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Health and Medicine 1. Causes of Illness and disease 2. Attempts to prevent Illness and disease 3. Attempts to treat and cure illness and disease th Medieval Mid period 19 20th Century Medieval Mid period 18- 20th Century Medieval Mid period 18- 19 20 Century Century 19 Century Century Food famine Cholera and Bacterial and viral Quarantine, mass Microscopes- 4 Herbal medicine (Leech Anaesthetics James Marie Curie- radium and th war SHOD Typhoid SHOD diseases graves, boarded up, Humours wrong, book of Bald) Plantain Simpson Queen Victoria 7 polonium used in cancer scented flowers. Withering foxgloves herb for boils dog bites. child- time and care treatment and x-rays by her in Bubonic plague Cholera epidemic Spanish Flu 1918-19- MIASMA heart disease William Turner new operating WWI. Pneumonic in Wales 1832, 20% world pop Herbal book 1551 Plague 1849, 1854 and affected 40 mill died Alchemist- potions Small pox Injections 1979 1866 280,000 die in UK. herbs Physicians-urine inoculation spread WHO Small pox Barber surgeons- Blood Antiseptics James Lister- Fleming and antibiotics- charts, star charts on scabs- declared extinct letting, 4 Humours 50% amputees died- used penicillin – Florey and Chain 40% pop killed Merthyr 1,682 HIV/AIDS- 1981 first Soothsayer- herbal Edward Jenner now polio Galens leeches- honey carbolic acid. After 1890 popularised it Barnard heart all at died-highest case in USA- In 2000 remedies, stones injected James measles etc and water Black Death- operating theatres cleaned transplant 1967 Cosmeston death tolls in Eng 30 mill affected- 8 mill Mother Shipton. Phipps. flowers and W. died Antibodies and Stem cell Mediciner- Hywel Dda Discovery Bacterium caused Cancer treatment- bacteriology - Koch research Martin laws- herbs and bones, septicaemia (blood radiotherapy, chemotherapy, target germs- Evans Dynion Hysbys- spells poisoning) in 1878 accepted surgery- heart disease 1/3 all Physicians of Myddfai- Lister’s theories UK deaths. herbs blood lettings Alternative: Hydrotherapy Wells- Holywell, St Aromatherapy 4. Advances in Medical Knowledge Winifreds Medieval Mid period 18- 19 Century 20th Century 5. Developments in patient care Medieval Mid period 16- 19 Century 20th Century Valemecum- book of zodiac Spontaneous generation Scanning- Rontgen 1895 charts chart of stars help in Miasma- fumes in air carried Curie, Ultrasound, Church and Charities after mid 16th Century- 20Th Century Liberal reforms: diagnosis. Four Humours: Galen disease Microscopes- cells Pasteur- Magnetic Resonance monasteries- pray monasteries gone- Voluntary hospital: welfare reforms to help unemployed, sick, old. phlegm, blood, black bile yellow pasteurisation, germ theory- Imaging (MRI) DNA human herbal remedies Guy’s hospital 1807 Denbigh General Reforms in Ed, medical inspections FSM, workers bile-related to 4 seasons, 4 inoculation stops anthrax and rabies Genome Martin Evans Valle Crucis, Strata Dispensary and Asylum Stanley Sailor’s Un benefit , Pensions national insurance. Beveridge elements stem cell research Florida, Llanfaes Hospital Holyhead 1861- Royal Report 1944 and NHS after 1946: Beveridge Vesalius anatomy Pare body Koch- germ theory, bacteriology, Hamadryad Hospital Cardiff 1866- Report 1944 and NHS after 1946. WIDIS Aneurin amputations, setting fractures anthrax septicaemia, TB cholera. sailors Science and endowed hospitals: Bevan Min of health Welsh MP Ebbw Vale 1947 7 and treating wounds. Harvey- Ehrlich- bacteriology and germs Dr treat illnesses simple surgery. mill prescriptions issued per month- social care, blood and heart JW Power bacteriology in Cardiff social services dental care hospitals. Bonesetters of Wales and Florence Nightingale Crimean war 1954- orthopaedics- Rocyn Jones splints, 6 campaign reform army medical Thomas’ of Anglesey- bones and services, Royal Liverpool Infirmary built joints Robert Jones lecturer to her design.1900 nursing a profession. Liverpool university ‘father of Betsi Cadwaladr and nursing: 1854 orthopaedics’. Crimea, Balaclava hospital. Left 1855 1 1 NHS trust in Wales commemorates her. 6. Developments in public health and welfare Medieval to 17th Century Mid period 19- 19 century 20th century Mortality rates high SHOD 40% pop killed all Henry de la Beche 1845 asked to investigate PH in Merthyr Housing and pollution improvements at Cosmeston Tydfil- Overcrowding, lack clean drinking water and open sewers Housing Act 1919 Beveridge Report 1942 Question 7 Essay structure (4 sections) Use Welsh examples in each Henry VIII Act of Parl Towns and cities could report ignored. Rammell report 1850 after cholera epidemic. grants to councils and low rents. 1.25mill section impose tax to build sewers. Edwin Chadwick: Poor Law commissioner in 1832- believed homes built by 1951. 1968 Welsh Housing Medical Knowledge prevention and treatment of illnesses and Population increasing. London not healthy: miasma theory Report 1842 recommended laws for drainage and Condition Survey 92,000 Welsh homes unfit diseases plague 1563 (17000 died) 1575, 1584, 1603, sanitation did nothing. 1. Say what anaesthetics do. 1636, 1647 and 1665. then Great fire in 1666. for habitation. Improvement grants- late 60’s new homes built Clean Air Act 1956- Choose three Medieval traditional treatments-4 humours, mediciner Rebuilt healthier. in laws Hywel Dda Dynion hysbys Herbalists, Alchemists, Holy wells, 1848 Public Health Act: set up Board of Health 3 commissioners. Walking for health’- 10,000 steps . ‘Be Myddfai then compare each with anaesthetics Cholera epidemic of 1848-9 helped generate support. Authorities Active’ Birmingham City Council 2. 17 Century William Harvey and blood compare with anaesthetics not forced to act. Only recommendations in Act. 1854 it closed Five A Day’ Nineteenth Century- choose four Bonesetters and orthopaedics, Germ down. 1859 Joseph Bazalgette oversee London’s sewerage The Eatwell Guide- March 2016 balanced theory, Inoculations, Anaesthetics, Antiseptics, compare these with system- Sanitary Act 1866 sewers PH Act 1875 LA had to construct diet anaesthetics sewers, drains and pavements Reservoirs in Wales: Liverpool and 3. Twentieth century- choose four heart transplants, X rays, cancer Birmingham’s Lake Vyrnwy Elan reservoir 1904 treatments, DNA and stem cell research compare these with th anaesthetics Study of Cardiff in 19 Century 4. Conclude with which was the most effective method XXXXXXX or anaesthetics Growth Problems Improvements To what extent has the development of nursing been the most effective method Of improving the lives of people over time? Growth and development: Typhoid and Cholera: T food and water C contaminated water. Town Infirmary- 1823 dispensary for medical aid to Small town pop 1,871 1801 C 1832, 1849, 1854 and 1866 1849 Cholera outbreak- summer poor Patient care and public health (4 sections) Use Welsh examples in each largest town in Wales 396 died Cardiff 1854, 1855 and 1893 Outbreaks- 1854 225 Public baths and wash houses- section 164,333 1901. Reasons: deaths and 76 in 1866. 1893 just 3. Improved health safer 1. Say what nurses do and how its developed, Florence Nightingale and Betsi Taff railway Docks. Trade, supplies of piped water and the built sewers= reduced spread Cadwaladr. money industry £1mill infection. Choose three Medieval to 16th century Church and monasteries-Infirmaries in cheque monasteries Tintern Abbey, hospitals of Knights of St John then compare Conditions: SHOD- Lack Attempts at improving public health: Dr Henry James Paine, T Key Influences on improvement to Public Health in each with nursing regulation and planning, 1847 due to unsanitary cond= ignored 1848 Public Health Act: Cardiff: Public Baths and Wash Houses Act 1846- 2. choose four after HVIII Voluntary charities and hospitals- Chadwick Poor sanitation, set up Board of Health 3 commissioners. Set up local Boards in Cardiff Corp ran Baths from 1870 Public Health Act Rammell report, Dr Paine, sanitation De la Beche, reservoirs in Wales, Overcrowding Stanley St areas with high death rates. 182 Towns had boards by 1854. 1848- Local Board of Health set up Dr Henry J Paine Stanley Sailor’s Hospital Holyhead, Hamadryad Seaman’s, Hospital Cardiff 1851 54 ppl- Love Lane. Rammell Report 1850- Cardiff recommend changes. Dr Henry Medical Officer Rammell Report 1850- highlighted then compare each with nursing Mortality rate 30 in 1000 James Paine- 1853 appointed Medical Officer of Health for need for change Sanitary Act 1866- local authorities rest UK 20 in 1000 Water Cardiff. Retained until 1889. Attempted to carry out Rammell’s had to provide safe drinking water Changing attitudes 3. Choose three Twentieth century 1906-1914 Liberals and national supply- polluted sewerage recommendations- new sewage and drainage system by 1856. to PH- Roath Park 1894 Victoria Park 1897 insurance NHS and Aneurin Bevan, housing- in Wales then compare each cholera outbreaks 1849 Hospital ship, HMS Hamadryad . Inoculation. Supply of clear with nursing and 1854 water- Cardiff Waterworks Act 1850 4. Conclude with which was the most effective method XXXXXXX or nursing What was the Impact by 1900? Water supply improved= death toll and cholera much less Housing improved, Safe supply of drinking water, Sewage disposed safely, Medical facilities, Still poor quality 2 2 housing like Stanley Street, Medieval to 17th Century Mid period 18- 19 century 20th century Quarantine, mass graves, boarded up, scented Microscopes- 4 Humours wrong, Withering Scanning- Rontgen 1895 Marie Curie- flowers. MIASMA foxgloves heart disease radium and polonium
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