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Germantown, a Corridor-City, Satellite Town of Washington, D GERMANTOWN, A CORRIDOR-CITY, SATELLITE TOWN OF WASHINGTON, D. C. BY REGINALD de MEESTER de BETZENBROECK ARCHITECTE, DIPLOME DE LECOLE SUPERIEURE D'ARCHITECTURE, BRUXELTES, JUNE, 1966 SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JUNE 1967 SIGNATURE OF AUTHOR . .... ... .. all DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, JUNE 22, 1967 CERTIFIED BY THESIS SUPERVISOR ACCEPTED BY DEAN OF THE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING i June 1967 Dean Lawrence B. Anderson School of Architecture and Planning Massachusetts Institute of Technology TT Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Dear Dean Anderson: In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Architecture I hereby submit a thesis entitled: "GERMANTOWN, A CORRIDOR CITY, SATELLITE TOWN OF WASHINGTON, D. C." Respectfully, Reginald de Meester de Betzenbroeck 505 Brush Hill Road Milton, Massachusetts 02186 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to express his appreciation for the valuable assistance he nas received from the following members of the Faculty in this thesis. Jan Lubicz-Nycz Thesis Advisor Kevin lynch Professor, Department of City Planning Duncan Hudson Planning Consultant, Department of City Planning Gratitude is acknowledged too, to the useful criticism given by his fellow students. He would like to thank Francisca Moeller and Jeanne Ingram for the help they have given him with the grammatical structure. iii THESIS ABSTRACT The subject of this thesis is to explore the formalities and the conditions under which a new city could be built, and to propose some general principles for urban development. The principal goals are: 1. To make community activities available a. by reducing the life of the city to 1 square mile b. by reducing the walking distance to its minimum c. by combining four transportation systems d. by working on the basis of a corridor city. 2. To work on a high density environment a. to concentrate the uses of the city b. to try to mix the population 3. To find a solution in terms of an appreciation of cost of housing. 4. To allow new processes of construction on a small scale as a trial for the future use. 5. To experience a new kind of environment. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page -TETER OF SUBMITTAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS THESIS ABSTRACT iv LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Vii 1.0.0 PHILOSOPHY 1 2.0.0 BACKGROUND 6 2.1.0 Data 7 2.1.1 The Radial Corridor Plan 2.1.2 Location 8 2.1.3 Boundaries 9 2.2.0 High Density Environment 10 2.3.0 Sociological Inflormation 11 2.4.0 Employment and Job Opportunities 16 3.0.0 RESEARCH 19 3.1.0 Program for 30,000 Population 20 3.2.0 Location 31 3.3.0 Transportation System 32 3.3.1 Pedestrian Movements 32 3.3.2 Rapid Transit 33 3.3.3 Highway System 34 3.4.0 Housing 35 3.5.0 Parking 36 3.6.0 Mechanical Equipment (Fire - Rubbish - Furniture) 38 3.7.0 General Concept 39 3.8.0 Visual Analysis of the City Form 4o 3.8.1 Purpose 40 3.8.2 Land Use Inventory 41 3.8.3 Circulation Flows 42 3.8.4 Density Patterns 42 3.8.5 Day and Night Activity Locations 43 3.8.6 Conclusion 44 V TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page 4.o.o DRAWINGS AND MODELS 4.1.0 Table 45 4.2.0 Photo-Reduction of Drawings 45 4.9.0 Pictures of the Models 45 5-0.0 ANTICIPATED ACCOMPLISHMENTS 47 BIBLIOGRAPHY 48 vi LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Page TABLE I - THE RADIAL CORRIDOR PLAN TABLE II - POPULATION GROWTH 12 TABLE III - RACIAL AND ETHNIC CHARACTERISTICS 12 TABLE IV FAMILY INCOME 13 TABLE V -AGE DISTRIBUTION - MALE POPULATION 14 TABLE VI - AGE DISTRIBUTION - FEMALE POPULATION 15 TABLE VII - EKISTING AND EXPECTED JOB OPPORTUNITIES BY THE YEAR 2,000 18 TABLE VIII - TRIP PERCENTAGES, HOME-BASED TRIPS 37 TABLE IX - TRIP PERCENTAGES, ALL TRIPS 37 vii 1.0.0 PHILOSOPHY - Why Cities are Perishing - Need for a Functional Pedestrian System - The New Environment - The Ephemeral Object 1 If people move from one town to another, it is to find better opportunities and better jobs; the force of the city is to concen- trate enough people and activities and make these activities avail- able as easily as possible for everybody. Cities are perishing because this availability is disappearing; travel distance is getting greater and greater between the center of the megalopolis and the oversized suburbs. The advantages of city life are compromized by an increasing lack of comfort. Noise and traffic problems are such sources of trouble that people move into the suburbs and go further into the countryside to get a second residence, if their money allows this, not because they prefer the suburbs but because they are disgusted of the life in the cities. Cities do not fulfill their functions anymore, at least their complete functions. This explainz the big migrations during the week-ends and vacations, the increasing success of camping, and the return to a more natural life. Nevertheless, in building new cities, once one is aware of all these problems, it becomes possible through the integrated designs to find solutions to urban problems, such as a convenient transpor- tation system to name one of them. In design if one starts to eliminate the main sources of troubles that are known from the ex- periences of old cities, the first part of the struggle is won. The first problems that touch the functions of the towns are: how to get quickly from one place to another, that is, how to go to work, how to find parking places, how to get to the countryside, how to take the children to school, and so forth. This is not an easy problem to solve because the city is complex, and one has to 2 allow for different modes of movements through the city. If it is true that segregation between the different kinds of traffic is highly desirable in the measure of the possible, it is also true that the pedestrian movement problem is the most difficult to solve. First it has to be adapted to the speed and the visual quality of the city to a much greater extent than all the mecha- nized systems. Secondly, people are lazy by nature, or, let us say that they are less inclined to profit by a sidewalk if they have their cars and if the distance is too great. A very high density city can solve this problem in the space of one square mile, by reducing the travel distance across the city to about twenty minutes on foot. That means too that, from any points of the city, the maximum time to walk to the center is ten minutes. This condition of pedestrian movement system must be fulfilled as a first step to solve the transportation system if one does not want the people to use their car in the city. Still, this is a minimum solution. There is no point in going from one place to another and spending ten minutes on foot if there are other means of transportation linking the two places. We must provide, within the ten minutes walking distance enough activities to awake the interest and to try to justify the walking experience. We have to propose different circular patterns for pedestri- an movements even if the way is longer, these circular systems have more potential at bringing interest to the pedestrians since they are, by their curiosity, confronted by other environments, other uses, other urban landscapes. These traffic problems are so important because of the fact that they are common for everyone; 3 other problems, in one sense, are much more individual problems. If pedestrian and highway systems are supposed to be essentially functional, there is no doubt that they are strongly influenced by the direct invironment. By now, everyone agrees that isolated buildings, blocks,... are not consonant with the pedestrian's desires to invent his own trip through the city by crossing much more integrated urban environments. Actually, since technology is continually giving us new structural systems, materials, ... we should be wrong to refuse them. These systems make possible to give a tridimensional space to the cities. This is surely a highly privileged time in the history of architecture when we are allowed at last to make tri- dimensional what was before bidimensional. Unfortunately, as all new experiments, they must pass by a period of adaptation. At the moment, new cities based on tridimensional systems are too ex- pensive in terms of structures. Nonetheless, what is proposed here is a system in which tridimensional structure occurs, but in a very limited span. This makes possible to give a new environment without increasing too much the cost. It is, in the same time, an attempt to provide a new visual experience into the city. On the one hand, if transportation and environment are common for everyone, on the other hand, housing reflects a much more individual problem (financial, educational .... A trial to as- similate the ten per cent of the population considered as poor, was made in the design policies. On the edges of the clusters, low and medium densities generally occur. These could be built in a very cheap and economical way. For other people, other solutions were thought as they were proposed in the drawings. Rich people support the experiments; these experiments let us foresee the future in the field of housing problems. Introduction of the "ephemeral object in architecture." We are already in the second generation of the ephemeral object.
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