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North Carolina Libraries Face the Depression

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North Carolina Libraries Face the Depression Made available courtesy of North Carolina Library Association: http://www.nclaonline.org/ ***Reprinted with permission. No further reproduction is authorized without written permission from North Carolina Library Association. This version of the document is not the version of record. Figures and/or pictures may be missing from this format of the document.*** North Carolina Libraries ! Face the Depression: A Regional Field Agent and the "Bell Cow" State, 1930-36 by James V. Carmichael, Jr. ibrarians, like other profession­ suited from hard times in such areas as appropriation for the North Carolina li­ als, flatter themselves with the interlibrarycooperationandlending.2This brary Commission was received. Atlanta notion that their problems are article examines the social and political librarian Julia T. Rankin admitted to Annie ,......_ ... unique. The generational arro­ context of North Carolina library affairs Ross, North Carolina Library Commission gance that comes with an ex­ during the same era and the effect that director, that "Your news fills us with so panded knowledge base, new "field work" - a predecessor of much envy that we can hardly congratu­ te(:nnIOi()gy, and professional respectabil~ "consultancy" - had on them. late you/'s By 1929-30 North Carolina's ity often obscures the similarities of their In one apocryphal story, a southern $24,900 appropriation, used to support 'j'>£Lu",w.vuwith that oftheir forebears. Thus, farmer interviewed by a Federal Writers' the traveling library program, state field cuts in the serials budgets of most Project worker during the Great Depres­ work, and rudimentary public library ex­ universities, the closing of big city sion claimed he did not know there was a tension work, was the largest in the South. and consolidation of services ­ depression going on-an indication, set against the national backdrop of the no doubt, of how poor southern con­ and loans scandal and what is now ditions hadbeen since 1865. Although Both Barker and Beal acknowledged as a "recession" ­ many studies have measured the ef­ )nformatticm professionals may forget that fects of the Depression on libraries, exemplified the ideals of """T"T',,,,,, in the Great Depression faced describing southern library service ,'~V1UI-"a1"'LJl'" challenges. New North Caro- during this era becomes an exercise in missionay Iibrarianship Library Commission Secretary selecting negative superlatives. When ,'M:n,r'Ti" Beal addressed the North Caro- the University of North Carolina's which a later generation has Library Association (NCLA) in 1935 Louis Round Wilson unveiled his Lure of the Rent Shelf," and the master plan for southern library de­ been quick to revile. They comments which followed her velopmentattheSoutheasternLibrary 12lZ,estiion for rental fees on non-fiction Association Conference of 1926, 73 extended library service in uct of the present stress")l echo percent of the southern population lean times not through VH'U""C1~'" expressed by today's Ii­ was without library service of any over fees for online searches. kind.3 Robert B. House, also at the money, but by a patient , "innovation" (the buzzword of . University of North Carolina, summed 1980sandearly 1990s), and educa­ up southern ilmentallife" as "inflex­ diplomacy, nurture of and sodal concerns such as literacy ible, unresourceful, unimaginative. I homeless, have obvious parallels don't know whether other sections ~onstituencies, and frequent 1930s: for example, the regional have more wealth because they have concept, the interest in literacy more sense or have more sense be­ iontact with lay groups and for the southern states, and the cause they have more wealth. But I , demand for services occasioned believe there is a correlation between related organizations. of the unemployed into the brains and wealth."4 public libraries. Certainly, there Even given the grim reiteration of Other benchmarks had been set regularly 1 ....H""L'C~ of quality and degree, but it southern educational, economic, and de­ - in 1917 North Carolina became the to note that in North Caro­ mographic statistics, the end of the busi­ second southern state to adopt a county federal dollars provided only ness progressivism of the 1920s boded library law; thanks to the leadership of a the very fundamental solutions well for southern libraries, particularly for progressive library commission; Greens­ by librarians to their problems those of North Carolina. Georgia could boro claimed the first continuously oper­ extra money became available. claim the region's first state library asso­ ating countywide service south of Mary­ G. Holley, for example, has noted ciation, first library school, and first state land (1915); Durham's book truck, the ofthe Great Depression on aca­ library commission, but North Carolina first in the region (1923), became nation­ .uu·uu"",,, and praised the extraordi­ had quickly outstripped that state's record ally famous in the library press; and Nellie of experimentation that re- of library support by 1909 when the initial Rowe, Greensboro's librarian, after having SpRiNG I 992 - ,~ secured the state's second book truck in 1926, created a mild tures of the program included a survey of southern library sensation at the 1929 Washington, D. c., American Library schools, the appointment of state school library supervisors, the Association (ALA) conference bydescribing her successful scheme attachment of state field workers to each southern state library to secure a II dog tax" for maintaining county book truck service. extension agency, and the appointment of a regional field agent At the North Carolina Library Association meeting of 1927, the to oversee the developments in thirteen southern states. One nation's first Citizens Library Movement was formed and her­ week later, however, the stock market crashed. alded a new era of grassroots support through district meetings, The ambitious southern library program drafted by the SELA publicity, and lobbying efforts. delegates was adopted by the Rosenwald Fund, the Carnegie Southern library progress appeared to be on the verge of a Corporation, and the General Education Board inJanuary 1930, new era of expansion when the Julius Rosenwald Fund an­ since the worst effects ofthe Depression had not yet been felt. The nounced a half-million dollar grant to fund county library Rosenwald demonstration libraries inDavidson and Mecklenburg demonstrations in the South in 1929. Of eleven U.S. sites which counties, receiving appropriations of $20,000 and $60,000 each met the requirement for matching fund agreements, a county over a five-year period, reported progress from 1929 through library law, and service to both the black and white segments of 1931 - new branches and stations, a book truck in Davidson the population, two (Mecklenburg and Davidson counties) were County, and school library service in seventeen city schools in in North Carolina. A historic joint meeting of the Southern Mecklenburg County administered through the public library at Conference of Education, ' Charlotte with "a fine spirit of coopera­ the Southeastern Library tion. "6 Moreover. new public library Association (SELA), and the ..Sl:~'leJ buildings continued to be built through~ southern state library asso­ '-'-"',--- out the Depression even without federal ciations at Chapel Hill on aid, induding a handsome new small October 19-22, 1929, crowned structure dedicated in Gastonia in 1931, these achievements with the a gift of the Young Men's Christian Associa­ dedication of the new Univer­ tion (YMCA). 7 North Carolina boasted sev_ sity Library and the adoption enty-three public or association libraries in of a program of foundation 1931, as well as nine independent libraries aid to southern libraries based for the black population. These portents of on the outline drawn by Louis progress were in many cases cosmetic, how­ Round Wilson in 1926. Fea- ever, for as the new regional field agent for the South, Tommie Dora Barker, remarked, Pictured right: out of eighteen North Carolina "county" Tommie Dora Barker, libraries, only ten received appropriations American Library Association of more than one thousand dollars, and Regional Field Agent for the "possibly only five deserve the name of South (1930-1936),1940. county library." Photo courtesy Robert W. Woodruff The regional field agent position was Library, Emory University. designed to represent ALA's interests in the South. Southern librarians had become Below: Helen Marjorie Beal, increasingly disaffected during the 19205 Secretary of the North due to their lack of representation in elec­ Carolina State Library Com­ tive posts, thevehemence with which segre­ mission, circa 1935. gation in the South was discussed at nac Photo courtesy Division of Archives tional meetings, and the general subordina- . and History, Raleigh, N. C. tion of southern library needs to national programs which favored the Northeast and Midwest. Barker herself had been defeated for secc , ond vice-president of ALA in 1927, but she usually took the larger professional view of situations rather than a parochial one. For this reason, she was a trustworthy ally for ALA officials like Board of Edu­ cation for Librarianship Secretary Sarah C. N. Bogle, Library Extension Division Chiefjulia Wright Merrill, and ALA Executive Secretary Carl A. Milam. More importantly, as a native of the region, Barker was able to promote area library interests to the southern public and foster sound planning on such crucial matters as library legislation, state certification for librarians, the newly adopted Standards for High School Libraries of the Southern Association for Colleges and Secondary Schools in the Southern States, and acceptable levels of service and profes­ sional remuneration at local sites. From her Atlanta office, Barker wrote over six thousand letters to state library officials; local librarians; government, dvic and educational lead­ erSi and foundation officials from 1930 to 1936 in an ~6 SpRiNG 1992 NORlH CAROliNA libRARiES effort to preserve the aggressive southern library development for the sake of statewide interests. Both Barker and Beal admitted program launched on the eve of the Depression.
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