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The Cognitive Neurosciences III Table of Contents Preface xiii I. EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT 1 Introduction 3 Pasko Rakic 1. What Is It Like to Be a Human? 5 Todd M. Preuss 2. Adult Neurogenesis in the Primate Forebrain 23 David R. Kornack 3. Setting the Stage for Cognition: Genesis of the Primate Cerebral Cortex 33 Pasko Rakic, Eugenius S.B.C Ang and Joshua Breunig 4. Neuronal Migration in the Brain 51 Guofa Liu and Yi Rao 5. Patterning of the Cerebral Cortex 69 Sonia Garel and John L.R. Rubenstein 6. A New Perspective on the Role of Activity in the Development of Eye-Specific 85 Retinogeniculate Projections Leo M. Chalupa and Andrew D. Huberman 7. Brain and Behavioral Development During Childhood 93 Jerome Kagan and Abigail A. Baird II. PLASTICITY 105 Introduction 107 Ira B. Black 8. Long-Term Plasticity of Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission in the Cerebral 109 Cortex Robert A. Crozier, Benjamin D. Philpot, Nathaniel B. Sawtell and Mark F. Bear 9. Neurogenesis in the Adult Mammalian Brain 127 Henriette van Praag, Xinyu Zhao and Fred H. Gage 10. Stress, Deprivation, and Adult Neurogenesis 139 Elizabeth Gould 11. Quantitative Analysis of Fetal and Adult Neurogenesis: Regulation of Neuron 149 Number Richard S. Nowakowski and Nancy L. Hayes 12. Stem Cell Plasticity: Overview and Perspective 161 3 Dale Woodbury and Ira B. Black 13. How Sex and Stress Hormones Regulate the Structural and Functional Plasticity of 171 the Hippocampus Bruce S. McEwen III. SENSORY SYSTEMS 183 Introduction 185 J. Anthony Movshon and Brian A. Wandell 14. The Implications of Metabolic Energy Requirements for the Representation of 187 Information in Neurons Simon B. Laughlin 15. Somatosensory Discrimination: Neural Coding and Decision-Making Mechanisms 197 Ranulfo Romo, Victor De Lafuente and Adrian Hernandez 16. Auditory Cortex in Primates: Functional Subdivisions and Processing Streams 215 Troy A. Hackett and Jon H. Kaas 17. A New Foundation for the Visual Cortical Hierarchy 233 Jonathan C. Horton and Lawrence C. Sincich 18. Birdsong: Hearing in the Service of Vocal Learning 245 Allison J. Doupe, Michele M. Solis, Charlotte A. Boettiger and Neal A. Hessler 19. Olfaction: From Sniff to Percept 259 Moustafa Bansafi, Christina Zelano, Brad Johnson, Joel Mainland, Rehan Khan and Noam Sobel 20. Origins of Perception: Retinal Ganglion Cell Diversity and the Creation of Parallel 281 Visual Pathways Dennis Dacey 21 Mechanisms of Image Processing in the Visual Cortex 303 C. Elizabeth Boudreau and David Ferster 22. Receptive Fields and Suppressive Fields in the Early Visual System 313 Matteo Carandini 23. Characterization of Neural Responses with Stochastic Stimuli 327 Eero P. Simoncelli, Liam Paninski, Jonathan W. Pillow and Odelia Schwartz 24. Neuronal Correlates of Visual Attention and Perception 339 David J. Heeger and David Ress 25. Dynamics of Attentional Modulation in Visual Cerebral Cortex 351 John H.R. Maunsell and Geoffrey M. Ghose 26. Acoustic Stimulus Processing and Multimodal Interactions in Primates 359 4 Gregg H. Recanzone 27. Motion Perception and Midlevel Vision 369 Josh McDermott and Edward H. Adelson 28. Determining an Auditory Scene 385 Willaim A. Yost 29. Short-Term Memory for the Rapid Deployment of Visual Attention 397 Ken Nakayama, Vera Maljkovic and Árni Kristjánsson IV. MOTOR SYSTEMS 409 Introduction 411 Emilio Bizzi and Scott T. Grafton 30. Toward a Neurobiology of Coordinate Transformations 413 Emilio Bizzi and Ferdinando A. Mussa-Ivaldi 31. Cortical Mechanisms Subserving Object Grasping, Action Understanding, and 427 Imitation Giacomo Rizzolatti, Leonardo Fogassi and Vittorio Gallese 32. The Representation of Action 441 Scott T. Grafton and Richard B. Ivry 33. Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Circuits with the Cerebral Cortex 453 Peter L. Strick 34. Sensorimotor Transformations in the Posterior Parietal Cortex 463 Richard Andersen, Daniella Meeker, Bijan Pesaran, Boris Breznen, Christopher Buneo and Hans Scherberger 35. Brain Mechanisms of Praxis 475 Apostolos P. Georgopoulos 36. Computational Motor Control 485 Daniel M. Wolpert and Zoubin Ghahramani 37 The Basal Ganglia and the Control of Action 495 Ann M. Graybiel and Esen Saka 38 Motor Learning and Memory for Reaching and Pointing 511 Reza Shadmehr and Steven P. Wise V. ATTENTION 525 Introduction 527 Anne Treisman 39. Psychological Issues in Selective Attention 529 5 Anne Treisman 40. Orienting and the Inhibition of Return 545 Raymond Klein 41. Selective Attention: Electrophysiological and Neuromagnetic Studies 561 Joseph B. Hopfinger, Steven J. Luck and Steven A. Hillyard 42. Visual Selective Attention: Insights from Brain Imaging and Neurophysiology 575 Winrich A. Freiwald and Nancy Kanwisher 43. Spatial Neglect and Extinction 589 Jon Driver, Patrik Vuilleumier and Masud Husain 44. Attention and the Frontal Lobes 607 Glyn W. Humphreys and Dana Samson 45. Attention and Action 619 Steven P. Tipper 46. Vigilant Attention 631 Ian H. Robertson and Hugh Garavan VI. MEMORY 641 Introduction 643 Daniel L. Schacter 47. Synaptic Growth and the Persistence of Long-Term Memory: A Molecular 647 Perspective Craig H. Bailey and Eric R. Kandel 48. Domain Specificity in Cognitive Systems 665 Lila Davachi, Lizabeth M. Romanski, Matthew V. Chafee and Patricia S. Goldman- Rakic 49. An Information Processing Framework for Memory Representation by the 679 Hippocampus Howard Eichenbaum 50. Medial Temporal Lobe Function and Memory 691 Larry R. Squire, Robert E. Clark and Peter J. Bayley 51. Cognitive Control, Semantic Memory, and Priming: Contributions from Prefrontal 709 Cortex Anthony D. Wagner, Silvia A. Bunge and David Badre 52. Retrieval Processes in Human Memory: Electrophysiological and fMRI Evidence 727 Michael D. Rugg 53. Neural Correlates of Memory's Successes and Sins 739 6 Randy L. Buckner and Daniel L. Schacter VII. LANGUAGE 753 Introduction 755 Alfonso Caramazza 54. Prelexical and Lexical Processing in Listening 759 Peter Indefrey and Anne Cutler 55. Cognitive and Neural Substrates of Written Language: Comprehension and 775 Production Argye E. Hillis and Brenda C. Rapp 56. The Neural Basis of Syntactic Processes 789 Angela D. Friederici 57. The Organization of Lexical Knowledge in the Brain: The Grammatical Dimension 803 Kevin Shapiro and Alfonso Caramazza 58. The Neural Basis of Reading Acquisition 815 Franck Ramus 59 Biological Foundations of Language Acquisition: Evidence from Bilingualism 825 Jacques Mehler, Núria Sebastián-Gallés and Marina Nespor 60. The Evolution of Language 837 W. Tecumseh Fitch VIII. HIGHER COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS 847 Introduction 849 Nikos K. Logothetis 61. Evolutionary and Developmental Foundations of Human Knowledge: A Case Study 853 of Mathematics Marc D. Hauser and Elizabeth S. Spelke 62. From Number Neurons to Mental Arithmetic: The Cognitive Neuroscience of 865 Number Sense Manuela Piazza and Stanislas Dehaene 63. Object Categorization, Expertise, and Neural Plasticity 877 James W. Tanaka 64. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Face and Object Representations in the 889 Human Brain James V. Haxby, M. Ida Gobbini and K. Montgomery 65. Associative Memory: Representation, Activation, and Cognitive Control 905 Ryoko Fujimichi, Yuji Naya and Yasushi Miyashita 7 66. Top-Down Mechanisms for Working Memory and Attentional Processes 919 Luiz Pessoa and Leslie G. Ungerleider 67. The Brain's Mind's Images: The Cognitive Neuroscience of Mental Imagery 931 Giorgio Ganis, William L. Thompson, Fred Mast and Stephen M. Kosslyn 68. The Fractionation of Supervisory Control 943 Tim Shallice 69. Functional MRI in Monkeys: A Bridge Between Human and Animal Brain Research 957 Nikos K. Logothetis IX. EMOTION AND SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE 971 Introduction 973 Todd F. Heatherton, Elizabeth A. Phelps and Joseph E. LeDoux 70 Social Neuroscience 977 John T. Cacioppo and Gary G. Berntson 71. The Neural Basis of Fear 987 Glen E. Schafe and Joseph E. LeDoux 72. The Human Amygdala and Awareness: Interactions Between Emotion and 1005 Cognition Elizabeth A. Phelps 73. Processing of Emotional and Social Information by the Human Amygdala 1017 Ralph Adolphs 74. Stress and Cognition 1031 Robert M. Sapolsky 75. A General Circuitry Processing Reward/Aversion Information and Its Implications 1043 for Neuropsychiatric Illness Hans C. Breiter and Gregory P. Gasic 76. A Self Less Ordinary: The Medial Prefrontal Cortex and You 1067 C. Neil Macrae, Todd F. Heatherton and William M. Kelley 77. The Cognitive Neuroscience of Knowing One's Self 1077 Stanley B. Klein 78. Frontal Lobe Contributions to Executive Control of Cognitive and Social Behavior 1091 Jennifer S. Beer, Arthur P. Shimamura and Robert T. Knight X. CONSCIOUSNESS 1105 Introduction 1107 Christof Koch 8 79. How Can We Construct a Science of Consciousness? 1111 David J. Chalmers 80. The Neurology of Impaired Consciousness: Challenges for Cognitive Neuroscience 1121 Nicholas D. Schiff 81. A Framework for Consciousness 1133 Francis C. Crick and Christof Koch 82. Neural Mechanisms for Access to Consciousness 1145 Stanislas Dehaene and Jean-Pierre Changeux 83. Perceiving the World and Grasping It: Dissociations Between Conscious and 1159 Unconscious Visual Processing Melvyn A. Goodale 84. Neural Correlates of Visual Consciousness in Humans 1173 Geraint Rees 85. Split Decisions 1189 George L. Wolford, Michael B. Miller and Michael S. Gazzaniga 86. Authorship Processing 1201 Daniel M. Wegner and Betsy Sparrow XI. PERSPECTIVES AND NEW DIRECTIONS 1211 Introduction 1213 Michael S. Gazzaniga 87. 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