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Edwin Chadwick and the Poverty of Statistics
Medical History, 2002, 46: 21-40 Edwin Chadwick and the Poverty of Statistics JAMES HANLEY* In his 1842 Report on the sanitary condition of the labouring population of Great Britain, Edwin Chadwick demonstrated the existence of a mass of preventable illness and premature death in the community caused, he argued, by insanitary physical circumstances.' Although much of the evidence for the existence of this preventable mortality was anecdotal, Chadwick included a chapter of differential class-based death data which dramatically illustrated the extent to which insanitary physical circumstances shortened life. Chadwick's chosen statistical measure-the average age at which a given class of people died showed that what he called the "average period of life" or "chance of life" was as low as 17 for labourers in Manchester but as high as 52 for gentry in Rutlandshire.2 Although his statistics were widely quoted at the time,3 professional statisticians dismissed the data and historians ever since have paid little serious attention to it.4 In this paper I will argue that Chadwick's class-based average-age-at-death data were a central feature of the Sanitary report and that we cannot fully appreciate the argument or even the organization of the report without them. * James Hanley, PhD, Department of History, p. 223. Chadwick calculated his measure, which University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, does not correspond to the modem notion of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3B 2E9. "life expectancy", by adding up the ages of all who died and dividing the total by the number The support of the Social Sciences and who died. -
Scandal, Child Punishment and Policy Making in the Early Years of the New Poor Law Workhouse System
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Lincoln Institutional Repository ‘Great inhumanity’: Scandal, child punishment and policy making in the early years of the New Poor Law workhouse system SAMANTHA A. SHAVE UNIVERSITY OF LINCOLN ABSTRACT New Poor Law scandals have usually been examined either to demonstrate the cruelty of the workhouse regime or to illustrate the failings or brutality of union staff. Recent research has used these and similar moments of crisis to explore the relationship between local and central levels of welfare administration (the Boards of Guardians in unions across England and Wales and the Poor Law Commission in Somerset House in London) and how scandals in particular were pivotal in the development of further policies. This article examines both the inter-local and local-centre tensions and policy conseQuences of the Droxford Union and Fareham Union scandal (1836-37) which exposed the severity of workhouse punishments towards three young children. The paper illustrates the complexities of union co-operation and, as a result of the escalation of public knowledge into the cruelties and investigations thereafter, how the vested interests of individuals within a system manifested themselves in particular (in)actions and viewpoints. While the Commission was a reactive and flexible welfare authority, producing new policies and procedures in the aftermath of crises, the policies developed after this particular scandal made union staff, rather than the welfare system as a whole, individually responsible for the maltreatment and neglect of the poor. 1. Introduction Within the New Poor Law Union workhouse, inmates depended on the poor law for their complete subsistence: a roof, a bed, food, work and, for the young, an education. -
Journal of East Asian Libraries, No. 165, October 2017
Journal of East Asian Libraries Volume 2017 | Number 165 Article 1 10-2017 Journal of East Asian Libraries, No. 165, October 2017 Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jeal BYU ScholarsArchive Citation (2017) "Journal of East Asian Libraries, No. 165, October 2017," Journal of East Asian Libraries: Vol. 2017 : No. 165 , Article 1. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jeal/vol2017/iss165/1 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the All Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of East Asian Libraries by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Journal of East Asian Libraries Journal of the Council on East Asian Libraries No. 165, October 2017 CONTENTS From the President 3 Essay A Tribute to John Yung-Hsiang Lai 4 Eugene W. Wu Peer-Review Articles An Overview of Predatory Journal Publishing in Asia 8 Jingfeng Xia, Yue Li, and Ping Situ Current Situation and Challenges of Building a Japanese LGBTQ Ephemera Collection at Yale Haruko Nakamura, Yoshie Yanagihara, and Tetsuyuki Shida 19 Using Data Visualization to Examine Translated Korean Literature 36 Hyokyoung Yi and Kyung Eun (Alex) Hur Managing Changes in Collection Development 45 Xiaohong Chen Korean R me for the Library of Congress to Stop Promoting Mccune-Reischauer and Adopt the Revised Romanization Scheme? 57 Chris Dollŏmaniz’atiŏn: Is It Finally Ti Reports Building a “One- 85 Paul W. T. Poon hour Library Circle” in China’s Pearl River Delta Region with the Curator of the Po Leung Kuk Museum 87 Patrick Lo and Dickson Chiu Interview 1 Web- 93 ProjectCollecting Report: Social Media Data from the Sina Weibo Api 113 Archiving Chinese Social Media: Final Project Report New Appointments 136 Book Review 137 Yongyi Song, Editor-in-Chief:China and the Maoist Legacy: The 50th Anniversary of the Cultural Revolution文革五十年:毛泽东遗产和当代中国. -
What Does China Want?
What Does China Want? by Ross Terrill hen China first intrigued America, in the late 18th century, we desired its tea and silk. The American missionaries and traders who reached Canton and other ports did not trouble to reflect Won what China might want of us—nothing more than the Christian gospel and gadgets and tobacco, they seemed to assume. In the years since, Americans sel- dom have had occasion to ponder the question. The historical pattern was that 5 0 Wilson Quarterly Shanghai’s Pudong financial district, sprouting on former farmlands across the Huangpu River from the city’s famous 19th-century Bund, has already established itself as one of Asia’s financial hubs. America influenced China, and that unequal dynamic climaxed in the World War II alliance with Chiang Kai-shek’s shaky Kuomintang gov- ernment against the fascist powers. In the 1940s it was presumed that China desired simply to recov- er from Japanese occupation, poverty, disunity, and corruption. When “our China,” the Nationalist regime of Chiang, went up in a puff of smoke at the end of the 1940s and the Communists took over Beijing, China became The Other. In the acrimonious years after Mao Zedong’s triumph in 1949, China was beyond our influence. But we knew what China wanted: Mao had warned that he would “lean to one side,” and soon he declared, “The Soviet Union’s today is China’s tomorrow.” We were the “imperialists,” and Mao was against us. After Moscow and Beijing quarreled in the early 1960s and the Vietnam War escalated later in the decade, what China wanted became more complex. -
That the Earliest Groups of Jews Came to China Via the Overland Silk Road
Jews in China: Legends, History and New Perspectives By PAN Guang Jews in Ancient China: The Case of Kaifeng It was during the Tang Dynasty (around the 7th - 8th Century) that the earliest groups of Jews came to China via the overland Silk Road. Others then may come by sea to the coastal areas before moving inland. A few scholars believe that Jews came to China as early as the Han Dynasty (206 B.C. – 220 A.D.) — some even go so far as to place their arrival earlier, during the Zhou Dynasty (around the 6th Century B.C.) — though there have been no archaeological discoveries that would prove such claims. After entering China, Jews lived in many cities and areas, but it was not until in the Song Dynasty (960-1279) that the Kaifeng Jewish Community formed. In the Northern Song Dynasty, a group of Jews came to the then capital Dongjing (now Kaifeng, as it will be referred to below). They were warmly received by the authorities and allowed to live in Kaifeng as Chinese while keeping their own traditions and religious faith. Thereafter, they enjoyed, without prejudice, the same rights and treatment as the Han peoples in matters of residence, mobility, employment, education, land transactions, religious beliefs and marriage. In such a safe, stable and comfortable environment, Jews soon demonstrated their talents in business and finance, achieving successes in commerce and trade and becoming a rich group in Kaifeng. At the same time, their religious activities increased. In 1163, the Jews in Kaifeng built a synagogue right in the heart of the city. -
Community in Exile: German Jewish Identity Development in Wartime Shanghai, 1938-1945 Alice I
Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont CMC Senior Theses CMC Student Scholarship 2011 Community in Exile: German Jewish Identity Development in Wartime Shanghai, 1938-1945 Alice I. Reichman Claremont McKenna College Recommended Citation Reichman, Alice I., "Community in Exile: German Jewish Identity Development in Wartime Shanghai, 1938-1945" (2011). CMC Senior Theses. Paper 96. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/96 This Open Access Senior Thesis is brought to you by Scholarship@Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in this collection by an authorized administrator. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CLAREMONT McKENNA COLLEGE COMMUNITY IN EXILE: GERMAN JEWISH IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT IN WARTIME SHANGHAI, 1938-1945 SUBMITTED TO PROFESSOR ARTHUR ROSENBAUM AND DEAN GREGORY HESS BY ALICE REICHMAN FOR SENIOR THESIS ACADEMIC YEAR 2010-2011 APRIL 25, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ……………………………………………………………………... iii INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………....1 CHAPTER ONE FLIGHT FROM THE NAZIS AND ARRIVAL IN A FOREIGN LAND ……………………………....7 CHAPTER TWO LIFE AND CONDITIONS IN SHANGHAI ………………………………………………….......22 CHAPTER THREE RESPONDING TO LIFE IN SHANGHAI ……………………………………………………….38 CHAPTER FOUR A HETEROGENEOUS COMMUNITY : DIFFERENCES AMONG JEWISH REFUGEES ……………. 49 CHAPTER FIVE MAINTAINING A CENTRAL EUROPEAN IDENTITY : GERMANIC CULTURE COMES TO SHANGHAI ………………………………………………………………………………... 64 CHAPTER SIX YOUTH EXPERIENCE …………………………………………………………………….... 80 CHAPTER SEVEN A COSMOPOLITAN CITY : ENCOUNTERS AND EXCHANGES WITH OTHER CULTURES ……....98 CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………………….... 108 DIRECTORY OF REFERENCED SURVIVORS ………………………………………………. 112 BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………………………….. 117 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to thank my reader, Professor Arthur Rosenbaum, for all the help that he has given me throughout this process. Without his guidance this thesis would not have been possible. I am grateful for how understanding and supportive he was throughout this stressful year. -
The Rise of Equity Capital Markets in Greater China Contact Information Matthew Puhar September 16, 2020 [email protected] +852 3694.3060
The Rise of Equity Capital Markets in Greater China Contact Information Matthew Puhar September 16, 2020 [email protected] +852 3694.3060 1. Greater China’s Stock Markets Power Ahead Sonia Lor [email protected] With governments looking to boost the growth of domestic equity markets, the Hong +852 3694.3062 Kong Stock Exchange (HKEx) has been trumpeting the benefits of its new regimes for emerging and innovative companies—moves which have successfully attracted Allen Shyu [email protected] leading tech businesses such as Alibaba, JD.com and NetEase. +86 10.8567.2230 Over the border, the recently incepted Shanghai STAR market and the Shenzhen Dennis Yeung ChiNext board (both Nasdaq look-alikes) are off to a flying start, with a raft of recently [email protected] completed or reportedly planned high-profile listings, including Chinese commercial +86 10.8567.2212 giant Ant Financial and carmaker Geely Automobile. Sophie Chu In this alert, we analyze important recent developments in the increasingly innovative [email protected] and successful equity markets in Hong Kong and Mainland China. +852 3694.3021 Steven Franklin 2. Hong Kong, Shanghai & Shenzhen – Targeting Growth and [email protected] Innovation +852 3694.3005 As the world’s securities exchanges look to attract the best and most valuable Calvin Ng emerging tech unicorns, biotech firms and similarly innovative businesses, Chinese [email protected] companies are at the forefront of global shifts in equity capital. +852 3694.3027 Many tech and new economy businesses come with dual-class U.S.-style share Janice Wong structures that were previously not listable on exchanges like the HKEx. -
Suburban Development in Shanghai: a Case of Songjiang
CARDIFF UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING Suburban Development in Shanghai: A Case of Songjiang Jie Shen Supervisor: Professor Fulong Wu Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2011 ABSTRACT Since 2000, a new round of suburbanisation characterised by mixed-use clustered development has begun to unfold in China. This research aims to explore the dynamics of recent suburban growth in China and also provide an empirical case for enriching suburban theory. It is held that suburbanisation in China in its current form is by no means a spontaneous process, but results from capitalism’s creation of a new space to facilitate accumulation. Based on this view, the study examines the underlying forces of contemporary suburban growth with regard to three questions: what is the role of suburbanisation in China’s contemporary capital accumulation regime? How are the suburbs developed under coalitions of different actors? And how is suburban development shaped by demand-side actors? The study is founded on an intensive case study of Shanghai and one of its suburban districts, Songjiang. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods are used. Firsthand data from interviews and a questionnaire survey and a wide variety of secondary data were collected, providing a rich fund of knowledge for the research. While similar forms and functions to (post)-suburban settlements that have recently emerged in Western countries are found in Chinese suburbs, suburbanisation through new town development in China is a strategy of capital accumulation in response to a range of new conditions specific to China’s local context. New towns deal with the recentralisation of both fiscal and land development powers on the one hand, and accommodate the increasing housing demands of a diverse labour force on the other. -
Nitrogen Contamination in the Yangtze River System, China
中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn Journal of Hazardous Materials A73Ž. 2000 107±113 www.elsevier.nlrlocaterjhazmat Nitrogen contamination in the Yangtze River system, China Chen Jingsheng ), Gao Xuemin, He Dawei, Xia Xinghui Department of Urban and EnÕironmental Science, Peking UniÕersity, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China Received 29 July 1998; received in revised form 25 April 1999; accepted 2 October 1999 Abstract The data at 570 monitoring stations during 1990 were studied. The results indicate as follows: Ž.i the contents of nitrogen in the Yangtze mainstream has a raising trend from the upper reaches to the lower reaches;Ž. ii total nitrogen content at a lot of stations during the middle 1980s is 5±10 times more than that during the 1960s;Ž. iii seasonal variances of nitrogen content vary with watersheds; andŽ. iv the difference of nitrogen contamination level is related to the regional population and economic development. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: China; The Yangtze River; Nitrogen contamination 1. Introduction The Yangtze River is the largest river in China, and its mainstream is 6300-km long and drainage area is about 1.8=106 km2. The natural and economic conditions vary largely with regions. The degree of nitrogen contamination differs from one area to another. Since 1956, the Water Conservancy Ministry of China had set up more than 900 chemical monitoring stations in succession on 500 rivers all over the country. Within 1958±1990, a quantity of water-quality data, including nitrogen, was accumulated but nobody has studied them systematically. -
Shanghai Before Nationalism Yexiaoqing
East Asian History NUMBER 3 . JUNE 1992 THE CONTINUATION OF Papers on Fa r EasternHistory Institute of Advanced Studies Australian National University Editor Geremie Barme Assistant Editor Helen 1.0 Editorial Board John Clark Igor de Rachewiltz Mark Elvin (Convenor) Helen Hardacre John Fincher Colin Jeffcott W.J.F. Jenner 1.0 Hui-min Gavan McCormack David Marr Tessa Morris-Suzuki Michael Underdown Business Manager Marion Weeks Production Oahn Collins & Samson Rivers Design Maureen MacKenzie, Em Squared Typographic Design Printed by Goanna Print, Fyshwick, ACT This is the second issue of EastAsian History in the series previously entitled Papers on Far Eastern History. The journal is published twice a year. Contributions to The Editor, EastAsian History Division of Pacific and Asian History, Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2600, Australia Phone +61-6-2493140 Fax +61-6-2571893 Subscription Enquiries Subscription Manager, East Asian History, at the above address Annual Subscription Rates Australia A$45 Overseas US$45 (for two issues) iii CONTENTS 1 Politics and Power in the Tokugawa Period Dani V. Botsman 33 Shanghai Before Nationalism YeXiaoqing 53 'The Luck of a Chinaman' : Images of the Chinese in Popular Australian Sayings Lachlan Strahan 77 The Interactionistic Epistemology ofChang Tung-sun Yap Key-chong 121 Deconstructing Japan' Amino Yoshthtko-translat ed by Gavan McCormack iv Cover calligraphy Yan Zhenqing ���Il/I, Tang calligrapher and statesman Cover illustration Kazai*" -a punishment -
China's Fear of Contagion
China’s Fear of Contagion China’s Fear of M.E. Sarotte Contagion Tiananmen Square and the Power of the European Example For the leaders of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), erasing the memory of the June 4, 1989, Tiananmen Square massacre remains a full-time job. The party aggressively monitors and restricts media and internet commentary about the event. As Sinologist Jean-Philippe Béja has put it, during the last two decades it has not been possible “even so much as to mention the conjoined Chinese characters for 6 and 4” in web searches, so dissident postings refer instead to the imagi- nary date of May 35.1 Party censors make it “inconceivable for scholars to ac- cess Chinese archival sources” on Tiananmen, according to historian Chen Jian, and do not permit schoolchildren to study the topic; 1989 remains a “‘for- bidden zone’ in the press, scholarship, and classroom teaching.”2 The party still detains some of those who took part in the protest and does not allow oth- ers to leave the country.3 And every June 4, the CCP seeks to prevent any form of remembrance with detentions and a show of force by the pervasive Chinese security apparatus. The result, according to expert Perry Link, is that in to- M.E. Sarotte, the author of 1989: The Struggle to Create Post–Cold War Europe, is Professor of History and of International Relations at the University of Southern California. The author wishes to thank Harvard University’s Center for European Studies, the Humboldt Foundation, the Institute for Advanced Study, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the University of Southern California for ªnancial and institutional support; Joseph Torigian for invaluable criticism, research assistance, and Chinese translation; Qian Qichen for a conversation on PRC-U.S. -
Vol 37 Issue 1.Qxp
EH Forrest 27 Mathurin P, Abdelnour M, Ramond M-J et al. Early change in critical appraisal and meta-analysis of the literature. Crit Care Med bilirubin levels is an important prognostic factor in severe 1995; 23:1430-–9. alcoholic hepatitis treated with prednisolone. Hepatol 2003; 32 Bollaert P-E, Charpentier C, Levy B, Debouvrie M, Audiebert G, 38:1363–9 Larcan, A. Reversal of late septic shock with supraphysiologic 28 Morris JM, Forrest EH. Bilirubin response to corticosteroids in doses of hydrocortisone. Crit Care Med 1998; 26:645–50. alcoholic hepatitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 17:759–62. 33 Staubach K-H, Schroeder J, Stuber F,Gehrke K,Traumann E, Zabel 29 Akriviadis E, Botla R, Briggs W, Han S, Reynolds T, Shakil O. P. Effect of pentoxifylline in severe sepsis: results of a randomised Pentoxifylline improves short term survival in severe alcoholic double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Surg 1998; hepatitis: a double blind placebo controlled trial. Gastroenterol 133:94–100. 2000; 119:1637–48. 34 Bacher A, Mayer N, Klimscha W, Oismuller C, Steltzer H, 30 Lefering R, Neugebauer EAM. Steroid controversy in sepsis and Hammerle A. Effects of pentoxifylline on haemodynamics and septic shock: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 1995; 23:1294–303. oxygenation in septic and non-septic patients. Crit Care Med 31 Cronin L, Cook DJ, Carlet J et al. Corticosteroid for sepsis: a 1997; 25:795–800. GENERAL MEDICINE BOOKS YOU SHOULD READ of the spread of cholera across Europe and its eventual spread into The Medical Detective by Sandra England in the early nineteenth Hempel.