The First Punic War, 264 to 241 B.C

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The First Punic War, 264 to 241 B.C Carthage Scenario Book V2.0 July, 2013 VOLUME #2 of THE ANCIENT WORLD SERIES A RICHARD H. BERG GAME DESIGN SCENARIO BOOK Version 2.0 July, 203 T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S CR .0 Introduction ................................................... 2 7.6 Naval Transport ........................................... 2 CR 2.0 Components ................................................... 2 7.7 Port Harbor Capacity and Winter ................ 22 CR 2. The Maps ................................................ 2 CR 8.0 Land Combat ................................................. 23 CR 2.2 Counters ................................................. 2 CR 9.0 Cities and Sieges ............................................ 23 CR 2.3 Player Aids ............................................. 4 CR 0.0 Manpower .................................................... 24 CR 3.0 The Sequence of Play .................................... 4 10. Raising Legions ......................................... 24 The Roman Political and Command System ............ 5 10.2 Placement of Roman Manpower ............... 25 CR 5. The Magistrates of Rome ....................... 5 10.3 Legion Training ......................................... 25 CR 5.2 Elections and Assignment of Magistrates . 7 10.4 Carthaginian Manpower ............................ 25 CR 5.3 Prorogue of Imperium ............................ 10 10.5 Carthaginian Army Efficiency ................... 26 CR 5.4 Magistrate Restrictions .......................... 10 CR 2.0 Diplomacy ................................................... 27 CR 5.5 Magistrates in General ........................... 11 CR 5.6 The Senate .............................................. 12 SCENARIOS: CR 5.7 The Carthaginian Political System ......... 13 The Mercenary War, 241 B.C. ........................... 28 CR 6.0 Movement ...................................................... 16 Agathocles, 311 B.C. ......................................... 29 CR 7.0 The Advanced Naval System ......................... 17 Hiero, Hero or Gyro? 264–263 B.C. ................. 32 7. Fleets and Naval Construction .................... 17 The First Punic War, 264 to 241 B.C. ................ 34 7.2 Fleet Commanders ....................................... 18 Consul Historical Information Table ......................... 39 7.3 Naval Operations ......................................... 18 Extended Example of Play ........................................ 40 7.4 Naval Combat .............................................. 20 Carthage Rules Index ................................................ 46 7.5 Raids ............................................................ 2 Carthage Gazetteer .................................................... 48 © 2005 GMT Games, LLC 0505 2 Carthage Scenario Book V2.0 July, 2013 (1.0) INTRODUCTION Carthage Carthage (Volume II of The Ancient World series) simulates the first The Carthage map is divided into four game provinces: Carthage, war of the three separate wars that comprised the 00+ year long Tripolitana, Numidia and Mauretania. The actual political boundaries disagreement between Rome and Carthage as to who would rule the of what we know as the country of Carthage are a bit problematical western Mediterranean, plus some of the wars fought in and around to discern. The Carthage map uses the “Ditch” boundary (as noted Sicily and Africa prior to the 2nd Punic War. on the terrain legend). It seems that Carthage defined her home territory by digging a protective ditch at the edges of her domain, The rules, below, are in addition to those in the basic, Ancient World although exactly what protection it would offer is open to specula- Rules book. tion (probably of the Line in the Sand variety) While we do not know the exact places of this boundary, we have a pretty good idea (according to several of the sources we read) and have noted this on the map. For the Punic Wars scenarios, Carthage will be considered (2.0) COMPONENTS to lie within the Ditch Boundary, although, at various times, she will CR contains the following: hold Numidian towns. 22” x 33” Game Maps (AW Maps: IT [Italy]) To which we must add that during this period, and even while she was 17”x22” Game Map (AW map: CR [Carthage]) fighting Rome, Carthage was always seeking to extend her boundar- 4 Full Counter Sheets (1120 counters) ies... to the west, into Numidia, and to the south and southeast, into 2 Tables and Charts Folders (4-sides each) the Libyan-populated area known as Tripolitana. Augury Event Chart (2 sides) Advanced Naval Rules Charts & Tables Card (2-sides) Numidia had a rather dichotomous relationship with Carthage. While Roman Political Charts & Tables Card (2-sides) it often supplied her with troops, it also was in constant border war- Carthaginian Political Charts & Table Card (2-sides) fare with Carthage. By the end of the Punic wars, Numidia, under its Carthaginian Political and Manpower Display (-side) great king, Masinissa, controlled much of northern Africa. Roman Army Display (2-side) Mauretania, to the west, was pretty much on its own. Carthaginian Army Display (2-side) Roman City/Port Display (2-side) Africa includes the provinces of Carthage, Tripolitana, Numidia, Carthaginian City/Port Display (2-side) and Mauretania Basic, Ancient World Rules Booklet, v.2.2 Carthage Rules Booklet, v.2.0 Seas 1 10-sided dice The seas are divided into areas (usually identified by mare, Latin for Sea), and the hexes therein are either Coastal (including shipping (CR 2.1) THE MAPS lanes) or All-Sea hexes. The maps are covered with hexagons (hexes), used to regulate move- ment. The land areas are further divided into Provinces, which have Roads a greater effect on play than individual hexes. The “C” roads are not used in any scenario in Carthage. Italy (CR 2.2) COUNTERS The map of Italy in the Roman era is based on the tribal/provincial Roman Citizens Roman Allies divisions that prevailed in the heyday of the Roman Republic. These rules apply to Rome and her geography. During the period of The Punic Wars, many of the individual provinces—e.g., Apulia—were These two units no longer independent areas, but were instead allied to Rome. comprise Legion I For the purposes of Roman Magistrate assignment and use of Im- perium and, in some instances, determining Manpower, many of the smaller areas designated on the map as provinces are combined Legions Roman combat units are grouped into Legions. Legions are self-con- into larger administrative (and assignment/imperium) areas. On the tained organizations consisting of a specific number of infantry and Italy map, these areas are: cavalry SP. In Carthage, each Legion is composed of two elements • Roman Italy: includes all provinces on mainland Italy south of representing separately the Roman Citizens and the Roman Allies and excluding Gallia Cispadana and Liguria Friniates. (Ala Sociorum). These elements each have their own organizational counter to differentiate the combat units. These two organizational • Sicily: includes East and West Sicilia. The Liparae Ins., and Melita counters have the same Legion number and make up a single Legion. are part of (East) Sicilia. Thus the Roman player would use the organizational markers I RL • Sardinia: includes Northern and Southern Sardinia and I AL for Legion I. The maximum strength of each Legion by • Liguria: includes Liguria Taurini and Liguria Friniates element is: • Roman Citizens: 9 Legion Infantry SPs, Legion Cavalry SP Italy, itself, includes Roman Italy (above), Liguria Taurini, Liguria Friniates, Gallia Cispadana, Gallia Transpadana, and Venetia. • Roman Allies: 9 Legion Infantry SPs, 3 Legion Cavalry SPs Corsica, and the Gallic provinces west of Roman Italy/Liguria are The Roman player may either place the appropriate combat units treated individually. either under their respective Legion counters, or use the Roman Army Display. See the individual scenarios for specific rules on Control. © 2005 GMT Games, LLC Carthage Scenario Book V2.0 July, 2013 3 Important Rules Note: Whenever you see the word Legion in the Roman Leader rules, it means the combat units associated with both the RL and Name AL elements of the same Legion. For those familiar with RRR, this Leader ID# Guile Points was called a double Legion and was used synonymously with term Mortality Rating Legion (to the confusion of many). HISTORICAL & DESIGN NOTE: The “paper” numerical strength Initiative Campaign Battle of legions varied from decade to decade, consul to consul, campaign Rating Rating Letter to campaign, battle to battle. However, except for the Samnite era, the “standard” numerical composition of the legion appears to Roman Leaders have been 4200 infantry... although, sometimes, the “allied” legions The “in-depth” rules for these leaders are given below. What we wish would be “reinforced” up to 6000 foot. As for cavalry, the citizen to note here is that each leader has a three-digit ID number. This allows you (and us) to identify the different leaders as to when they legions of the republic were notoriously short ... and when they can be used, without resorting to their actual names-many of which weren’t (e.g., some sources state that, at Ausculum [Pyrrhus, 279 sound pretty much the same. The first digit identifies the scenario B.C.], the Roman legions had a 40% ratio of cavalry to infantry, for which the consuls are used. In Carthage, which covers the st a figure we find rather difficult to swallow), they were usually so Punic war, that format is 3xx. poorly handled-a Roman tradition-that
Recommended publications
  • Carthage and Rome; and the Regulations About Them Are Precise
    Conditions and Terms of Use PREFACE Copyright © Heritage History 2010 It is difficult to tell the story of Carthage, Some rights reserved because one has to tell it without sympathy, and from the This text was produced and distributed by Heritage History, an standpoint of her enemies. It is a great advantage, on the organization dedicated to the preservation of classical juvenile history other hand, that the materials are of a manageable books, and to the promotion of the works of traditional history authors. amount, and that a fairly complete narrative may be The books which Heritage History republishes are in the public given within a moderate compass. domain and are no longer protected by the original copyright. They may therefore be reproduced within the United States without paying a royalty I have made it a rule to go to the original to the author. authorities. At the same time I have to express my The text and pictures used to produce this version of the work, obligations to several modern works, to the geographical however, are the property of Heritage History and are subject to certain treatises of Heeren, the histories of Grote, Arnold and restrictions. These restrictions are imposed for the purpose of protecting the Mommsen, Mr. Bosworth Smith's admirable Carthage integrity of the work, for preventing plagiarism, and for helping to assure and the Carthaginians, and the learned and exhaustive that compromised versions of the work are not widely disseminated. History of Art in Phoenicia and its Dependencies, by In order to preserve information regarding the origin of this text, a Messieurs Georges Perrot and Charles Chipiez, as copyright by the author, and a Heritage History distribution date are translated and edited by Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of Foreign Policy Motivation in the Peloponnesian War
    Review of International Studies (2001), 27, 69–90 Copyright © British International Studies Association ‘Chiefly for fear, next for honour, and lastly for profit’: an analysis of foreign policy motivation in the Peloponnesian War WILLIAM O. CHITTICK AND ANNETTE FREYBERG-INAN Abstract. This article applies a three-dimensional framework for the analysis of the role of motivation in foreign policy decision-making to the foreign policy decisions of individuals and cities in Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War. First, the authors briefly intro- duce their framework for analysis. Using the speeches in Thucydides to explicate the motives and goals of individuals and cities, the authors then trace the relationships between the motivational dispositions of foreign policy actors and their foreign policy behaviour. In so doing, they demonstrate both the relevance of a concern with individual motivation for foreign policy analysis and the usefulness of their analytical framework for studying the impact of the relevant motives. The authors also show how ideological statements can be ana- lysed to determine the relative salience of individual motives and collective goals, suggesting a relationship between ideological reasoning and motivational imbalance which can adversely affect the policymaking process. In conclusion, they briefly assess the theoretical and norma- tive as well as practical policy implications of their observations. Introduction The study of foreign policy entails the analysis of human reactions to the threats, challenges, and opportunities presented by the international environment. However, foreign policy decision-makers do not react directly to situations or events. Instead, they react according to the ways in which they perceive and interpret those situations and events.
    [Show full text]
  • A Glimpse Into the Roman Finances of the Second Punic War Through
    Letter Geochemical Perspectives Letters the history of the western world. Carthage was a colony founded next to modern Tunis in the 8th century BC by Phoenician merchants. During the 3rd century BC its empire expanded westward into southern Spain and Sardinia, two major silver producers of the West Mediterranean. Meanwhile, Rome’s grip had tight- © 2016 European Association of Geochemistry ened over the central and southern Italian peninsula. The Punic Wars marked the beginning of Rome’s imperial expansion and ended the time of Carthage. A glimpse into the Roman finances The First Punic War (264 BC–241 BC), conducted by a network of alliances in Sicily, ended up with Rome prevailing over Carthage. A consequence of this of the Second Punic War conflict was the Mercenary War (240 BC–237 BC) between Carthage and its through silver isotopes unpaid mercenaries, which Rome helped to quell, again at great cost to Carthage. Hostilities between the two cities resumed in 219 BC when Hannibal seized the F. Albarède1,2*, J. Blichert-Toft1,2, M. Rivoal1, P. Telouk1 Spanish city of Saguntum, a Roman ally. At the outbreak of the Second Punic War, Hannibal crossed the Alps into the Po plain and inflicted devastating mili- tary defeats on the Roman legions in a quick sequence of major battles, the Trebia (December 218 BC), Lake Trasimene (June 217 BC), and Cannae (August 216 BC). As a measure of the extent of the disaster, it was claimed that more than 100,000 Abstract doi: 10.7185/geochemlet.1613 Roman soldiers and Italian allies lost their lives in these three battles, including The defeat of Hannibal’s armies at the culmination of the Second Punic War (218 BC–201 three consuls.
    [Show full text]
  • Plinius Senior Naturalis Historia Liber V
    PLINIUS SENIOR NATURALIS HISTORIA LIBER V 1 Africam Graeci Libyam appellavere et mare ante eam Libycum; Aegyptio finitur, nec alia pars terrarum pauciores recipit sinus, longe ab occidente litorum obliquo spatio. populorum eius oppidorumque nomina vel maxime sunt ineffabilia praeterquam ipsorum linguis, et alias castella ferme inhabitant. 2 Principio terrarum Mauretaniae appellantur, usque ad C. Caesarem Germanici filium regna, saevitia eius in duas divisae provincias. promunturium oceani extumum Ampelusia nominatur a Graecis. oppida fuere Lissa et Cottae ultra columnas Herculis, nunc est Tingi, quondam ab Antaeo conditum, postea a Claudio Caesare, cum coloniam faceret, appellatum Traducta Iulia. abest a Baelone oppido Baeticae proximo traiectu XXX. ab eo XXV in ora oceani colonia Augusti Iulia Constantia Zulil, regum dicioni exempta et iura in Baeticam petere iussa. ab ea XXXV colonia a Claudio Caesare facta Lixos, vel fabulosissime antiquis narrata: 3 ibi regia Antaei certamenque cum Hercule et Hesperidum horti. adfunditur autem aestuarium e mari flexuoso meatu, in quo dracones custodiae instar fuisse nunc interpretantur. amplectitur intra se insulam, quam solam e vicino tractu aliquanto excelsiore non tamen aestus maris inundant. exstat in ea et ara Herculis nec praeter oleastros aliud ex narrato illo aurifero nemore. 4 minus profecto mirentur portentosa Graeciae mendacia de his et amne Lixo prodita qui cogitent nostros nuperque paulo minus monstrifica quaedam de iisdem tradidisse, praevalidam hanc urbem maioremque Magna Carthagine, praeterea ex adverso eius sitam et prope inmenso tractu ab Tingi, quaeque alia Cornelius Nepos avidissime credidit. 5 ab Lixo XL in mediterraneo altera Augusta colonia est Babba, Iulia Campestris appellata, et tertia Banasa LXXV p., Valentia cognominata.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870
    The Civilizing Sea: The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Dzanic, Dzavid. 2016. The Civilizing Sea: The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33840734 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Civilizing Sea: The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870 A dissertation presented by Dzavid Dzanic to The Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts August 2016 © 2016 - Dzavid Dzanic All rights reserved. Advisor: David Armitage Author: Dzavid Dzanic The Civilizing Sea: The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870 Abstract This dissertation examines the religious, diplomatic, legal, and intellectual history of French imperialism in Italy, Egypt, and Algeria between the 1789 French Revolution and the beginning of the French Third Republic in 1870. In examining the wider logic of French imperial expansion around the Mediterranean, this dissertation bridges the Revolutionary, Napoleonic, Restoration (1815-30), July Monarchy (1830-48), Second Republic (1848-52), and Second Empire (1852-70) periods. Moreover, this study represents the first comprehensive study of interactions between imperial officers and local actors around the Mediterranean.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tyrannies in the Greek Cities of Sicily: 505-466 Bc
    THE TYRANNIES IN THE GREEK CITIES OF SICILY: 505-466 BC MICHAEL JOHN GRIFFIN Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Classics September 2005 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to thank the Thomas and Elizabeth Williams Scholarship Fund (Loughor Schools District) for their financial assistance over the course of my studies. Their support has been crucial to my being able to complete this degree course. As for academic support, grateful thanks must go above all to my supervisor at the School of Classics, Dr. Roger Brock, whose vast knowledge has made a massive contribution not only to this thesis, but also towards my own development as an academic. I would also like to thank all other staff, both academic and clerical, during my time in the School of Classics for their help and support. Other individuals I would like to thank are Dr. Liam Dalton, Mr. Adrian Furse and Dr. Eleanor OKell, for all their input and assistance with my thesis throughout my four years in Leeds. Thanks also go to all the other various friends and acquaintances, both in Leeds and elsewhere, in particular the many postgraduate students who have given their support on a personal level as well as academically.
    [Show full text]
  • 0 History the First Punic
    HISTORY THE FIRST PUNIC WAR: A GEO-SPATIAL EXAMINATION A CREATIVE PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF ARTS BY JOSEPH MICHAEL SWEET DR. DOUGLAS SEEFELDT- ADVISOR BALL STATE UNIVERSITY MUNCIE, INDIANA JULY 2017 0 This project is currently available at: http://bsumaps.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=2973cf2127be45a2826813336692e5f0 This creative project an extension of earlier projects created for Dr. Sviatoslav Dmitriev during my time as an undergraduate history major and graduate student at Ball State University. My interest in the First Punic War (264 B.C.-241 B.C.) came while conducting research for my undergraduate Senior Research Project entitled The Roman Corvus: Ancient Evidence and the Modern Interpretations. In this project, I created a historiography for the study of the Roman corvus, tracing the evolution of the corvus from the ancient descriptions by the historians Florus (CE 74-130), Frontinus (CE 40-103), Polybius (200- 118 BCE), and the anonymous author of Deeds of Famous Men (4th Century CE), along with modern interpretations came from several authors writing from the sixteenth century CE, to 2006. Along with that project, I worked on other projects dealing with the Late Roman Republic (264 BCE- 27 BCE). This project seeks to take the Punic War, as described by the historian Polybius (who is the main source on the war), and create spatial narrative to better understand the war. To best show the complex nature and unique trends throughout the First Punic War, Dr. Seefeldt and I decided to create a Story Map through ArcGis.
    [Show full text]
  • THEATRE of WAR 264–241 Bc 0 200 400 Kilometres 0 100 200 Miles
    a S e i a n h e n T y r r Liparian Lipara Isles Mylae Messana Panormus Tyndaris Cale acte Soloeis Drepanum Eryx Himers Motya Segesta Tauromenium Aegatian Naxos Isles Lilybaeum Entella Mt Etna Agyrium Mazara SICILY Selinus Enna Catane Heraclea Acragas Leontini M e d i t e r r Syracuse a n Gela Phoenician settlements e Ecnomus Acrae a n S Plemmyrium Greek settlements e a Native settlements Camerina 0 25 50 75 kilometres 0 25 50 miles Pachynus THEATRE OF WAR 264–241 BC 0 200 400 kilometres 0 100 200 miles Ticinus ILLY RICUM Ticinum DALMATIA Po Trebia Bononia Fanum Pisa Arno Ariminum Trasimeme Perusia Adriatic Sea CORSICA Cosa Tiber Alba Fucens Veii Rome Allifae Cannae Beneventum SARDINIA Pompeii Brundisium Neapolis Tarentum Tyrrh enian Sea Croton a M Se e n d i Messana ia t Rhegium on e r I r a Lilybaeum n SICILY e a n S Carthage e a Syracuse AFRICA Zama ITALY IN THE WAR WITH HANNIBAL THE EASTERN EMPIRE k S e a B l a c Artaxata Sinope GREA TER ARMENIA Heraclea PONTUS Byzantium BITHY NIA Nicomedia MA CEDONIA SOPHENE GALA TIA Halys C APP ADOCIA LYCAONIA CORDUENE Pergamon ASIA P ARTHIAN KINGDOM Tigris Athens Ephesus OSROHENE Antioch Euphrates ACH AEA CILICIA LY CIA SY RIA Seleucia RHODES CYPRUS CRETE Roman Empire M e d i t e Roman Provinces r r a n e a n S e a PALESTINE Cyrene Jerusalem Roman Protectorates Parthian Kingdom CY RENAICA Alexandria 0 200 400 kilometres EGYPT 0 100 200 miles Nile THE ROMAN EMPIRE UNDER HADRIAN n a e c O c i t n a a e l North S t Sea ic A lt York Ba BRIT AIN London Aral Sea Colonia Agrippina Rhine Mainz Danube GAUL
    [Show full text]
  • The Fleets of the First Punic War Author(S): W
    The Fleets of the First Punic War Author(s): W. W. Tarn Reviewed work(s): Source: The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 27 (1907), pp. 48-60 Published by: The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/624404 . Accessed: 24/02/2013 08:32 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Hellenic Studies. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded on Sun, 24 Feb 2013 08:32:00 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE FLEETS OF THE FIRST PUNIC WAR. ACCORDINGto Polybius, there took part in the battle of Ecnomus 680 quinqueremes and 290,000 men, i.e. crews 204,000 and troops 86,000; while in the next year, at the battle of the Hermaean promontory, 550 quiuqueremes were engaged. The only figures comparable to these in Roman history, manifest absurdities apart, are those given by Appian for the battle of Naulochus, and perhaps those for Actiumrn. At Naulochus 300 ships of all sizes are said to have been in action on either side, and no doubt Agrippa's fleet, at any rate, did amount to this large number1; while at Actium Octavian may have had anything up to 400.2 But in Octavian's time the population of all Italy may have been 7 to 8 millions 3; the Mediterranean was almost a Roman lake, and its entire resources went to furnish the fleets for the civil wars.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Understanding Historical Change: Rome HIST 1220.R21, Summer
    Understanding Historical Change: Rome HIST 1220.R21, Summer 2016 Adjunct Professor Matthew Keil, PhD TWR 9:00 AM – 12:00 PM Dealy Hall 202, Rose Hill Email: [email protected] [email protected] (preferred) Web: MagisterKeil.com Office Hours by appointment in Faculty Memorial Hall , 428D Course Overview and Scope Within the ever-fractious saga of European history, ancient Rome looms unchallenged as the continent’s greatest period of unity and stability. At its zenith in the second century AD, the Roman Empire stretched from Hadrian’s Wall in Northern England to the Euphrates River in Syria, and from the Black Sea in the East to the Atlantic Ocean in the West. So tremendous in fact was the achievement of Rome in creating and sustaining this enormous empire that the very notion of Rome has left an indelible mark on all subsequent nations which are bearers of Western civilization. European rulers as far apart in time as Charlemagne, Napoleon, and Hitler have all consciously sought to position their respective dominions in relation to the Roman exemplar, and indeed the historical precedent for this positioning was first laid by the immediate successors to Rome's empire, the "barbarian" tribes who laid it waste, yet who nevertheless often called themselves Romans; after them, and for most of its subsequent history, Europe has seen some form of the Holy Roman Empire. It was not just in Europe, however, but also on the continents of Africa and Asia that Roman subjects swore their obedience to a single political system, acquiesced to the jurisprudence of a single law-code, and sought entrance into a single, distinct cultural community, despite their own often deep linguistic, religious, and regional diversity.
    [Show full text]
  • The History and Description of Africa and of the Notable Things Therein Contained, Vol
    The history and description of Africa and of the notable things therein contained, Vol. 3 http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.nuhmafricanus3 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org The history and description of Africa and of the notable things therein contained, Vol. 3 Alternative title The history and description of Africa and of the notable things therein contained Author/Creator Leo Africanus Contributor Pory, John (tr.), Brown, Robert (ed.) Date 1896 Resource type Books Language English, Italian Subject Coverage (spatial) Northern Swahili Coast;Middle Niger, Mali, Timbucktu, Southern Swahili Coast Source Northwestern University Libraries, G161 .H2 Description Written by al-Hassan ibn-Mohammed al-Wezaz al-Fasi, a Muslim, baptised as Giovanni Leone, but better known as Leo Africanus.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 8 Building a State: Genoa's Rise and Fall
    Chapter 8 Building a State: Genoa’s Rise and Fall Many countries today are facing the challenge of building states that effectively promote political stability, curtail political violence, and foster economic prosperity. Late medieval Europe witnessed a wave of attempts to create such states, particularly in the form of the city- states of northern Italy (see, for example, Waley 1988). No micro-analytical examination of this process of state-building has been conducted and its lessons has not been uncovered. This chapter examines the state-building process in the city-state of Genoa, which emerged from obscurity to become one of the wealthiest cities in Europe but whose history was characterized by frequent intracity political violence and relative economic decline. The chapter provides a microanalytical examination of the historical process of state-building in Genoa while explicitly recognizing the need to study the polity as an equilibrium outcome in which actors can choose between predatory and economic behavior. Two perspectives dominate the study of the relationships between political institutions and economic prosperity, neither of which adequately accounts for Genoa’s experience. The first perspective assumes the existence of a predator-ruler, a ruler with a monopoly over coercive power. According to this view, promoting prosperity entails building institutions that enable the ruler to credibly commit to respecting property rights.1 This perspective cannot be applied to the city-state of Genoa, which had no de facto ruler with or without a monopoly over coercive power at the time it was established. The second, neo-Hobbesian, perspective on state-building assumes that the state reflects attempts by economic agents to advance their interests, as “the state produces order,” and provides other public goods that benefit them (Hardin 1997, p.
    [Show full text]