Illustrations

Maps Map 1: Map of Europe. Courtesy of Hannah Calich, GIS Services, Otto G. Richter Library, University of Miami. 2

Map 2: Map of Western Europe. Courtesy of Hannah Calich, GIS Services, Otto G. Richter Library, University of Miami. 5

Map 3: Map of Italy. Courtesy of Hannah Calich, GIS Services, Otto G. Richter Library, University of Miami. 8

Map 4: Map of Eastern Europe. Courtesy of Hannah Calich, GIS Services, Otto G. Richter Library, University of Miami. 10

Map 5: Map of Eastern Mediterranean. Courtesy of Hannah Calich, GIS Services, Otto G. Richter Library, University of Miami. 16

Figures Figure 1.1: Phaedra Sarcophagus of Beatrice (d. 1076). All sarcophagi can be found in the Camposanto, Pisa unless otherwise indicated. Photograph by Karen Rose Mathews. 26

Figure 1.2: Pisa, Duomo, begun ca. 1063. Photograph by Karen Rose Mathews. 27

Figure 1.3: Funerary inscriptions from exterior of Pisan Duomo, eleventh to twelft h century. Photograph by Karen Rose Mathews. 27 x ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1.4: Camposanto, general view, begun 1277. Photograph by Karen Rose Mathews. 28

Figure 1.5: Camposanto, north corridor. Photograph by Karen Rose Mathews. 30

Figure 1.6: Sarcophagus of Gallo Dell’Agnello, judge and operaio. Photograph by Karen Rose Mathews. 32

Figure 1.7: Sarcophagus of Michele Scacceri, operaio. Photograph by Karen Rose Mathews. 33

Figure 1.8: Falconi family sarcophagus. Photograph by Karen Rose Mathews. 34

Figure 1.9: Scorcialupi sarcophagus with seated philosopher. Photograph by Karen Rose Mathews. 35

Figure 1.10: Scorcialupi family sarcophagus with Rape of Persephone. Photograph by Karen Rose Mathews. 35

Figure 1.11: Assopardi family tomb. Photograph by Karen Rose Mathews. 36

Figure 1.12: Inscription with name of Emperor Hadrian from exterior of Pisan Duomo. Photograph by Karen Rose Mathews. 38

Figure 1.13: San Piero a Grado, Pisa, eleventh century, north exterior wall with bacini decoration. Photograph by Karen Rose Mathews. 40

Figure 2.1: Martyrdom of St. Sebastian, ca. 1464, now lost. Reprinted from Braune and Wiese, Schlesische Malerei und Plastik des Mittelalters, p. 208. 54

Figure 2.2: Epitaph of Johannes Scheurl, ca. 1516, Archdiocese Museum, Wrocław. Photograph by Agnieszka Patała. 57

Figure 2.3: Epitaph of Bartholomäus Scheurl, ca. 1500, Archdiocese Museum, Wrocław. Photograph by Agnieszka Patała. 58 Figure 2.4: Epitaph of the Scheurl family, 1537, originally St. Elizabeth Church, Breslau, National Museum, Wrocław. Photograph by Arkadiusz Podstawka. 59

Figure 2.5: St. Hedwig Triptych, ca. 1480, originally St. Elizabeth Church, Breslau, donated by the Hübner and Hornung families. National Museum, Wrocław. Photograph by Arkadiusz Podstawka. 60

Figure 2.6: Wing from the Corpus Christi Altarpiece, ca. 1470–1480, originally St. Elizabeth Church, Breslau. National Museum, Warsaw. Photograph by Arkadiusz Podstawka. 61

Figure 2.7: Epitaph of Sebald Huber, ca. 1504, originally St. Elizabeth Church, Breslau, National Museum, Warsaw. Photograph by Piotr Ligier. 63

Figure 2.8: Epitaph of Hans Holczel, ca. 1512. National Museum, Warsaw. Photograph by Piotr Ligier. 64

Figure 2.9: Epitaph of Elizabeth and Hans Starczedel, ca. 1520. National Museum, Wrocław. Photograph by Arkadiusz Podstawka. 65

Figure 3.1: Bernardo Rossellino, Tomb of Leonardo Bruni, Santa Croce, Florence. Photograph by Sailko. 76

Figure 3.2: Comi, Gianfi gliazzi, and Tucci family tombs, Santa Trinita, Florence. Photograph by Anne Leader. 77

Figure 3.3: Aerial view of transept tombs, Santa Croce, Florence. Photograph by Sailko. 78

Figure 3.4: Women’s tomb, Duomo, marble, Florence. Photograph by Anne Leader. 79

Figure 3.5: Tomb of Filippo di Michele Arrighi, Santa Croce, Florence. Photography by Anne Leader. 80

Figure 3.6: Andrea Ferucci with Silvio Cosini and Maso Boscoli da Fiesole, Tomb of Strozzi/Vespucci, marble, 1524, Santa Maria Novella, Florence. Photograph by Sailko. 81 Figure 3.7: Tomb of Giovanni d’Amerigo del Bene and Francesca di M. Albertaccio Ricasoli, Santi Apostoli, Florence: Photograph by Anne Leader. 82

Figure 3.8: Tomb of Giovanna Tornaquinci Tedaldi, Santa Croce, Florence. Photograph by Anne Leader. 83

Figure 3.9: Tomb of Tedaldo di Bartolo Tedaldi, Santa Croce, Florence; Tomb of Giovanna Tornaquinci Tedaldi visible at left . Photograph by Anne Leader. 84

Figure 3.10: Tomb of Biordo degli Ubertini, Santa Croce, Florence. Photograph by Anne Leader. 86

Figure 3.11: Tassello of Gherardino Gianni, Santa Croce, Florence. Photograph by Anne Leader. 90

Figure 3.12: Map of Florence, divided into quarters and gonfalons. 95

Figure 4.1: Map of the City of London in the later middle ages and the parishes of St. Dunstan in the West, St. Martin Outwich and the Franciscan (Grey Friars) church near Newgate. © Olwen Myhill/ Centre for Metropolitan History, Institute of Historical Research (University of London). 111

Figure 4.2: Brass of Henry (d. 1539) and Elizabeth (d. 1530) Dacres, St. Dunstan in the West. © Crown copyright. Historic England Archive. 113

Figure 4.3: Canopied monument with brass indents for Hugh Pemberton (d. 1500) and his wife Katherine (d. 1508) formerly St. Martin Outwich and now St. Helen Bishopsgate. Photograph © Martin Stuchfi eld. 115

Figure 4.4: Monumental effi gy of Sir Stephen Jenyns (d. 1523), formerly in the Chapel of St. Francis, London Grey Friars. Reproduced from London, British Library, Add. MS 45131, fol. 86r by permission of the British Library Board. 117 Figure 4.5: Th e restored canopied monument for Sir William Fitzwilliam (d. 1534) and his fi rst wife, Anne (died before 1516), church of St. Mary the Virgin, Marholm, Cambridgeshire. Photograph © Martin Stuchfi eld. 121

Figure 5.1: Tomb of Rolandino Passaggeri, ca. 1305, Piazza San Domenico, Bologna. Photograph courtesy of Paola Stiberc. 131

Figure 5.2: Tomb of Rolandino Passaggeri, ca. 1305, sarcophagus, front view, imago doctoris. Photograph courtesy of Paola Stiberc. 132

Figure 5.3: Floriano dal Buono (1599–1647), engraving, Biblioteca comunale dell´Archiginnasio, cart. Gozzadini, n. 164, Bologna. Reprinted from Rubbiani, “La Chiesa di S. Domenico,” 366, fi g. 1. 133

Figure 5.4: Tomb of Bonincontro degli Arpo (d. 1306), Museo Civico of Treviso, Treviso. Photograph courtesy of Museo Civico of Treviso. 134

Figure 5.5: Tomb of Bonincontro degli Arpo (d. 1306), Museo Civico of Treviso, Treviso. Photograph courtesy of Museo Civico of Treviso. 135

Figure 5.6: Tomb of Alberto, magister fi sciae, ca. 1317, Cathedral, Treviso. Reprinted from Wolters, La scultura veneziana gotica, vol. 2, fi g. 32. 136

Figure 5.7: Tomb of Bonalbergo Bonfadi (d. 1345) Cathedral of Ferrara, atrium, Ferrara. Reprinted from La cattedrale di Ferrara, pl. LXXV. 137

Figure 5.8: Tomb of Bonalbergo Bonfadi (d. 1345), imago doctoris. Cathedral of Ferrara, atrium. Photograph by Ruth Wolff . 138

Figure 5.9: Façade of the Cathedral of Ferrara, Detail, bull of Boniface IX. Reprinted from La cattedrale di Ferrara, pl. XXVII. 139

Figure 5.10: Tomb of Pietro di Dante (d. 1364), San Francesco, Treviso. Reprinted from Coletti, “Il monumento sepolcrale di Pietro Alighieri.” 141 Figure 5.11: Tomb of Pietro di Dante (d. 1364), San Francesco, Treviso. Reprinted from Coletti, “Il monumento sepolcrale di Pietro Alighieri.” 142

Figure 5.12: Tomb of Bishop Castellano di Salomone (d. 1322), Cathedral, Treviso. Reprinted from Wolters, La scultura veneziana gotica. 144

Figure 6.1: Convent of Santa Clara de Tordesillas, with Saldaña Chapel on far right. Photograph courtesy of Jesús Muñiz Petralanda. 158

Figure 6.2: Saldaña Chapel, Santa Clara de Tordesillas. Photograph courtesy of Patrimonio Nacional. 159

Figure 6.3: Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, Middelburg. Photograph by A. J. Adams. 160

Figure 6.4: Proposed reconstruction of central tomb with alabaster effi gies and seated saints, Saldaña Chapel. Photograph by Basil Jennings. 165

Figure 6.5: Bladelin tomb, church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, Middelburg. Photograph by A. J. Adams. 166

Figure 7.1: Map of Tuscany. Courtesy of Hannah Calich, GIS Services, Otto G. Richter Library, University of Miami. 188

Figure 7.2: Th e arch of San Maurizio in via di Pantaneto, Siena. Th is was originally the city-gate of San Maurizio al Ponte, close to where Cione lived in 1478. Photograph by Sandra Cardarelli. 191

Figure 7.3: Archivio di Stato di Siena, Notarile Antecosimiano, 556, Filza F. Th e coat of arms of the Buonfi gli family. Detail of fol. 2r. Reproduced by permission of the Ministero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali, Archivio di Stato di Siena, n. 1119/2017. 192

Figure 7.4: Archivio di Stato di Siena, Notarile Antecosimiano, 556, Filza F. Th e coat of arms of Cione di Ravi, Count of Lattaia. Detail of fol. 2v. Reproduced by permission of the Ministero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali, Archivio di Stato di Siena, n. 1119/2017. 193

Figure 7.5: Archivio di Stato di Siena, Notarile Antecosimiano, 556, Filza F, fol. 2r. Full page folio from Cione’s last will, including the coat of arms of his maternal grandfather, Meo di Dante Buonfi gli. Reproduced by permission of the Ministero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali, Archivio di Stato di Siena, n. 1139/2017. 194

Figure 7.6: Archivio di Stato di Siena, Notarile Antecosimiano, 556, Filza F, fol. 2v. Full page folio with the coat of arms of the da Lattaia. Reproduced by permission of the Ministero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali, Archivio di Stato di Siena, n. 1139/2017. 195

Figure 7.7: Urbano da Cortona? Tomb of a young woman, ca. 1460–1480, marble, Siena, church of S. Francesco. Photograph © Photo Lensini. 197

Figure 7.8: Church of San Leonardo in Ravi, interior. Photograph by Sandra Cardarelli. 199

Figure 7.9: Church of San Leonardo in Ravi, exterior. Photograph by Sandra Cardarelli. 200

Figure 8.1: Baldassare Longhena and Giusto Le Court, Monument to the Mora family, 1676–1677, San Lazzaro dei Mendicanti, Venice. Photograph courtesy of Bohm archive. 239

Figure 8.2: Monument to the Cappello family, ca. 1660–1668, San Lazzaro dei Mendicanti, Venice. Photograph courtesy of Bohm archive. 240

Figure 8.3: Giuseppe Sardi, Santo Cassarini, Francesco Cavrioli, and Giusto Le Court, Monument to Girolamo Cavazza,1657, Madonna dell’Orto, Venice. Photograph by Meredith Crosbie. 243

Figure 8.4: Santo Cassarini, Detail of bust and pediment on monument to Girolamo Cavazza, 1657, Madonna dell’Orto, Venice. Photograph by Meredith Crosbie. 244 Figure 8.5: View of Contarini monument from the Cavazza monument, Madonna dell’Orto, Venice. Photograph by Meredith Crosbie. 246

Figure 8.6: Monument to Contarini family, 1557–1688, Madonna dell’Orto, Venice. Photograph by Meredith Crosbie. 247

Figure 8.7: Detail of Contarini monument with bust of Carlo Contarini looking towards the Cavazza monument, Madonna dell’Orto, Venice. Photograph by Meredith Crosbie. 248

Figure 9.1: Map of Strasbourg. Map by Charlotte Stanford. 256

Figure 9.2: Obit ledger, St. Klara auf dem Werth, parchment. Photograph courtesy of Archives de la Ville et de l’Eurométropole de Strasbourg. 258

Figure 9.3: Obit ledger, St. Klara am Rossmarkt, vellum. Photograph courtesy of Archives de la Ville et de l’Eurométropole de Strasbourg. 259

Figure 10.1: Marie (28), daughter of Gautier de Bessan, Armenian Church, Nicosia, 1322. Greenhill, Incised Effi gial Slabs, vol. 2, plate 138c. 273

Figure 10.2: Th e icon of Christ, Angel, and Donors (Xeros family), 1356, formerly the Church of the Virgin Chrysaliniotissa, Nicosia. Reproduced by permission of the Byzantine Museum of the Archbishop Makarios III Foundation, Nicosia. 280

Figure 10.3: Virgin Hodegetria and Donors, fi ft eenth century, formerly the Church of the Virgin Chrysaliniotissa, Nicosia. Reproduced by permission of the Byzantine Museum of the Archbishop Makarios III Foundation, Nicosia. 282

Figure 10.4: Virgin Kamariotissa, end of the fi ft eenth century, formerly the Church of the Virgin, Chrysaliniotissa, Nicosia. Reproduced by permission of the Byzantine Museum of the Archbishop Makarios III Foundation, Nicosia. 284 Figure 10.5: Detail of donors (Eustathios and sons) on the right side of Virgin Kamariotissa, end of the fi ft eenth century. Reproduced by permission of the Byzantine Museum of the Archbishop Makarios III Foundation, Nicosia. 285

Figure 10.6: Detail of donors (Bella, Helen, and son) on the left side of Virgin Kamariotissa, end of the fi ft eenth century. Reproduced by permission of the Byzantine Museum of the Archbishop Makarios III Foundation, Nicosia. 286

Figure 11.1: Floor plan of the Church of Our Lady, Bruges. Reprinted by permission from Gailliard, Inscriptions funéraires & monumentales, 2: frontispiece. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London. 298

Figure 11.2: Th e de Baenst chapel (exterior): view through to the interior, with the van de Velde memorials visible on the left of the picture, and de Baenst memorials on the right of the picture. Photograph © Harriette Peel. 299

Figure 11.3: Memorial of Jan van de Velde (d. 1493) and Anthonyne van de Gheinste (d. 1511), polychromed stone, 102 x 89 cm, Bruges, Church of Our Lady. Photograph © Harriette Peel. 300

Figure 11.4: Memorial of Jacob van de Velde (d. 1464), Catherina de Keyt (d. 1483) and their son Jacob II van de Velde (d. 1490 n. s.), Church of Our Lady, Bruges. Photograph © Harriette Peel. 301

Figure 11.5: Memorial of Lodewijk II de Baenst (d. 1495 n. s.), Church of Our Lady, Bruges. Photograph © Harriette Peel. 303

Figure 11.6: Memorial of Lodewijk I de Baenst (d. 1454) and Clara Losschaert (d. 1464), Church of Our Lady, Bruges. Photograph © Harriette Peel. 304