populist new The Stelian Mandrut, Stelian Tribuna Poporului Tribuna Poporului Tribuna Lupta Ibidem. - eort fr h itouto o uiesl suffrage universal of introduction the for democrats , I, nr. 1., 1 1., I,nr. , of universal freedom have captured the hearts and minds of millions… minds and capturedtheof hearts universal have freedom ideas the while, the else…all what knows only God and Millimeter, the for Law , , p.13 - 14 st op.cit of Januray 1907 Januray of , , 1903,VII, 7 1903,VII, 7 1903,VII, in a Hungarian paper, saying he saw “no danger from socialism from socialism from danger “no saw he saying paper, Hungarian a in ., p. 123 p. ., e Goldis then underlined the common elements between workers’ between elements thecommon underlined then Goldis e te Social the n together the two camps. Points 1,4 and 6 of the Socialist agenda Socialist the of 6 and 1,4 Points camps. two the together th th of May of May of e 10 he ideas of the party. In its inaugural issue, it declared that declared it issue, inaugural its In party. the of ideas - eortc at pope te N laesi to leadership RNP the prompted Party Democratic th ning to make considerable headway and the party the and headway considerable make to ning entitled “ entitled uy 96 Ilu ai dcae te social the declared Maniu Iuliu 1906, July 83 75 ad ws n ao o a alac wt the with alliance an of favor in “was and ” Lupta ” ( “ ( The Struggle The 82 ”. As early as 1903, Vasile 1903, as early As ”. 84 . h apaac o a of appearance The ”. ” ), was launched, was ), 81 ” 85 In . - CEU eTD Collection 87 86 as itself a whole. community imagined perceive common Romanian same the by organized othe or some of favor in institution protest student frequent The company. and Stere Bratianu, Bucharest org cultural the that The subsidies division. liberal the mimicked also departments forth so and cultural social, economic, press, into divided party a in centre the at or clubs, into level, local a on organization The s autochthonous its up swallowed it forgetting not Regat the from taken trait a also was left the with compromise a toward proclivity The fold. PNR the among party Jr.’s Bratianu of prestige the heralding motto, party official as age the was course, of diatribe, This succeed”. we can ourselves through “Only read: example, for Poporului, the Tribuna of issue premier The guard. old Sibiu the against struggle the in of use made and National the of amount good A considerable. was dogma, activist fledgling the upon Romania, of Party Liberal National the of discursive, ideological and direct both Theinfluence,state. kin the from traits ideological of number became 1907. after socialists commonplace the with alliance the supported that counties Romanian the in talks and rallies common Suffrag Universal for League region Banat the in peasants, nationality and workers both against oppression of policy a of government the accused Lucaciu Vasile while movements, peasant and i.e. Ibidem., Regat=Romanian Kingdom Regat=Romanian The party not only made strides to reduce the gap toward the left, it al it left, the toward gapreducethe to strides madeonly party not The p. 123 p. - ae “utrl ege wr as a isrmn o cnrl n h hn of hand the in control of instrument an also were League” “Cultural based - ws omd n atl ih h scait, n many and socialists, the with cartel in formed was e old slogan of the Romanian Liber Romanian the of slogan old anization “ASTRA” and the party itself received via the received party itself and the “ASTRA” anization r of the RNP’s demands also served greatly to help the help to greatly served also demands RNP’s the of r 76 ocialist movement in the late 1890’s. late the in movement ocialist - iea paraph Liberal als. It was soon adopted soon Itwas als. rai ws imported was ernalia so adopteda so 86 The . 87 - , CEU eTD Collection ucsfly ad ruh te at mc o te as upr i yand o. Vasile for. yearned as speechaGoldis’ re it support mass the of much quite party the out brought played and was successfully, part, second This establishment. overbearing an against fight a inequity of victims as themselves presented they hand, one the On role. dual a in themselves present to party the for opportunity an was It disenfranchised. the of liberties cultural the of advocates anti flagrant law’s The Club. theNationalities and Coalition the between discord of causes the of one be to on went and press, the and parliament the in debate lively a sparked teachers, L famed the be to was claims their silence and minorities vilified the rest to put and goal, this achieve to instrument The quickly. Magyarize to and Magyarize to needed it felt rhetoric, nationalistic overly an of line the Coali The 1907. in recorded was parties nationality the - ioiy tne ae a gave stance minority An important milestone of the relationship between the Hungarian authorities and authorities Hungarian the between relationship the of milestone important An the peoples of the Monarchy. Instead, it sows the seeds of severance, because it because severance, of seeds the sows it Instead, Monarchy. the of peoples the togethe bring to is many that it, for proposed goal the attain not will it politically in even altogether it education popular eliminates of principle very the contradicts it and circumstances; schooling, religious of autonomy chi It education. popular of requirements the fulfill Bill not Bill…does the behind stands that idea Sr.)…this Andrassy and Eotvos Deak, of spirit the and Law very 1868 the contradicted the that showing expose an “(after d alsns, hl te lpie f h ci ws hi righteous their was coin the of flipside the while lawlessness, nd action to the proposed bill was: the proposed to bill action hne o h RP euis o hwae hi sil as skills their showcase to deputies RNP the to chance ex Apponyi. This law, focusing on the pay of pay the on focusing law, This Apponyi. ex 77 tion Government, following along following Government, tion ps away at the at away ps - believe me believe r - CEU eTD Collection 91 150 90 149 89 148 88 carry to throug government Wekerle the of failure The hinterland. its in rights political and cultural of rekindling to efforts its concentrated and better, the for turn a in result would Coaliti the from away turn gradually to began RNP the officials, government by infringement rights minority youth educ nationalist Hungarian vivere honeste “ the by live to only wanted Romanians the that interpe an added was this To suppressprepared to thestating: Bill, a motion group parliamentary The Ibidem Vaida Alexandru counter and reaction Goldis’ Vasile S tefan Cicio Pop’s reaction in the debate concerning the Apponyi Bill the Apponyi concerning debate in the reaction Pop’s Cicio tefan 91 te xetd lcoa rfr as la t te olto t b prevd as perceived be to Coalition the to lead also reform electoral expected the h . fe ti ad itr al wagig vr esrhp n priua css of cases particular and censorship over wrangling daily bitter and this After ”. “owing to the fact that the Bill contradicts much of the basic laws of the country the of laws basic the of much contradicts Bill the that fact the to “owing Bill Icannot proposed above,the accept reasonsthis stated all Church…for the of those and state the of interests the another one against pits laws still not broken not Bill byApponyilaws still the the of provisions remaining the underline would that Bill, replacement another, prepare to Culture and Education for Minister the authorize to legislature, the passin successful the upon spirit, very their circumvents and ., ., p.151 principle - Voievod and his nationality collegues bill proposal, 1907 April 8 April 1907 proposal, bill collegues his nationality and Voievod on and in on itself. It hoped that a future change of administration of change future a that hoped It itself. on in and on 90 n o te ainlte, pahae b te N delegates, RNP the by spearheaded nationalities, the of ing , u ws idrd n t atmt o o ut hs y the by this just do to attempt its in hindered was but ”, toa plc “ policy ational llation of RNP speaker, Stefan Cicio Pop, in which he stated he which in Pop, Cicio Stefan speaker, RNP of llation - proposal to the Bill for Education, 1907 April 5 April 1907 Education, for theBill to proposal ht os s fte ey ih t euae our educate to right very the of us robs that 78 89 neminem laedere, suum cuique tribuere, cuique suum laedere, neminem ” , 1907 April 9 April , 1907 88 ” g of the law through law the of g th th th , in INK, vol. 5., p. 5., vol. inINK, , , in INK, vol. 5., p. 5., vol. inINK, , , in INK, vol. 5., p. 5., vol. INK, in , CEU eTD Collection 92 audi the decline threat…I immediate my no in is nation at the moment, fact that, the “Considering declared: Vaida and skepticism, of amount fair a with matter the treated was him by chosen medium The nationalities. the and archduke the between relationship the aid to present politicians the asked who residence, Beck’s in held was meeting inaugural future with relationship Austr lively a established soon group The throne. imperial the to the heir of chancellery the bookto his of transmission the and mitigate Vienna travelto to product was ideological his targets the as presumptive, heir the and nationalities the of representatives Austria Great of States United The Archduke the of camarilla the and representatives RNP the between talks the of initiator The century. twentieth proto Romanian characterized had that I electorate. RNP the among support some still had constituency, Romanian the emancipate and enfranchise finally would that solution, hand strong an imperial in The trust option. alternate an such Ferdinand was possiblysolutions, framework. the parliamentary outside radical for search the was left was What elite. Romanian the of eyes the in themselves compromised had place the their took of that opposition upholders the the and Regime Both Ancien Hungarian for. yearned politicians activist the that partner talking level a of role the for fit not was certainly It agent. untrustworthy and duplicitous Sorin Mitu, Sorin regular reports on party and Hungarian political activity. The three representatives three The activity. political Hungarian and party on reports regular a pie iitr te ao Bc, coe soit o Faz ednn. The Ferdinand. Franz of associate close a Beck, baron the minister, prime ian lxnr Vaida Alexandru Geneza identitatii Geneza geared toward. He called upon Teodor Mihali and Alexandru Vaida and Alexandru Mihali called uponTeodor He geared toward. - oeo’ acti Voievod’s nationale… opus, magnum his of completion Upon Popovici. C. Aurel was , he felt a need to bring it to the attention of both the both of attention the to it bring to need a felt he , t was animated by the remains of the loyalist feeling, loyalist the of remains the by animated was t , p. 8 and 8 p. , - nationalism iy t h cacley f h Acdk Franz Archduke the of chancellery the at vity 79 passim. 92 , and still had some pull in the early the in pull some had still and , ence with ence - Voievod - headed CEU eTD Collection 94 Bucuresti, 93 his threatening education, on laws the sanction to not emperor the asked publicly He co of language official an as army the in Hungarian of introduction the of the danger and Apponyi, Lex the on commenting House, Lower the in speech fiery a makes country this in freedoms and rights out a dealing Chlopy…but at that like speeches making when only not us remember to is throne the toward him tell subjects…and loyal been Romanians always have we that Majesty the his “tell and traditional” of belief “the declared: He stance. dynastic ma he which in allocutions, parliamentary of number a in engaged also “ the journal, his of columns the in commentaries of number a publishing undertaking, this in part took also Vaida ideas. its of spreading the in educated was himself Austrian capital). he ( Vienna from come would solution favorable the that conviction the and sentiment, loyalist strong politician’s Romanian the were behinddecision reasons The chancellery. military the to reports regular submit and to on, agreed stayed Vaida circle, the Belvedere of the rest with the contact point, broke politicians this Romanian at Though opinions. Popovici’s of all with agreeing not a encouragement, of sentiments expressed who Ferdinand, Franz to remitted was blow death a Romanians the deal to getready would government Hungarian the when time the at audience for ask to right my reserve Highness…and Imperial your Liviu Maior, T ribuna h pbiain f ooiis ok aiiae a tog campa strong a facilitated work Popovici’s of publication The Editura Sincron, 1993, p. 99 p. 1993, Sincron, Editura , XII, nr.245 XII, , Alexandru Vaida Alexandru - Voievod intre Belvedere si Versail si Belvedere intre Voievod 80 94 . n h 5 the In ”. Lupta les (insemnari, memorii, scrisori), memorii, (insemnari, les . t hs ie (1906 time this At ”. th f eray 97 Vaida 1907, February of de public his pro his public de 93 g fr the for ign ”. The book The ”. - s when lso 97 he 1907) mmand. lthough this - CEU eTD Collection 99 98 97 56 p. 1993, Sincron, Editura 96 Bucuresti 95 s also Vaida pushed. was Ferdinand, of throne the to succession impeding the of case in nationalities the of side the on readiness of state a of idea the Also, subjects. his and emperor the between contact direct a establishing of the in colleague in done was This fellow circle. Belvedere the into Club, Nationalities’ and politician Slovak of entry the brokered also Voivevod Vaida utilized. profusely was II, Joseph second a indeed, continuator, a as presumptive Remembrances Romanians. the among Ferdinand Franz Archduke “The ( Romanians the of cause the for sympathy proclaimed Austria of Rebirth The “ ( reform state participatio his throne, the to heir the of person the subject as having published, are articles periodical and Systematic monarch”. future our upon and emperor, old grand our upon eyes our set we do attention great with and future t advised are we, past; the of acrimonies the for reward no holds present the whom for Romanians, us for Especially Monarchy. Habsburg the of nations the all for hope, of symbol the future, the of symbol The symbol. a name, A Ferdinand! “ the of headlines The Romanians. fellow his among archduke the of have like must been II the Joseph what is “this declared: enthusiastically he which of end the at audience, an Vaida Brosch. Karl staff, of chief his through Vaida, upon call to archduke budget military the in vote not would party Maior, Liviu Maior, Lupta Lupta Lupta , nr. 56, 1907 56, nr. , 1907 54, nr. , 1908 113, nr. , , Editura Sincron, 1993, p. 55 p. 1993, Sincron, Editura , Alexan Alexandru Vaida Alexandru dru Vaida dru 96 ”. He then embarked on a furious campaign to popularize the person campaign popularize to furious a on then embarked ”. He - Voievod intre Belvedere si Versailles (insemnari, memorii, scrisori), memorii, (insemnari, Versailles si Belvedere intre Voievod - Voievod intre Belvedere si Versailles (insemnari, memorii, scrisori), memorii, (insemnari, Versailles si Belvedere intre Voievod 97 99 95 , Te rhue n te Coalition the and Archduke “The ”, 81 ) n s frh T forth. so and ”) . This show of force and vigor prompted the prompted vigor and force of show This . n Mrn rse ad uutn Bunea, Augustin and Cristea Miron ent n to military maneuvers, his ideas on ideas his maneuvers, military to n accordance with the idea the with accordance o hope the best from the from best the hope o e hps f h heir the of thopos he Lupta” read: “Franz read: Lupta” was granted was Bucuresti, 98 ) his ”), - CEU eTD Collection tes re t prud te rhue f h ncsiy f h fril itouto of introduction forcible the 100 of necessity the of archduke the persuade to tried others t as such cases example, For added. was presumptive, heir the of behavior duplicitous and ambiguous the this, To treated. been already has dynasty the toward trust the in erosion confiden of vote full its gave never party the Otherwise, close. man a have to wanted RNP the pro a on embark to decide really would Ferdinand Franz that other the and Goldis Basesti, de Pop Maniu, by done was This Vienna. in attempts his fueled leadership the although representative, major only its practically was He party. own his of confines the or Rez. Beksics as such theorists, political Hungarian from originating element an is apparently Pan v sole the as solution imperial the saw also Vaida clear. is solution forte a for yearning the as such motifs, novel with sacrificing our into translated really was which th all of enough had have we and change Habsburg the of throne the on individual decisive “A declared: he which in commeth” heir “The entitled article an w of organization the in 1909), ( Romania to of the archduke was the visit moment important comes”. Another time the forready when men “have to order in archduke, the with meet to clergy, Catholic Greek the of members hat in 1908 in hat Lupta, - lvc agr ht hetnd oain o bt sds f h Crahas This Carpathians. the of sides both on Romanians threatened that danger Slavic But Vaida’s streamVaida’s But III, nr. 80, 6 80, nr. III, ce neither to the archduke or his chancellery. The reasons were manifold. The manifold. were reasons The chancellery. his or archduke the to neither ce - 1909, when after the fall of the Wekerle government, Vaida, Hodza and the and Hodza Vaida, government, Wekerle the of fall the after when 1909, th 1909 May of s in order to have “a foot in each boat”, of sorts. In the unlikely case unlikely the In sorts. of boat”, each in foot “a have to order in s of thought never managed to become mainstream, even within even mainstream, become to managed never thought of - this meets with our sympathy. This is undoubtedly a great a undoubtedly is This sympathy. our with meets this iable one because of his obsession with the Russian and Russian the with obsession his of because one iable e “fortwurstelen” and an imagined generosity, imagined an and “fortwurstelen” e 82 hich Vaida took a large share. He published He share. large a took Vaida hich 100 . h ifso o taiinl politics traditional of infusion The ”. - nationality course of action, of course nationality CEU eTD Collection banks were geared toward offering credit to credit offering toward geared were banks new The Creditanstalt. Raiffeisen successful highly the on modeled were and organization departmentalization internal Their added. were Ardealeana and Victoria as such perio this in efficiency and number in increased banks, as such institutions, economic The future. the in subsistence its that ensure basis, would electoral stable and vocal growing, a itself for create to wanted therefore, na and “political of to level the raise to way a as seen was key the it as be important, also was education” would “political of spread The which areas. all in emancipation mobilization, and awareness political growing and create to order in necessary be to declared were tactics new The important. equally being as hailed were tier, political high the at participation the alongside They, minority. Romanian the for autonomy financial secure to attempt cul various in engaging material, press of number increased extra on resources and effort of amount considerable andconcentrateda politics, approachto new a undertookactivity, of the RNP. schedule the from option centralist high this eliminated finally 1914 in Ferdinand Franz of assassination The concerned. were officials RNP of as far secrecy, as future, in the for guarantee parties, third through talks nationality his the to conducted audience and direct politicians, a grant to preferred rarely archduke the that fact The reproached. was future, the for plan concrete a or aims of set declared openly an of th Also, much. case his help not did support, in wavered he and suffrage, universal n h 1905 the In - 94 eid te oain ainl Party, National Romanian the period, 1914 - alaetr tcis Tee ee h pbihn o an of publishing the were These tactics. parliamentary 83 the smallholders, thereby nationalizing their nationalizing thereby smallholders, the d, to the traditional Albina of Sibiu others Sibiu of Albina traditional the to d, and maintain a state of constant of state a maintain and tional consciousness”. The RNP, The consciousness”. tional ua atvte, n the and activities, tural eie is political its besides ee little fered e lack e CEU eTD Collection 101 peasant Hungarian some of demagogy the to prey fall easily could It itself. by stand to immature politically too still be to time, same the at but traditions, ancient of repository the movement, the of backbone the as regarded was peasantry The rallies. mass and tours electoral various in people” the with “connect to out sent were leaders and activists party nat basic a with outfitted be to had it class, social uneducated virtually a As peasantry. the however, was, organization of wearers the ( to opinca Sirs) ( badica from join, to Romanians all want “we 1905: in declared organ press party The well. as leaders Romanian of conception political the upon impact clear a made ide The district. nationality a from election Mocsary’s of of days the party were a Gone alone. be Romanians and to Romanians, aimed RNP The ethnically. narrow proportionally was it socially, social all by recognized audience. growing League the of mediation the via Transylvania to traveled Regat contributed which increasin League, An resources. and Cultural material the of auspices the under always and Tribuna, the or party the of aegis the under number, in grew also institutions Cultural politicized. economic the and political the between association The Vlad. Aurel or Mihu Ioan of likes the RNP, the of figures leading the of patronage the under usually were themselves They efforts. Tribuna h pry tef atd o pel o bod lcoae ad ie t be to aimed and electorate, broad a to appeal to wanted itself party The , XII, nr.29, 1908 an 1908 nr.29, XII, , - oil fot a there was effort social 101 . h ms iprat oil aeoy bcue f t sz, o te RNP, the for size, its of because category, social important most The ”. ional - oiia tokt i odr o uvv asmlto. n hs respect, this In assimilation. survive to order in toolkit, political ot ie paat)i ohr od, cmltl democratic completely a words, other peasants)…in i.e. boots taa s hi lgtmt laes A etnie ltom t had it platform extensive As leaders. legitimate their as strata d XII, nr. 31, 1908 31, nr. XII, d s f tnc uacy n sprto o Bkis n others and Beksics of separation and autarchy ethnic of as oe biu t al Te cnmc tuge was struggle economic The all. to obvious fore g number of cultural and scientific products of the of products scientific and cultural of number g 84 - RNP tandem, reaching a reaching tandem, RNP CEU eTD Collection huh wr Otva Tsaau Iai Ced ad cain oa Te bgn their began They Goga. Octavian and Chendi Ilarie of Taslauanu, Octavian stream were thought new this of representatives prominent most The project. national the with Slavi Ioan as such men politically “ journal cohesion. maintain anto in effort further radicalization, a toward discourse party’s the push to serve would It 1908. after ranks, party the within con the of basis the be to was background ethnicist This all. transcended belonging ethnic as Romanians, Transylvanian the of ideologues national the for important less was classes of division This bourgeoisie. the categories, urban the of It itself. nee government therefore tactics of the party or the Magyarizing n 97 a 1907, In aa Noastra Tara - minded aesthetes. Its leaders proclaimed they were continuing the tradition of tradition the continuing were they proclaimed leaders Its aesthetes. minded e eeet perd mn te f rnyvna pbiit. The publicists. Transylvanian of the among appeared element new OctavianGogaversus Tisza Isvan ( “ ( ” i ta mxd ieay n pltcl ciiis al n accordance in all activities, political and literary mixed that ci, Conflict and Conflict rapprochement. u Land Our ) a te paha o a e gnrto of generation new a of spearhead the was ”) 85 etto wih rw up grew which testation ded the guidance ded CEU eTD Collection 103 102 hands of peril. rescue thefrom would nation the that movement, mass true populist, a into transformed be to had instead movement The nation. Romanian matter hailed was movement, the of lifeblood the peasantry, the with link fin of nature ethnicizing the also Samanat but respect, the this in clear is through Iorga, Nicolae historian nationalist by Romania, lead circle, (“Sower”) of influence intellectual The centre. political self a of instead “ ideological main the of one is this fact, In value simple the instead divinizing world, this rejects violently Hungaria social creative culturally “the Hanak, marginal Peter by advanced category conceptual the ru (“North Star”). “ the review, literary influential the and Noastra”, “Tara journal political o denunciation a virulently with nexus Dualist the of their criticism espoused They rhetoric. autochtonist and to nationalistic success their owed They Budapest. and Vienna in groups student an virtual in careers iei Oteliti Tinerii “ Hanak, ral background, and educated in Budapest, he can be considered as a classic example of example classic a as consideredbe can he Budapest, in educated and background, ral Tara Noastra Tara 103 The main ideologue of the faction was the poet Octavian Goga. Coming from a from Coming Goga. Octavian poet the was faction the of ideologue main The 102 . The RNP leadership and its conciliatory policy was seen as “selling out” the out” “selling as seen was policy conciliatory its and leadership RNP The . The Garden and the the Workshop and Garden The prets l truh i ltrr atvt. poe t te ciit ie he line, activist the to Opposed activity. literary his through all permeates n . oas self Goga’s ”. ”, I, nr.1, 1907 nr.1, I, ”, (“ ” f the valor of activism and parliamentarism. Their instruments were the were instruments Their parliamentarism. and activism of valor the f - opoiig tep twr rprceet ih h degenerate the with rapprochement toward attempt compromising tey Youth Steely onymity, but quickly gained adherence, especially among youth and youth among especially adherence, gained quickly but onymity, - ecie ainto twr eeyhn csooia and cosmopolitan everything toward alienation perceived ) Te poesd rtr t te tnc n traditional and ethnic the to return a professed They ”). - de , p. 147 p. , - siecle Hungarian aesthetics. A need to maintain the maintain to need A aesthetics. Hungarian siecle - 148 86 locus of the new generation, that call that generation, new the of - system of the rural areas. rural the of system s lf ad death and life a as Luceafarul” ed itself ed orist CEU eTD Collection qualities of the nation. The activism of recent years was reevaluated, Goga concluding:years Goga was reevaluated, of of theThequalities nation. recent activism bes the them within carried who latter the to opposed as value” face a at “morals only had former Thecompatriots. his letters”, “men of and RNP, ofleaders the past the law”, of “men between contradiction obvious almost an expressed Luceafarul the i one in Goga of article The Noastra”. “Tara the of columns the in again over and over extolled was intelligentsia the of role leading The delegates. bourgeois, parliamentary urban its beyond movement, national the of leaders true the as itself saw Th Youth palatable. literarily and relevant politically time, same the at be to had speech A undistinguishable. were they where level a to politics, and aesthetics of intermingling the h ohr motn dsusv eeet f oas tey ot mvmn was movement Youth Steely Goga’s of element discursive important other The literature, being entirely convinced that the talent of a writer weighs ten times less times ten weighs writer a of talent the that convinced entirely being literature, d will ‘politics’ our in role leading the with man oratory…the more Hungarian act, of words political improvised decisive the than a important is masses] the [to writers of words the opens n for fight the in that understand ever not will people fight…these the decide could and part take to want who those valley, the from soldiers the of bulk the all blazes…forgetting gigantic our of harassment rel trifle the only politics in see They area. most narrow this politics…to reduce leaders” “good our of ….many people, guiding and strengthening, sustaining, to contribute that forces multiple of manifestation to designating of Instead proportions. microscopic to reduced is “politics” of notion the even but restricted, are attributions writers’ the only “not nlsns fr h afrain f h nto…hy ny e te isolated the see only nation…they the of affirmation the for entlessness toa rvvl f n prse nto, utrl rpgna that propaganda cultural nation, oppressed an of revival ational 87 espise from the depth of his soul the role of role the soul his of depth the from espise autochthonous t hs od the word this ssue of ssue e CEU eTD Collection 105 104 designation the under known settlement, The Stere. Constantin representative its through Bucharest, of mediation the with 1912, late in only realized only was two the between rappro The organization. fringe a than more never was camp Goga’s that fact the of spite in visible, highly and complete almost was sides two the between divorce The of vision. lack and immaturity political youth its for formation the slamming the Tribune” Vaida article pro apparatus party the on aesthetes the of the attack The claimed. in Goga activism, was of character This deputy. government Hungarian turned now Mangra, politician, Vasile activist Bishop former of criticism fiery a was themes main the of One ideology. the organ, press party main the of seizure the was Youth Steely the of coup greatest The representatives. t “Two of Taslauanu, article the 1910elections. The in RNP the of frustration the after especially dividends, more increasingly pay to seemed a political the days? our of Tribuna “ like titles with articles of series a publishing leadership, “Ta the around group The e utr o peasants of culture he Octavian Goga, Octavian Tara Noastra Tara mpted the activists to react. An aggressive polemic ensued, in the pose the in ensued, polemic aggressive An react. to activists the mpted - - Voievod was the main debating partner of Goga, in his article “Tisza, Mangra and Mangra “Tisza, article his in Goga, of partner debating main the was Voievod eis bten h “rbn” n te Lpa ( ae “oau”. Alexandru “Romanul”). later ( “Lupta” the and “Tribuna” the between series’ policy of Tisza the ruin could Hungarian impeccable in who lawyer good a of mouth the than , nr. 24, 1911 24, nr. , ctivity in the Hungarian parliament in the 1905 the in parliament Hungarian the in ctivity “Ce este Tribuna zilelor noastre?” zilelor Tribuna este “Ce Tribuna ” or “ or ” 104 , in 1911. This gave them a wide forum for their exegesis of their of exegesis their for forum wide a gavethem This 1911. in , ” . 105 a osr” grsiey ahd u aant h established the against out lashed aggressively Noastra” ra A man has died. Ioan Slavic Ioan died. has man A opsd h Rmna cnttec ad t political its and constituency Romanian the opposed ” 88 , 1912 ( the translation belongs to Razvan Paraianu) Razvan to belongs ( thetranslation 1912 , cultures. The culture of gentlemen and culture of cultures. The i”. They diminished the valor of valor the diminished They i”. A False Coriolan False A - 1910 period. This strategy This period. 1910 ”, “ ”, - counter pose counter What is the is What chement CEU eTD Collection ugr. iu etuisi aot h psiiiy f apohmn, hn contacted then rapprochement, 106 of possibility the about enthusiastic Mihu, Hungary. Dualist of confines the within remain to wanted Romanians the hearts, their of bottom their of organization the praised also danger Russian and “Slavic the was compromise a of necessity the of Romanians 23 the July in meeting, r of measure a of gaining the for plan future a outlined and appeasement of policy a favored He Mihu. Ioan with connections his reactivated immediately he Work, of Party National his of head the at power, to Tisza participants the of refusal the of because ground, common finding of incapability the underlined It RNP. the of leaders the and Tisza Istvan minister prime between negotiations the of act second the was reconciliation was paramount.options political and opinions Bratianu’s by carried weight The Bucharest. toward but issues, their to solutions of providers as Budapest or Vienna toward looked longer no Romanian the momentous: supreme the was was state kin the action of arbitration and influence Stere’s of value symbolic the Secondly, mainstream. the to access gaining introduced, were radicalism social and nationalism ethnic fused th outbid to effort an in “Romanul”, the of columns the in radicalization, further a toward pushed and altered, discourse their saw leaders RNP of “Romanul” merge. “Stere the of Mihu, The conclusion of the debate was twofold. One the one hand, the moderate group moderate the hand, one the One twofold. was debate the of conclusion The h fnl adak ht a t was that landmark final The Spicuiri… - ec” sw h Sel Yuh eun o h fl, n te “T the and fold, the to return Youth Steely the saw Peace”, , . 1 . , 39 rd n uaet Tsas an discursive main Tisza’s Budapest. in ainl at, n epesd oe ht t the at that hope expressed and Party, National gt fr h Rmnas o iu i ter first their in Mihu, to Romanians the for ights 89 o il o cmrms. pn h rtr of return the Upon compromise. or yield to sa te ae f Hungarian of fate the seal o e opposition. More elements that elements More opposition. e authority. The Transylvanian The authority. thopos o ovne the convince to iua and ribuna” - Romanian 106 ”. He ”. CEU eTD Collection 108 107 down back to refusing Tisza plan, maximalist a presenting company and Maniu with attempts, two first the of lines the along mostly proceed to was It 1914. years. parties two a wer suspended period The forof were meetings the persuasion, of work his continued Mihu Though permitted. statecraft more nothing but Church., and education of his in have, autonomy, cultural could and linguistic of degree a opinion, Romanians The Vaida). Maniu, Mihali, ( delegation the to Romanian view of point his presented project, the in exposed point the of most of rebuff auth Hungarian the of sincerity the in had it trust of lack the also and through, going was party the language political of radicalization the fact Church areas, administrative liberties Romanian in a of officials than appointment rather reform, Romanian suffrage party, sizeable political a of a introduction into the club), organize parliamentary formally to right the ( autonomy de being core its the at points, in 23 contained presented It proceedings. and up, drawn the was of memorandum a leader of the text The with cabinet. talks Hungarian in engage to decided committee RNP the September, negotiat duplicitous a as Parliament, the of strong his for careful known already Tisza, than viewed leaders Romanian The more appreciation. nothing produced designs minister’s Hungarian the surprisingly, Vaida Alexandru Hitchins, Ibidem. The final episode of the talks was consumed between January 1913 and February and 1913 January between consumed was talks the of episode final The 107 , p. 74 , p. . It is easily ascertainable that this was a rather maximalist plan, mirroring the mirroring plan, maximalist rather a was this that ascertainable easily is It . Mit si realitate si Mit - Voievod and Iuliu Maniu Iuliu and Voievod … , p. 71 p. , - 72 90 , and conveyed Tisza’s proposal to them. Not them. to proposal Tisza’s conveyed and , n pry t et Nntees i early in Nonetheless, best. at party ing 108 Ti ws h ms hs conservative his most the was This . e now at a standoff. e now in the exercise of justice, the field the justice, of exercise the in rte. iz, fe a preliminary a after Tisza, orities. mands for a degree of political of degree a for mands and Mihu playing Mihu and n educational and - arming CEU eTD Collection 110 109 level. at ofthe political neverthethat upheavals because came, to caesurae, formal a or result, concrete any without 1914 early in concluded were negotiations The allow. not could they this and legitimacy, political of amounts important of Tisza and RNP the both robbed have would It suicide. bee have would ideologies nationalist both of “other” the vilified with negotiations compromising possibly in engage To extremes. the of the pressure to due so, do not could but capital, ideological their of some downsize to wanted i put therefore were camps two The Youth. Steely the of faction up the from flak of amount considerable a catching place, hard a and rock a between was itself RNP The vocal. quite were Party Independence the of fringe right P Catholic the where parliament, the of wing right the from reaction plans advanced the of guarantee semi of atmosphere an in place further no that fact and the However, matters. ecclesiastic autonomy into state the educational of intervention as such measures, satisfactory reasonably mediator of role loosing the Hitchins, Mihu, Spicuiri… Mit si realitate… si Mit , p. 178 p. , ., p. 78 p. ., 109 . Tisza proposed to the Romanian delegation a number of number a delegation Romanian the to proposed Tisza . - 110 secrecy prompted the RNP members to ask for a public a for ask to members RNP the prompted secrecy . This they could not get, since Tisza was afraid of the of afraid was Tisza since get, not could they This . 91 await a more favorable time. A time A time. favorable more a await tnaon t political to tantamount n n a situation where both where situation a n eople’s Party and the and Party eople’s h tls took talks the - and - coming CEU eTD Collection de fin Hungarian the was dispute internal this to contributor important An minorities. other easily is process this activism; and not observable passivity political of adepts between political debate, internal an sparked It participation. for parties nationality to opportunity an discursive and political This the Compromise. Liberal with of thesynonymous become Party,dissolution had that the with action political into translated was This supremacy. for vied that radicalism, of ideology leading the new for room making Hungary, of pedestal the off stepped nationalism liberal spectrum. political Traditional the of right and left the both from fire heavy under came system, establishe The society. Hungarian the engulfed that liberalism of crisis the with connection in period, short a for up opened Austro the 1903 the in discourse, - siecle intellectual scene, which provided a significant palette of political options and options political of palette significant a provided which scene, intellectual siecle h Rmna Ntoa Prys ciiy n ielg, rnprn truh its through transpiring ideology, and activity Party’s National Romanian The - Hungarian Monarchy. It is a product of the changing political framework, that framework, political changing the of product a is It Monarchy. Hungarian only in the case of Romanians, but in that of Slovaks, Serbs and a host of host a and Serbs Slovaks, of that in but Romanians, of case the in only - 1914 period, is part of a g a of part is period, 1914 shift, with the sudden multiplication of political languages, gave languages, political of multiplication sudden the with shift, streams of thought, such as ethnic nationalism and civic and nationalism ethnic as such thought, of streams d political order that was the maintainer of the Dualist the of maintainer the was that order political d Conclusions 92 reater pattern, observable all throughout all observable pattern, reater - CEU eTD Collection the alienation of the nationalities. The Hungarian politicians turned their attention toward attention their turned politicians Hungarian The nationalities. the of alienation the th monopolized and for responsible was that phenomena Compromise, this precisely was It Hungary. of imaginary the political around debate the displaced it goal, new a toward energies nationalist the of attention the reorient to introduced Initially Monarchy. the in was question li nationality The assimilation. at aimed being as perceived were Tisza, by attempts milder subsequent the and era, Coalition the of stance nationalities d not did politicians Kossuth’s and Tisza both that opinion public Romanian of majority 1907 after and happen, not did Coalition the from expected change so that convinced being Romanians many 1905 before choice, another was The avenue participatory dead. purposes, and thoughts all for was option this Ferdinand, Franz Archduke m the bureaucratic and centralization, forcible of possibilityinherent the it within carried This federalism. of other or form a in emperor, t the at RNP the granted, for taken centreand between of periphery. adding communication the breakdown to was This them. between separation and competition inherent the of understanding the and nation, the of underpinnings ethnic the as such concepts adopt the of ferment nationalism The Romanian Transylvanian the lexicon. of ideologues the political saw background intellectual RNP the in reutilized be to tools discursive sr a aoal rcniito wt te ainlte. nta, h sanh anti staunch the Instead, nationalities. the with reconciliation favorable a esire eih o te oiia dbt atr 96 ad eand o ni te at as f the of days last the until so remained and 1906, after debate political the of melight me sort of compromise could be coerced out of the Hungarian establishment. The establishment. Hungarian the of out coerced be could compromise of sort me iddle As the thesis showed, there were three main internal political options available to available options political internal main three were there showed, thesis the As - ls pltcl lt o te N. fe 11, n te sasnto o the of assassination the and 1914, After RNP. the of elite political class r o te etr. n ws o oe hne ol cm fo the from come would change hope to was One century. the of urn - autocratic rule, an option less than palatable for palatable than less option an rule, autocratic 93 - 08 it was clear for the for clear was it 08 e - CEU eTD Collection precepts nationalproject. of the estab the with divorce of act symbolic a was This latter. the chose RNP the Romania, Greater with merge a and rights, national and social of guarantees trustable no offered that system, Hungarian democratic Dual the of rejection the and politics mass favored that one by displaced was ideology liberal initial The rhetoric. ethnicist and populist a toward progressively turned policy RNP the aesthetics, and nationalism du the At weight. of amount significant a carried also Carpathians The the of side other the from imported models cultural and aesthetic elite. Transylvanian the “Romanianized” gradually state kin the model, cultural ideo its formatting RNP, influence the political over its increased progressively Party Liberal National Bratianu’s Ionel the and Romania state. when perspectiv moretime attractive a at viable politically became only option this that was coin the of side pragmatic more other, The classes”). “backward as them seeing ( perspective social a from nationalities integratio toward means a as rights offered it hand, one the On twofold. was camp, Romanian the in backers many nonetheless, had, which forces, opposition of Coalition” “second generic this to adherence the of problem In Left and Socialists the by and level, intellectual an at Jaszi by offered that as such project, leftist radical a to rallying the was open option third The particular. in politics, Hungarian in and general, in government in distrust of prod This goal. primary their suppression their made and minorities, the h ls, es osiuu atraie a rpeetd y tr twr te kin the toward turn a by represented was alternative conspicuous less last, The lishment of Dualism, in favor of the full realization of the of realization full the of favor in Dualism, of lishment es available were framework. In 1918, between adherence to a novel a to adherence between 1918, In framework. al influence of both Hungarian and Romanian and Hungarian both of influence al 94 , n as traee te edr o the of leaders the threatened also and n, logy. Supplying it with a political and a political with it logy. Supplying eedss t h pltcl ir The tier. political the at dependists - late 1918. uced a high level high a uced CEU eTD Collection decay of the framework enacted by Deak and Andrassy through the 1867Compromise. Andrassy the through andenacted Deak by decay framework of the the to contributing betw factors major the rapprochement of one equitable was centers political an the and achieve nationalities to failure The latter. the chose nationalities the of intelligentsia the future, the in assimilate to and assimilated being Austro the in place shift discursive and political the to response nationalities the of example typical h Rmna Ntoa Pry i te tde tmfae cn e osdrd a considered be can timeframe, studied the in Party, National Romanian The - Hungarian Monarchy after 1900. Faced with the perceived choice of choice perceived the with Faced 1900. after Monarchy Hungarian 95 e the een taking CEU eTD Collection Primary Sources 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 1974 Chancellery Ferdinand’s Franz Archduke to Vaida Alexander Keith, Hitchins, Dacia, 1981 Octavian. 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The Garden The .). alakulasanak ve statecraft ve in - . CEU eTD Collection The leftist response to the nationality problem nationality the to response leftist The group. Szazad Huszadik the and Jaszi Oszkar ATMOSPHERE FIN HUNGARY’S CHAPTERTWO nationalism remodeled answered: challenge The crowd the of loss The Crisis Constitutional the of backdrop the and Consequences Hungary in liberalism of crisis political The Crisis of Factors Hungary in Liberalism of Crisis Political The one Chapter INTRODUCTION ...... - ...... DE - SIECLE INTELLECTUAL SIECLE ...... Table of Contentsof Table ...... 107 ...... BACKGROUND AND BACKGROUND ...... 31 31 31 31 26 24 22 13 10 10 10 2 CEU eTD Collection BI CONCLUSIONS Isvan Tisza versus Goga Octavian rapproch and Conflict (1905 participation of period The ideology new a towards Postmemorandism: NATIONA ROMANIAN THE CHAPTERTHREE movemen Austria Great The nation the of understandings Ethnic Conservatism. and Nationalism Radical Hungarian New Party Radical Civic the to Society Sociological the From BLIOGRAPHY ...... ement...... t and Aurel C. Popovici C. Aurel and t ...... - 1910) ...... L PARTY 1903 PARTY L ...... 108 ...... - ...... 1914 ...... 58 58 96 92 85 85 68 58 49 42 42 32