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SHAWG Report 2016.Indd SHAWG Sheep Health & Welfare Group Sheep Health and Welfare Report for Great Britain 2016/17 Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Background to the report 2 3. Industry data and trends 3 4. Surveillance and monitoring 8 5. Internal parasites 11 6. External parasites 13 7. Lameness 14 8. Chronic wasting diseases 15 9. Common endemic diseases 17 10. Abortion 18 11. Ewe mortality 20 12. Lamb mortality 22 13. Abattoir data 24 14. Horizon scanning 26 15. Flock health planning 28 16. Use of medicines 29 17. Farm assurance 30 18. Breeding for health and welfare traits 31 19. Nutrition 32 20. Recommendations 33 References 34 Glossary 37 Appendix 40 About SHAWG 44 The SHAWG members would like to thank Kate Phillips, Harriet Fuller, Brian Lindsay and Ian Davies for their significant contribution to this report. 1. Introduction I am delighted to be writing this introduction for the very first Sheep Health and Welfare Report, instigated and commissioned by the Sheep Health and Welfare Group (SHAWG). The launch of this report supports the role of the SHAWG conferences that have become such popular and well attended events. These conferences reflect a sheep industry on the verge of a step change, to even further improvements in sheep health and welfare. It is anticipated that this report is part of that process. This document is purposely designed as a reference tool rather than a booklet to be read from cover to cover. One of the key roles of SHAWG is the coordination of industry initiatives in sheep health and welfare related activity. While there is much the industry can address, we are focusing on prioritising and fully exploring the key industry challenges, in preference to peter BaBer a broader, less productive blanket approach. SHAWG hopes that based on the available SHAWG Chair (2009-2016) data and associated information contained within this report, the sector can collaborate and work towards some common health and welfare goals. Sourcing data was a major challenge in producing this document. At several points in this publication you will see data from commercial organisations or even personal communications. If you have relevant data that you feel could be useful for future editions, your input would be greatly appreciated and we would welcome your contribution. SHAWG does not have resources to deliver programmes on behalf of the industry, but has a substantial role in getting the sector to identify and focus on major issues. This comprehensive document makes a number of recommendations, based on the evidence explored within this report. I encourage you to take time to read it and if you or your organisation has a role to play in any of these areas, please do give them your support. Equally importantly, do let SHAWG know of plans you may have, since they may connect you with others considering similar actions. Transferring knowledge in this way is key to developing the industry as a whole. Finally, I wish to thank all the members of SHAWG for their continued commitment to the Group. The level of debate and the genuine support of the individuals involved makes this a truly valuable resource for both the industry and associated government agencies. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the report drafting group who have read and re-read this document, attended meetings with the authors and invested considerable effort in originating and editing this publication. Without their help, this document could not have been produced. SHAWG is also very grateful for and could not exist without the core funding initially from EBLEX and more recently from AHDB Beef & Lamb. Finally, when reading this report, try and make sure that whatever points you take from it, result in someway to improving the health and welfare of our national flock! 1 2. Background to this report This is the first report on the state of sheep health and welfare in Great Britain (GB). It covers health and welfare subjects relevant to today’s sheep industry and uses historic data to provide a context for the findings. The Sheep Health and Welfare Group (SHAWG) originally started as an England-only committee but soon included representatives from across GB. The fact that we are an island and that diseases do not respect borders, necessitates a cohesive approach to understanding the impact of disease and maintenance of high standards of animal welfare. We depend on each other to maintain a nationwide reputation for sheep meat and breeding stock. The aims of this report are to: ■ Inform the industry of current disease threats, control measures and disease incidence ■ Highlight potential areas for concerted effort to help maintain a profitable sheep sector in GB ■ Emphasise the need for proactive health planning and surveillance to protect our national flock to maintain trade. This report is compiled using data from a variety of sources including industry, Government and from peer reviewed literature. The data comes from both statutory surveillance and voluntary collection, which have pros and cons in regards to reliability and being representative. The hope is that this report will stimulate additional data to be identified or collected, especially in relation to the major health and welfare concerns identified by SHAWG (see Figure 1). Figure 1. Major sheep health and welfare concerns identified by the Sheep Health and Welfare Group ABORTION MASTITIS EWE LAMENESS MORTALITY LAMB INTERNAL MORTALITY PARASITES CHRONIC EXTERNAL WASTING PARASITES DISEASES POOR NUTRITION 2 3. Industry data and trends Sheep numBerS Defra figures for the UK sheep flock (based on the annual June census) show that, following a period of general decline from 2002 onwards, there has been a steady but small increase in breeding ewe numbers since 2010, with an increase of 3% between 2013 and 2015, as shown in Figure 2. Results of the June 2015 census indicate a total UK breeding flock of about 16 million ewes, with around 7 million in England, 5 million in Wales, 3.5 million in Scotland and 1 million in Northern Ireland (1). Figure 2. Ewe numbers by region in the United Kingdom (2002 to 2015) 20 18 16 14 UK 12 England 10 Scotland 8 Million ewes Wales 6 Northern Ireland 4 2 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Source: Defra The distribution of sheep tends to be in the west and north (2) (see Figure 3). Figure 3. Sheep population density in Great Britain in 2015 Source: animal and plant health agency 2 3 reSuLtS FROM BritiSh Sheep BreeD SurVey The British sheep breed survey has been carried out periodically since 1971, with the fifth and latest describing the breed structure at mating in 2012 (3). In 2012, a single page postal questionnaire was sent to 42,215 wool producers registered with the British Wool Marketing Board (BWMB). The completed and usable forms represented 23% of breeders and 16% of breeding ewes. The survey found that the number of breeds and crosses had increased to 106 in 2012. Crossbred ewes were 56% of ewes mated and purebreds 44%; in 2003 the split was 50:50. Change has been driven by a fall in purebred numbers while crossbred numbers were similar. Much of the fall in ewe numbers since 2003 is due to reduced numbers of the three main hill breeds (Scottish Blackface, Swaledale and Welsh Mountain). More information can be seen in Tables 10 and 11 in the Appendix. The vast majority of rams used in GB are purebred (94%) and are dominated by the three terminal sire breeds (Texel, Suffolk and Charollais), which together accounted for nearly half of the rams used in 2012 (see Table 12 in the Appendix). The Texel is now the dominant sire at over a quarter of all rams used. While many of the other popular sires saw a slight decline in numbers, the Lleyn has seen an approximate 50% increase since the last survey in 2003. Crossbred rams are becoming more popular (e.g. Suffolk cross Texel or Charollais cross Texel) and new composite breeds lines have been developed. 4 LamB PRODuCtion Each year Defra calculates the overall lamb survival rate from ewes and ewe lambs put to the ram (see Figure 4). The survival of lambs is dependent on weather conditions and this needs to be considered when interpreting year-on-year changes. There has been an overall upward trend in the surviving lamb percentage over the last 10 years. In the shorter term, following the high survival rate in 2011 (helped by favourable weather conditions) the surviving lamb percentage fell slightly in 2012 and again in 2014 (4). Anecdotally, the range in lamb survival rate varies enormously by breed, season and system from about 80 to 200%. Figure 4. Surviving lamb percentage for Great Britain 130 125 120 115 110 105 100 Lamb survival (percentage) Lamb survival 95 90 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Source: Defra statistics, ahDB survey of auction markets In 2015, around 14 million sheep were slaughtered in the UK, with 89% being lambs (see Figure 5). Lamb and mutton production made up approximately 14 -15% of red meat production in the UK over the period 2011-2015 (see Table 13 in the Appendix). Figure 5. UK sheep slaughterings for 2000 to 2015 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 Million head 6 4 2 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2000 2001 2002 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Lambs Ewes and rams Source: Defra 4 5 WooL PRODuCtion The British Wool Marketing Board (BWMB) is required to register all producers with four or more sheep (with the exception of Shetland, which has its own arrangement) and there are currently approximately 45,000 registered producers.
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