DOCSLIB.ORG

KOREAN 1 Gotta 해요 That 한국말

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
KOREAN 1 Gotta 해요 That 한국말 KOREAN 1 Gotta 해요 that 한국말 2 OVERVIEW Linguistic isolate Agglutinative Originally written using Chinese characters (hanja) 3 KOREAN WRITING SYSTEM 4 WRITING SYSTEM 5 6 7 SYLLABIFICATION = 대구 = 한글 = 서울 8 TRANSLITERATION 캘리포니아 California 배트맨 Batman 슈퍼맨 Superman 디즈니 월드 Disneyworld 플로리다 대학 University of Plorida 9 HANJA (한자) A dictionary might list hanja for disambiguation of the definition of 수도 10 HISTORY OF THE KOREAN LANGUAGE 11 In three parts OLD KOREAN Mostly reconstructed from Middle Korean 12 13 IDU 14 EARLY MIDDLE KOREAN Very few attestations 15 16 KOREAN VOWEL SHIFT 17 LATE MIDDLE KOREAN Development of writing system Lots of attestations 18 19 20 21 MODERN KOREAN Loss of tones Loss of vowel harmony Simplified phonology 22 KOREAN PHONOLOGY AND SOUND CHANGES 23 CONSONANTS Korean has 19 consonant phonemes 24 VOWELS Korean has eight vowel phonemes 25 26 Vowels traditionally have a length distinction, but the distinction is disappearing Additionally the distinction betweenㅔ(/e/) andㅐ(/ɛ/) is disappearing among younger speakers 개 vs 게 Also the distinction between ㅚ (the mid front rounded vowel /ø/ ) and ㅟ (the closed front rounded vowel y/ ) disappeared between 2003 and 2012 27 VOWEL HARMONY Korean traditionally had strong vowel harmony Some vowel harmony can still be seen 노랗다 plain yellow, 누렇다 very yellow 파랗다 plain blue, 퍼렇다 deep blue 28 For each stop and affricate, there is a three-way contrast between unvoiced segments, which are distinguished as plain, tense, and aspirated 29 꿀 Honey 굴 oyster 30 ALLOPHONY A number of sounds in Korean are allophonic This allophony is based on the position of the consonant in the syllabic structure 밥 31 Rice/ Food OBSOLETE LETTERS 13 obsolete consonants: ᄛ, ㅱ, ㅸ, ᄼ, ᄾ, ㅿ, ㆁ, ᅎ, ᅐ, ᅔ, ᅕ, ㆄ, ㆆ 1 obsolete vowel: ㆍ arae-a 10 obsolete double consonants: ㅥ, ᄙ, ㅹ, ᄽ, ᄿ, ᅇ, ᇮ, ᅏ, ᅑ, ㆅ 66 obsolete clusters of two consonants: ᇃ, ᄓ, ㅦ, ᄖ, ㅧ, ㅨ, ᇉ, ᄗ, ᇋ, ᄘ, ㅪ, ㅬ, ᇘ, ㅭ, ᇚ, ᇛ, ㅮ, ㅯ, ㅰ, ᇠ, ᇡ, ㅲ, ᄟ, ㅳ, ᇣ, ㅶ, ᄨ, ㅷ, ᄪ, ᇥ, ㅺ, ㅻ, ㅼ, ᄰ, ᄱ, ㅽ, ᄵ, ㅾ, ᄷ, ᄸ, ᄹ, ᄺ, ᄻ, ᅁ, ᅂ, ᅃ, ᅄ, ᅅ, ᅆ, ᅈ, ᅉ, ᅊ, ᅋ, ᇬ, ᇭ, ㆂ, ㆃ, ᇯ, ᅍ, ᅒ, ᅓ, ᅖ, ᇵ, ᇶ, ᇷ, ᇸ 17 obsolete clusters of three consonants: ᇄ, ㅩ, ᇏ, ᇑ, ᇒ, ㅫ, ᇔ, ᇕ, ᇖ, ᇞ, ㅴ, ㅵ, ᄤ, ᄥ, ᄦ, ᄳ, ᄴ 44 obsolete diphthongs and vowel sequences: ᆜ, ᆝ, ᆢ, ᅷ, ᅸ, ᅹ, ᅺ, ᅻ, ᅼ, ᅽ, ᅾ, ᅿ, ᆀ, ᆁ, ᆂ, ᆃ, ㆇ, ㆈ, ᆆ, ᆇ, ㆉ, ᆉ, ᆊ, ᆋ, ᆌ, ᆍ, ᆎ, ᆏ, ᆐ, ㆊ, ㆋ, ᆓ, ㆌ, ᆕ, 32 ᆖ, ᆗ, ᆘ, ᆙ, ᆚ, ᆛ, ᆟ, ᆠ, ㆎ KOREAN GRAMMAR 33 9품사 CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS Content words Substantives 명사 (nouns) 대명사 (pronouns) 수사 (number words) Verbs (broadly speaking) 동사 (action verbs) 형용사 (descriptive verbs or adjectives) Modifiers 관형사 (determiners, pronouns, or indeclinable adjectives) 부사 (adverbs) Other content words 감탄사 (interjections or exclamations) Function words 조사 (particles or postpositions) 34 CLITICS Case clitics Case After vowels After consonants Nominative 가 이 Accusative 를 을 Genitive 의 Dative 에 (inanimate) (also destination) 에게 (animate) Locative 에서 (inanimate) (place of event, also 에게서 (animate) source) Instrumental 로 으로 하고 Comitative 와 과 (also and) 랑 이랑 Vocative 아 야 35 Information clitics Type After vowels After consonants Topic* 는 은 Additive* 도 Or 나 이나 36 VERBS, ADJECTIVES (형용사) 보고있다 The watched movie 사랑스럽다 Having the property of being able to be loved 37 NUMERALS (수사) Two numerical systems a pure Korean system a Chinese based (Sino-Korean) system 38 NUMERALS (수사) Two numerical systems a pure Korean system physical objects age hours a Chinese based (Sino-Korean) system any number over 100 money math minutes 39 40 HONORIFICS (높임말) 하나이다 합니다 해요 하오 하네 한다 해 The verb “to do” in seven honorific levels 41 GREETINGS 높임말, 반말 안녕하십니까 높임말, Polite speech/ formal 안녕하세요 Standard level 안녕 반말, close level/ rude 42 HONORIFIC VERBS 있다 계시다 "to be/exist" 마시다 드시다 "to drink" 먹다 드시다 "to eat" 먹다 잡수시다 "to eat" 자다 주무시다 "to sleep" 주다 드리다 "give" 43 WHO SHOULD YOU BE POLITE TO? Older people People above you socially 선배 – 후배 Seonbae – Hubae Senjour - Junior 44 WHO CAN YOU BE RUDE TO? Children People younger than you 45 BEING RUDE IN KOREAN Mixing speech levels 너만 잘 하세요 mind your own business Being too close 가시나 sister 아줌마 / 이모 auntie 46 KOREAN NAMING CONVENTIONS 47 이름 Korean names are generally three syllables 이긴아 Family Personal name name 48 Sometimes siblings also have a generational name 최진실 최진영 Family Generational Personal name name name 49 There are approximately 280 family names used in Korea Traditionally only aristocrats had last names Families started buying last names around 1690 Everyone given the ability to choose a last name in 1894 In 1910 census less than 50% of the population had a family name 50 FAMILY NAMES IN KOREA 51 FOREIGN NAMES Korean naming conventions and phonotactics leads to a few problems 리차드 Richard 차드 Chard 챋 Chat 그래이스 Grace 52 KOREAN DIALECTOLOGY 53 사투리 DIALECT OVERVIEW There are seven Korean dialects Hamgyeong (함경) [NK] Northwestern (평안) [NK] Central (중부) [Standard] Gangwon (강원 ) Gyeongsang (경상) Jeolla (전라) Jeju (제주) 54 Korean dialects are divided along natural barriers (mountain ranges) 55 Dragonfly in different dialects 56 SEOUL 사투리 The prestige dialect in both North and South The vowels for ㅔ and ㅐ are merged Vowel length is not distinguished consistently, if at all. -도, -로, and –고 pronounced -두,-루, and -구. 삼촌 is pronounced as 삼춘 (uncle) End interrogative sentences -냐? 57 HAMGYEONG 사투리 Kinship terminology 아버지 becomes 아바이 or 애비 (father) 58 PYEONGAN 사투리 Maintains distinction between ㅔ and ㅐ Losing distinction between 어 and 오 Words beginning with ㄴ (/n/) are pronounced as ㄹ (/r/) 59 GANGWON 사투리 Yeongseo and Yeongdong dialects Few speakers in the area Division along mountain range Uses tones 60 JEOLLA 사투리 Copular endings -습니다 or -세요 become 라우 or 지라우 Causative endings -니까 becomes -응게 Quotative ending -다고 and -라고 become -당게 61 JEJU 사투리 Maintains ㆍ/ɒ/ vowel Jeju honorifics differ from Standard Korean standard declarative ㅂ니다 Jeju 암/엄수다 Standard interrogative ㅂ니까? Jeju 암/엄수과? Stative verbs ("adjectives") standardㅂ니다/까 or 습니다/까 Jeju 우다/꽈 or 수다/꽈 Past declarative standard 았/었습니다 Jeju 앗/엇수다 Interrogative standard 았/었습니까? Jeju 앗/엇수과? 62 GYEONGSANG 사투리 Gyeongsang dialects have six vowels, a (ㅏ), e (ㅔ), i (ㅣ), eo (ㅓ), o (ㅗ), u (ㅜ) ㅐ(ae) and ㅔ (e) are merged ㅡ(eu) and ㅓ(eo) are merged soegogi (쇠고기) 'beef' is pronounced sogogi gwaja (과자) 'confectionery' is pronounced ggaja. Has tones 63 GYEONGSANG 사투리 EXAMPLE 뭐해요 vs 뭐하노 What are you doing? 할아버지 vs 할배 Grandfather 할머니 vs 할매 Grandmother 먹오 vs 무라 to eat 너만 잘 하세요 vs 밥이나 무라 Mind your own business in standard and dialect 64 ATTITUDES TOWARDS 사투리 65 KOREAN CONTACT-INDUCED CHANGES OVER TIME 66 SINO-KOREAN About 60% of Korean vocabulary is borrowed from or created from Chinese Often there are both pure Korean and Chinese derived words for one meaning 고맙습니다 vs 고마워 Thank you 사람 vs 인 person 67 JAPANESE INFLUENCE ON KOREAN During the Japanese occupation of Korea, the Japanese introduced: Sino-Japanese vocabulary English loanwords through Japanese 화이팅 Fighting (good luck / you can do it) 서비스 Service (free gift at a restaurant) 아파트 Apartment 68 OTHER INFLUENCES German via Japanese 아르바이트 Part time job [arbeite] 알레르기 allergy Deutschland > doitsu (獨逸) > Dogil (독일) 69 ENGLISH INFLUENCE ON KOREAN 핸드폰 Handphone (cell phone) 아이쇼핑 Eye shopping (window shopping) 셀카 Sel-ka (self camera / selfie) Man to man Sweat shirt One piece/ two piece Dress / skirt and blouse 커닝 Cunning (cheating) 70 NORTH/ SOUTH DIFFERENCES 71 동무 vs 친구 DIFFERENCES IN NORTH AND SOUTH KOREAN There are differences between Pronunciation Spelling Grammar Vocabulary 72 PRONUNCIATION In Sino-Korean words, some of ㄴ /n/ and all of ㄹ /l/ that come in the beginning of a word are dropped in pronunciation and not written out in the South, but all initial ㄴ and ㄹ are written out in the North. 73 SPELLING 74 GRAMMAR 75 VOCABULARY 문화주택 vs 아파트 apartment 조선말 vs 한국말 Korean language 곽밥 vs 도시락 Type of lunch box (similar to bento) 동무 vs 친구 Comrade / Friend 76 끝 (THE END) 77 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Unexpected Nasal Consonants in Joseon-Era Korean Thomas
    Unexpected Nasal Consonants in Joseon-Era Korean Thomas Darnell 17 April 2020 The diminutive suffixes -ngaji and -ngsengi are unique in contemporary Korean in ​ ​ ​ ​ that they both begin with the velar nasal consonant (/ŋ/) and seem to be of Korean origin. Surprisingly, they seem to share no direct genetic affiliation. But by reverse-engineering sound change involving the morpheme-initial velar nasal in the Ulsan dialect, I prove that the historical form of -aengi was actually ​ ​ maximally -ng; thus the suffixes -ngaji and -ngsaengi are related if we consider ​ ​ ​ ​ them to be concatenations of this diminutive suffix -ng and the suffixes -aji and ​ ​ ​ ​ -sengi. This is supported by the existence of words with the -aji suffix in which the ​ ​ ​ initial velar nasal -ㅇ is absent and which have no semantic meaning of ​ ​ diminutiveness. 1. Introduction Korean is a language of contested linguistic origin spoken primarily on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. There are approximately 77 million Korean speakers globally, though about 72 million of these speakers reside on the Korean peninsula (Eberhard et al.). Old Korean is the name given to the first attested stage of the Koreanic family, referring to the language spoken in the Silla kingdom, a small polity at the southeast end of the Korean peninsula. It is attested (at first quite sparsely) from the fifth century until the overthrow of the Silla state in the year 935 (Lee & Ramsey 2011: 48, 50, 55). Soon after that year, the geographic center of written Korean then moved to the capital of this conquering state, the Goryeo kingdom, located near present-day Seoul; this marks the beginning of Early Middle Korean (Lee & Ramsey: 50, 77).
    [Show full text]
  • Language Use Among Japanese-Korean Bilinguals with Age As a Determining Factor: Students at a Chosengakko, Korean School in Japan
    Asian and African Languages and Linguistics, No.14, 2020 Language Use among Japanese-Korean Bilinguals with Age as a Determining Factor: Students at a Chosengakko, Korean School in Japan LEE, Jae Ho The University of Tokyo This paper explores the language use of Japanese-Korean bilingual students at a Chosengakko (Korean School in Japan) and, in particular, the determining factor of age. The students have become bilinguals of Japanese and Korean through a Korean immersion program. Though students are encouraged to speak in Korean within the school grounds, the findings of this survey indicate that they also speak in Japanese depending on several factors. I use the data from a questionnaire survey and from the students’ actual speech to identify age as a factor in their use of the two languages. While students speak more Japanese with other students in the same grade and lower grades, they speak more Korean with students in higher grades and teachers. Sociocultural reasons may also be a factor. Keywords: bilingual, language use, age, domain, codeswitching 1. Introduction 2. Chosengakko and their linguistic environment 3. Data 4. Summary and discussion 5. Conclusion 1. Introduction This paper explores language use among Japanese-Korean bilingual students of a specific Chosengakko,1 a Korean School in Japan, and attempts to explain how their language use changes based on age. A Chosengakko is one type of school in Japan at which students of Korean ethnicity may receive an education. Generally, students at such schools have been born and raised in Japan. When they enter the school, they learn the Korean language and other subjects LEE, Jae Ho.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposal for a Korean Script Root Zone LGR 1 General Information
    (internal doc. #: klgp220_101f_proposal_korean_lgr-25jan18-en_v103.doc) Proposal for a Korean Script Root Zone LGR LGR Version 1.0 Date: 2018-01-25 Document version: 1.03 Authors: Korean Script Generation Panel 1 General Information/ Overview/ Abstract The purpose of this document is to give an overview of the proposed Korean Script LGR in the XML format and the rationale behind the design decisions taken. It includes a discussion of relevant features of the script, the communities or languages using it, the process and methodology used and information on the contributors. The formal specification of the LGR can be found in the accompanying XML document below: • proposal-korean-lgr-25jan18-en.xml Labels for testing can be found in the accompanying text document below: • korean-test-labels-25jan18-en.txt In Section 3, we will see the background on Korean script (Hangul + Hanja) and principal language using it, i.e., Korean language. The overall development process and methodology will be reviewed in Section 4. The repertoire and variant groups in K-LGR will be discussed in Sections 5 and 6, respectively. In Section 7, Whole Label Evaluation Rules (WLE) will be described and then contributors for K-LGR are shown in Section 8. Several appendices are included with separate files. proposal-korean-lgr-25jan18-en 1 / 73 1/17 2 Script for which the LGR is proposed ISO 15924 Code: Kore ISO 15924 Key Number: 287 (= 286 + 500) ISO 15924 English Name: Korean (alias for Hangul + Han) Native name of the script: 한글 + 한자 Maximal Starting Repertoire (MSR) version: MSR-2 [241] Note.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Merger of Korean Mid Front Vowels: Phonetic and Phonological Evidence
    119 Journal of the Korean Society of Speech Sciences Vol.7 No.2 (2015.06.30) www.speechsciences.or.kr ISSN 2005-8063, pp. 119~129 http://dx.doi.org/10.13064/KSSS.2015.7.2.119 On the Merger of Korean Mid Front Vowels: Phonetic and Phonological Evidence Eychenne, Julien1)․Jang, Tae-Yeoub2) ABSTRACT This paper investigates the status of the merger between the mid front unrounded vowels ㅔ[e] and ㅐ[ɛ] in contemporary Korean. Our analysis is based on a balanced corpus of production and perception data from young subjects from three dialectal areas (Seoul, Daegu and Gwangju). Except for expected gender differences, the production data display no difference in the realization of these vowels, in any of the dialects. The perception data, while mostly in line with the production results, show that Seoul females tend to better discriminate the two vowels in terms of perceived height: vowels with a lower F1 are more likely to be categorized as ㅔ by this group. We then investigate the possible causes of this merger: based on an empirical study of transcribed spoken Korean, we show that the pair of vowels ㅔ/ㅐ has a very low functional load. We argue that this factor, together with the phonetic similarity of the two vowels, may have been responsible for the observed merger. Keywords: mid front vowels, merger, Korean monophthongs, functional load 1. Introduction 9, instead of 10) based on results of phonetic experiments. The three front vowels /ɛ, ø, y/ are categorized differently by The vowel inventory of contemporary Korean needs intensive different scholars.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Introduction 2. Studies on Jeju and Efforts to Preserve It
    An Endangered Language: Jeju Language Yeong-bong Kang Jeju National University 1. Introduction It has been a well-known fact that language is closely connected with both speaker's mind and its local culture. Cultural trait, one of the core properties of language, means that language reflects culture of the society at large. Even though Jeju language samchun 'uncle' is a variation of its standard Korean samchon, it is hard to say that samchun has the same dictionary definition of samchon, the brother of father, especially unmarried. In Jeju, if he/she is older than the speaker, everyone, regardless of his/her sex, can be samchun whether or not he/she is the speaker's relative. It means that Jeju language well reflects local culture and social aspects of Jeju. In other words, Jeju language reflects Jeju culture and society, and it reveals Jeju people's soul. This paper aims to investigate efforts to preserve Jeju language which reflect Jeju people's soul and cultures, processes which Jeju was included in the Atlas of languages in danger by UNESCO, and substantive approaches for preserving Jeju. 2. Studies on Jeju and efforts to preserve it There have been lots of studies on Jeju and efforts to preserve it by individuals, institutions, media, and etc. 2.1 Individual studies on Jeju language and efforts to preserve it Individual studies on Jeju language started with Japanese linguist Ogura Shinpei's Jeju Dialect in 1913. He also presented The Value of Jeju Dialect and Jeju Dialect: Cheong-gu Journal in 1924 and 1931 each.
    [Show full text]
  • The Languages of Japan and Korea Old Korean
    This article was downloaded by: 10.3.98.104 On: 02 Oct 2021 Access details: subscription number Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG, UK The Languages of Japan and Korea Nicolas Tranter Old Korean Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203124741.ch3 Nam Pung-hyun () Published online on: 16 May 2012 How to cite :- Nam Pung-hyun (). 16 May 2012, Old Korean from: The Languages of Japan and Korea Routledge Accessed on: 02 Oct 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203124741.ch3 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR DOCUMENT Full terms and conditions of use: https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/legal-notices/terms This Document PDF may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproductions, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. PART II KOREAN Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:21 02 Oct 2021; For: 9780203124741, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203124741.ch3 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:21 02 Oct 2021; For: 9780203124741, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203124741.ch3 OLD KOREAN 41 CHAPTER THREE OLD KOREAN Nam Pung-hyun (南豊鉉) 3.1 PERIODIZATION We divide Old Korean (OK) into Early, Mid and Late Old Korean (EOK, MOK, LOK).
    [Show full text]
  • Masterarbeit / Master's Thesis
    MASTERARBEIT / MASTER’S THESIS Titel der Masterarbeit / Title of the Master‘s Thesis „Regionalismus und Stereotypen: Die Perzeption regionaler Dialekte in Südkorea“ verfasst von / submitted by Nikolaus Johannes Nagl BA angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2017/ Vienna 2017 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 066 871 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / Koreanologie degree programme as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Rainer Dormels Regionalismus und Stereotypen VORWORT Mein besonderer Dank für die tatkräftige Unterstützung beim Verfassen dieser Arbeit gebührt Herrn Prof. Rainer Dormels für die gewährte Freiheit beim Verfassen sowie die unzähligen konstruktiven Einwände und die Flexibilität bei der Verleihung von Fachliteratur. Des weiteren bedanke ich mich bei den Lektorinnen Jisun Kim und Susan Jo für hilfreiche Anregungen und bei Yuyoung Lee für die Hilfe bei der Erstellung des koreanischen Fragebogens. Großer Dank gebührt auch meinen Eltern sowie meinem Schulfreund Moritz für die motivieren Worte und nicht zuletzt auch den hunderten bereitwilligen vor Ort in Korea, die ihre Zeit zur Verfügung gestellt haben, um den Fragebogen zu beantworten. Schließlich möchte ich noch darauf hinweisen, dass mein stellenweiser Verzicht auf Gendern keineswegs auf eine diskriminierende Absicht zurückzuführen ist, sondern lediglich einem angenehmeren Lesefluss
    [Show full text]
  • Overlooked Historical Records of the Three Korean Kingdoms, Seoul: Jimoondang, 2006
    7 BOOK REVIEWS 107 Overlooked Historical Records of the Three Korean Kingdoms, Seoul: Jimoondang, 2006. The first compilation of beliefs of ancient and medieval Korea, Overlooked Historical Records of the Three Korean Kingdoms (Samgukyusa) contains the seeds of what we refer to these days as Korean culture. Dealing with mythology, legends, anecdotes, Buddhist and Shamanistic beliefs, history, geography, archeology, architecture, and the arts, this book does not only stand for an account of ancient and medieval Korea on Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla Kingdoms, but it also explains through understanding its origins, its transition to modernity. The author of this book is Ilyeon (1206-1289),1 a Buddhist monk who compiled materials related to the foundation of various Korean kingdoms, the lives of famous monarchs and Buddhist monks. In order to compile this book, he read both Chinese documents and old Korean documents, and offered his own comments and (re)interpretations, included in parentheses.2 In his description, Ilyeon dated the historical events by the reigns of Chinese emperors, and by the sexagenarian years of the lunar calendar that are converted into the twelve units to ∗ MA Candidate, Department of International Relations and European Studies, Central European University, IRES Department, Nador u. 9, 1051 Budapest, Hungary.E-mail: [email protected]. 1 Ilyeon was born into an ordinary family in Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang Province, in 1206. Before he entered the Buddhist priesthood at the age of nine, his secular name was Kim Gyeonmyeong. Even though he is known as Ilyeon, his Buddhist name was Bogak. At the age of twenty-two he passed the national examination for monks of the Zen sect with the greatest distinction.
    [Show full text]
  • Jejueo Datasets for Machine Translation and Speech Synthesis
    Jejueo Datasets for Machine Translation and Speech Synthesis Kyubyong Park, Yo Joong Choe, Jiyeon Ham Kakao Brain 20, Pangyoyeok-ro 241, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea fkyubyong.park, yj.choe, [email protected] Abstract Jejueo was classified as critically endangered by UNESCO in 2010. Although diverse efforts to revitalize it have been made, there have been few computational approaches. Motivated by this, we construct two new Jejueo datasets: Jejueo Interview Transcripts (JIT) and Jejueo Single Speaker Speech (JSS). The JIT dataset is a parallel corpus containing 170k+ Jejueo-Korean sentences, and the JSS dataset consists of 10k high-quality audio files recorded by a native Jejueo speaker and a transcript file. Subsequently, we build neural systems of machine translation and speech synthesis using them. All resources are publicly available via our GitHub repository. We hope that these datasets will attract interest of both language and machine learning communities. Keywords: Jejueo, Jeju language 1. Introduction A B C D Jejueo, or the Jeju language, is a minority language used on 제주어 JIT Dataset JSS Script d JSS Audios for Machine for Speech for Speech Jeju Island (O’Grady, 2015). It was classified as critically 구술자료집 compile extract recor 1 Translation Synthesis Synthesis endangered by UNESCO in 2010. While there have been PDF TXT TSV WAV many academic efforts to preserve the language (Yang et al., 2017; Saltzman, 2017; Yang et al., 2018a; Yang et al., Figure 1: Overview of dataset construction. The original 2018b), data-driven approaches for Jejueo-related language pdf files (A) are compiled into the JIT dataset (B).
    [Show full text]
  • 한국역사정보통합시스템 Korean History On-Line Designed by We'll Communications 02-3443-4620
    뿌 리 깊 은 나 무 우 리 의 역 사 입 니다 Korean History Information Center 2005 한국역사정보통합시스템 Korean History On-Line www.koreanhistory.or.kr Designed by we'll Communications 02-3443-4620 국사편찬위원회 한국역사종합정보센터 한국역사종합정보센터 427-010 경기도 과천시 중앙동2-6 [email protected] http://www.koreanhistory.or.kr CONTENTS 개관 03 한국역사정보통합시스템 연계서비스도 한국역사정보통합시스템 03 한국역사종합정보센터 소개 한국역사종합정보센터 04 한국역사 분야 기관별데이터베이스 전문정보센터 경상대학교문천각 08 Gyeongsang NationalMun University -cheon-Kak 국가보훈처 10 Ministry of PatriotsRepublic &VeteransAffairs ofKorea 국사편찬위원회 15 National Institute ofKoreanHistory 독립기념관 24 The Independence HallofKorea 국제한국학연구소 명지대학교 27 Myongji UniversityACADEMIA COREANA 민족문화추진회 28 Korean Classics Research Institute 민주화운동기념사업회 31 The Korea Democracy Foundation 서울대학교규장각 33 Seoul NationalKyujanggak University Royalbrary Li 존경각성균관대학교 36 Sungkyunkwan University Jon’gyeong’gak 전쟁기념관 37 The War Memorial ofKorea 한국국학진흥원 38 Korean Studies Advancement Center 한국여성개발원 40 Korean Women’s Development Institute 한국학중앙연구원 42 The Academy of KoreanStudies 고전운영실 국립중앙도서관 46 Old and Rare Book CollectionNational Division, Library ofKorea 한국역사정보통합시스템( Korean History On-Line)은 2000년 1월 지식정보자원관리법의 시행에 따라, 지식정보자원관리법의 2001년 한국역사분야3월 국사편찬위원회가 종합정보센터로 지정되어운영하는 한국역사분야 포털사이트입니다.한국역사분야 2005년한국역사분야 12월현재 전문정보센터인 기관의역사자료를통합메타 13개 데이터로, 국립중앙도서관의 한국고전적종합목록을 메타서치방식으로 검색서비스하고, 메타서치방식으로 원문 한국고전적종합목록을 데이터로,데이터는국립중앙도서관의 각기관에서서 비스하는체제를 갖추고있습니다. 한국역사종합정보센터 서비스도 한국역사종합정보센터 교육학술분야 문화분야 지식정보자원 Portal Portal 관리위원회 일반 (정보통신부) 사용자 국가지식정보 국가지식정보 민간 통합검색시스템 자원관리센터 Portal www.knowledge.go.kr
    [Show full text]
  • An Acoustic, Aerodynamic and Perceptual Investigation of Word-Initial Denasalization in Korean
    An acoustic, aerodynamic and perceptual investigation of word-initial denasalization in Korean Young Shin Kim A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of University College London. Department of Speech, Hearing and Phonetic Sciences UCL 2011 2 I, Young Shin Kim, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Young Shin Kim 김영신 (金英信) 3 Abstract Korean nasals /m/ and /n/ are generally considered by Korean phoneticians to be hardly different from the corresponding English sounds, but those in word-initial position are often perceived as plosives by native speakers of English. This had been noted by only a few previous observers, and investigated on a very limited scale. In this study, various experimental methods were employed in systematic analyses of the production and acoustic form of word-initial /m/ and /n/ from fluent connected speech collected from a relatively large number of informants, and corresponding perception tests were conducted with groups of Korean and English listeners. Auditory and spectrographic analyses confirmed that the segments were commonly “denasalized”. They display characteristics widely different from those of sonorant nasals, lacking the nasal formants commonly seen in spectrograms; in most cases they were more similar to voiced plosives, many tokens even showing plosive- like release bursts. Spectral analyses confirmed that denasalized nasals are significantly different from sonorant nasals throughout the whole frequency range but remain somewhat different from voiced plosives in the low and high frequency regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Korean Hankul and the Þp'ags-Pa Script
    Writine in the Altaic World studia orientalia 87, Helsinki 1999, pp. 79-t00 Korean Hankul and the þP'ags-pa script Roger Finch From the annals of the reign period of King Sejong of Korea, the fourth king of the Yi Dynasty, who ruled from 1418 to 1450, we learn that in the l2th month of the 25th year of his reign (1443), the king invented the Korean alphabet. This alphabet, now known as Hankul, was called Hunmin Ceng'im,'Right Sounds for Instructing the People'l at the time it was introduced, and later simply En-mun'Vernacular Script'. According to popular tradition, the shapes of the letters, most of which are rectilinear or angular, were inspired by the shapes in the fretwork on Korean windows. This writing system is a true alphabet, and not a syllabary, though signs for discrete sounds are organized into single blocks of signs, each representing a syllable in the way that Chinese characters are complexes made up of various strokes organized into single blocks, each of which represent.s a syllable; a syllabary is a writing system in which each combination of consonants with a syllabic core is repre- sented by a unique sign as, for example, the Japanese Kana (Hiragana and Katakana). Almost a century earlier, in 1260, in the year of his election to the position of Great Khan of the Mongols and Emperor of China,2 Khubilai Khan appointed National Preceptor a Tibetan monk named hP'ags-pa he had met seven years earlier, when hP'ags-pa was only nineteen, and commissioned him to create a new Mongolian script.
    [Show full text]