2011 AICP Review Course HISTORY and THEORY
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Urban Growth Boundaries and Lafco
Urban Development Boundaries aka Urban Growth Boundary aka Urban Limit Line aka Urban Rural Boundary aka Fill in the Blank Boundary ANNUAL CALAFCO CONFERENCE SEPTEMBER 2015 Purpose of Discussion Compare and contrast Spheres of Influence with different types of Urban Development Boundaries Describe methods of Urban Development Boundary establishment and maintenance LAFCOs role concerning UDBs and how it could impact decision making Urban Growth Boundaries in the USA Source: Wikipedia The U.S. states of Oregon, Washington, and Tennessee require cities to establish urban growth boundaries. California requires each county to have a Local Agency Formation Commission, which sets urban growth boundaries for each city and town in the county. Urban Growth Boundaries in the USA Source: Wikipedia The U.S. states of Oregon, Washington, and Tennessee require cities to establish urban growth boundaries. California requires each county to have a Local Agency Formation Commission, which sets SOIs which act as urban growth boundaries for each city and town in the county. UDB vs SOI Are they the same ? If a City adopts a UDB, should the LAFCo always adopt an SOI that is coterminous to the UDB? Which one should get adopted first? Why should LAFCos care about where UDBs are drawn? Considerations for SOIs (1) The present and planned land uses in the area, including agricultural and open-space lands. (2) The present and probable need for public facilities and services in the area. (3) The present capacity of public facilities and adequacy of public services that the agency provides or is authorized to provide. (4) The existence of any social or economic communities of interest in the area if the commission determines that they are relevant to the agency. -
Managing Metropolitan Growth: Reflections on the Twin Cities Experience
_____________________________________________________________________________________________ MANAGING METROPOLITAN GROWTH: REFLECTIONS ON THE TWIN CITIES EXPERIENCE Ted Mondale and William Fulton A Case Study Prepared for: The Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy © September 2003 _____________________________________________________________________________________________ MANAGING METROPOLITAN GROWTH: REFLECTIONS ON THE TWIN CITIES EXPERIENCE BY TED MONDALE AND WILLIAM FULTON1 I. INTRODUCTION: MANAGING METROPOLITAN GROWTH PRAGMATICALLY Many debates about whether and how to manage urban growth on a metropolitan or regional level focus on the extremes of laissez-faire capitalism and command-and-control government regulation. This paper proposes an alternative, or "third way," of managing metropolitan growth, one that seeks to steer in between the two extremes, focusing on a pragmatic approach that acknowledges both the market and government policy. Laissez-faire advocates argue that we should leave growth to the markets. If the core cities fail, it is because people don’t want to live, shop, or work there anymore. If the first ring suburbs decline, it is because their day has passed. If exurban areas begin to choke on large-lot, septic- driven subdivisions, it is because that is the lifestyle that people individually prefer. Government policy should be used to accommodate these preferences rather than seek to shape any particular regional growth pattern. Advocates on the other side call for a strong regulatory approach. Their view is that regional and state governments should use their power to engineer precisely where and how local communities should grow for the common good. Among other things, this approach calls for the creation of a strong—even heavy-handed—regional boundary that restricts urban growth to particular geographical areas. -
Early 'Urban America'
CCAPA AICP Exam Presentation Planning History, Theory, and Other Stuff Donald J. Poland, PhD, AICP Senior VP & Managing Director, Urban Planning Goman+York Property Advisors, LLC www.gomanyork.com East Hartford, CT 06108 860-655-6897 [email protected] A Few Words of Advice • Repetitive study over key items is best. • Test yourself. • Know when to stop. • Learn how to think like the test writers (and APA). • Know the code of ethics. • Scout out the test location before hand. What is Planning? A Painless Intro to Planning Theory • Rational Method = comprehensive planning – Myerson and Banfield • Incremental (muddling through) = win little battles that hopefully add up to something – Charles Lindblom • Transactive = social development/constituency building • Advocacy = applying social justice – Sherry Arnstein’s Ladder of Public Participation – Paul Davidoff – advocacy planning American Planning before 1800 • European Traditions – New England, New Amsterdam, & the village tradition – Tidewater and the ‘Town Acts’ – The Carolinas/Georgia and the Renaissance Style – L’Enfant, Washington D.C., & Baroque Style (1791) • Planning was Architectural • Planning was plotting street layouts • There wasn’t much of it… The 1800’s and Planning Issues • The ‘frontier’ is more distant & less appealing • Massive immigration • Industrialization & Urbanization • Problems of the Industrial City – Poverty, pollution, overcrowding, disease, unrest • Planning comes to the rescue – NYC as epicenter – Central Park 1853 – 1857 (Olmsted & Vaux) – Tenement Laws Planning Prior to WWI • Public Awareness of the Problems – Jacob Riis • ‘How the Other Half Lives’ (1890) • Exposed the deplorable conditions of tenement house life in New York City – Upton Sinclair • ‘The Jungle’ (1905) – William Booth • The Salvation Army (1891) • Solutions – Zoning and the Public Health Movement – New Towns, Garden Cities, and Streetcar Suburbs – The City Beautiful and City Planning Public Health Movement • Cities as unhealthy places – ‘The Great Stink’, Cholera, Tuberculosis, Alcoholism…. -
Garden Cities Located in What Now Are the Suburbs of Berlin
focus | 2009 | volume VI 53 GAR D EN CITIES: LESSONS FROM GERMANY Kar L ECKE R T Karl Eckert is a senior at Ebenezer Howard’s lessons and the Garden City movement spread throughout Europe the BCRP program, City between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. In this article, Karl Eckert and Regional Planning Department, Cal Poly. discusses the origins of the movement and the translation of the concept to Germany. During a recent trip, he visited and studied tSiemensstadt and Britz, two garden cities located in what now are the suburbs of Berlin. In reading the book Cities of Tomorrow by Sir Peter Hall, one comes to realize the profession of planning is a relatively new field of expertise. Modern day city planning stems from the early 1900’s when the societies of the developing world were dealing with the menace of the urban slum, a new phenomenon spurred by industrial forces and a rise in migratory populations to major city centers for employment. Developing ideas that would counter-attack this dire urban condition would soon define and establish what is known today as city planning. Life in the Slums Peter Hall’s Cities of Tomorrow elaborates on how, during the period of 1880 to 1920, major cities such as London, Berlin, Paris and New York experienced complications with slum populations. These cities exhibited high concentrations of poor residents within areas defined by the lack of physical maintenance, crowded conditions, disregard for sanitation, and general social decline. Andrew Figure 1 Mearns, a pamphlet writer of the time, described the slums of London with clarity: The Siemens factory, which was the main employment outlet “Few who read these pages have any conception of what these pestilential human rookeries for those living in are, where tens of thousands are crowded together amidst horrors which call to mind what we Seimensstadt. -
2010 CNU Charter Awards Book
TENTH ANNIVERSARY CONGRESS FOR THE NEW URBANISM CHARTER 0 1 0 CNUAWARD S 2 It is with great pleasure that we present the results of the first CNU JACKY GRIMSHAW Charter Awards Program…The , Vice-President of Policy, Center for Neighborhood Technology, Chicago, Illinois; diversity of architectural design ELIZABETH MOULE , Principal, Moule Polyzoides approaches demonstrates that it Architects & Urbanists, Pasadena, California; is possible to seamlessly link new PAUL MURRAIN , Urban Designer and INTBAU Visiting development to its surroundings Professor at the University of Greenwich, London, in many ways. England; JOE DISTEFANO , Principal, Calthorpe Ray Gindroz, Jury Chair 2001 Associates, Berkeley, California: MAGGIE CONNOR , Principal, Urban Design Associates, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; VINCE GRAHAM , JURY CHAIR , Founder, I’On Group, Charleston, South Carolina; DANA BEACH , Executive Director, Coastal Conservation League, Charleston, South Carolina 2010 MARKS THE TENTH YEAR OF THE CHARTER AWARDS. I had the honor of chairing a jury which included CNU Founders and current board members, veterans of past juries, and young designers new to the task. Members ably represented This year’s Charter Awards provide Given the growing alertness to reassuring evidence that these prin - TENTH ANNIVERSARY the community of competence which is the Congress for the New Urbanism. Bringing global climate change, our incipient ciples are widely understood and holistic knowledge and a passion for excellence, we met through a winter tempest in post-peak-oil era, and the turbulent economic times, we expanded our serving as the foundation for excel - CONGRESS FOR THE NEW URBANISM Charleston to review just under 100 projects. Submittals were down from recent years, lent work…The scope of the projects judging criteria, seeking…glimpses that received awards demonstrates but what we lacked in quantity was more than made up for in quality and sophistica - of a more sensible future, looking to that the New Urbanism goes well tion. -
Planned Communities
Planned Communities ROBERT C. WEAVER, Administrator, Housing and Home Finance Agency •WRITING IN the New York Times, Columnist James Reston recently noted that, "In a fit of exuberance or absentmindedness we have increased the population of the United States by over 50 million since 1945." As we all know, the exuberance and absentmindedness of which Reston spoke is con tinuing, and at such a pace that by the time the children of the past 15 years are grand parents, there will be another 125 million or so Americans. Morever, at least 85 per cent of the 300 million people in the nation will be living in urban places by the year 2000. This growth is the most portentous single fact of our time-always excepting the thermonuclear threat. It means that in the next 40 years we will have to build as much housing, industry, highways and related development as we have built in our previous history. And it means, moreover, that the amount of land consumed by urbanization will be at least double the acreage now urbanized. This tremendous population surge will be accommodated largely in what we today consider the metropolitan fringe, and, in many cases, in undeveloped or argricultural lands even farther out. By 2000, Megalopolis will be a fact, certainly the fast-growing East Coast "super-city" stretching from Boston to Richmond and the West Coast area b etween San Francisco and San Diego will appear, in another 40 years, as continuous urbanized places. The previous 40 years of metropolitan growth has produced a phenomenon variously know as "Spread City," "urban sprawl" and "slurbs." In other words, much of our suburban development heretofore has been a mess. -
From the Garden City Movement Onwards
From the Garden City Movement Onwards Utopianism in British Garden Cities Rick William Moerman Department of Human Geography Examiner: Mads Barbesgaard SGEM08 Supervisor: Anders Lund Hansen Spring 2020 2 Abstract With the publication of Garden Cities of To-Morrow in 1898, Ebenezer Howard gave the go-ahead to the Garden City Movement. Howard’s concept of the garden city arose from his anti-capitalist critiques. Many industrial cities in the United Kingdom were facing urbanization problems, leading to the working class living in terrible circumstances in the suburban areas. This process caused a poor quality of life, housing shortages, polluted air and water and a lack of access to nature. At the same time, the countryside lacked career opportunities and a lack of (cultural) amusement. Howard proposed the garden city as a new alternative to both ways of living. A garden city would have a green character and a blooming cultural life. Surrounding greenbelts and enough job opportunities would make the city self-sustainable. The reactions to Howard’s utopian ideas were mainly positive, leading to the construction of two garden cities in the United Kingdom. Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City were located close to London and offered a way of living as proposed by Howard. These projects were considered successful, leading to the establishment of the related New Town Movement. This movement eventually led to the creation of 28 new and self-sustaining towns all over the United Kingdom. Meanwhile, the two original garden cities had developed into rich commuter towns which had become too expansive for the working class population. -
Collaborative Planning for Megacities in Developing Countries: Reinventing Urban Democracy
COLLABORATIVE PLANNING FOR MEGACITIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: REINVENTING URBAN DEMOCRACY Soyun Leem 5884518 April 2, 2012 Public and International Affairs Faculty of Graduates and Postdoctoral Studies University of Ottawa TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………...... 1 1. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………. 2 1.1 Research Question …………………………………………………………… 3 1.2 Rationales for Research …………………………………………………........ 3 1.3 Review of Concepts ………………………………………………………….. 4 1.4 Research Paper Layout ………………………………………………………. 7 2. URBANIZATION IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES …………………......... 8 2.1 Urbanization Trends and Megacities in Developing Countries ……………… 8 2.2 Challenges of Megacities in Developing Countries ………………………….. 11 3. CHALLENGES OF TRADITIONAL PLANNING PROCESS …………………. 15 3.1 Planning Challenges Facing Megacities in Developing Countries …………. 16 3.2 Nature of the Traditional Planning Process ………………………………….. 18 4. NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF THE TRADITIONAL PLANNING APPROACH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ………………………...…….……. 21 4.1 Deficient Flow of Information and Knowledge Exchange …………………... 21 4.2 Poor Ownership, Legitimacy and Enforcement Power ……………………. 22 4.3 Lack of Social Cohesion and Sense of Community ………………….……… 23 4.4 Lack of Accountability and Transparency …………………………….……... 23 4.5 Failure of the Traditional Master Planning Approach .…….………………. 24 5. COLLABORATIVE MODEL OF PLANNING – PUBLIC PARTICIPATION … 25 5.1 Benefits of Participatory Planning for Megacities in Developing Countries … 26 6. CASE STUDIES………………………………………………………………..……… -
OLMSTED TRACT; Torrance, California 2011 – 2013 SURVEY of HISTORIC RESOURCES
OLMSTED TRACT; Torrance, California 2011 – 2013 SURVEY OF HISTORIC RESOURCES II. HISTORIC CONTEXT STATEMENT A. Torrance and Garden City Movement: The plan for the original City of Torrance, known as the Olmsted Tract, owes its origins to a movement that begin in England in the late 19th Century. Sir Ebenezer Howard published his manifesto “Garden Cities of To-morrow" in 1898 where he describes a utopian city in which man lives harmoniously together with the rest of nature. The London suburbs of Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City were the first built examples of garden city planning and became a model for urban planners in America. In 1899 Ebenezer founded the Garden City Association to promote his idea for the Garden City ‘in which all the advantages of the most energetic town life would be secured in perfect combination with all the beauty and delight of the country.” His notions about the integration of nature with town planning had profound influence on the design of cities and the modern suburb in the 20th Century. Examples of Garden City Plans in America include: Forest Hills Gardens, New York (by Fredrick Law Olmsted Jr.); Radburn, New Jersey; Shaker Heights, Ohio; Baldwin Hills Village, in Los Angeles, California and Greenbelt, Maryland. Fredrick Law Olmsted is considered to be the father of the landscape architecture profession in America. He had two sons that inherited his legacy and firm. They practiced as the Olmsted Brothers of Brookline Massachusetts. Fredrick Law Olmsted Junior was a founding member of The National Planning Institute of America and was its President from 1910 to 1919. -
The Largest Megalopolis in the World: Assessing the Urbanization of the Pearl River Delta
ctbuh.org/papers Title: The Largest Megalopolis in the World: Assessing the Urbanization of the Pearl River Delta Authors: Peter Kindel, Director, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP Ellen Lou, Director, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP Lingyue Anne Chen, Urban Designer, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP Subjects: Sustainability/Green/Energy Urban Design Urban Infrastructure/Transport Keywords: Infrastructure Megacity Sustainability Transportation Urban Planning Publication Date: 2016 Original Publication: Cities to Megacities: Shaping Dense Vertical Urbanism Paper Type: 1. Book chapter/Part chapter 2. Journal paper 3. Conference proceeding 4. Unpublished conference paper 5. Magazine article 6. Unpublished © Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat / Peter Kindel; Ellen Lou; Lingyue Anne Chen The Largest Megalopolis in the World: Assessing the Urbanization of the Pearl River Delta 世界最大的城市集群：评估珠江三角洲地区的城市化 Abstract | 摘要 Peter Kindel | 彼得金德尔 Director | 城市设计和规划总监 With the world’s urban population expected to increase by roughly 2.5 billion people by 2050, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP developing an understanding of megalopolises is critical to understanding and shaping this SOM建筑事务所 trend. The Pearl River Delta, with over 55 million people, is one of the most populous urbanized Hong Kong, China areas in the world. This paper explores its growth, the resulting social and environmental effects, 香港，中国 as well as strategies for the region’s future. It presents historic and current urbanization facts of Peter J. Kindel is a licensed architect focused on the design of the Pearl River Delta, comparing it to other urbanized regions of the world. Questions of scale, cities and their complementary relationship to environmental growth, social and economic benefits and drawbacks, and the future viability of megalopolises and infrastructure systems. -
Popular Education for Racial and Environmental
PA 5262 Neighborhood Revitalization Theories and Strategies CREATE Initiative Popular Education for Environmental and Racial Justice in Minneapolis Prepared By Stefan Hankerson, Kelsey Poljacik, Rebecca Walker, Alexander Webb, Aaron Westling Acknowledgements This report was prepared by Stefan Hankerson, Kelsey Poljacik, Rebecca Walker, Alexander Webb, and Aaron Westling for the University of Minnesota’s CREATE Initiative. This report is a semester-long project for the Fall 2019 PA 5262 Neighborhood Revitalization Theories and Strategies class at the Humphrey School of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota. Listed below are the people who guided and instructed us through this process, and gave us the opportunity to work on this project. Course Instructors Shannon Smith Jones, Hope Community, Inc., Executive Director Will Delaney, Hope Community, Inc., Associate Director Project Client Dr. Kate Derickson, CREATE Initiative, University of Minnesota, Co-Director Technical Assistance Mira Klein, CREATE Initiative, University of Minnesota, Research Associate Kevin Ehrman-Solberg, CREATE Initiative and Mapping Prejudice, University of Minnesota, Research Associate 2 Table of Contents Prepared By 1 Acknowledgements 2 Course Instructors 2 Project Client 2 Technical Assistance 2 Table of Contents 3 Executive Summary 4 Popular Education for Environmental and Racial Justice in Minneapolis 5 Client: The CREATE Initiative 5 Our Project Goals 5 Background 6 How We Got Here 6 Minneapolis-Specific Context 7 Environmental Justice and Green Gentrification -
From Urban Sprawl to Compact City – an Analysis of Urban Growth Management in Auckland
From Urban Sprawl to Compact City – An analysis of urban growth management in Auckland Joshua Arbury For my daughter Amalia - 1 - Acknowledgements: I would like to thank everyone who participated in the questionnaires and interviews, my supervisor Ward Friesen for providing useful insights and helpful suggestions, and particularly my mother, Jacquelyn Arbury, for her priceless help with proof-reading and editing. - 2 - Contents Title 1 Acknowledgements 2 Contents 3 List of Figures 5 Chapter One – Introduction 7 Chapter Two – Urban Sprawl versus the Compact City 14 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 The rise of Urban Sprawl 18 2.3 Sustainability and Sprawl 29 2.4 The Compact City 44 2.5 Critiques of the Compact City 54 2.6 New Approaches and a Focus on Urban Design 58 2.7 Conclusions 63 Chapter Three – The Auckland Region: Problems and Responses 66 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 A History of Auckland’s Growth 69 3.3 The Auckland Regional Growth Strategy 74 3.4 Implementing the Strategy 89 3.5 Critiquing the Regional Growth Strategy 96 3.6 Conclusions 101 Chapter Four – Implementing the Regional Growth Strategy in Auckland City: creating ‘Transit-Oriented Developments’ 104 4.1 Introduction 105 4.2 A ‘Growth Management Strategy’ for Auckland City 107 4.3 Transit-Oriented Developments 118 4.4 Conclusions 125 Chapter Five – Avondale’s Future 127 5.1 Introduction 128 - 3 - 5.2 A Brief History of Avondale 129 5.3 A ‘Liveable Community Plan’ for ‘Avondale’s Future’ 135 5.4 Visual Interpretation of Avondale’s Capacity for Growth 143 5.5 Questionnaire and Interview Results 149 5.6 Conclusions 157 Chapter Six – Conclusions 159 References 165 - 4 - List of Figures Figure 2.1: The effect of evolving transportation technologies on city form Figure 2.2: The evolving distance of a one hour commute Photo 2.1: The spatially extensive and automobile dependent urban sprawl Table 3.1: Desired regional outcomes to be achieved in a Regional Growth Strategy Table 3.2: Principles that will need to be applied to achieve desired outcomes Photo 3.1: An example of Residential 8b zone.