Finding Koko

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Finding Koko 1 A Wish for Koko by Julie Brinckloe 2 This book was created as a gift to the Gorilla Foundation. 100% of the proceeds will go directly to the Foundation to help all the Kokos of the World. Copyright © by Julie Brinckloe 2019 Grumpkin Press All rights reserved. Photographs and likenesses of Koko, Penny and Michael © by Ron Cohn and the Gorilla Foundation Koko’s Kitten © by Penny Patterson, Ron Cohn and the Gorilla Foundation No part of this book may be used or reproduced in whole or in part without prior written consent of Julie Brinckloe and the Gorilla Foundation. Library of Congress U.S. Copyright Office Registration Number TXu 2-131-759 ISBN 978-0-578-51838-1 Printed in the U.S.A. 0 Thank You This story needed inspired players to give it authenticity. I found them at La Honda Elementary School, a stone’s throw from where Koko lived her extraordinary life. And I found it in the spirited souls of Stella Machado and her family. Principal Liz Morgan and teacher Brett Miller embraced Koko with open hearts, and the generous consent of parents paved the way for students to participate in the story. Ms. Miller’s classroom was the creative, warm place I had envisioned. And her fourth and fifth grade students were the kids I’d crossed my fingers for. They lit up the story with exuberance, inspired by true affection for Koko and her friends. I thank them all. And following the story they shall all be named. I thank the San Francisco Zoo for permission to use my photographs taken at the Gorilla Preserve in this book. I thank Koko’s lifetime photographer, Ron Cohn, for use of his brilliant, treasured photos of Koko, Penny and Michael. I thank Dr. Gary Stanley, Chief Operating Officer of the Gorilla Foundation, for inspiring me to write this story. And I thank Dr. Penny Patterson for devoting her radiant life to a gorilla named Koko, whose hands became a voice for all Great Apes by showing the world their bright and noble souls. 1 When the species learn to share, People of Earth become aware That love and light unite us all… Animal, human, great and small. ~jb 2 Chapter One I love animals. I always have—and insects, too. But I never knew I would love a gorilla till I met Koko. One morning at school I opened my backpack and found a little book inside. Momma was always doing that—sneaking something in with my lunch. Something she knew I‟d like. Daddy did it, too. One day he made my lunch and stuck in a roll of pennies. People drop pennies and leave them. But I pick up every one I see and make a wish. And anyway they add up. My bank is full of them. I read the cover, “Koko‟s Kitten.” A gorilla was looking down at a little kitten and holding it like a baby. I couldn‟t believe it. Wouldn‟t a gorilla eat a kitten? Maybe it wasn‟t real. But my cat Collie used to sleep with Digger, my rat. They were best friends—and cats are supposed to eat rats. Now I wanted to read it. It was hard to wait till lunch. 3 On warm days we eat outside and today it was nice. I sat under the giant tree near the lunch tables. No one came over so I had the whole tree to myself. The book was by Dr. Francine Patterson. That was Koko‟s friend, Penny. On the first page she wrote, “Other animals are capable of telling us about themselves, if we can find the right way to ask them.” Right away I liked this book, because it‟s what I believe, too. Koko the gorilla was born at the zoo on the Fourth of July. She was named Hanabi-Ko, which is Japanese for Fireworks Child. And they called her Koko. But then she got sick so they put her in the zoo nursery. And that‟s where she met Penny Patterson. Penny was studying language and learning about gorillas. She learned they‟re smart and 4 have feelings like people. And she believed they could talk to people, too, if they had a way to do it. When Penny met Koko, she knew it was time to try. So she did something no one had done before. She taught sign language to a gorilla. I looked at the picture of Penny and baby Koko. I could tell she already loved that gorilla. Koko went to live with Penny and learned over 1,000 signs and 2,000 spoken words. She even made up words of her own. When Koko shared her thoughts and feelings with Penny, Penny shared them with everyone. Koko loved picture books. Gorillas and cats most of all. When Penny asked Koko what she wanted for her birthday, Koko signed, “Cat, cat, cat.” Penny didn‟t know Koko meant a real cat. So when Koko unwrapped a black toy cat, she was so upset she covered it with a rag and threw it in the air. I knew how Koko felt. Once I asked for a real rabbit for my birthday and got a wind-up one instead. I didn‟t throw it, but I wanted to. 5 Then one day Koko got her birthday wish. Penny‟s helper came with a litter of kittens and Koko got to choose one. She was so happy she signed, “Love that.” She gave the kittens her blow test, which was blowing into their faces to learn more about them. Maybe like an interview. Then she chose a little grey tabby and named him All Ball because he had no tail. She made that up herself. Koko carried All Ball around like a baby gorilla, and kept him brushed and clean. She made up games called chase, blow-it and tickle. All Ball wasn‟t good at games but he loved to scratch and bite. Koko told Penny he was “obnoxious.” That was so hilarious I laughed out loud. 6 Someone called over from the lunch tables. “What‟s so funny?” “Nothing,” I called back. Today I didn‟t want to talk. I wanted to read. Koko never scolded All Ball. She was always gentle and called him, “soft, good cat cat.” She loved All Ball like her own child, and he was never afraid. Penny wanted to know if gorillas can record things they see. She gave Koko a canvas and paints and asked her to draw All Ball. And Koko did, using all the right colors. Penny got her answer, all right! Then something terrible happened. All Ball was hit by a car— and died. I wasn‟t expecting that. My chest hurt, like it did when Collie died. One day she got sick, and we couldn‟t save her. 7 Penny had to tell Koko, and Koko cried and cried. She signed, “Sad, cry, frown.” When Collie died, I cried, too. Later, when Penny asked her what happened to All Ball, Koko signed, “Sleep cat.” She understood what death was. And she signed “blind” because she would never see All Ball again. People wrote letters to Koko to cheer her up. And one day something wonderful happened. Koko got another kitten! She held him and kissed him, and carried him around like All Ball. And she named him Lipstick. I know she never forgot All Ball and I won‟t ever forget Collie. But Koko was happy again and so was I, because it was a happy ending. Chapter Two I closed the book and looked up into the tree—up through the branches to the sky. Koko would love this tree. It had big green leaves for shade, and sturdy branches for sitting. She could see all over from there. She could see all over from there. 8 I looked over at the table where kids were eating and laughing. Koko would love eating lunch with them. Not on the bench—she would never fit. The grass was soft, though. She‟d like that. I wondered how big she was compared to us. 9 On the playground kids were climbing and swinging and playing tag. Koko could play chase with them all—and tickle, too. Everyone would want to be her friend. Maybe she would even sign to us. 10 What an amazing day it would be if Koko came to visit! The bell rang and I jumped. I hadn‟t touched my lunch. I took a huge bite of peanut butter sandwich and a gulp of milk. And ate the rest on my way back to class. 11 That afternoon we had social studies and a spelling quiz, then lined up for the bus. I wanted to tell everyone about Koko, but not today. It‟s pretty noisy on the bus. Especially on Fridays with the whole weekend ahead. I‟m pretty noisy, too, but not today. I looked through the book and thought about Koko in our school. Maybe it was impossible. But Momma says anything is possible, if you believe. I hugged her when I got home. “I love the Koko book.” “I‟m so glad!” she said. “I know how you feel about animals. And Koko is a very special animal.” “She‟s amazing. I can‟t stop thinking about her.” I couldn't stop talking about her, either. I talked about Koko all through dinner. 12 Daddy said, “Are you sure she‟s not a person in a gorilla suit?” “Koko‟s REAL!” I laughed.
Recommended publications
  • Journal ^ Association of Jewish Refugees
    VOLUME 7 NO.S MAY 2007 journal ^ Association of Jewish Refugees How the Jewish refugees thanked Britain One of the most striking initiatives ever Jewish Congregation (Belsize Square mounted by the AJR was the 'Thank-You Synagogue), as well as representatives of the Britain' Fund, which evolved out of a Czech and Hungarian refugees. Among them proposal in 1963 that the Jewish refugees were AJR Chairman Alfred S. Dresel, Amold from Central Europe should make a public Horwell, Egon Larsen, Hans Blumenau, gestiire of thanks to their adopted homeland. Hans Jaeger and the indispensable Wemer The idea was the brainchild of Victor Ross, Rosenstock. Happily, two are still with us: a former refugee who had worked in Victor Ross and Carl Flesch, while Eric publishing and journalism and had written Gould's widow Katia has for years been one a humorous account of the refugee of this joumal's much valued proof-readers. experience, Basic British; as readers know, The Mall Room, British Academy The Fund proved an outstanding he still wields an elegant pen today. The which were to be used for the awarding of success. The organisers' target of £40-60,000 AJR, and in particular its chairman, Hans research fellowships and the holding of was easily exceeded; by the time the Fund Reichmann (who died in 1964), had been annual (later biennial) lectures, both under was handed over to the British Academy at thinking along similar lines. After the AJR the auspices of the British Academy, a a ceremony in the Saddlers' Hall on 8 took on the administration of the fund- highly respected institution that to this day November 1965, it had reached £96,000, raising, Ross became co-chairman of the plays a significant role in supporting and several hundred thousand pounds in today's Fund's organising committee, alongside promoting research and scholarship in the money and an astonishing sum for a Werner M.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern British & Irish
    Modern British & Irish Art Tuesday 4 June 2013 at 1pm Knightsbridge, London Modern British & Irish Art Tuesday 4 June 2013 at 1pm Knightsbridge Bonhams Enquiries Please see page 2 for bidder Montpelier Street Emma Corke information including after-sale Knightsbridge +44 (0) 20 7393 3949 collection and shipment London SW7 1HH [email protected] www.bonhams.com Please see back of catalogue Shayn Speed for important notice to bidders Viewing +44 (0) 20 7393 3909 Sunday 2 June 11am to 3pm [email protected] Illustration Monday 3 June 9am to 4.30pm Front cover: Lot 167 Tuesday 4 June 9am to 11am Customer Services Back cover: Lot 19 Monday to Friday 8.30am to 6pm Inside front: Lot 76 Bids +44 (0) 20 7447 7447 Inside back: Lot 179 +44 (0) 20 7447 7448 +44 (0) 20 7447 7401 fax Sale Number: 20777 To bid via the internet please visit www.bonhams.com Catalogue: £12 Please note that bids should be submitted no later than 24 hours before the sale. New bidders must also provide proof of identity when submitting bids. Failure to do this may result in your bids not being processed. Bidding by telephone will only be accepted on a lot with a lower estimate in excess of £400. Live online bidding is available for this sale Please email [email protected] with “Live bidding” in the subject line 48 hours before the auction to register for this service. Bonhams 1793 Limited Bonhams 1793 Ltd Directors Bonhams UK Ltd Directors Registered No. 4326560 Robert Brooks Chairman, Colin Sheaf Deputy Chairman, Colin Sheaf Chairman, Jonathan Baddeley, Antony Bennett, Iain Rushbrook, John Sandon, Tim Schofield, Registered Office: Montpelier Galleries Malcolm Barber Group Managing Director, Matthew Bradbury, Harvey Cammell, Simon Cottle, Veronique Scorer, James Stratton, Roger Tappin, Matthew Girling CEO UK and Europe, Andrew Currie, David Dallas, Paul Davidson, Jean Ghika, Shahin Virani, David Williams, Michael Wynell-Mayow.
    [Show full text]
  • At Lowther School
    WELCOME TO ISSUE 10 We hope you enjoyed our Spring issue. Welcome to our Summer issue, our final issue of the year. Summer term is popu- lar term; the sun is (usually) shining, we get to use our amazing playing field and we get to take part in fun activities like Sports Day and Creative Arts Week. This issue is jam-packed with lots of interesting, informative and fun features. Have a wonderful Summer holiday break. See you in September! Page WHAT’S INSIDE NEWS The Daily Mile by Year 3 3 A Sports Event We’ll Never Forget by Sami, 5N 4 JUST FOR FUN Recipe—make colourful toast! 5 Summer wordsearch FEATURES & The Serious Feature—Healthy Eating by Year 3 6-7 What Is Our Favourite Lowther Trip by KS1 CARTOONS 8-9 The Big Interview—School Governor (and chef) Sarah Brecher 10—11 Puzzles—The Brain Drain! 12 One Minute Interview—Miss Mould from Oak Class ENTERTAINMENT “What The Ladybird Heard” by Julia Donaldson, reviewed by Medina, Maple 14– 15 “Judy Moody” by Megan McDonald, reviewed by Madeleine, 5P & REVIEWS “Percy Jackson & The Lightning Thief” by Rick Riordan, reviewed by Jessica, 5P Book Genre Of the Month: Humour Film: ‘Disney’s The Jungle Book’, reviewed by Nicole, 5P Music: ‘Now 43’ , reviewed by Scarlett, 5P CREATIVE At Lowther School by Emily, Elm Class 16—17 Everest: The Final Push by Oliver W, 5N WRITING After The Journey by Sara, 4G The Ladybird by Betsy, Willow Class Arin The Alien by Ava, Pine Class SPORTS 2016—Lowther’s Year In Sport 18—19 BACK COVER Lowther—A Year In Sport 20 Some jokes from Samuel in Beech Class: Joke 1: There were two snakes.
    [Show full text]
  • Chimpanzees Use of Sign Language
    Chimpanzees’ Use of Sign Language* ROGER S. FOUTS & DEBORAH H. FOUTS Washoe was cross-fostered by humans.1 She was raised as if she were a deaf human child and so acquired the signs of American Sign Language. Her surrogate human family had been the only people she had really known. She had met other humans who occasionally visited and often seen unfamiliar people over the garden fence or going by in cars on the busy residential street that ran next to her home. She never had a pet but she had seen dogs at a distance and did not appear to like them. While on car journeys she would hang out of the window and bang on the car door if she saw one. Dogs were obviously not part of 'our group'; they were different and therefore not to be trusted. Cats fared no better. The occasional cat that might dare to use her back garden as a shortcut was summarily chased out. Bugs were not favourites either. They were to be avoided or, if that was impossible, quickly flicked away. Washoe had accepted the notion of human superiority very readily - almost too readily. Being superior has a very heady quality about it. When Washoe was five she left most of her human companions behind and moved to a primate institute in Oklahoma. The facility housed about twenty-five chimpanzees, and this was where Washoe was to meet her first chimpanzee: imagine never meeting a member of your own species until you were five. After a plane flight Washoe arrived in a sedated state at her new home.
    [Show full text]
  • Menagerie to Me / My Neighbor Be”: Exotic Animals and American Conscience, 1840-1900
    “MENAGERIE TO ME / MY NEIGHBOR BE”: EXOTIC ANIMALS AND AMERICAN CONSCIENCE, 1840-1900 Leslie Jane McAbee A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English and Comparative Literature. Chapel Hill 2018 Approved by: Eliza Richards Timothy Marr Matthew Taylor Ruth Salvaggio Jane Thrailkill © 2018 Leslie Jane McAbee ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Leslie McAbee: “Menagerie to me / My Neighbor be”: Exotic Animals and American Conscience, 1840-1900 (Under the direction of Eliza Richards) Throughout the nineteenth century, large numbers of living “exotic” animals—elephants, lions, and tigers—circulated throughout the U.S. in traveling menageries, circuses, and later zoos as staples of popular entertainment and natural history education. In “Menagerie to me / My Neighbor be,” I study literary representations of these displaced and sensationalized animals, offering a new contribution to Americanist animal studies in literary scholarship, which has largely attended to the cultural impact of domesticated and native creatures. The field has not yet adequately addressed the influence that representations of foreign animals had on socio-cultural discourses, such as domesticity, social reform, and white supremacy. I examine how writers enlist exoticized animals to variously advance and disrupt the human-centered foundations of hierarchical thinking that underpinned nineteenth-century tenets of civilization, particularly the belief that Western culture acts as a progressive force in a comparatively barbaric world. Both well studied and lesser-known authors, however, find “exotic” animal figures to be wily for two seemingly contradictory reasons.
    [Show full text]
  • Murrle Bennett: the Anglo-German Style
    To print, your print settings should be ‘fit to page size’ or ‘fit to printable area’ or similar. Problems? See our guide: https://atg.news/2zaGmwp 7 1 -2 0 2 1 9 1 ISSUE 2488 | antiquestradegazette.com | 17 April 2021 | UK £4.99 | USA $7.95 | Europe €5.50 S E E R 50years D koopman rare art V A I R N T antiques trade G T H E KOOPMAN (see Client Templates for issue versions) THE ART M ARKET WEEKLY [email protected] +44 (0)20 7242 7624 www.koopman.art Coin auction houses end Murrle Bennett: the four-year joint venture are nine staff members (the by Laura Chesters Anglo-German style group has a total of 60 staff). It intends to hold its first auction Jewellery by the Anglo-German firm Murrle Bennett, London coin specialists back at 399 Strand in the which thrived for two decades before the First World Baldwin’s and St James’ autumn. War, appeals today for the reasons it did in the early 20th Auctions have ended their St James’ Auctions, founded tie-up after four years. by Stephen Fenton of century. The jewellery is good quality, effortlessly stylish The stopping of the joint dealership Knightsbridge and (in comparison with handmade or precious stone venture was without costs and Coins, will continue to be jewels of the period) relatively affordable. Stanley Gibbons Group based at 10 Charles II Street, St (owner of Baldwin’s) said it was James’s, in London. The Murrle Bennett output, which embraced all flavours a “major milestone” to “bring Alongside Fenton there are of European Art Nouveau, is a focus of this week’s coin auctions back in house nine full-time employees plus jewellery feature on pages 12-18.
    [Show full text]
  • Ndume, and Hayes, J.J
    Publications Vitolo, J.M., Ndume, and Hayes, J.J. (2003) Castration as a Viable Alternative to Zeta Male Propagation. J. Primate Behavior [in press]. Vitolo, J.M., Ndume, and Hayes, J.J. (2003) Identification of POZM-A Novel Protease That is Essential for Degradation of Zeta-Male Protein. Nature [in press]. Vitolo, J.M., Ndume, and Gorilla, T.T. (2001) A Critical Review of the Color Pink and Anger Management. J. Primate Behavior, 46: 8012-8021. Ndume, and Gorilla, T.T. (2001) Escalation of Dominance and Aberrant Behavior of Alpha-Males in the Presence of Alpha-Females. J. Primate Behavior, 45: 7384-7390. Ndume, Koko, Gorilla, T.T. (2001) The ëPound Head with Fistí is the Preferred Method of Establishment of Dominance by Alpha- males in Gorilla Society. J. Primate. Behavior, 33: 3753-3762. Graueri, G., Ndume, and Gorilla, E.P. (1996) Rate of Loss of Banana Peel Pigmentation after Banana Consumption. Anal. Chem., 42: 1570-85. Education Ph.D. in Behavioral Biology, Gorilla Foundation 2000 Cincinnati, OH. M.S. in Behavioral Etiquette 1998 Sponge Bob University for Primate Temperament Training. *Discharged from program for non-compliance. Ph.D. in Chemistry 1997 Silverback University, Zaire B.S. in Survival and Chemical Synthesis ? - 1995 The Jungle, Zaire Research Experience Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 2001 - Present Postdoctoral Fellow Advisor: Dr. Jeffrey J. Hayes Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 2000 - 2001 Postdoctoral Fellow Advisor: Dr. Jeffrey J. Hayes Department of Behavioral Biology, Gorilla Foundation, Cincinnati OH 1997 - 2000 Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Pre-Sleep and Sleeping Platform Construction Behavior in Captive Orangutans (Pongo Spp
    Original Article Folia Primatol 2015;86:187–202 Received: July 28, 2014 DOI: 10.1159/000381056 Accepted after revision: February 18, 2015 Published online: May 13, 2015 Pre-Sleep and Sleeping Platform Construction Behavior in Captive Orangutans (Pongo spp. ): Implications for Ape Health and Welfare a b–d David R. Samson Rob Shumaker a b Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, N.C., Indianapolis c Zoo, VP of Conservation and Life Sciences, Indianapolis, Ind. , Indiana University, d Bloomington, Ind. , and Krasnow Institute at George Mason University, Fairfax, Va. , USA Key Words Orangutan · Sleep · Sleeping platform · Nest · Animal welfare · Ethology Abstract The nightly construction of a ‘nest’ or sleeping platform is a behavior that has been observed in every wild great ape population studied, yet in captivity, few analyses have been performed on sleep related behavior. Here, we report on such behavior in three female and two male captive orangutans (Pongo spp.), in a natural light setting, at the Indianapolis Zoo. Behavioral samples were generated, using infrared cameras for a total of 47 nights (136.25 h), in summer (n = 25) and winter (n = 22) periods. To characterize sleep behaviors, we used all-occurrence sampling to generate platform construction episodes (n = 217). Orangutans used a total of 2.4 (SD = 1.2) techniques and 7.5 (SD = 6.3) actions to construct a sleeping platform; they spent 10.1 min (SD – 9.9 min) making the platform and showed a 77% preference for ground (vs. elevated) sleep sites. Com- parisons between summer and winter platform construction showed winter start times (17:12 h) to be significantly earlier and longer in duration than summer start times (17:56 h).
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Thoughts on Factory Farms: Michael Leahy, Language and Awareness of Death
    BETWEEN THE SPECIES Issue VIII August 2008 www.cla.calpoly.edu/bts/ Animal Thoughts on Factory Farms: Michael Leahy, Language and Awareness of Death Rebekah Humphreys Email: [email protected] Cardiff University of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom Abstract The idea that language is necessary for thought and emotion is a dominant one in philosophy. Animals have taken the brunt of this idea, since it is widely held that language is exclusively human. Michael Leahy (1991) makes a case against the moral standing of factory-farmed animals based on such ideas. His approach is Wittgensteinian: understanding is a thought process that requires language, which animals do not possess. But he goes further than this and argues that certain factory farming methods do not cause certain sufferings to the animals used, since animals lack full awareness of their circumstances. In particular he argues that animals do not experience certain sufferings at the slaughterhouse since, lacking language, they are unaware of their fate (1991). Through an analysis of Leahy’s claims this paper aims to explore and challenge both the idea that thought and emotion require language and that only humans possess language. Between the Species, VIII, August 2008, cla.calpoly.edu/bts/ 1 Awareness of Death While the evidence of animal suffering in factory farming is extensive and it is generally held that animals are sentient, some philosophers, such as Michael Leahy (1991), claim that animals either do not suffer through certain factory farming methods and conditions or that the practice poses no moral issues, or both. In light of the evidence of animal suffering and sentience, on what basis are such claims made? Leahy argues that animals do not experience certain sufferings on the way to the slaughterhouse, and also do not experience certain sufferings when, at the slaughterhouse, animals are killed in full view of other animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Felix Issue 0539, 1980
    John Passmore, Rachel Snec, Liz Lindsay and Steve Marshall win the sabbatical elections 1980 THE NEWSPAPER OF IMPERIAL COLLEGE UNION Friday 14th March 1980 Issue Number 548 Nick Jenkins GUILDS IN ICU SABBATICAL ELECTION RESULTS STRIKES SHOCK (Results give the number of first preferences for each candidate) Just after this photgraph was taken, outside the Queens, 50 Guildsmen and women went to Strikes (a local hamburger PRESIDENT HONORARY SECRETARY restaurant reknowned for its Barney McCabe 404 Chris Veale 138 waiters). As the FELIX Editor John Passmore 757 Liz Lindsay 1,124 was ordering his usual Sirloin Mick Berry 593 Frank James 418 and Chips with a large • Strawberry milkshake; Pat JOHN PASSMORE passed quota after LIZ LINDSAY passed quota on first Leggett, the newly elected allocation of Barney McCabe's and Mick preference vote. Guilds President was involved Berry's votes. in argument over his over FELIX EDITOR zealous use of the relish tray. DEPUTY PRESIDENT Lars Wernberg-Moller 409 The waiter would not allow Pat to Steve Marshall 792 Rachel Snee 1,068 order. Some moments later the John Tidy 616 Paul Williams 589 entire contingent of Guildsmen STEVE MARSHALL passed quota on were asked to leave the RACHEL SNEE passed quota on first reallocation of Lars Wernberg-Moller's restaurant... see page 3. preference vote. votes. Dear Sir Sir respect to the royalty expected. the Coca-Cola trick does not work. However, dipping one's I would just like to say, through With regard to the qualities My slide rule tells me that the your columns, a huge thank you required for leadership in difference between a 35p/tonne union card into ESB has the to everyone who helped me with, industry, I think it could be royalty and a 60p/tonne royalty effect of partially melting the encouraged me with, and laugh- argued that academic superiority would be a substantial £357,000.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case for the Personhood of the Gorillas
    The Case for the Personhood of Gorillas* FRANCINE PATTERSON & WENDY GORDON We present this individual for your consideration: She communicates in sign language, using a vocabulary of over 1,000 words. She also understands spoken English, and often carries on 'bilingual' conversations, responding in sign to questions asked in English. She is learning the letters of the alphabet, and can read some printed words, including her own name. She has achieved scores between 85 and 95 on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test. She demonstrates a clear self-awareness by engaging in self-directed behaviours in front of a mirror, such as making faces or examining her teeth, and by her appropriate use of self- descriptive language. She lies to avoid the consequences of her own misbehaviour, and anticipates others' responses to her actions. She engages in imaginary play, both alone and with others. She has produced paintings and drawings which are representational. She remembers and can talk about past events in her life. She understands and has used appropriately time- related words like 'before', 'after', 'later', and 'yesterday'. She laughs at her own jokes and those of others. She cries when hurt or left alone, screams when frightened or angered. She talks about her feelings, using words like 'happy', 'sad', 'afraid', 'enjoy', 'eager', 'frustrate', 'mad' and, quite frequently, 'love'. She grieves for those she has lost- a favourite cat who has died, a friend who has gone away. She can talk about what happens when one dies, but she becomes fidgety and uncomfortable when asked to discuss her own death or the death of her companions.
    [Show full text]
  • 4 a Complex-Adaptive-Systems Approach to the Evolution of Language and the Brain
    - 4 A Complex-Adaptive-Systems Approach to the Evolution of Language and the Brain P Thomas Schoenemann 1 Introduction Language has arguably been as important to our species' evolutionary success as has any other behavior. Understanding how language evolved is therefore one of the most interesting questions in evolutionary biology. Part of this story involves understanding the evolutionary changes in our biology, particularly our brain. However, these changes cannot themselves be understood indepen­ dent of the behavioral effectsthey made possible. The complexity of our inner mental world - what will here be referred to as conceptual complexity- is one critical result of the evolution of our brain, and it will be argued that this has in turn led to the evolution oflanguage structure via cultural mechanisms (many of which remain opaque and hidden fromour conscious awareness). From this per­ spective, the complexity oflanguage is the result of the evolution ofcomplexity in brain circuits underlying our conceptual awareness. However, because indi­ vidual brains mature in the context of an intensely interactive social existence - one that is typical of primates generally but is taken to an unprecedented level among modern humans - cultural evolution of language has itself contributed to a richer conceptual world. This in turn has produced evolutionary pressures to enhance brain circuits primed to learn such complexity. The dynamics oflan­ guage evolution, involving brain/behavior co-evolution in this way, make it a prime example of what have been called "complex adaptive systems" (Beckner et al. 2009). Complex adaptive systems are phenomena that result fromthe interaction of many individual components as they adapt and learn fromeach other (Holland 2006).
    [Show full text]