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COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE D'HISTOIRE MILITAIRE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF MILITARY HISTORY INTERNATIONALE KOMMISSION FUR MILITARGESCHICHTE ACTA No. 4 OTTAWA 23-25 VIII 1978 Actes du 4e Colloque International d'Histoire Militaire Records of the 4th International Colloquy on Military History Verhandlungen der 4 Internationalen Tagung für Militärgeschichte Ottawa 1979 OTTAWA OTTAWA 23-25 VIII 1978 Published with the support of the Department of National Defence of Canada Publié avec le concours du Ministère de la Défense nationale du Canada Herausgegeben mit Mitwirkung des Kanadische Ministeriums des Verteidigung COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE D'HISTOIRE MILITAIRE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF MILITARY HISTORY INTERNATIONALE KOMMISSION FUR MILITARGESCHICHTE ACTA No. 4 OTTAWA 23.25 VIII 1978 Actes du 4e Colloque International d'Histoire Militaire Records of the 4th International Colloquy on Military History Verhandlungen der 4 Internationalen Tagung für Militärgeschichte Ottawa 1979 OTTAWA TABLES DES MATIÈRES INHALTSVERZEICHNIS CONTENTS Page Introduction by Dr. W.A.B. Douglas, Director of History, Department of National Defence, and chairman, Program Committee i Welcome to delegates by His Excellency, the Hon. Jules Leger, Governor General of Canada xiv Opening Remarks by Admiral R.H. Falls, Chief of the Defence Staff xvi PLENARY SESSION: S.F. Wise, The Employment of Indians during the American Revolution: British Military Attitudes 1 J. Shy, Armed Force in Colonial North America: New Spain, New France and Anglo-America 10 J. Vidalenc, La France et le bloc africain, 1830-1934 27 WORKSHOPS: B.F. Cooling, Imperial Echoes, 1492-1776: A New Look at the Roles of Armed Forces in Colonial America 42 R. Higham, Military Frontiersmanship: A Hypothesis from the point of view of the Encroacher 53 Shu Kohno, A Study of the Creation, Development and Characteristics of the Chinese Red Army - An Example of a Liberation Army Created in a Semi-Colony 62 F. Bogliari and R. Cruccu, Les forces armées italiennes et le développement de la Société érythréenne 73 H. Kühne, Die Ausrottungsfeldzüge der "Kaiserlichen Schutztruppen in Afrika" und die sozialdemo-kratische Reichstagsfraktion 80 R. Brühl, Aufbau und Verlegung von Streitkräften für den überseeischen Einsatz am Beispiel des deutschen "Ostasiatischen Expeditionskorps", 1900-1901 94 F. Forstmeier, Der Einfluß der deutschen Marine-verwaltung auf das Pachtgebeit Kiautschou und die Provinz Schantung 1897 bis 1914 113 PLENARY SESSION: F. Ouellet, Les officiers de la Milice et la structure sociale au Québec, 1660-1815 125 WORKSHOPS J. Delmas, Conflits de sociétés au Canada francais pendant la Guerre de Sept-Ans 156 P. Masson, La Marine française et la perte du Canada 173 Q. Hughes, British Defence of her Naval Stations in the Mediterranean 183 T.M. Bah, Les forts français et le contrôle de l'espace géographique dans le Haut-Sénégal - Niger, de 1855 à 1898 194 E-H. Bovay, Les deux régiments suisses au Canada, 1813-1817 203 W. Gembruch, Kolonisation als militärische Unternehmung. - Vaubans Projekt zur Erschließung und Besiedlung Kanadas 222 W. Petter, Militärische Einwirkungen auf die deutsche Kolonialverwaltung in Afrika, 1884-1918. Ziele und Ergebnisse 234 A.G. Savu, L'Appui offert par le peuple roumain au mouvement de libération nationale et coloniale 252 C.J. Balesi, French Mississippi under British Régime 1765-1777: The Impact of Foreign Military Rule on a Civilian Society 260 C.C. Sturgill, Land and Sea Communications in British Florida During the American Revolution 272 PLENARY SESSION: P.A. Zhilin and L.L. Kruglov, Problems which Faced the Peoples of the Colonies in the Fight against Fascism during the Second World War, As Reflected in Soviet Historiography 276 B. Huldt, Armed Forces and De-colonization - Some Observations 280 WORKSHOPS: H. Yoshii, The Direct Courses of the Pacific War, Particularly Centering on Studies of United States - Soviet Rapprochment after the Outbreak of the German-Soviet War and Japan's Southward Advance 290 J.L. Wallach, The Role of Jewish Auxiliary Police Forces in Mandatory Palestine 299 I. Ceausescu, The Struggle of the Romanian People against Foreign Domination 307 M. Nomura, The Dutch East Indies and the Japanese Armed Forces 315 PLENARY SESSION: R.A. Preston, Military Dependence and Political Independence: The Case of Canada 324 IN MEMORIAM: Guy Frégault, historien militaire du Canada - i - INTRODUCTION There are rewards and penalties for those who undertake the organization of a colloquy; on the occasion of the first international colloquy held in Canada under the auspices of a group affiliated to the International Congress of Historic Sciences the rewards have been gratifying and the penalties negligible, thanks to the friendliness and co-operation of historians from so many nations. The selection of a theme posed some difficulties because we wished to en- courage studies which would demand comparison with the North American, and particularly the Canadian, case. It must be confessed that we saw this as an op- portunity, also, to inform scholars from other parts of the world about aspects of North American history which they might have overlooked. Canada's colonial past, and the fact, in the words of the British constitutional historian A.F.McC. Madden, that "few areas of the world's surface have at no time been within an empire", led us to decide upon "Armed Forces and Colonial Development". As historians of empire, points out Madden, "we have a rich abundance of material to make our patterns, to build our models, to liberate ideas or to demolish gener- alisations. While strengthening our base on a special area -- North America, South Asia, Australasia or Africa -- or century or decade, we should venture into other territories or periods .... for the whole range of imperial existence, from John Smith's Virginia to Ian Smith's Rhodesia is our oyster." 1 That two gentlemen named Smith should symbolise the alpha and omega of empire is a whimsical thought, one which would have pleased Imperial Fed- erationists in the age of Pax Britannica and which some of them no doubt would have recognised as an elegant hyperbole. Professor Madden, who himself makes the case for historical parallels far beyond the expansion of Britain in the seven- teenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, here reveals the essentially subjec- tive national bias from which historians are bound to develop their general out- looks on human experience. Recognizing this element of historical scholarship, we did not presume to suggest avenues of research, even to national commis- sions where the consideration of colonies was likely to play little or no part in the mainstream of their national history. In this way we hope that all the papers presented reflect the place of our theme in the national historiography of their authors, rather than a Canadian view of the subject. Some national commissions were not represented, but this does not mean that they had no interest in the colloquy. The difficulties of financing attendance at conferences a long distance from home, and some last minute changes in plan, 1. A.F.McC. Madden, "1066, 1776 and All That: the Relevance of English Medieval Experience of 'Empire' to Later Imperial Constitutional Issues" in John E. Flint and Glyndwr Williams (eds.) Perspectives of Empire: Essays Presented to Gerald S. Graham, (London: Longman, 1973), 9-26. - ii - prevented a number of interesting contributions from being included. We were particularly sorry that, for reasons of health, Dr. Albert Duchênes of Belgium, honorary secretary of the international commission, was unable to offer the pa- per he had planned, entitled 'Le rôle des militaires dans le développement et la fixation des frontières du centre de l'Afrique entre 1876 et 1914'. Other papers from Spain, South Korea, Turkey, Israel, Tunisia anal Kenya could not be in- cluded in the programme because delegates from their national commissions were not able to get to Ottawa. We were somewhat disappointed not to receive proposals for papers from a number of national commissions, and not to have succeeded in interesting historians from South America, India, some countries in the Middle East and Australasia. The high cost of travel is evidently a major problem. If these disappointments are counted as penalties, the rewards were ample compensation. The conference as a whole demonstrated the signal advantage to be derived from exploiting the speed and convenience of modern travel, expen- sive as it is, to bring together a remarkably wide cross-section of historians for several days. Over 200 delegates were present from 23 countries; of these, 28 historians from fourteen countries presented papers. The balance was reasonably healthy, eight being from North America, fifteen from Europe and the USSR, three from Japan, one from Israel and one from Cameroon. We were especially pleased to welcome historians from Japan; and Dr. Thierno Mouctar Bah from Cameroon, representing the Association of African Historians, added a distin- guished and useful dimension to our deliberations. The nature of the theme would have made further contributions from Africa and South East Asia equally welcome. It is to be hoped that copies of these proceedings may in fact spark some response from such parts of the world. The personal contact that occurred between historians was of inestimable value. Academically speaking, we were able to "make our patterns ... build our models ... liberate ideas or ... demolish generalisations." The process will con- tinue, one hopes, as the proceedings are being read and digested. If we have also brought together new friends and useful ideas, we shall be well satisfied with the results of the colloquy; and the happiest man among us will be the Secretary of the Canadian National Commission, Jean Pariseau. In 1975, after the Chief of the Defence Staff, General Jacques Dextraze, had agreed to sponsor the confer- ence, I asked Jean Pariseau to take on the overall co-ordination as his first and most important responsibility. Not only did he assume the task enthusiastically, he showed unusual initiative and imagination in collating all suggestions and introducing many new ideas of his own.
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