Jejueo Datasets for Machine Translation and Speech Synthesis
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Towards a Practical Phonology of Korean
Towards a practical phonology of Korean Research Master programme in Linguistics Leiden University Graduation thesis Lorenzo Oechies Supervisor: Dr. J.M. Wiedenhof Second reader: Dr. A.R. Nam June 1, 2020 The blue silhouette of the Korean peninsula featured on the front page of this thesis is taken from the Korean Unification Flag (Wikimedia 2009), which is used to represent both North and South Korea. Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... iii 0. Conventions ............................................................................................................................................... vii 0.1 Romanisation ........................................................................................................................................................ vii 0.2 Glosses .................................................................................................................................................................... viii 0.3 Symbols .................................................................................................................................................................. viii 0.4 Phonetic transcription ........................................................................................................................................ ix 0.5 Phonemic transcription..................................................................................................................................... -
The Morphosyntax of Jejuan – Ko Clause Linkages
The Morphosyntax of Jejuan –ko Clause Linkages † Soung-U Kim SOAS University of London ABSTRACT While clause linkage is a relatively understudied area within Koreanic linguistics, the Korean –ko clause linkage has been studied more extensively. Authors have deemed it interesting since depending on the successive/non-successive interpretation of its events, a –ko clause linkage exhibits all or no properties of what is traditionally known as coordination or subordination. Jejuan –ko clauses may look fairly similar to Korean on the surface, and exhibit a similar lack of semantic specification. This study shows that the traditional, dichotomous coordination-subordination opposition is not applicable to Jejuan –ko clauses. I propose that instead of applying a-priori categories to the exploration of clause linkage in Koreanic varieties, one should apply a multidimensional model that lets patterns emerge in an inductive way. Keywords: clause linkage, –ko converb, Jejuan, Jejueo, Ceycwu dialect 1. Introduction Koreanic language varieties are well-known for their richness in manifestations of clause linkage, much of which is realised by means of specialised verb forms. Connecting to an ever-growing body of research in functional-typological studies (cf. Haspelmath and König 1995), a number of authors in Koreanic linguistics have adopted the term converb for these forms (Jendraschek and Shin 2011, 2018; Kwon et al. 2006 among others). Languages such as Jejuan (Song S-J 2011) or Korean (Sohn H-M 2009) make extensive use of an unusually high number of converbs, connecting clauses within a larger sentence structure which may correspond to * This work was supported by the Laboratory Programme for Korean Studies through the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and Korean Studies Promotion Service of the Academy of Korean Studies (AKS-2016-LAB-2250003), the Endangered Languages Documentation Programme of the Arcadia Fund (IGS0208), as well as the British Arts and Humanities Research Council. -
Unexpected Nasal Consonants in Joseon-Era Korean Thomas
Unexpected Nasal Consonants in Joseon-Era Korean Thomas Darnell 17 April 2020 The diminutive suffixes -ngaji and -ngsengi are unique in contemporary Korean in that they both begin with the velar nasal consonant (/ŋ/) and seem to be of Korean origin. Surprisingly, they seem to share no direct genetic affiliation. But by reverse-engineering sound change involving the morpheme-initial velar nasal in the Ulsan dialect, I prove that the historical form of -aengi was actually maximally -ng; thus the suffixes -ngaji and -ngsaengi are related if we consider them to be concatenations of this diminutive suffix -ng and the suffixes -aji and -sengi. This is supported by the existence of words with the -aji suffix in which the initial velar nasal -ㅇ is absent and which have no semantic meaning of diminutiveness. 1. Introduction Korean is a language of contested linguistic origin spoken primarily on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. There are approximately 77 million Korean speakers globally, though about 72 million of these speakers reside on the Korean peninsula (Eberhard et al.). Old Korean is the name given to the first attested stage of the Koreanic family, referring to the language spoken in the Silla kingdom, a small polity at the southeast end of the Korean peninsula. It is attested (at first quite sparsely) from the fifth century until the overthrow of the Silla state in the year 935 (Lee & Ramsey 2011: 48, 50, 55). Soon after that year, the geographic center of written Korean then moved to the capital of this conquering state, the Goryeo kingdom, located near present-day Seoul; this marks the beginning of Early Middle Korean (Lee & Ramsey: 50, 77). -
2016 Research Enhancement Grant Application (Division of Arts and Humanities)
2016 Research Enhancement Grant Application (Division of Arts and Humanities) Title: The Sound and Grammar of Jeju Korean Name: Seongyeon Ko E-mail: [email protected] Department: Classical, Middle Eastern, and Asian Languages & Cultures PROJECT DESCRIPTION This project aims to collect data of Jeju, an endangered Koreanic language to be used to produce an illustration of its sound structure and further develop a larger project to eventually publish a comprehensive grammar of the language. Jeju Korean Jeju Korean is a regional variety of Korean, spoken mainly on Jeju Island by approximately 5,000 to 10,000 fluent speakers as well as in the Osaka area in Japan by some diasporic Jeju speakers. Traditionally considered a regional dialect of Korean, it is almost unintelligible with other “mainland” varieties of Korean and, therefore, is often treated as a separate language nowadays. In 2010, UNESCO designated it as one of the world’s “critically endangered languages” based on the fact that the Jeju language was spoken largely by elderly speakers in their 70s or older primarily in informal settings and rapidly falling out of use under the influence of Standard Korean. In fact, younger speakers speak a kind of “mixed” language of the Standard Korean and the Jeju Korean. Born and raised in Jeju Island before my college education, I was one of those younger speakers of the “mixed” language. And this is one of the major reasons that I became a linguist who have felt obliged to conduct research on this particular vernacular. Jeju Korean has been of much interest to both historical/comparative linguist group and general linguist group. -
Proposal for a Korean Script Root Zone LGR 1 General Information
(internal doc. #: klgp220_101f_proposal_korean_lgr-25jan18-en_v103.doc) Proposal for a Korean Script Root Zone LGR LGR Version 1.0 Date: 2018-01-25 Document version: 1.03 Authors: Korean Script Generation Panel 1 General Information/ Overview/ Abstract The purpose of this document is to give an overview of the proposed Korean Script LGR in the XML format and the rationale behind the design decisions taken. It includes a discussion of relevant features of the script, the communities or languages using it, the process and methodology used and information on the contributors. The formal specification of the LGR can be found in the accompanying XML document below: • proposal-korean-lgr-25jan18-en.xml Labels for testing can be found in the accompanying text document below: • korean-test-labels-25jan18-en.txt In Section 3, we will see the background on Korean script (Hangul + Hanja) and principal language using it, i.e., Korean language. The overall development process and methodology will be reviewed in Section 4. The repertoire and variant groups in K-LGR will be discussed in Sections 5 and 6, respectively. In Section 7, Whole Label Evaluation Rules (WLE) will be described and then contributors for K-LGR are shown in Section 8. Several appendices are included with separate files. proposal-korean-lgr-25jan18-en 1 / 73 1/17 2 Script for which the LGR is proposed ISO 15924 Code: Kore ISO 15924 Key Number: 287 (= 286 + 500) ISO 15924 English Name: Korean (alias for Hangul + Han) Native name of the script: 한글 + 한자 Maximal Starting Repertoire (MSR) version: MSR-2 [241] Note. -
1. Introduction 2. Studies on Jeju and Efforts to Preserve It
An Endangered Language: Jeju Language Yeong-bong Kang Jeju National University 1. Introduction It has been a well-known fact that language is closely connected with both speaker's mind and its local culture. Cultural trait, one of the core properties of language, means that language reflects culture of the society at large. Even though Jeju language samchun 'uncle' is a variation of its standard Korean samchon, it is hard to say that samchun has the same dictionary definition of samchon, the brother of father, especially unmarried. In Jeju, if he/she is older than the speaker, everyone, regardless of his/her sex, can be samchun whether or not he/she is the speaker's relative. It means that Jeju language well reflects local culture and social aspects of Jeju. In other words, Jeju language reflects Jeju culture and society, and it reveals Jeju people's soul. This paper aims to investigate efforts to preserve Jeju language which reflect Jeju people's soul and cultures, processes which Jeju was included in the Atlas of languages in danger by UNESCO, and substantive approaches for preserving Jeju. 2. Studies on Jeju and efforts to preserve it There have been lots of studies on Jeju and efforts to preserve it by individuals, institutions, media, and etc. 2.1 Individual studies on Jeju language and efforts to preserve it Individual studies on Jeju language started with Japanese linguist Ogura Shinpei's Jeju Dialect in 1913. He also presented The Value of Jeju Dialect and Jeju Dialect: Cheong-gu Journal in 1924 and 1931 each. -
Alawi 1 Hayla Alawi Pamela J Mackintosh Undergraduate
Alawi 1 Hayla Alawi Pamela J Mackintosh Undergraduate Research Award May 8th, 2020 Jeju Island, the Three Clans Myth, and Women Divers: Female Importance in Jeju’s Cultural History Introduction Jeju1 Island, officially the Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, lies 90 kilometers off the southern coast of the Korean peninsula and forms a province of South Korea. It is an interesting place, considered by many historians to be unique from mainland Korea before it was absorbed into the larger state, with fascinating cultural phenomena and a murky past. Although there is not much scholarship on the early history of Jeju2 and little in the written record about the island, it is possible to theorize what early Jeju cultural history may have looked like through a combined examination of the island’s mythology and modern-day culture. To gain a greater understanding of what early Jeju human culture may have looked like, I will examine the Myth of the Three Clans of Jeju Island, Jeju’s most prominent foundation myth. It is not the only foundation myth originating from the Korean Peninsula, but it is unique in that it features a key reversal between the roles of men and women in a narrative that is otherwise similar to other Korean foundation myths, the rest of which are found on mainland Korea. Myths can be thought of as reflecting a people’s society, culture, and perceived history, so the nature of 1 Note on Korean romanization: both the Revised Romanization of Korean (RR) and the McCune-Reischauer (MR) systems of Korean romanization will be used in this paper. -
An Acoustic, Aerodynamic and Perceptual Investigation of Word-Initial Denasalization in Korean
An acoustic, aerodynamic and perceptual investigation of word-initial denasalization in Korean Young Shin Kim A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of University College London. Department of Speech, Hearing and Phonetic Sciences UCL 2011 2 I, Young Shin Kim, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Young Shin Kim 김영신 (金英信) 3 Abstract Korean nasals /m/ and /n/ are generally considered by Korean phoneticians to be hardly different from the corresponding English sounds, but those in word-initial position are often perceived as plosives by native speakers of English. This had been noted by only a few previous observers, and investigated on a very limited scale. In this study, various experimental methods were employed in systematic analyses of the production and acoustic form of word-initial /m/ and /n/ from fluent connected speech collected from a relatively large number of informants, and corresponding perception tests were conducted with groups of Korean and English listeners. Auditory and spectrographic analyses confirmed that the segments were commonly “denasalized”. They display characteristics widely different from those of sonorant nasals, lacking the nasal formants commonly seen in spectrograms; in most cases they were more similar to voiced plosives, many tokens even showing plosive- like release bursts. Spectral analyses confirmed that denasalized nasals are significantly different from sonorant nasals throughout the whole frequency range but remain somewhat different from voiced plosives in the low and high frequency regions. -
I. Introduction
TRANSACTIONS ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY Korea Branch Volume 93 – 2018 1 COVER: The seal-shaped emblem of the RAS-KB consists of the following Chinese characters: 槿 (top right), 域 (bottom right), 菁 (top left), 莪 (bottom left), pronounced Kŭn yŏk Ch’ŏng A in Korean. The first two characters mean “the hibiscus region,” referring to Korea, while the other two (“luxuriant mugwort”) are a metaphor inspired by Confucian commentaries on the Chinese Book of Odes, and could be translated as “enjoy encouraging erudition.” SUBMISSIONS: Transactions invites the submission of manuscripts of both scholarly and more general interest pertaining to the anthropology, archeology, art, history, language, literature, philosophy, and religion of Korea. Manuscripts should be prepared in MS Word format and should be submitted in digital form. The style should conform to The Chicago Manual of Style (most recent edition). The covering letter should give full details of the author’s name, address and biography. Romanization of Korean words and names must follow either the McCune-Reischauer or the current Korean government system. Submissions will be peer- reviewed by two readers specializing in the field. Manuscripts will not be returned and no correspondence will be entered into concerning rejections. Transactions (ISSN 1229-0009) General Editor: Jon Dunbar Copyright © 2019 Royal Asiatic Society – Korea Branch Room 611, Christian Building, Daehangno 19 (Yeonji-dong), Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-736 Republic of Korea Tel: (82-2) 763-9483; Fax: (82-2) 766-3796; Email: [email protected] Visit our website at www.raskb.com TRANSACTIONS Volume 93 – 2018 Contents The Diamond Mountains: Lost Paradise Brother Anthony 1 Encouragement from Dongducheon 19 North Korean Fragments of Post-Socialist Guyana Moe Taylor 31 The Gyehu Deungnok Mark Peterson 43 “Literature Play” in a New World Robert J. -
Korean Hankul and the Þp'ags-Pa Script
Writine in the Altaic World studia orientalia 87, Helsinki 1999, pp. 79-t00 Korean Hankul and the þP'ags-pa script Roger Finch From the annals of the reign period of King Sejong of Korea, the fourth king of the Yi Dynasty, who ruled from 1418 to 1450, we learn that in the l2th month of the 25th year of his reign (1443), the king invented the Korean alphabet. This alphabet, now known as Hankul, was called Hunmin Ceng'im,'Right Sounds for Instructing the People'l at the time it was introduced, and later simply En-mun'Vernacular Script'. According to popular tradition, the shapes of the letters, most of which are rectilinear or angular, were inspired by the shapes in the fretwork on Korean windows. This writing system is a true alphabet, and not a syllabary, though signs for discrete sounds are organized into single blocks of signs, each representing a syllable in the way that Chinese characters are complexes made up of various strokes organized into single blocks, each of which represent.s a syllable; a syllabary is a writing system in which each combination of consonants with a syllabic core is repre- sented by a unique sign as, for example, the Japanese Kana (Hiragana and Katakana). Almost a century earlier, in 1260, in the year of his election to the position of Great Khan of the Mongols and Emperor of China,2 Khubilai Khan appointed National Preceptor a Tibetan monk named hP'ags-pa he had met seven years earlier, when hP'ags-pa was only nineteen, and commissioned him to create a new Mongolian script. -
6 Korean Dialects: a General Survey
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by SOAS Research Online Chapter 6: Korean Dialects 6 Korean dialects: a general survey Jaehoon Yeon 6.1 Introduction The Korean language is relatively homogeneous and the dialects from different areas can be mutually intelligible to a great extent. Nevertheless, the dialects of Korean exhibit considerable variety in phonology, morphology, and vocabulary. They are finely differentiated into a number of areas based on regional differences. There is no obvious correlation between the modern dialects and the ancient historical divisions of Korea, i.e. the Three Kingdom period. Silla and Paekche roughly coincide with the current southeastern dialect and southwestern dialect respectively, but northeastern, northwestern, central, and Cheju dialects cannot be correlated with any one ancient historical kingdom in Korea. Since Korea is mountainous, the language is quite naturally divided finely into different dialects according to topography. Most scholars seem to agree on six major dialectal zones based roughly on different geographical regions: (1) The northwestern dialects (P‟yŏngan province) (2) The northeastern dialects (Hamgyŏng province) (3) The central dialects (including Kyŏnggi, Hwanghae, Kangwon and Ch‟ungch‟ŏng provinces) (4) The southwestern dialects (Chŏlla province) (5) The southeastern dialects (Kyŏngsang province) (6) Cheju dialect (Cheju island) The dialect used by the Korean community in the Yanbian Autonomous Prefecture of China in Manchuria can be included in the Hamgyŏng dialects because their mutual similarity is due to the early immigration of Hamgyŏng people to that area and their subsequent linguistic contact. The language spoken by Koreans in Central Asia, i.e. -
Perceptual Dialectology Study of Korean Focusing on Authentic Speakers of Gyeongsang Dialect
Perceptual dialectology study of Korean focusing on authentic speakers of Gyeongsang dialect Young Hwang Indiana University Abstract Previous perceptual dialectology research on Korean has shown that Gyeongsang speakers display signs of linguistic insecurity and suffer from a dialect inferiority complex. The participants of these studies, however, were Gyeongsang expatriates living outside of the Gyeongsang region, either in Seoul or in the U.S., where most Korean speakers use Standard Korean. In order to address the gap in previous studies, the present study examines how “authentic” Gyeongsang speakers (that is, those living in the Gyeongsang region) perceive dialects in South Korea. The results of the present study reveal that Gyeongsang speakers living in Gyeongsang regions show positive attitudes toward their dialect. Although they judge their dialect less positively than Standard Korean because of the extraordinary authority of Standard Korean in South Korea, they generally perceive their dialect more positively than other regional dialects. Older speakers, in particular, demonstrate this tendency. The perceptual difference between Gyeongsang speakers living outside of the Gyeongsang regions and those living in the Gyeongsang regions suggest that an individual’s self- identity and living location influence his or her perception of a dialect. Keywords: Gyeongsang dialect; Korean dialects; perceptual dialectology; language attitudes 1. Introduction Perceptual dialectology is a branch of linguistics concerned with people’s perceptions of dialects and dialectal areas rather than the actual production of dialects. It explores where non-linguists believe dialect areas exist, the geographical extent of those areas, how non-linguists perceive dialects distinctively, and what attitudes non-linguists have toward different dialects (Preston 1999a).