The Cognitive Neurosciences III Table of Contents Preface xiii

I. EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT 1

Introduction 3 Pasko Rakic

1. What Is It Like to Be a Human? 5 Todd M. Preuss

2. Adult Neurogenesis in the Primate Forebrain 23 David R. Kornack

3. Setting the Stage for Cognition: Genesis of the Primate Cerebral Cortex 33 Pasko Rakic, Eugenius S.B.C Ang and Joshua Breunig

4. Neuronal Migration in the Brain 51 Guofa Liu and Yi Rao

5. Patterning of the Cerebral Cortex 69 Sonia Garel and John L.R. Rubenstein

6. A New Perspective on the Role of Activity in the Development of Eye-Specific 85 Retinogeniculate Projections Leo M. Chalupa and Andrew D. Huberman

7. Brain and Behavioral Development During Childhood 93 and Abigail A. Baird

II. PLASTICITY 105

Introduction 107 Ira B. Black

8. Long-Term Plasticity of Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission in the Cerebral 109 Cortex Robert A. Crozier, Benjamin D. Philpot, Nathaniel B. Sawtell and Mark F. Bear

9. Neurogenesis in the Adult Mammalian Brain 127 Henriette van Praag, Xinyu Zhao and Fred H. Gage

10. Stress, Deprivation, and Adult Neurogenesis 139 Elizabeth Gould

11. Quantitative Analysis of Fetal and Adult Neurogenesis: Regulation of Neuron 149 Number Richard S. Nowakowski and Nancy L. Hayes

12. Stem Cell Plasticity: Overview and Perspective 161 3

Dale Woodbury and Ira B. Black

13. How Sex and Stress Hormones Regulate the Structural and Functional Plasticity of 171 the Hippocampus Bruce S. McEwen

III. SENSORY SYSTEMS 183

Introduction 185 J. Anthony Movshon and Brian A. Wandell

14. The Implications of Metabolic Energy Requirements for the Representation of 187 Information in Neurons Simon B. Laughlin

15. Somatosensory Discrimination: Neural Coding and Decision-Making Mechanisms 197 Ranulfo Romo, Victor De Lafuente and Adrian Hernandez

16. Auditory Cortex in Primates: Functional Subdivisions and Processing Streams 215 Troy A. Hackett and Jon H. Kaas

17. A New Foundation for the Visual Cortical Hierarchy 233 Jonathan C. Horton and Lawrence C. Sincich

18. Birdsong: Hearing in the Service of Vocal Learning 245 Allison J. Doupe, Michele M. Solis, Charlotte A. Boettiger and Neal A. Hessler

19. Olfaction: From Sniff to Percept 259 Moustafa Bansafi, Christina Zelano, Brad Johnson, Joel Mainland, Rehan Khan and Noam Sobel

20. Origins of : Retinal Ganglion Cell Diversity and the Creation of Parallel 281 Visual Pathways Dennis Dacey

21 Mechanisms of Image Processing in the Visual Cortex 303 C. Elizabeth Boudreau and David Ferster

22. Receptive Fields and Suppressive Fields in the Early Visual System 313 Matteo Carandini

23. Characterization of Neural Responses with Stochastic Stimuli 327 Eero P. Simoncelli, Liam Paninski, Jonathan W. Pillow and Odelia Schwartz

24. Neuronal Correlates of Visual and Perception 339 David J. Heeger and David Ress

25. Dynamics of Attentional Modulation in Visual Cerebral Cortex 351 John H.R. Maunsell and Geoffrey M. Ghose

26. Acoustic Stimulus Processing and Multimodal Interactions in Primates 359 4

Gregg H. Recanzone

27. Motion Perception and Midlevel Vision 369 Josh McDermott and Edward H. Adelson

28. Determining an Auditory Scene 385 Willaim A. Yost

29. Short-Term for the Rapid Deployment of Visual Attention 397 Ken Nakayama, Vera Maljkovic and Árni Kristjánsson

IV. MOTOR SYSTEMS 409

Introduction 411 Emilio Bizzi and Scott T. Grafton

30. Toward a Neurobiology of Coordinate Transformations 413 Emilio Bizzi and Ferdinando A. Mussa-Ivaldi

31. Cortical Mechanisms Subserving Object Grasping, Action Understanding, and 427 Imitation , Leonardo Fogassi and Vittorio Gallese

32. The Representation of Action 441 Scott T. Grafton and Richard B. Ivry

33. Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Circuits with the Cerebral Cortex 453 Peter L. Strick

34. Sensorimotor Transformations in the Posterior Parietal Cortex 463 Richard Andersen, Daniella Meeker, Bijan Pesaran, Boris Breznen, Christopher Buneo and Hans Scherberger

35. Brain Mechanisms of Praxis 475 Apostolos P. Georgopoulos

36. Computational Motor Control 485 Daniel M. Wolpert and Zoubin Ghahramani

37 The Basal Ganglia and the Control of Action 495 Ann M. Graybiel and Esen Saka

38 and Memory for Reaching and Pointing 511 Reza Shadmehr and Steven P. Wise

V. ATTENTION 525

Introduction 527 Anne Treisman

39. Psychological Issues in Selective Attention 529 5

Anne Treisman

40. Orienting and the Inhibition of Return 545 Raymond Klein

41. Selective Attention: Electrophysiological and Neuromagnetic Studies 561 Joseph B. Hopfinger, Steven J. Luck and Steven A. Hillyard

42. Visual Selective Attention: Insights from Brain Imaging and Neurophysiology 575 Winrich A. Freiwald and

43. Spatial Neglect and Extinction 589 Jon Driver, Patrik Vuilleumier and Masud Husain

44. Attention and the Frontal Lobes 607 Glyn W. Humphreys and Dana Samson

45. Attention and Action 619 Steven P. Tipper

46. Vigilant Attention 631 Ian H. Robertson and Hugh Garavan

VI. MEMORY 641

Introduction 643 Daniel L. Schacter

47. Synaptic Growth and the Persistence of Long-Term Memory: A Molecular 647 Perspective Craig H. Bailey and Eric R. Kandel

48. Domain Specificity in Cognitive Systems 665 Lila Davachi, Lizabeth M. Romanski, Matthew V. Chafee and Patricia S. Goldman- Rakic

49. An Information Processing Framework for Memory Representation by the 679 Hippocampus Howard Eichenbaum

50. Medial Temporal Lobe Function and Memory 691 Larry R. Squire, Robert E. Clark and Peter J. Bayley

51. Cognitive Control, , and : Contributions from Prefrontal 709 Cortex Anthony D. Wagner, Silvia A. Bunge and David Badre

52. Retrieval Processes in Human Memory: Electrophysiological and fMRI Evidence 727 Michael D. Rugg

53. Neural Correlates of Memory's Successes and Sins 739 6

Randy L. Buckner and Daniel L. Schacter

VII. LANGUAGE 753

Introduction 755 Alfonso Caramazza

54. Prelexical and Lexical Processing in Listening 759 Peter Indefrey and Anne Cutler

55. Cognitive and Neural Substrates of Written Language: Comprehension and 775 Production Argye E. Hillis and Brenda C. Rapp

56. The Neural Basis of Syntactic Processes 789 Angela D. Friederici

57. The Organization of Lexical Knowledge in the Brain: The Grammatical Dimension 803 Kevin Shapiro and Alfonso Caramazza

58. The Neural Basis of Reading Acquisition 815 Franck Ramus

59 Biological Foundations of Language Acquisition: Evidence from Bilingualism 825 , Núria Sebastián-Gallés and Marina Nespor

60. The Evolution of Language 837 W. Tecumseh Fitch

VIII. HIGHER COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS 847

Introduction 849 Nikos K. Logothetis

61. Evolutionary and Developmental Foundations of Human Knowledge: A 853 of Mathematics Marc D. Hauser and Elizabeth S. Spelke

62. From Number Neurons to Mental Arithmetic: The of 865 Number Sense Manuela Piazza and Stanislas Dehaene

63. Object Categorization, Expertise, and Neural Plasticity 877 James W. Tanaka

64. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Face and Object Representations in the 889 Human Brain James V. Haxby, M. Ida Gobbini and K. Montgomery

65. Associative Memory: Representation, Activation, and Cognitive Control 905 Ryoko Fujimichi, Yuji Naya and Yasushi Miyashita 7

66. Top-Down Mechanisms for and Attentional Processes 919 Luiz Pessoa and Leslie G. Ungerleider

67. The Brain's Mind's Images: The Cognitive Neuroscience of Mental Imagery 931 Giorgio Ganis, William L. Thompson, Fred Mast and Stephen M. Kosslyn

68. The Fractionation of Supervisory Control 943 Tim Shallice

69. Functional MRI in Monkeys: A Bridge Between Human and Animal Brain Research 957 Nikos K. Logothetis

IX. EMOTION AND SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE 971

Introduction 973 Todd F. Heatherton, Elizabeth A. Phelps and Joseph E. LeDoux

70 Social Neuroscience 977 John T. Cacioppo and Gary G. Berntson

71. The Neural Basis of Fear 987 Glen E. Schafe and Joseph E. LeDoux

72. The Human Amygdala and Awareness: Interactions Between Emotion and 1005 Cognition Elizabeth A. Phelps

73. Processing of Emotional and Social Information by the Human Amygdala 1017 Ralph Adolphs

74. Stress and Cognition 1031 Robert M. Sapolsky

75. A General Circuitry Processing Reward/Aversion Information and Its Implications 1043 for Neuropsychiatric Illness Hans C. Breiter and Gregory P. Gasic

76. A Self Less Ordinary: The Medial Prefrontal Cortex and You 1067 C. Neil Macrae, Todd F. Heatherton and William M. Kelley

77. The Cognitive Neuroscience of Knowing One's Self 1077 Stanley B. Klein

78. Frontal Lobe Contributions to Executive Control of Cognitive and Social Behavior 1091 Jennifer S. Beer, Arthur P. Shimamura and Robert T. Knight

X. 1105

Introduction 1107 Christof Koch 8

79. How Can We Construct a Science of Consciousness? 1111 David J. Chalmers

80. The Neurology of Impaired Consciousness: Challenges for Cognitive Neuroscience 1121 Nicholas D. Schiff

81. A Framework for Consciousness 1133 Francis C. Crick and Christof Koch

82. Neural Mechanisms for Access to Consciousness 1145 Stanislas Dehaene and Jean-Pierre Changeux

83. Perceiving the World and Grasping It: Dissociations Between Conscious and 1159 Unconscious Visual Processing Melvyn A. Goodale

84. Neural Correlates of Visual Consciousness in Humans 1173 Geraint Rees

85. Split Decisions 1189 George L. Wolford, Michael B. Miller and Michael S. Gazzaniga

86. Authorship Processing 1201 Daniel M. Wegner and Betsy Sparrow

XI. PERSPECTIVES AND NEW DIRECTIONS 1211

Introduction 1213 Michael S. Gazzaniga

87. Neuronal Studies of Decision Making in the Visual-Saccadic System 1215 Paul W. Glimcher and Michael C. Dorris

88. The Neurophysiology of Decision Making as a Window on Cognition 1229 Michael N. Shadlen and Joshua I. Gold

89. Cortical Plasticity in the Adult Human Brain 1243 Megan S. Steven and Colin Blakemore

90. Genes and the Development of Neural Networks Underlying Cognitive Processes 1255 John A. Fossella and Michael I. Posner

91. Functional Imaging, Neurophysiology, and the Resting State of the Human Brain 1267 Debra A. Gusnard and Marcus E. Raichle

92. Cognitive : History, Developments, and Directions 1281 John D. Van Horn

93. Social Exchange: The Evolutionary Design of a Neurocognitive System 1295 Leda Cosmides and John Tooby 9

94. Bioethical Issues in the Cognitive Neurosciences 1309 Martha J. Farah

Contributors 1321

Index 13

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