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COLOUI{ INI-IEI~ITANCE IN SHEEP III. ]PACE AND LEG CO]~OUI~ BY J. A. FI~,ASER ROBERTS. (F~'om the Del)art,mc'nt of Agricult.ure, University College o/' North Wales, Ba,ngor, and, the A,,d,ntal B,reedi,~g Research Dcl)a,rtmcnt , University of Edinburgh.) I. ~NTRODUCT[ON. I)UPdN(." the past four years the writer has lm.d the opportunity of conducting experiments on the inherit'race of eolour in sheep and a part of the conchlsions that have emerged up to the present time have been published in a series appearing in this ,lou.r,nal (1924, 1926). It is hoped in this way to bring together the results obtained in these experiments as well as the results of other workers and so eventually to add a chapter to the study of coat colour in mammals, a study that h:ts led to fruitful hypotheses, and in particular to more or less physiological conceptions of. genetic action. The writer feels that some such explanation is required to prel!'me this paper, which is mainly n.n attempt to systematise a portion or the field and to analyse further the results obtained by Wood (1905, 1909), and only includes a few casual original observations. Unfortu- nately, there is little prospect at present el the carrying out of any f.urther experiments on the inheritance of [ace colour, so that it may be justifiable to analyse as far "l.s possible the results ah'eady obtained and to fit them into the general scheme. 2. THE RATIONALE OF VARIATIONS IN FACE AND LEG (JoLou~ IN SHEEP. Amongst the mammals about which something is known regarding the inheritance of wn'iations in coat eolour, sheep occupy a. rather special position, this being (:[tie to the peculiarities fit the make-up of the coat,. Primitive sheep, th'l.t are considered to resembh; closely the an('estors of the domesbicai, ed breeds, possess two clearly (leIined coats, a coarse outer protective coat, and it fine immr warmth-rei, a.ining coat. Mosl; modern sheep have l;he illller coat greai;ly developed at, the expense, el" the eli|or eo'~t which, in most cases, has become reduced to a covering of short ffourn, of Gem xlx 17 262 Cdour l'~heritance i'r~ Shee~ stiff hairs on the face and Legs, to a rcnmant of varying but usually snm,ll a,mount in tile body of the fleece known as kemp, and to a birth-coat sometimes present in the new-born lq.mb which is soon lost,. For the sake of simplicity, it; is convenient to visualise a threshold for the formation el pigment. All ordinary white sheep represents ,dmost complete restric- tion, a black one ,~Imost eoml?lete extension. Associated with this and other wlria.tions is the occurrence of dilution which t,ttrns the l)lack into broD.rll or light, red. Between the extremes of self-black and white m~my intermediate conditions arc found. For example, the writer (1924, 1926) has invest,igated what is probably a series of quadruple allclmnorphs; the top of the series is white, then come badger-face pattern, reversed badger-face patt,ern, and black. In this ease the intermediate condition m~ly be visualised as '1. pattern of black "rod white, the threshold for pig- ment [ormation being reached in certain areas but, not in others. Other patterns, such as the piebald pattern described by the writer (1926) or that of tile black-headed Persian sheep, are similar, in t,hat colour is confined to certain areas irrespective el the type el' fibres involved. Another intermediate condition is o1~ an entirely different kind. [11 this second type the threshold for pigment formation is reached in tile case el the derivat,ives of the primitive outer coat but, not at all, or only to a slight extent,, in the case of the derivat,ives of the inner coat. An excellent example el this type of restriction is the Suffolk sheep, which has been fully described from this point oli view by Nichols (1927). In the Sl.tffolk sheep the face and leg hair, the kemp ill body of the fleece and the portion of the birth-coat, derived [rom the outer coat, are black, while in the case of the wool fibres only the tip is pigmented, the pigment, being present in such small quantity that its contribution to the gross colour of the sheep is negligible. In the adult,, moreover, as tips do not occur except in regenerated fibres, even this slight, pigmentat~ion is almost absent. It is this type el colouring, where pigment is practically confined to deriva- tives of the out~er coat,, that, will be considered in this paper. It shouk[ be not,ed that a consequence of this type of pigment formq.tion is that there is an ahnost perfect, correlation between mnount, distribution, and dihlt,ion of eolour on the fa.ce and on the legs respectively, so t,ha.t when race colour is mentioned it will be understood that leg eolour is also included in the description. It is possible to ext, end the scheme llurt,her and to separal;e t,he va.rial;ions in face colour into three groups. 1. Variations in the. relat,ive proportion of pigmented and unpigment,ed a.re~s and their distribution. J. A. IFll,ASEI-r I~,OBEI~.TS 263 2. Variations in dilution. 3. Variations ill grades of completeness o17 restriction of pigment in the white sheep. A few words of explanation are required with reference to group 3. This group covers variations in the nature and amount of the small quantities of pigment found on the bare skin of the nose, on the hoofs, as well as spots on several regions chiefly round the nose, about the eyes and ears, and on the scrotum. This pigment is mainly confined to the sldn, the h~irs being white, but occasionally the pignlent spreads into the h'firs too. There are several lines of evidence to show that variations of group 1 type and of group 3 type are rightly sep~mtted. It will be shown that variations in the characteristics determined by l'aei~ors of group 1 are inherited in a definite way and that white-faced sheep are homozygous l:or that character. Their genetic constitution is the same in respect go group 1, although they may v'~ry considerably as regards the precise degree of restriction of pigment on the extremities. For example, sheep with pink noses and white hoofs and ahnost complete absence of pigment are in respect of factors of group 1 identical with sheep with black noses and hoofs which also show little spots of black round the muzzle and on the ears. Another line of evidence pointing to the same conclusion is that where there is considerable dilution of the colour on the face as determined by factors of group 2, the pigment on the nose and the scattered colom'ed spots are not necessarily dihtted correspondingly. For example, the Welsh Mountain sheep has a broken-eoloured face, the patches being light red, but the nose and small spots round the nose and in the ears q.re dark. The wtrious breeds of sheep can be grouped as regards their face eolour in accordance with the scheme. The following breeds '~re dis- tinguished by whole colour on the face subject to increasing degrees of dilution: Suffolk--black. Hampshire Down--l)lack, but not quite as dark as the Suffolk. Oxford Down Shropshire brown. ])orset Down Southdown--mouse eolour. The following breeds are examples of white times with varying degrees of completeness of restriction of colour as determined by factors of group 3 : 264 Uolou~" Inheritance in Sheep Merino ] Doli~et Horn~ very white. R,ydand J Longwoo] breeds, e.g. Border Leioester--whit;e with dark or motl:led nose and varying amounts of small dark spots. The following breeds have broken co]our on the face: Kerryhill---eoloured areas on face not as dark as black of SuiIolk. Scotch Blackface--whole Mack or broken black. Welsh Mountain--coloured areas light red or tan. A special complication exists in the ease of Wenslcyd'fles and Lei- testers, which are ('haraeterised by blue faces, the blue appearance being due to the growth of white fibres on a dark skin. This complication is not considered further in this paper. llt is a most remarkable fact, and one that apl)arently has escaped comment, that sheep with whole-colonred faces or white faces breed entirely true for these features, whereas breeds with 1)roken colour on the time most emphatically do not breed true for t~he grade of speckling desired, or even sometimes for broken cofour at all. Similarly, constant; selection is required to maintain the desired degree of dilution of colom' and the desired grade of restriction of colour on the nose. These facts suggest that inheritance of w~.riations of group 1 type is not complicated and suggests, furthcr, that whole-coloured faces and white faces depend upon a homozygous condition. It is a point of some interest that "white pattern," a white spot on the top of the head and a white tip to the tail, as described by Adametz (1917) and the writer (1924, 1926), among others, is not expressed in sheep with colottred faces, although it seems to be established that the factors responsible occur generally amongst colom'ed breeds and also in white ones. In the latter case, however, they cannot be expressed.

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