DOCSLIB.ORG

From Airport to Spaceport

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
From Airport to Spaceport From Airport to Spaceport: Designing for an Aerospace Revolution by Paula Selvidge A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture School of Architecture and Community Design College of The Arts University of South Florida Major Professor: Theodore Trent Green, R.A. Mark Weston, M.Arch. Howard R. Klein, M.B.A. Date of Approval: April 13, 2010 Keywords: architecture, transportation, travel, technology, aerotropolis © Copyright 2010, Paula Selvidge DEDICATION To the most understand and supportive fiancée in the universe: Marc S.A. Glasgow – may he rest in peace. He inspired me to take on the world and conquer it. His consistent faith in me carried me through the rough times and gave me the strength to persevere even after his death. I will love him always and miss him dearly. This is for you. Marc S.A. Glasgow September 23, 1965 - September 20, 2009 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks to my great architecture friends who stuck by me in the trenches during these years. Thanks to the greatest architecture professors I’ve had the honor to learn from: Steve Cooke, Jin Baek, Stanley Russell, Joseph Toph, Ron Dulaney and Vikas Mehta, and a special thanks to my thesis chair, Theodore Trent Green, and the committee members, Mark Weston and Howard Klein, who guided me through this confounded process, so that I might emerge a successful architecture student. Finally, a heartfelt thank you to those whose invaluable input I could not have done it without: Richard Todd, Sam Ximenes, President of Exploration Architecture, Peter Salomonsson, Kiruna Airport Manager of Spaceport Sweden, and William Mitchell of the Nastar Center. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................. iv LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ v ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... xi INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 2 Brief History of Transportation Technology: Causes and Effects.......................... 2 Seafaring Vessels: Begin of Cross-Culturation .......................................... 2 Locomotives: Industrial Revolution Prioritizes Efficiency ........................ 4 Automobiles: Privatization Prompts Urban Sprawl.................................... 7 Aeroplanes: International Commerce Demands Efficiency ..................... 10 Reusable Launch Vehicles and Spaceplanes: Innovation Saves Time ..... 13 On the Edge of an Aerospace Revolution............................................................. 16 How Spacecraft and Spaceplanes Might Effect Civilization.................... 16 What is a Spaceport?............................................................................................. 19 Spaceports Today...................................................................................... 20 U.S. Space Activity................................................................................... 20 Emergence of Commercial Spaceports: A New Perspective.................... 21 Spaceports: Vision of the Future............................................................... 24 PERCEDENT STUDY RESEARCH ............................................................................... 29 Airport Typology .................................................................................................. 29 Precedent Study Airport........................................................................................ 37 Kansai International Airport ..................................................................... 37 DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH.................................................................................. 44 Aerotropolis and the Airport City......................................................................... 45 Globalization and Terrestrialism........................................................................... 49 i SPACEPORT RESEARCH.............................................................................................. 52 Government Regulations ...................................................................................... 52 Spaceport America................................................................................................ 54 Space Flight Training: Nastar Center ................................................................... 59 PROGRAM....................................................................................................................... 63 Design Problem..................................................................................................... 63 Design Plan ........................................................................................................... 64 Program Components and Spaces......................................................................... 64 Spaceport Masterplan Components .......................................................... 65 Aerospace Terminal Spaces...................................................................... 66 PROJECT SITE ................................................................................................................ 69 Site Criteria ........................................................................................................... 69 Site Analysis ......................................................................................................... 74 Site Selection ........................................................................................................ 87 DESIGN RESTRICTIONS & OPPORTUNITIES........................................................... 91 Site Limitations..................................................................................................... 91 Space Vehicle Design Limitations........................................................................ 91 Design Opportunities: Form, Structure, Materials and Character ........................ 92 Time Restrictions.................................................................................................. 93 SUMMARY OF INTENT ................................................................................................ 94 Transformation of Research Into a Design ........................................................... 94 DESIGN CONCEPTS ...................................................................................................... 95 Initial Design Ideas ............................................................................................... 95 Masterplan Development...................................................................................... 95 Aerospace Terminal Conceptual Design ............................................................ 104 SCHEMATIC DESIGN.................................................................................................. 110 Exploration of Terminal Forms .......................................................................... 110 Evolution of the Concept .................................................................................... 114 FINAL DESIGN GRAPHICS ........................................................................................ 119 Precedent for a Commercial Spaceport and Aerospace Terminal ...................... 119 ii Final Spaceport Masterplan ................................................................................ 119 Final Aerospace Terminal Complex ................................................................... 125 DEFINITIONS................................................................................................................ 147 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 150 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................................... 153 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Travel Time Comparison for Different Modes of Transportation.......................28 Table 2: Airport Gate Statistics as of 2008........................................................................66 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Diagram Showing Project Research Subjects ......................................................1 Figure 2: Mesolithic vessel, found in Pesse, Netherlands ...................................................2 Figure 3: Port Scene with the Embarkation of St Ursula 1641 by Claude Lorrain .............3 Figure 4: San Francisco Harbor 1908 ..................................................................................3 Figure 5: San Francisco Harbor Today................................................................................4 Figure 6: Pier 39, San Francisco Harbor..............................................................................4 Figure 7: Typical Wagonway in the 1800s..........................................................................5 Figure 8: Early 1800s Steam Locomotive ...........................................................................5 Figure 9: North American Rail System created by Radical Cartography............................6 Figure 10: Grand Central Station, NY, 1920 .......................................................................7 Figure 11: Interior of Grand Central Station, NY................................................................7
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Commercial Space Transportation Developments and Concepts: Vehicles, Technologies and Spaceports
    Commercial Space Transportation 2006 Commercial Space Transportation Developments and Concepts: Vehicles, Technologies and Spaceports January 2006 HQ003606.INDD 2006 U.S. Commercial Space Transportation Developments and Concepts About FAA/AST About the Office of Commercial Space Transportation The Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA/AST) licenses and regulates U.S. commercial space launch and reentry activity, as well as the operation of non-federal launch and reentry sites, as authorized by Executive Order 12465 and Title 49 United States Code, Subtitle IX, Chapter 701 (formerly the Commercial Space Launch Act). FAA/AST’s mission is to ensure public health and safety and the safety of property while protecting the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States during commercial launch and reentry operations. In addition, FAA/AST is directed to encour- age, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries. Additional information concerning commercial space transportation can be found on FAA/AST’s web site at http://ast.faa.gov. Federal Aviation Administration Office of Commercial Space Transportation i About FAA/AST 2006 U.S. Commercial Space Transportation Developments and Concepts NOTICE Use of trade names or names of manufacturers in this document does not constitute an official endorsement of such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the Federal Aviation Administration. ii Federal Aviation Administration Office of Commercial Space Transportation 2006 U.S. Commercial Space Transportation Developments and Concepts Contents Table of Contents Introduction . .1 Significant 2005 Events . .4 Space Competitions . .6 Expendable Launch Vehicles . .9 Current Expendable Launch Vehicle Systems . .9 Atlas 5 - Lockheed Martin Corporation .
    [Show full text]
  • The Space Race Continues
    The Space Race Continues The Evolution of Space Tourism from Novelty to Opportunity Matthew D. Melville, Vice President Shira Amrany, Consulting and Valuation Analyst HVS GLOBAL HOSPITALITY SERVICES 369 Willis Avenue Mineola, NY 11501 USA Tel: +1 516 248-8828 Fax: +1 516 742-3059 June 2009 NORTH AMERICA - Atlanta | Boston | Boulder | Chicago | Dallas | Denver | Mexico City | Miami | New York | Newport, RI | San Francisco | Toronto | Vancouver | Washington, D.C. | EUROPE - Athens | London | Madrid | Moscow | ASIA - 1 Beijing | Hong Kong | Mumbai | New Delhi | Shanghai | Singapore | SOUTH AMERICA - Buenos Aires | São Paulo | MIDDLE EAST - Dubai HVS Global Hospitality Services The Space Race Continues At a space business forum in June 2008, Dr. George C. Nield, Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), addressed the future of commercial space travel: “There is tangible work underway by a number of companies aiming for space, partly because of their dreams, but primarily because they are confident it can be done by the private sector and it can be done at a profit.” Indeed, private companies and entrepreneurs are currently aiming to make this dream a reality. While the current economic downturn will likely slow industry progress, space tourism, currently in its infancy, is poised to become a significant part of the hospitality industry. Unlike the space race of the 1950s and 1960s between the United States and the former Soviet Union, the current rivalry is not defined on a national level, but by a collection of first-mover entrepreneurs that are working to define the industry and position it for long- term profitability.
    [Show full text]
  • Space Planes and Space Tourism: the Industry and the Regulation of Its Safety
    Space Planes and Space Tourism: The Industry and the Regulation of its Safety A Research Study Prepared by Dr. Joseph N. Pelton Director, Space & Advanced Communications Research Institute George Washington University George Washington University SACRI Research Study 1 Table of Contents Executive Summary…………………………………………………… p 4-14 1.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….. p 16-26 2.0 Methodology…………………………………………………………………….. p 26-28 3.0 Background and History……………………………………………………….. p 28-34 4.0 US Regulations and Government Programs………………………………….. p 34-35 4.1 NASA’s Legislative Mandate and the New Space Vision………….……. p 35-36 4.2 NASA Safety Practices in Comparison to the FAA……….…………….. p 36-37 4.3 New US Legislation to Regulate and Control Private Space Ventures… p 37 4.3.1 Status of Legislation and Pending FAA Draft Regulations……….. p 37-38 4.3.2 The New Role of Prizes in Space Development…………………….. p 38-40 4.3.3 Implications of Private Space Ventures…………………………….. p 41-42 4.4 International Efforts to Regulate Private Space Systems………………… p 42 4.4.1 International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety… p 42-43 4.4.2 The International Telecommunications Union (ITU)…………….. p 43-44 4.4.3 The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS).. p 44 4.4.4 The European Aviation Safety Agency…………………………….. p 44-45 4.4.5 Review of International Treaties Involving Space………………… p 45 4.4.6 The ICAO -The Best Way Forward for International Regulation.. p 45-47 5.0 Key Efforts to Estimate the Size of a Private Space Tourism Business……… p 47 5.1.
    [Show full text]
  • A New British Space Age
    A New British Space Age A Response to the Royal Astronomical Society Report on Human Spaceflight Dr J. Duncan Law-Green Department of Physics & Astronomy University of Leicester T: 0116 252 2589 [email protected] 3 Jan 2007 Artist’s impression of the Virgin Galactic SpaceShipTwo suborbital spaceplane and WhiteKnightTwo carrier aircraft in flight. Image © Virgin Galactic. Summary: The recent Royal Astronomical Society report on human spaceflight (“Report of the Commission on the Scientific Case for Human Space Exploration”, Close et al. 2005) highlighted the scientific and cultural value of human spaceflight, and noted that this is a field of endeavour that has historically been neglected in the United Kingdom. It recommended that the UK Government invest sufficient additional funds in the European Space Agency to allow the training of a small number of UK astronauts. Total additional expenditures in the range of £50 million to £120 million over five years have been quoted. This author agrees with the positive assessment of Close et al. of the value of human spaceflight to the United Kingdom, but disagrees with the emphasis of the policy recommendations made so far. A number of relatively modest investments in UK commercial spaceflight would potentially deliver the same or greater scientific, cultural and economic returns, more promptly and at less overall expense than the proposed ESA funding. This document outlines a number of potential projects to: enhance the UK's space technology base, improve cooperation with allied nations on commercial spaceflight, increase outreach and public involvement with UK space projects, preserve and protect the UK's space history, benefit UK science education and enhance the UK's international reputation in innovation and engineering excellence.
    [Show full text]
  • Architectural Options and Optimization of Suborbital Space Tourism Vehicles
    Chair of Astronautics Architectural Options and Optimization of Suborbital Space Tourism Vehicles Author: Markus Guerster Master Thesis, RT-MA 2017/2 Supervisors Prof. Edward F. Crawley Prof. Ulrich Walter Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Institute of Astronautics Massachusetts Institute of Technology Technical University of Munich Dr. Christian Hock Christian Bühler CEO Institute of Astronautics in -tech industry GmbH Technical University of Munich Chair of Astronautics “I wanted to be involved in something that has an outside chance of doing some good. If there is not something meaningful in what you are doing above and beyond any commercial returns, then I think life is a bit hollow.” Elon Musk, 2013 II Chair of Astronautics Erklärung Ich erkläre, dass ich alle Einrichtungen, Anlagen, Geräte und Programme, die mir im Rahmen meiner Masterarbeit von der TU München bzw. vom Lehrstuhl für Raumfahrttechnik zur Verfügung gestellt werden, entsprechend dem vorgesehenen Zweck, den gültigen Richtlinien, Benutzerordnungen oder Gebrauchsanleitungen und soweit nötig erst nach erfolgter Einweisung und mit aller Sorgfalt benutze. Insbesondere werde ich Programme ohne besondere Anweisung durch den Betreuer weder kopieren noch für andere als für meine Tätigkeit am Lehrstuhl vorgesehene Zwecke verwenden. Mir als vertraulich genannte Informationen, Unterlagen und Erkenntnisse werde ich weder während noch nach meiner Tätigkeit am Lehrstuhl an Dritte weitergeben. Ich erkläre mich außerdem damit einverstanden, dass meine Masterarbeit vom Lehrstuhl auf Anfrage fachlich interessierten Personen, auch über eine Bibliothek, zugänglich gemacht wird. Ich erkläre außerdem, dass ich diese Arbeit ohne fremde Hilfe angefertigt und nur die in dem Literaturverzeichnis angeführten Quellen und Hilfsmittel benutzt habe. Garching, den 28. April 2017 Name: Markus Guerster Matrikelnummer: 03628540 III Chair of Astronautics Zusammenfassung Der Ansari X-Prize legte den Grundstein für den suborbitalen Weltraumtourismus.
    [Show full text]
  • Space Tourism Business Model -.:: GEOCITIES.Ws
    Space Tourism Business Model The Virgin Galactic Approach by Pilar Alegre [email protected] Patti Spitler David Wells [email protected] Executive Summary Virgin Galactic, a division of Virgin Group, is a leading company in the Suborbital Reusable Launch Vehicle (SRLV) industry. The Office of Commercial Space Transportation of the FAA licenses and regulates all space activity within the U.S.A. Virgin Galactic, along with two other companies, has taken advantage of the new regulation and has filed for and received the required permits to provide suborbital space tourism. Virgin Galactic is considered to be a first mover in this field. Virgin Galactic is planning on having its first launch to take customers into space in the year 2008. These customers, according to the research done by the Futron Corporation for NASA fall in a very specific range of people in the U.S.: millionaires that are employed full-time (61%), are married (100%), are mostly men (94%) and with an average age around 54. There is an estimated 5.6 million people that fall within the first requirement of being able to pay for the flight. Of these, only 10% have an interest in space flight and it is estimated that 10% of these will actually take a flight into space. This gives us a potential 56,000 customers eager to fly into space and can afford it. Virgin Galactic is planning on sending 600 of these customers a year into space. The two other companies that have filed for and received permits are Space Adventures and Incredible Adventures.
    [Show full text]
  • Architectural Options and Optimization of Suborbital Space Tourism Vehicles Markus Guerster Edward F
    Architectural Options and Optimization of Suborbital Space Tourism Vehicles Markus Guerster Edward F. Crawley System Architecture Lab, MIT System Architecture Lab, MIT 77 Massachusetts Avenue. 77 Massachusetts Avenue. Cambridge, MA 02139 Cambridge, MA 02139 857-999-6103 617-230-6604 [email protected] [email protected] Abstract— Since the creation of the Ansari X-Prize, a significant The birth of the suborbital space tourism dates to May 1996, technical and commercial interest has developed in suborbital where the Ansari XPrize was launched by the Ansari family. space tourism. An obvious question arises: what system This competition challenged teams all around the world to architecture will provide the best combination of cost and safety build a reusable, private-funded and manned spaceship. The for the performance defined by the prize? The objective of this first team carrying three people to 100 km above the Earth’s paper is to address this question, by defining the design space and searching comprehensively through it with respect to surface twice within two weeks received the $10 million launch mass (a proxy for cost) and safety. We have identified 33 price. 26 teams from 7 nations proposed their concept. architectures and visualized them in a single table. Of these, 26 Finally, the Mojave Aerospace Ventures team, which was led have not earlier been proposed. A genetic algorithm optimized by Burt Rutan and his company Scaled Composites and each of these 33 architectures for launch mass and safety. The financed from Paul Allen, won the competition on October 4, launch mass was calculated by a design framework consisting of 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • Cecil Spaceport Master Plan 2012
    March 2012 Jacksonville Aviation Authority Cecil Spaceport Master Plan Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 Executive Summary ................................................................................................. 1-1 1.1 Project Background ........................................................................................................ 1-1 1.2 History of Spaceport Activities ........................................................................................ 1-3 1.3 Purpose of the Master Plan ............................................................................................ 1-3 1.4 Strategic Vision .............................................................................................................. 1-4 1.5 Market Analysis .............................................................................................................. 1-4 1.6 Competitor Analysis ....................................................................................................... 1-6 1.7 Operating and Development Plan................................................................................... 1-8 1.8 Implementation Plan .................................................................................................... 1-10 1.8.1 Phasing Plan ......................................................................................................... 1-10 1.8.2 Funding Alternatives ............................................................................................. 1-11 CHAPTER 2 Introduction .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Dominant Suborbital Space Tourism Architectures
    JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS Dominant Suborbital Space Tourism Architectures Markus Guerster∗ and Edward F. Crawley† Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 DOI: 10.2514/1.A34385 In the early stages of maturity of a system built for a specific function, it is common for the solutions to lie in a broad architectural space, in which numerous concepts are being developed, built, and tested. As the product matures, certain concepts become more dominant. This pattern can currently be observed in the suborbital tourism industry, in which the obvious question is what system architecture will provide the best combination of cost and safety and in the long run become the dominant architecture. This paper addresses this question by defining a broad architectural space of thousands of possibilities and exploring it comprehensively. We identified 33 feasible architectures, 26 of which had not been proposed earlier. A genetic algorithm optimizes each architecture with respect to the launch mass (a proxy for cost) and operational safety. The launch mass has been calculated in a design analysis framework consisting of four modules: weight/size, propulsion, aerodynamics, and trajectory. A validation of this framework shows relative differences below 7%. A quantitative safety analysis is developed and validated with a survey of 11 leading experts. We identify six dominant architectures. These form a set from which optimal variants are likely to come. I. Introduction architectures with respect to their benefit (performance and safety) ENERALLY, in the early stages of maturity, systems built for a and cost (launch mass being used as a proxy for cost). G specific function lie in a broad architectural space with System Architecture emerged as a discipline in the late 1980s.
    [Show full text]
  • 618475269-MIT.Pdf
    A Technoregulatory Analysis of Government Regulation and Oversight in the United States for the Protection of Passenger Safety in Commercial Human Spaceflight by Michael Elliot Leybovich B.S. Engineering Physics University of California at Berkeley, 2005 Submitted to the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics and the Engineering Systems Division in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degrees of Master of Science in Aeronautics and Astronautics and Master of Science in Technology and Policy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology February 2009 © 2009 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All rights reserved. Signature of author: Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Technology and Policy Program December 22, 2008 Certified by: Professor David A. Mindell Professor of Engineering Systems & Dibner Professor of the History of Engineering and Manufacturing Thesis Supervisor Certified by: Professor Dava J. Newman Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics & Engineering Systems, MacVicar Faculty Fellow Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: Professor Dava J. Newman Director of Technology and Policy Program Accepted by Professor David L. Darmofal Chair, Committee on Graduate Students, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2 A Technoregulatory Analysis of Government Regulation and Oversight in the United States for the Protection of Passenger Safety in Commercial Human Spaceflight by Michael Elliot Leybovich B.S. Engineering Physics University of California at Berkeley, 2005 Submitted to the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics and the Engineering Systems Division on December 22, 2008 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degrees of Master of Science in Aeronautics and Astronautics and Master of Science in Technology and Policy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ABSTRACT Commercial human spaceflight looks ready to take off as an industry, with ―space tourism‖ as its first application.
    [Show full text]
  • Government Technology Magazine January 2007
    GGT01_01.inddT01_01.indd 4 112/20/062/20/06 111:17:391:17:39 AAMM 100 Blue Ravine Road Folsom, CA. 95630 _______ Designer _______ Creative Dir. 916-932-1300 Pg Cyan Magenta Yellow Black ® _______ Editorial _______ Prepress 5 25 50 75 95 100 5 25 50 75 95 100 5 25 50 75 95 100 5 25 50 75 95 100 _________ Production _______ OK to go Gateway Gets Government Our technology solutions are winning over government agencies Gateway’s notebooks, desktops, monitors and servers are winning over state and local government agencies in places like the states of California, Texas, Florida and Tennessee. Gateway understands the unique challenges of government agencies and can customize our innovative products and services to meet your needs. An exclusive online eProcurement site, priority access support and unmatched account management are just some of the ways Gateway helps agencies like yours remain productive. And with Gateway’s outstanding quality, savings and service, it’s a win-win situation. Simply stated, Gateway is good for government. Gateway is good for your agency. See what Gateway can do for your agency Our products are available through most state contract vehicles including WSCA Contract #A63308. To find out about contract information in your state, visit Gateway.com/work/gv/state_contracts.shtml. GGT_JanTemp.inddT_JanTemp.indd 1 112/11/062/11/06 11:49:33:49:33 PPMM 100 Blue Ravine Road Folsom, CA. 95630 _______ Designer _______ Creative Dir. 916-932-1300 Pg Cyan Magenta Yellow Black ® _______ Editorial _______ Prepress 5 25 50 75 95 100 5 25 50 75 95 100 5 25 50 75 95 100 5 25 50 75 95 100 _________ Production _______ OK to go Gateway recommends Windows® XP Professional for Government.
    [Show full text]
  • Rocketplane XP Technical & Programmatic Overview
    SpaceplanesSpaceplanes && SpaceportsSpaceports –– TheThe NextNext GenerationGeneration ofof AerospaceAerospace TransportationTransportation Gdansk International Air & Space Law Conference November 15, 2013 This Document contains Proprietary Information of Rocketplane Global, Inc. Disclosure to others, use or copying without the express written authorization of Rocketplane Global, Inc. is strictly prohibited. Current Suborbital Flight Markets Source: FAA/AST – SpaceFlorida Suborbital Market Study by Tauri Group, July 2012 Suborbital Space Vehicles Space Ship 2 ©Virgin Galactic LynX ©ＸＣＯＲ SOST ©Armadillo Aerospace New Shepard ©Blue Origin RocketplaneXP ©Rocketplane Xogdor ©Masten Space Systems TBN ©EADS Astrium Swiss Space Systems Enterprise ©Project Enterprise Heart ©Copenhagen Suborbitals The Rocketplane Flight Profile The “Astronaut Line” 328K’/100 KM Altitude RocketRocket Motor CutCut Off Off (MECO) 4 4 The Blackness of Space The Curvature of the Earth Weightlessness Full-Surround SPACE VISION The View From 100 km 5 Interior•Chief Designed of Design by Frank for Nokia Nuovo •Design Director for BMW/Designworks XP Vehicle Specifications Cockpit Crew 1 Seating Capacity 6 (5 passengers + pilot) Seat Pitch 36 in (0.91 m) Takeoff Field Length 9200 ft (2800 m) Landing Field Length 4300 ft (1300 m) Max. Altitude 340,000 ft (104 km) Mission Time (G Time) 45 min (3+ min) Jet Engine Type GE J-85 w/ AB Rocket Engine Type Polaris AR-36 12’ 29’ 45’ 6 Systems Overview Electrical Power Kerosene System Tank Liquid Oxygen Tank Rocket Propulsion System
    [Show full text]