Illustrations Maps Map 1: Map of Europe. Courtesy of Hannah Calich, GIS Services, Otto G. Richter Library, University of Miami. 2 Map 2: Map of Western Europe. Courtesy of Hannah Calich, GIS Services, Otto G. Richter Library, University of Miami. 5 Map 3: Map of Italy. Courtesy of Hannah Calich, GIS Services, Otto G. Richter Library, University of Miami. 8 Map 4: Map of Eastern Europe. Courtesy of Hannah Calich, GIS Services, Otto G. Richter Library, University of Miami. 10 Map 5: Map of Eastern Mediterranean. Courtesy of Hannah Calich, GIS Services, Otto G. Richter Library, University of Miami. 16 Figures Figure 1.1: Phaedra Sarcophagus of Beatrice (d. 1076). All sarcophagi can be found in the Camposanto, Pisa unless otherwise indicated. Photograph by Karen Rose Mathews. 26 Figure 1.2: Pisa, Duomo, begun ca. 1063. Photograph by Karen Rose Mathews. 27 Figure 1.3: Funerary inscriptions from exterior of Pisan Duomo, eleventh to twelft h century. Photograph by Karen Rose Mathews. 27 x ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1.4: Camposanto, general view, begun 1277. Photograph by Karen Rose Mathews. 28 Figure 1.5: Camposanto, north corridor. Photograph by Karen Rose Mathews. 30 Figure 1.6: Sarcophagus of Gallo Dell’Agnello, judge and operaio. Photograph by Karen Rose Mathews. 32 Figure 1.7: Sarcophagus of Michele Scacceri, operaio. Photograph by Karen Rose Mathews. 33 Figure 1.8: Falconi family sarcophagus. Photograph by Karen Rose Mathews. 34 Figure 1.9: Scorcialupi sarcophagus with seated philosopher. Photograph by Karen Rose Mathews. 35 Figure 1.10: Scorcialupi family sarcophagus with Rape of Persephone. Photograph by Karen Rose Mathews. 35 Figure 1.11: Assopardi family tomb. Photograph by Karen Rose Mathews. 36 Figure 1.12: Inscription with name of Emperor Hadrian from exterior of Pisan Duomo. Photograph by Karen Rose Mathews. 38 Figure 1.13: San Piero a Grado, Pisa, eleventh century, north exterior wall with bacini decoration. Photograph by Karen Rose Mathews. 40 Figure 2.1: Martyrdom of St. Sebastian, ca. 1464, now lost. Reprinted from Braune and Wiese, Schlesische Malerei und Plastik des Mittelalters, p. 208. 54 Figure 2.2: Epitaph of Johannes Scheurl, ca. 1516, Archdiocese Museum, Wrocław. Photograph by Agnieszka Patała. 57 Figure 2.3: Epitaph of Bartholomäus Scheurl, ca. 1500, Archdiocese Museum, Wrocław. Photograph by Agnieszka Patała. 58 Figure 2.4: Epitaph of the Scheurl family, 1537, originally St. Elizabeth Church, Breslau, National Museum, Wrocław. Photograph by Arkadiusz Podstawka. 59 Figure 2.5: St. Hedwig Triptych, ca. 1480, originally St. Elizabeth Church, Breslau, donated by the Hübner and Hornung families. National Museum, Wrocław. Photograph by Arkadiusz Podstawka. 60 Figure 2.6: Wing from the Corpus Christi Altarpiece, ca. 1470–1480, originally St. Elizabeth Church, Breslau. National Museum, Warsaw. Photograph by Arkadiusz Podstawka. 61 Figure 2.7: Epitaph of Sebald Huber, ca. 1504, originally St. Elizabeth Church, Breslau, National Museum, Warsaw. Photograph by Piotr Ligier. 63 Figure 2.8: Epitaph of Hans Holczel, ca. 1512. National Museum, Warsaw. Photograph by Piotr Ligier. 64 Figure 2.9: Epitaph of Elizabeth and Hans Starczedel, ca. 1520. National Museum, Wrocław. Photograph by Arkadiusz Podstawka. 65 Figure 3.1: Bernardo Rossellino, Tomb of Leonardo Bruni, Santa Croce, Florence. Photograph by Sailko. 76 Figure 3.2: Comi, Gianfi gliazzi, and Tucci family tombs, Santa Trinita, Florence. Photograph by Anne Leader. 77 Figure 3.3: Aerial view of transept tombs, Santa Croce, Florence. Photograph by Sailko. 78 Figure 3.4: Women’s tomb, Duomo, marble, Florence. Photograph by Anne Leader. 79 Figure 3.5: Tomb of Filippo di Michele Arrighi, Santa Croce, Florence. Photography by Anne Leader. 80 Figure 3.6: Andrea Ferucci with Silvio Cosini and Maso Boscoli da Fiesole, Tomb of Strozzi/Vespucci, marble, 1524, Santa Maria Novella, Florence. Photograph by Sailko. 81 Figure 3.7: Tomb of Giovanni d’Amerigo del Bene and Francesca di M. Albertaccio Ricasoli, Santi Apostoli, Florence: Photograph by Anne Leader. 82 Figure 3.8: Tomb of Giovanna Tornaquinci Tedaldi, Santa Croce, Florence. Photograph by Anne Leader. 83 Figure 3.9: Tomb of Tedaldo di Bartolo Tedaldi, Santa Croce, Florence; Tomb of Giovanna Tornaquinci Tedaldi visible at left . Photograph by Anne Leader. 84 Figure 3.10: Tomb of Biordo degli Ubertini, Santa Croce, Florence. Photograph by Anne Leader. 86 Figure 3.11: Tassello of Gherardino Gianni, Santa Croce, Florence. Photograph by Anne Leader. 90 Figure 3.12: Map of Florence, divided into quarters and gonfalons. 95 Figure 4.1: Map of the City of London in the later middle ages and the parishes of St. Dunstan in the West, St. Martin Outwich and the Franciscan (Grey Friars) church near Newgate. © Olwen Myhill/ Centre for Metropolitan History, Institute of Historical Research (University of London). 111 Figure 4.2: Brass of Henry (d. 1539) and Elizabeth (d. 1530) Dacres, St. Dunstan in the West. © Crown copyright. Historic England Archive. 113 Figure 4.3: Canopied monument with brass indents for Hugh Pemberton (d. 1500) and his wife Katherine (d. 1508) formerly St. Martin Outwich and now St. Helen Bishopsgate. Photograph © Martin Stuchfi eld. 115 Figure 4.4: Monumental effi gy of Sir Stephen Jenyns (d. 1523), formerly in the Chapel of St. Francis, London Grey Friars. Reproduced from London, British Library, Add. MS 45131, fol. 86r by permission of the British Library Board. 117 Figure 4.5: Th e restored canopied monument for Sir William Fitzwilliam (d. 1534) and his fi rst wife, Anne (died before 1516), church of St. Mary the Virgin, Marholm, Cambridgeshire. Photograph © Martin Stuchfi eld. 121 Figure 5.1: Tomb of Rolandino Passaggeri, ca. 1305, Piazza San Domenico, Bologna. Photograph courtesy of Paola Stiberc. 131 Figure 5.2: Tomb of Rolandino Passaggeri, ca. 1305, sarcophagus, front view, imago doctoris. Photograph courtesy of Paola Stiberc. 132 Figure 5.3: Floriano dal Buono (1599–1647), engraving, Biblioteca comunale dell´Archiginnasio, cart. Gozzadini, n. 164, Bologna. Reprinted from Rubbiani, “La Chiesa di S. Domenico,” 366, fi g. 1. 133 Figure 5.4: Tomb of Bonincontro degli Arpo (d. 1306), Museo Civico of Treviso, Treviso. Photograph courtesy of Museo Civico of Treviso. 134 Figure 5.5: Tomb of Bonincontro degli Arpo (d. 1306), Museo Civico of Treviso, Treviso. Photograph courtesy of Museo Civico of Treviso. 135 Figure 5.6: Tomb of Alberto, magister fi sciae, ca. 1317, Cathedral, Treviso. Reprinted from Wolters, La scultura veneziana gotica, vol. 2, fi g. 32. 136 Figure 5.7: Tomb of Bonalbergo Bonfadi (d. 1345) Cathedral of Ferrara, atrium, Ferrara. Reprinted from La cattedrale di Ferrara, pl. LXXV. 137 Figure 5.8: Tomb of Bonalbergo Bonfadi (d. 1345), imago doctoris. Cathedral of Ferrara, atrium. Photograph by Ruth Wolff . 138 Figure 5.9: Façade of the Cathedral of Ferrara, Detail, bull of Boniface IX. Reprinted from La cattedrale di Ferrara, pl. XXVII. 139 Figure 5.10: Tomb of Pietro di Dante (d. 1364), San Francesco, Treviso. Reprinted from Coletti, “Il monumento sepolcrale di Pietro Alighieri.” 141 Figure 5.11: Tomb of Pietro di Dante (d. 1364), San Francesco, Treviso. Reprinted from Coletti, “Il monumento sepolcrale di Pietro Alighieri.” 142 Figure 5.12: Tomb of Bishop Castellano di Salomone (d. 1322), Cathedral, Treviso. Reprinted from Wolters, La scultura veneziana gotica. 144 Figure 6.1: Convent of Santa Clara de Tordesillas, with Saldaña Chapel on far right. Photograph courtesy of Jesús Muñiz Petralanda. 158 Figure 6.2: Saldaña Chapel, Santa Clara de Tordesillas. Photograph courtesy of Patrimonio Nacional. 159 Figure 6.3: Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, Middelburg. Photograph by A. J. Adams. 160 Figure 6.4: Proposed reconstruction of central tomb with alabaster effi gies and seated saints, Saldaña Chapel. Photograph by Basil Jennings. 165 Figure 6.5: Bladelin tomb, church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, Middelburg. Photograph by A. J. Adams. 166 Figure 7.1: Map of Tuscany. Courtesy of Hannah Calich, GIS Services, Otto G. Richter Library, University of Miami. 188 Figure 7.2: Th e arch of San Maurizio in via di Pantaneto, Siena. Th is was originally the city-gate of San Maurizio al Ponte, close to where Cione lived in 1478. Photograph by Sandra Cardarelli. 191 Figure 7.3: Archivio di Stato di Siena, Notarile Antecosimiano, 556, Filza F. Th e coat of arms of the Buonfi gli family. Detail of fol. 2r. Reproduced by permission of the Ministero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali, Archivio di Stato di Siena, n. 1119/2017. 192 Figure 7.4: Archivio di Stato di Siena, Notarile Antecosimiano, 556, Filza F. Th e coat of arms of Cione di Ravi, Count of Lattaia. Detail of fol. 2v. Reproduced by permission of the Ministero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali, Archivio di Stato di Siena, n. 1119/2017. 193 Figure 7.5: Archivio di Stato di Siena, Notarile Antecosimiano, 556, Filza F, fol. 2r. Full page folio from Cione’s last will, including the coat of arms of his maternal grandfather, Meo di Dante Buonfi gli. Reproduced by permission of the Ministero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali, Archivio di Stato di Siena, n. 1139/2017. 194 Figure 7.6: Archivio di Stato di Siena, Notarile Antecosimiano, 556, Filza F, fol. 2v. Full page folio with the coat of arms of the da Lattaia. Reproduced by permission of the Ministero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali, Archivio di Stato di Siena, n. 1139/2017. 195 Figure 7.7: Urbano da Cortona? Tomb of a young woman, ca. 1460–1480, marble, Siena, church of S. Francesco. Photograph © Photo Lensini. 197 Figure 7.8: Church of San Leonardo in Ravi, interior. Photograph by Sandra Cardarelli. 199 Figure 7.9: Church of San Leonardo in Ravi, exterior. Photograph by Sandra Cardarelli. 200 Figure 8.1: Baldassare Longhena and Giusto Le Court, Monument to the Mora family, 1676–1677, San Lazzaro dei Mendicanti, Venice.