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I. Sanitary Movement Abroad REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS. The Commissioners, appointed on the third day of July last "to prepare and report, to the next General Court, a plan for a Sanitary Survey of the State, embracing a statement of such facts and suggestions as they may think proper to illustrate the subject," have considered the matters referred to them, as far as the limited time at their command, and other cir- cumstances, since their appointment, would permit, and sub- mit their REPORT. As the object of our commission is comparatively new, and may not be clearly understood by every persorr, we will state what we understand to be its intention. By a Sanitary Survey of the State is meant, an examination or survey of the different parts of the Commonwealth, its counties, its towns, and its localities,-to ascertain the causes which favorably or unfavor- ably affect the health of its inhabitants . The word sanitary means relating to health.' When we speak of the sanitary condition of a town, we include a description of those circum- stances which relate to, or have an effect upon, the health of its inhabitants. When applied to the inhabitants of a town or district, in their social capacity, it relates to public health ; when to individuals, it relates to personal or private health . The condition of perfect public health requires such laws and regulations, as will secure to man associated in society, the same sanitary enjoyments that he would have as an isolated individual ; and as will protect him from injury from any influ- t This word is derived from the Latin sanilas, meaning" soundness of body, health ." It is sometimes written, erroneously, as we think, sauatory, sanotary, and sanitory. The most correct authors, however, now write, sanitary . Hygiene (from a Greek word, derived from Hygeia, the goddess of health, meaning to be well,) is defined " health, the preservation of health, that part of medicine which regards the preservation of health ." Hygienn and hygienic have the same meaning as sanitary . These words are sometimes used as technical terms, especially by medical men ; but we dislike, and see no good reason for substituting them for the more simple, proper, and comprehensive English words health and sanitary . which are generally understood . We would divest our subject of alf mystery and profes- sional technicalities ; and as it concerns every body, we would adapt it to universal compre- hension, and universal application . 10 SANITARY REPORT. INTRODUCTOI ences connected with his locality, his dwelling-house, his occu- Some of the reasons for t pation, or those of his associates or neighbors, or from any other pages of this report . If it shE social causes. It is under the control of public authority, and -if, indeed, there are facts to public administration ; and life and health may be saved or lost, to sustain it,-what subject, it and they are actually saved or lost, as this authority is wisely consideration, that shall transc or unwisely exercised . upon things as valuable, that The condition of perfect personal health requires the perfect that cannot be enjoyed with formation of all the organs of the body, and the perfect per- valuable, then, the means to pt formance of each of their functions, in harmony with all the health, which alone give value others. Such a condition gives to its possessor, strength, ener- pared together, all other matte gy, power, buoyancy of spirit, happiness. Disease may be an into .insignificance . imperfection in some organ, or a derangement or improper But whom does this great rr action in some function, or both : and it may exist, and does By whom is this subject to be actually exist, in all communities, in an infinite number of de- tally applied ? And who are ti grees, from the slightest deviation from a standard of perfect tion ? Some will answer, the health, through all the varieties of sickness, to the lowest only in a degree ; not mainly. standard of vitality, just as the body is about to perform its causes of disease. ; but. it will bE last respiration. Such a condition gives to its possessor, weak- whole people, to teach them h ness, lassitude, inability, depression, pain, misery, death . And live without being sick . This one or the other of these conditions may be chosen, and is measured by money value. T actually chosen, to a greater or less extent, by almost every cerned, and on them must depe human being. auction and progress of sanitary WE BELIEVE that the conditions of perfect health, either public An eminent physician has r or personal, are seldom or never attained, though attainable ;- has made our calling exclusivel that the average length of human life may be very much ex- native one, and the business of tended, and its physical power greatly augmented ;-that in every fined us to it . Our thoughts ar year, within this Commonwealth, thousands of lives are lost concerned in, and our employmt which might have been saved ;-that tens of thousands of cases sickness, debility, or injury,w of sickness occur, which might have been prevented ;-that a of its forms . But with health, vast amount of unnecessarily impaired health, and physical de- impaired life, we, professionally, l bility exists among those not actually confined by sickness ;-that -this may generally be true, prof these preventable evils require an enormous expenditure and physician "can see arrows of dis loss of money, and impose upon the people unnumbered and watch their havoc, and know wh immeasurable calamities, pecuniary, social, physical, mental, may be stayed ;" and there are and moral, which might be avoided,--that means exist, within who have, as individuals, nobly our reach, for their mitigation or removal ;-and that measures iuperior position and knowledge for prevention will effect infinitely more, than remedies for the trol, in the prevention of disea cure of disease . 1 Dr . Edward Jarvis : Communications, M ARY REPORT . INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT . 11 ocality, his dwelling-house, his occu- Some of the reasons for this belief will be given in the ciates or neighbors, or from any other pages of this report . If it shall appear that it is well founded, the control of public authority, and --if, indeed, there are facts to support, and legitimate arguments d life and health may be saved or lost, to sustain it,-what subject, it may be asked, can come up for d or lost, as this authority is wisely consideration, that shall transcend it in importance ? We look upon things as valuable, that are worthless without life, and ct personal health requires the perfect that cannot be enjoyed without health. How much more s of the body, and the perfect per- valuable, then, the means to possess and to enjoy both life and functions, in harmony with all the health, which alone give value to other objects ! When com- gives to its possessor, strength, ener- pared together, all other matters this side the grave dwindle pirit, happiness . Disease may be an into insignificance . gan, or a derangement or improper But whom does this great matter of public health concern? or both : and it may exist, and does By whom is this subject to be surveyed, analyzed, and practi- munities, in an infinite number of de- cally applied ? And who are to be benefited by this applica- deviation from a standard of perfect tion? Some will answer, the physician, certainly. True, but varieties of sickness, to the lowest only in a degree ; not mainly. It will assist him to learn the as the body is about to perform its causes of disease ; but it will be infinitely more valuable to the condition gives to its possessor, weak- whole people, to teach them how to prevent disease, and to depression, pain, misery, death . And live without being sick. This is a blessing which cannot be se conditions may be chosen, and is measured by money value . The people are principally con- reater or less extent, by almost every cerned, and on them must depend, in part, at least, the intro- duction and progress of sanitary measures . conditions of perfect health, either public An eminent physician has recently said : " Our education r never attained, though attainable ;- has made our calling exclusively a curative, and not a conser- of human life may be very much ex- vative one, and the business of our responsible lives has con- ower greatly augmented ;-that in every fined us to it . Our thoughts are devoted to, our interests are onwealth, thousands of lives are lost concerned in, and our employments are connected solely with, saved ;-that tens of thousands of cases sickness, debility, or injury,-with diminution of life in some h might have been prevented ;-that a of its forms. But with health, with fullness of unalloyed, un- arily impaired health, and physical de- impaired life, we, professionally, have nothing to do."t Though not actually confined by sickness ;-that this may generally be true, professionally, yet the intelligent require an enormous expenditure and physician " can see arrows of disease, invisible to any one else ; ose upon the people unnumbered and watch their havoc, and know whence they come, and how they es, pecuniary, social, physical, mental, may be stayed ;" and there are many eminent medical men, t be avoided,-that means exist, within who have, as individuals, nobly used the means which their gation or removal ;-and that measures superior position and knowledge have placed within their con- infinitely more, than remedies for the trol, in the prevention of disease, and in the promotion of I Dr. Edward Jarvis : Communications, Mass. Medical Society, Vol.
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