Music in Latin American Culture Regional Traditions

John M. Schechter, General Editor University of California, Santa Cruz Contributors Gage Averill Larry Crook William J. Gradante Ercilia Moreno Cha Raul R. Romero John M. Schechter T. M. Scruggs Daniel Sheehy

SCHIRMER BOOKS An imprint of Macmillan Library Reference USA New York Contents

Preface xi

1. Themes in Latin American Music Culture 1 John M. Schechter Music and Musics 1 Nostalgia 2 Descriptive Balladry 7 Commentary on Current Events, and Outrage at Injustice 16 Communication with the Supernatural 21 References 30 Recordings 32

2. Popular Mexican Musical Traditions: The Mariachi of West Mexico and the Conjunto Jarocho of Veracruz 34 Daniel Sheehy Origins of Today's Mexican Regional Music—The Formative Years 36 Popular Mexican Regional Folk Music 40 The Twentieth Century and the Blurring of Regionalism 43 Musica de Mariachi and Musica Jarocha 44 Musica de Mariachi 44 Mariachi Repertoire and the Son Jalisciense 49 The Mariachi Vihuela 52 Profile ofMargarito Gutierrez 59 Musica Jarocha of Veracruz 65 The Son Jarocho 68 The Jarana Jarocha 71 Profile of Jose Gutierrez 73 Conclusion 78 References 78 VI CONTENTS 3. Central America: Marimba and Other Musics of Guatemala and Nicaragua 80 T. M. Scruggs Introduction 80 A Shared Instrument: The Marimba 81 The Marimba in Guatemala 84 Marimba de Tecomates 84 Marimba Sencilla 89 Marimba Doble 91 The Marimba in Nicaragua 94 Making a Marimba de Arco 94 Performing Music of the Marimba de Arco Trio 99 The Baile de la Marimba in Saint's Day Celebrations 104 Structure of the Dance and Music 107 Profile of Carlos Palacios Ruiz 108 The Perseverance of a "Limited" Instrument 114 The Son Nica 115 Nicaraguan Creole Palo de Mayo 117 An Introduction to the Caribbean Coast of Central America 117 Nicaragua's "Atlantic" Coast 118 Palo de Mayo from East to West 120 Conclusion 122 References 123 Additional Reading 123 Additional Listening 124 4. Caribbean Musics: Haiti and Trinidad and Tobago 126 Gage Averill Introduction 126 Geography 126 Why Study the Music of the Caribbean? 128 History 130 Cultural Commonality 132 Rumba: Afro-Cuban Drumming, Dance, and Song—A Subsidiary Music Culture 135 Music and Dance in Rumba 136 Repercussions of Rumba 142 Haiti and Trinidad and Tobago 142 CONTENTS vii

Haitian Vodou: The Fet Daome at Mistik Souvenans 143 Serving the Spirits 143 The Temple at Souvenance 144 The Vodou Battery 146 Ceremonial Structure 146 Haitian Rara: Music of Spirit, Power, and Celebration 151 On the Road with Rara Bands 151 The Meanings of Rara 153 Rara Music 155 Rara, Politics, and Popular Music 159 Profile ofManno Charlemagne, a Haitian Movement Troubadour 161 Mizik Angaje 162 Trinidadian Calypso 166 Carnival 1994 166 Cariso to Calypso 167 Musical Structure 169 Changes in Carnival 171 Trinidadian Pan and Steel Band 173 Tamboo-Bamboo to Steel Band 173 Increasing Respectability and "Panorama" 174 Steel Band Instruments 176 Building and Tuning a Pan 178 Pan Prospects and Perils 181 Conclusion 181 References 182 Additional Reading 184 Additional Listening 185 Additional Viewing 187

5. Northeastern Brazil 192 Larry Crook Caboclo Traditions—Music of the Northeast Interior 194 Zabumbas: Northeastern Fife and Drum Bands 194 Novena de Casa 197 Profile ofjodo Alfredo dos Santos 205 Making a Cane Pifano 211 Forr6 213 Secular Dance Music of the Caboclo 213 Luiz Gonzaga, Baiao, and Forro as a Brazilian Popular Music 214 Vlll CONTENTS

Black Musical Traditions from Bahia 219 Candomble 219 Race Relations and Contemporary Afro-Bahian Music 223 The Bahian Carnival 225 References 232 Additional Reading 233 Additional Listening 233 Additional Viewing 234

6. Music in the Southern Cone: Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay 236 Ercilia Moreno Ch& Social, Cultural, and Historical Background 236 Chile 236 Argentina 237 Uruguay 237 Summary of Musical Traditions 238 Urbanization of Regional Rural Musics 244 The Andes Axis—Santiago, Chile to Mendoza, Argentina 246 The Chilean Tonada 246 The Feminine Presence 254 Profile ofMargot Loyola 255 The Tonada Cuyana 259 The Rio de la Plata Axis—Buenos Aires, Argentina to Montevideo, Uruguay 265 The Milonga 265 The Milonga as a Rural Tradition 266 The Urban Milonga 273 The Guitar 281 Construction Process 281 Tuning Systems 285 Guitar Performance Traditions in the Tonada and the Milonga 291 Conclusion 295 References 296 Additional Reading 298 Additional Listening 300 Additional Viewing 300 CONTENTS IX 7. Andean Colombia 302 William J. Gradante Music in Daily Life 307 Semana Santa 308 Vignette: Semana Santa 310 Vieja Guardia Music 312 Vignette: The Serenata 321 The Tradition of the Vieja Guardia 323 Dueto Bambuquero 324 Estudiantina 324 Textual Themes of Vieja Guardia Music 332 Don Augusto Cudllar and the Sampedro 347 Musical Instruments as Local Markers 349 Tambora Sanjuanera 351 Flauta 353 Vignette: Cardngano 355 The Tiple 360 The Tiple in Regional Folklore 363 Instrumentos de Calabazo 364 Capias and Copleros 366 Copla Performance Format 368 Coplas del Rajalefia Platefio 370 Conclusion 379 References 379 Additional Reading 380

8. Andean Peru 383 Raul R. Romero The Historical Setting and Peruvian Music Cultures 383 Fixed Musical Genres 387 The Wayno 388 Flexible Musical Genres 389 The Branding of Animals in the Mantaro Valley 392 Dance-Dramas: Choreography and Music 397 The Ch'unchu Dance 398 Musical Instruments 401 Profile of Maximo Damian and the Scissors Dance 407 Andean Music in the Cities 411 X CONTENTS

Profile of Vfctor Alberto Gil Malma, "The Hummingbird of the Andes" 413 A Modern Urban Ensemble: A Chicha Group 416 Conclusion 418 References 418 Additional Reading 420 Additional Listening 421 Additional Viewing 423

9. Beyond Region: Transnational and Transcultural Traditions 424 John M. Schechter Within and Beyond Region 424 Nueva Condon 425 Continuity of Tradition 425 Political Conditions 428 Philosophy 432 People 436 Summary 437 The Songs of Women and the Images of Women in Song 438 The Symbolic Character of Musical Expression, and the Search for Continuity in Music Culture 451 References 454

Glossary 459 Contributors 479 List of Recordings 482 Index 487