KOREAN 1 Gotta 해요 that 한국말

2 OVERVIEW

 Linguistic isolate  Agglutinative  Originally written using ()

3 KOREAN 4 WRITING SYSTEM

5 6 7 SYLLABIFICATION = 대구

= 한글

= 서울

8 TRANSLITERATION

 캘리포니아  California  배트맨  Batman  슈퍼맨  Superman  디즈니 월드  Disneyworld  플로리다 대학  University of Plorida

9 HANJA (한자)

 A dictionary might list hanja for disambiguation of the definition of 수도

10 HISTORY OF THE 11 In three parts

 Mostly reconstructed from

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13 IDU

14 EARLY MIDDLE KOREAN

 Very few attestations

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16 KOREAN SHIFT

17 LATE MIDDLE KOREAN

 Development of writing system  Lots of attestations

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19

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21 MODERN KOREAN

 Loss of tones  Loss of  Simplified phonology

22 AND SOUND CHANGES 23 CONSONANTS

 Korean has 19 consonant

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 Korean has eight vowel phonemes

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26  Vowels traditionally have a length distinction, but the distinction is disappearing  Additionally the distinction betweenㅔ(/e/) andㅐ(/ɛ/) is disappearing among younger speakers  개 vs 게  Also the distinction between ㅚ (the mid front rounded vowel /ø/ ) and ㅟ (the closed front rounded vowel y/ ) disappeared between 2003 and 2012

27 VOWEL HARMONY

 Korean traditionally had strong vowel harmony  Some vowel harmony can still be seen  노랗다 plain yellow, 누렇다 very yellow  파랗다 plain blue, 퍼렇다 deep blue

28  For each stop and , there is a three-way contrast between unvoiced segments, which are distinguished as plain, tense, and aspirated

29  꿀  Honey  굴  oyster

30 ALLOPHONY

 A number of sounds in Korean are allophonic  This allophony is based on the position of the consonant in the syllabic structure

 밥 31  Rice/ Food OBSOLETE LETTERS

 13 obsolete consonants: ᄛ, ㅱ, ㅸ, ᄼ, ᄾ, ㅿ, ㆁ, ᅎ, ᅐ, ᅔ, ᅕ, ㆄ, ㆆ  1 obsolete vowel: ㆍ arae-a  10 obsolete double consonants: ㅥ, ᄙ, ㅹ, ᄽ, ᄿ, ᅇ, ᇮ, ᅏ, ᅑ, ㆅ  66 obsolete clusters of two consonants: ᇃ, ᄓ, ㅦ, ᄖ, ㅧ, ㅨ, ᇉ, ᄗ, ᇋ, ᄘ, ㅪ, ㅬ, ᇘ, ㅭ, ᇚ, ᇛ, ㅮ, ㅯ, ㅰ, ᇠ, ᇡ, ㅲ, ᄟ, ㅳ, ᇣ, ㅶ, ᄨ, ㅷ, ᄪ, ᇥ, ㅺ, ㅻ, ㅼ, ᄰ, ᄱ, ㅽ, ᄵ, ㅾ, ᄷ, ᄸ, ᄹ, ᄺ, ᄻ, ᅁ, ᅂ, ᅃ, ᅄ, ᅅ, ᅆ, ᅈ, ᅉ, ᅊ, ᅋ, ᇬ, ᇭ, ㆂ, ㆃ, ᇯ, ᅍ, ᅒ, ᅓ, ᅖ, ᇵ, ᇶ, ᇷ, ᇸ  17 obsolete clusters of three consonants: ᇄ, ㅩ, ᇏ, ᇑ, ᇒ, ㅫ, ᇔ, ᇕ, ᇖ, ᇞ, ㅴ, ㅵ, ᄤ, ᄥ, ᄦ, ᄳ, ᄴ  44 obsolete diphthongs and vowel sequences: ᆜ, ᆝ, ᆢ, ᅷ, ᅸ, ᅹ, ᅺ, ᅻ, ᅼ, ᅽ, ᅾ, ᅿ, ᆀ, ᆁ, ᆂ, ᆃ, ㆇ, ㆈ, ᆆ, ᆇ, ㆉ, ᆉ, ᆊ, ᆋ, ᆌ, ᆍ, ᆎ, ᆏ, ᆐ, ㆊ, ㆋ, ᆓ, ㆌ, ᆕ, 32 ᆖ, ᆗ, ᆘ, ᆙ, ᆚ, ᆛ, ᆟ, ᆠ, ㆎ

KOREAN GRAMMAR 33 9품사 CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS

 Content words  Substantives  명사 (nouns)  대명사 (pronouns)  수사 (number words)  Verbs (broadly speaking)  동사 (action verbs)  형용사 (descriptive verbs or adjectives)  Modifiers  관형사 (determiners, pronouns, or indeclinable adjectives)  부사 (adverbs)  Other content words  감탄사 (interjections or exclamations)  Function words

 조사 (particles or postpositions) 34 CLITICS

Case clitics Case After vowels After consonants Nominative 가 이 Accusative 를 을 Genitive 의 Dative 에 (inanimate) (also destination) 에게 (animate) Locative 에서 (inanimate) (place of event, also 에게서 (animate) source) Instrumental 로 으로 하고 Comitative 와 과 (also and) 랑 이랑 Vocative 아 야 35

Information clitics

Type After vowels After consonants Topic* 는 은 Additive* 도 Or 나 이나

36 VERBS, ADJECTIVES (형용사)

 보고있다  The watched movie  사랑스럽다  Having the property of being able to be loved

37 NUMERALS (수사)

 Two numerical systems  a pure Korean system  a Chinese based (Sino-Korean) system

38 NUMERALS (수사)

 Two numerical systems  a pure Korean system

 physical objects

 age

 hours  a Chinese based (Sino-Korean) system

 any number over 100

 money

 math

 minutes

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40 HONORIFICS (높임말)

 하나이다  합니다  해요  하오  하네  한다  해

 The verb “to do” in seven honorific levels

41 GREETINGS 높임말, 반말

 안녕하십니까  높임말, Polite speech/ formal  안녕하세요  Standard level  안녕  반말, close level/ rude

42 HONORIFIC VERBS

 있다 계시다 "to be/exist"  마시다 드시다 "to drink"  먹다 드시다 "to eat"  먹다 잡수시다 "to eat"  자다 주무시다 "to sleep"  주다 드리다 "give"

43 WHO SHOULD YOU BE POLITE TO?

 Older people  People above you socially  선배 – 후배  Seonbae – Hubae  Senjour - Junior

44 WHO CAN YOU BE RUDE TO?

 Children  People younger than you

45 BEING RUDE IN KOREAN

 Mixing speech levels  너만 잘 하세요

 mind your own business  Being too close  가시나

 sister  아줌마 / 이모

 auntie

46 KOREAN NAMING CONVENTIONS 47 이름  Korean names are generally three

이긴아

Family Personal name name

48  Sometimes siblings also have a generational name 최진실 최진영

Family Generational Personal name name name

49  There are approximately 280 family names used in  Traditionally only aristocrats had last names  Families started buying last names around 1690  Everyone given the ability to choose a last name in 1894  In 1910 census less than 50% of the population had a family name

50 FAMILY NAMES IN KOREA

51 FOREIGN NAMES

 Korean naming conventions and leads to a few problems  리차드

 Richard  차드

 Chard  챋

 Chat  그래이스

 Grace

52 KOREAN DIALECTOLOGY 53 사투리 DIALECT OVERVIEW

 There are seven  Hamgyeong (함경) [NK]  Northwestern (평안) [NK]  Central (중부) [Standard]  Gangwon (강원 )  Gyeongsang (경상)  Jeolla (전라)  Jeju (제주)

54  Korean dialects are divided along natural barriers (mountain ranges)

55  Dragonfly in different dialects

56 사투리

 The prestige dialect in both North and South  The vowels for ㅔ and ㅐ are merged  Vowel length is not distinguished consistently, if at all.  -도, -로, and –고 pronounced -두,-루, and -구.  삼촌 is pronounced as 삼춘 (uncle)  End interrogative sentences -냐?

57 HAMGYEONG 사투리

 Kinship terminology  아버지 becomes 아바이 or 애비 (father)

58 PYEONGAN 사투리

 Maintains distinction between ㅔ and ㅐ  Losing distinction between 어 and 오  Words beginning with ㄴ (/n/) are pronounced as ㄹ (/r/)

59 GANGWON 사투리

and dialects  Few speakers in the area  Division along mountain range  Uses tones

60 JEOLLA 사투리

 Copular endings  -습니다 or -세요 become 라우 or 지라우  Causative endings  -니까 becomes -응게  Quotative ending  -다고 and -라고 become -당게

61 JEJU 사투리

 Maintains ㆍ/ɒ/ vowel  Jeju honorifics differ from Standard Korean  standard declarative ㅂ니다  Jeju 암/엄수다  Standard interrogative ㅂ니까?  Jeju 암/엄수과?  Stative verbs ("adjectives")  standardㅂ니다/까 or 습니다/까  Jeju 우다/꽈 or 수다/꽈  Past declarative  standard 았/었습니다  Jeju 앗/엇수다  Interrogative  standard 았/었습니까?  Jeju 앗/엇수과? 62 GYEONGSANG 사투리

 Gyeongsang dialects have six vowels, a (ㅏ), e (ㅔ), i (ㅣ), eo (ㅓ), o (ㅗ), u (ㅜ)  ㅐ(ae) and ㅔ (e) are merged  ㅡ(eu) and ㅓ(eo) are merged

 soegogi (쇠고기) 'beef' is pronounced sogogi

 gwaja (과자) 'confectionery' is pronounced ggaja.  Has tones

63 GYEONGSANG 사투리 EXAMPLE

 뭐해요 vs 뭐하노 What are you doing?  할아버지 vs 할배 Grandfather  할머니 vs 할매 Grandmother  먹오 vs 무라 to eat  너만 잘 하세요 vs 밥이나 무라  Mind your own business in standard and dialect

64 ATTITUDES TOWARDS 사투리

65 KOREAN CONTACT-INDUCED CHANGES OVER TIME 66 SINO-KOREAN

 About 60% of Korean vocabulary is borrowed from or created from Chinese  Often there are both pure Korean and Chinese derived words for one meaning  고맙습니다 vs 고마워

 Thank you  사람 vs 인

 person

67 JAPANESE INFLUENCE ON KOREAN

 During the Japanese occupation of Korea, the Japanese introduced:  Sino-Japanese vocabulary  English loanwords through Japanese

 화이팅

 Fighting (good luck / you can do it)

 서비스

 Service (free gift at a restaurant)

 아파트

 Apartment

68 OTHER INFLUENCES

 German via Japanese  아르바이트

 Part time job [arbeite]  알레르기

 allergy  Deutschland > doitsu (獨逸) > Dogil (독일)

69 ENGLISH INFLUENCE ON KOREAN

 핸드폰  Handphone (cell phone)  아이쇼핑  Eye shopping (window shopping)  셀카  Sel-ka (self camera / selfie)  Man to man  Sweat shirt  One piece/ two piece  Dress / skirt and blouse  커닝  Cunning (cheating) 70

NORTH/ SOUTH DIFFERENCES 71 동무 vs 친구

DIFFERENCES IN NORTH AND SOUTH KOREAN

 There are differences between  Pronunciation  Spelling  Grammar  Vocabulary

72 PRONUNCIATION

 In Sino-Korean words, some of ㄴ /n/ and all of ㄹ /l/ that come in the beginning of a word are dropped in pronunciation and not written out in the South, but all initial ㄴ and ㄹ are written out in the North.

73 SPELLING

74 GRAMMAR

75 VOCABULARY

 문화주택 vs 아파트  apartment  조선말 vs 한국말  Korean language  곽밥 vs 도시락  Type of lunch box (similar to bento)  동무 vs 친구  Comrade / Friend

76 끝 (THE END)

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