Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry
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Yale Agrarian Studies Series James C. Scott, series editor 6329 Dohner / THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HISTORIC AND ENDANGERED LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY BREEDS / sheet 1 of 528 Tseng 2001.11.19 14:07 Tseng 2001.11.19 14:07 6329 Dohner / THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HISTORIC AND ENDANGERED LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY BREEDS / sheet 2 of 528 Janet Vorwald Dohner 6329 Dohner / THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HISTORIC AND ENDANGERED LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY BREEDS / sheet 3 of 528 The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds Tseng 2001.11.19 14:07 6329 Dohner / THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HISTORIC AND ENDANGERED LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY BREEDS / sheet 4 of 528 Copyright © 2001 by Yale University. Published with assistance from the Louis Stern Memorial Fund. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Designed by Sonia L. Shannon Set in Bulmer type by Tseng Information Systems, Inc. Printed in the United States of America by Jostens, Topeka, Kansas. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dohner, Janet Vorwald, 1951– The encyclopedia of historic and endangered livestock and poultry breeds / Janet Vorwald Dohner. p. cm. — (Yale agrarian studies series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-300-08880-9 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Rare breeds—United States—Encyclopedias. 2. Livestock breeds—United States—Encyclopedias. 3. Rare breeds—Canada—Encyclopedias. 4. Livestock breeds—Canada—Encyclopedias. 5. Rare breeds— Great Britain—Encyclopedias. 6. Livestock breeds—Great Britain—Encyclopedias. I. Title. II. Yale agrarian studies. SF105.275.U6 D65 2002 636'.003—dc21 2001005268 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. 10987654321 Tseng 2001.11.19 14:07 6329 Dohner / THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HISTORIC AND ENDANGERED LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY BREEDS / sheet 5 of 528 My utmost respect to those individuals and families who day after day continue to conserve and care for their animals. To my family and friends, thank you for your understanding and support. Tseng 2001.11.19 14:07 Tseng 2001.11.19 14:07 6329 Dohner / THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HISTORIC AND ENDANGERED LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY BREEDS / sheet 6 of 528 Contents 6329 Dohner / THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HISTORIC AND ENDANGERED LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY BREEDS / sheet 7 of 528 Preface xi Domestication 69 Acknowledgments xiii Husbandry 82 Abbreviations and Symbols xiv Breed Profiles 92 Soay 92 1 Rare on the Farm 2 Shetland 93 North Ronaldsay or Orkney 96 2 Humans and Animals 8 Hebridean 98 Manx Loghtan 100 3 Goats 20 Jacob 101 Natural History 21 Boreray 102 Domestication 27 Castlemilk Moorit 103 Husbandry 37 Welsh Mountain 104 Breed Profiles 48 Black Welsh Mountain 104 English 48 Torddu and Torwen 105 Bagot 49 Balwen 105 Golden Guernsey 51 Hill Radnor 106 San Clemente 53 Lleyn 107 Spanish 54 Portland 107 Tennessee Fainting, Myotonic, and Wooden Leg Dorset Horn 108 56 Wiltshire Horn 110 Nigerian Dwarf 58 Whitefaced Woodland 112 Oberhasli 60 Lincoln 113 Feral, Including Isle of Man, Irish, Scottish, Teeswater 115 Hawaiian, Arapawa, Saturna Island, and Wensleydale 116 Mona Island 61 Leicester Longwool 117 Cotswold 119 4 Sheep 64 Galway 120 Devon and Cornwall Longwool 121 Natural History 65 Tseng 2001.11.19 14:07 viii White Face and Greyface Dartmoors 122 American Mulefoot 194 Ryeland 123 Red Wattle 196 Herdwick 124 Choctaw 197 Southdown 124 Hereford 197 Oxford Down 126 Feral Hogs and Wild Boars 198 Dorset Down 128 Shropshire 129 6 Cattle 200 Norfolk Horn 130 Natural History 201 Clun Forest 132 Domestication 206 Kerry Hill 133 Husbandry 226 Llanwenog 133 Breed Profiles 236 Navajo-Churro 134 White Park 236 Santa Cruz 137 American White Park 238 Gulf Coast Native 139 Vaynol 240 Newfoundland Local 141 Chillingham 241 6329 Dohner / THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HISTORIC AND ENDANGERED LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY BREEDS / sheet 8 of 528 Hog Island 142 Highland 242 Tunis 143 Kerry 245 Delaine Merino 145 Dexter 247 Caribbean Hair 147 English Longhorn 249 Boricua 148 Ayrshire 250 Barbados Blackbelly 148 Shetland 253 Virgin Island White and St. Croix 151 Red Poll 254 Katahdin 152 Irish Moiled 256 Karakul 153 Galloway 258 California Variegated Mutant / Romeldale 157 White Galloway 260 Feral Hawaiian 157 Belted Galloway 261 Naturalized Wild Sheep 158 British White 262 Devon 264 5 Swine 160 Milking Devon 266 Natural History 161 Gloucester 268 Domestication 163 Shorthorn 269 Husbandry 173 Beef Shorthorn 271 Breed Profiles 182 Northern Dairy Shorthorn 271 Tamworth 182 Whitebred Shorthorn 272 British Saddleback 183 Lincoln Red 272 Gloucestershire Old Spots 185 Milking Shorthorn 273 British Lop 186 Guernsey 274 Berkshire 186 Florida Cracker and Pineywoods 277 Middle White 188 Texas Longhorn 279 Large Black 189 Canadienne 282 Oxford Sandy and Black 190 Dutch Belt or Dutch Belted 284 Ossabaw Island 190 Lineback 287 Guinea 192 Randall Blue Lineback 289 Poland China 193 Ankole Watusi 290 Tseng 2001.11.19 14:07 ix Feral, Including Hawaiian and Enderby Island 8 Poultry 402 292 Chickens 403 Natural History 403 7 Equines 294 Domestication 406 Natural History 295 Husbandry 416 Domestication 304 Breed Profiles 421 Husbandry 323 Dorking 421 Breed Profiles 327 Scots Dumpy 423 Akhal-Teke 327 Scots Grey 424 Caspian 330 Derbyshire Redcap 424 Friesian 332 Old English Pheasant 425 Exmoor 334 Indian or Cornish Game 425 Eriskay 337 Sussex 427 Fell 338 Croad Langshan 428 Dales 340 Dominique 429 6329 Dohner / THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HISTORIC AND ENDANGERED LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY BREEDS / sheet 9 of 528 Dartmoor 341 Java 431 Clydesdale 343 Barred Plymouth Rock 432 Shire 346 Black Australorp 433 Suffolk 349 Brown Leghorn 434 Cleveland Bay 352 Black Minorca 435 Hackney 354 Ancona 437 Irish Draught 357 Rhode Island Red 438 Spanish Mustang or North American Colonial White Wyandotte 439 Spanish 359 Jersey Giant 439 Florida Cracker 367 New Hampshire 440 Chickasaw 369 Delaware 441 Choctaw 370 Hungarian Yellow 442 Sable Island 371 Turkeys 443 Newfoundland 374 Natural History 443 Canadian 376 Domestication 444 Lac La Croix 378 Husbandry 448 Rocky Mountain, Mountain Pleasure, and Breed Profiles 450 Kentucky Mountain 379 Black 450 McCurdy Plantation 382 Narragansett 451 American Cream Draft 383 Bronze 452 Lipizzan 384 White Holland 453 Gotland 388 Buff 454 Poitou 389 Bourbon Red 454 American Mammoth Jack 391 Slate 455 Miniature Mediterranean 394 Royal Palm 455 Feral, Including Mustang, Suffield Mustang, Beltsville Small White 455 Chincoteague and Assateague, Banker, and Ducks 456 Cumberland Island 396 Natural History 456 Domestication 457 Tseng 2001.11.19 14:07 x Husbandry 458 Breed Profiles 471 Breed Profiles 460 Pilgrim 471 Rouen 460 Toulouse 472 Aylesbury 461 Roman 472 Crested 461 Pomeranian 473 Runner 462 Chinese 473 Khaki Campbell 463 African 474 Cayuga 463 Sebastopol 474 Blue Swedish 464 American Buff 475 Buff or Buff Orpington 464 Brecon Buff 475 Ancona 465 Magpie 465 9 Preserving a Future 476 Australian Spotted 465 Saxony 465 Appendix 1. Selected Organizations and Journals Silver Appleyard 466 487 6329 Dohner / THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HISTORIC AND ENDANGERED LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY BREEDS / sheet 10 of 528 Welsh Harlequin 466 Appendix 2. Where to See Rare and Historical Breeds Geese 466 490 Natural History 466 Bibliography 493 Domestication 467 Index 497 Husbandry 469 Tseng 2001.11.19 14:07 Preface 6329 Dohner / THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HISTORIC AND ENDANGERED LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY BREEDS / sheet 11 of 528 ave you ever seen a field of black-and-white spotted sheep The impetus for this book came in part from Kis- with two, four, or even six large, curving horns? A huge, met, our Turkish livestock guardian dog. Many breeds dreadlocked donkey? A curly haired, white pig with big of livestock protector dogs have worked with humans black spots? A fully grown cow no taller than your waist? since ancient times, although we have only recently re- HHave you ever seen a Dominique chicken? The early discovered their value in the New World. In an effort colonists probably carried the ancestors of these multi- to learn more about how to work with these dogs, I purpose and hardy birds across the sea to the New turned to the work of Raymond Coppinger, director World. Later generations of pioneers stuffed them into of the Livestock Dog Project at Hampshire College, their saddlebags to help them settle the new land. Too who pioneered the understanding of livestock dogs. many to count, Dominiques pecked and scratched in In 1983, Coppinger also introduced the concept of the farmyards across the countryside. Yet just a few years ‘‘domestication of evolution’’ in an article of the same ago there were fewer than five hundred hens to be name. Stephen Budiansky, author of The Covenant of found. theWild (1992), was struck by this concept that animals Have you ever seen a Cotswold sheep? Full of per- can ‘‘choose’’ domestication as a means of species sur- sonality, these wonderful sheep have little ringlets of vival. Budiansky recognized and explained this human- fine wool that obscure their faces. Not long ago the old, animal partnership and the responsibility it brings. long-wooled sheep breeds ranged throughout Britain This special relationship and the responsibility that and its colonies, bringing great wealth from their wool. accompanies it support the efforts of rare breed con- Today there may be fewer than a thousand Cotswolds servators, who truly understand the importance of the in all of Britain and North America. work they undertake. They have certainly been frus- The answer to these questions is ‘‘Probably not.’’ trated in promoting their cause.