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MAJOR GENERAL JOHN F. WESTON. UNITED STATES ABXY. JOURNAL

OF THE United States Cavalry Association.

- .-. VOL. XVII. JANUARY, 1907. No. 63.

PORT ARTHUR.

BY SECOSOLIELTESAST HESRT J. REILLI’. Swosn CAVALRY.*

IRST a brief description will be given of the vicinity of F Port Arthur. Running almost due north from the harbor of Port Arthur is the valley of the Lun Ho. The Lun Ho and its tributaries drain the major part of the Shuishih valley, a valley running in a general northwesterly and southeasterly direction, about three miles to the north of Port Arthur. On the shore of the harbor, to the east of the Lun Ho and separated from it by a hill, is the “Old (official) Town” of Port Arthur, while to the west of the Lun i Ho is the “New (commercial) Town.” Between two and two and a half miles from the Old Town is a continuous chain of hills running from the Lua Ho in a general form of a semi- circle to the Yellow Sea. The peaks of this chain run from

*Lieutenant Reilly had the good luck to visit Port Arthur in the fall of IWS. The article is entirely the result of his own observations. All draw- ings were made by him, and he took the photos given herewith. In his manu- script names were spelled after the Japanese pronunciation. This has been changed by the JOURNAL to the orthography adopted by the War Department. 1 The article was prepared for the Second Division, General Staff, and is here reproduced by its courtesy.

I. 400 POR T A R THUR. PORT ARTHUR. 401 something over 100 meters to slightly over 200 meters. finally, running around their eastern flanks, eaters the valley Not quite three and a half miles northwest of the mouth of of the Lun Ho, by means of which it reaches Port Arthur. the Lun Ho,and about two and a half miles west of tbe river Port Arthur consists mostly of brick buildings, in the itself, is 203 Metre Hill. North of 203 Metre Hill there is a Old Town fairly close together, but in the New Town widely number of smaller hills and ridges extending for a distance scattered. The water supply came from a pumping station of about two miles. This group faces about north-north- about a mile up the Lun Ho valley and also from some west. Running south from 203 Metre Hill to the Harbor cisterns at the foot of the Sungshushan. This latter supply there is a chain of smaller hills facing in general towards was cut off by the Japanese. the west and interrupted about half way by a smali valley The hills are bare of timber, entirely uncultivated. and running east and west. Just west of the Lun Ho, starting covered with a short grass. The soil is mostly laminated near the mouth, there is a group of hills which trends towards rock in the last stages of disintegration, and while in most the northwest. Beyond the group containing 203 Metre cases it is quite soft and crumbles readily, it would be quite Hill, which is the highest in the group, is a valley running hard to work it by hand with pick and shovel. The hills as south from Louisa Bay, and extending on the west to Pigeon a rule are very steep. On most of them the angle of slope Bay, and on the east, interrupted by a few hills, to the harbor. changes abruptly in two or three places, thus making a The peninsula between Louisa and Pigeon Bay is occupied number of* military crests between the top and bottom. by a number of low hills. The southern tip of the Kuantung Though the hills are 'arranged more or less in chains, a con- Peninsula is occupied by a group of hills, the highest of tinuous ridge of any length is seldom found, the top of the which is 465 meters. The Tiger's Tail Peninsula, which chain generally terminating in a number of peaks whose forms the southeast side of the harbor, is joined to the summits are of small area. There are n great many ravines mainland by a low narrow neck of land. The peninsula is which towards the bottom of the hills become in many cases occupied by a number of hills, the highest of which is I 7 j fairly wide and almost invariably have vertical sides. The meters. The eastern side of. the entrance to the harbor is Shuishih valley, which from the hills looks like a gently formed by Golden Hill, 117 meters high. Just north of rolling plain, on closer examination is found to consist of Golden Hill and between it and the old town is the navy considerable rises and depressions and to be cut up in many yard and the basin. directions by deep ravines with fairly vertical sides. -These At the point'where the Lun Ho valley opens into the ravines not only twist and wind in such a way that in most Shuishih valley, the latter spreads out in the form of a cases it would be impracticable to enfilade them for any dis- basin about three miles wide. To the west the basin tance, but are often entirely hidden by the shape of the narrows to a little over a mile, just north of the range con- ground from observation from the hills from the south. taining 203 Metre Hill, and then spreads out again to the The soil is a rich brown loam, easy to di2 in, and reaches to shores of Louisa Bay. To the east it runs off to the I'ellow the foot of the hills. The whole valley is under cultivation, Sea in a semi-circle, in many places less than a mile across. and during the fall months is covered with millet. There North of the Shuishih valley there are various ranges of are Chinese villages scattered all over the valley; the houses hills. are of mud and afford little if any protection from fire. Uost The railroad coming from the north enters the Shuishih of them were destroyed during the but have since been valley at a point somewhat to the west of the center of the rebuilt. There are no forests or groves, nothing but small semi-circular line of hills to the north of Port Arthur, turns groups or isolated trees. These same remarks apply to the to the east, runs along near the foot of these hills, and valley running south from Louisa Bay. I

FORT ARTHUR. 403 408 POR T A R Tff UR. from its western flank. South of it are the Hsiaoantzushan, POSITIONS OF DEFENSES. a permanent fort, and the Taantzushan. a permanent bat. tery, connected by a long line of trench and breastwork. Only those positions that took part in the land defense will 203 Metre Hill was a semi-permanent work. To its front is be described; as, with the exceptionof Golden Hill, permission a ridge called the Namakayama, while to its northeast is the to visit the coast defense positions was withheld. Starting at semi-permanent battery called Akasakayama. To the north the east flank of the circulaf chain of hills north of Port is another semi-permanent battery called the Shinhodai, while Arthur the first is the line of trenches and bomb north of all is a ridge with trenches called the Takasaki. To proofs called the Sungshushan” Auxiliary. Next is the per- the south of 203 Metre Hill there are small infantry manent Sungshushan Fort. On the next spur is the Erh- on the hill tops until the Taiyangkou Forts, permanent works, lungshan Fort, a permanent work. The Sungshushan and are reached. Along the sea the hill tops ate occupied by Erhlungshan are connected by a line of trench, the old permanent and semi-permanent works, mostly batteries. At Chinese wall. From the Erhlungshan there is a line of the head of the Lun Ho valley, just south of Shuishih village breastwork and trench running up over the Hachimakiyama on a small rise of ground called the Turban, there is a group and Panlungshan to Wangtai ; on top of each of these three of semi permanent redoubts called by the Japanese A B tk C, hills there is a semi-permanent battery. or Temple Forts. To the east and somewhat to the south of At the foot of these hills on small spurs are semi-perma- Shuishih village is a semi-permanent called Kuro- nent redoubts in the following order from west to east: patkin. Takushan. a hill about one and one-half miles across

Hachimakiyama. the West Panlungshan. ’‘ H ” redoubt, Pan- the Shuishih valley from the Tungchikuanshan. was occupied luogshan East, and the *‘P*’or Ichinohe redoubt which is about by a couple of redoubts. Those hills to which there was more at the foot of Wangtai and was named Ichinohe in honor of than one military crest had trenches along one or more of the its captor, the Japanese General Ichinohe. From Wangtai lower of these crests. From the northernmost Taiyangkou there is a continuous line of breastwork to the Tungchi- Fort across the valley to the Taantzushan there is a contin- kuanshan (Keikwan), on which are two two-gun semi-perma- uous line of with a deep . As the Taantzu- nent batteries connected by a breastwork. On a spur to the shan and Hsiaoantzushan Forts arg connected by a continuous south and east of 61P*’redoubt is a permanent work called breastwork, this series of works made a second and inner line the North Tungchikuanshan Fort. Still further to the south of defense. There is a line of works running from the Tai- and east is another permanent work called the Old Tungchi- yangkou Forts to Pigeon Bay. Around the Old Town there kuanshan Fort. From here to the sea the hills are occupied is a parapet and ditch running from the hill at the mouth of by the Paiyinshan groups. the Lun Ho around the town to the coast. This parapet is From the Erhlungshan the Chinese wall, converted into of sufficient thickness to resist siege guns while the ditch is a trench, runs along well down the side of the range. but as much as twenty feet deep and fifteen feet wide. Owing above the Hachimakiyama. H,” Panlungshan and ’’ P ” re- to the rocky nature of the soil the scarp is almost vertical doubts, and the North and Old Forts of Tungchikuanshan. while the has been built with an overhang, Most of the remaining hill tops had small redoubts on them, There are no ditch defenses. All positions are connected while all positions were connected by trenches. On the with adjoining ones and with Port Arthur by roads; those in group of hills just west of the Lun Ho is the Itzushan Fort, the eastern half of the defense are often macadamized On the a permanent work, with a long line of trench running out Laotiehshan the Russians mounted a number of guns, while - between the Shuishih valley and Nanshan they had prepared *San.is Japanese for hill; shan. Chinese. 1

u)4 PORT ARTHUR. PORT ARTHUR. 405 several positions, consisting mostly of trenches, which they posed above the bottom of the ditch. The remainder of the seemed to make no very determined effort to hold. counterscarp is of the natural soil and almost perpendicular. The parapet was of earth with wood , thick enough to withstand siege guns. On top of the gallery in the DESCRIPTION OF INDIVIDUAL POSITIONS. the Russians had constructed a number of bomb proofs. The Sungshushan Fort (Fig. I) is a permanent work of a The armament found on capture consisted of (A). triangular outline surrounded by a dry ditch, and is placed on the very top of the spur which it occupies.

BOMB PHWV IN SI-SQJIII'JHAS.

PIonan 1. The slope of the spur on top of which this fort is placed is gradual but consists of three angles as shown in Fig. 2. A 0, 15 C. m. quick firing Canet guns. I, 15 c. m. . 1, 7% c. m. quick firing gun. 2, 8.7 c. m. field guns. 3, 8.7 E. m. Krupp field guns. 2, 7% c. m. field guns. 1, 7% c. m. muzzle loading gun 2, 6% c. m. naval guns. (Chinese). 2. 37 m. m. quick firing Canet guns. I, 47 m.m. quick tiring . 3, 37 m. m. machine guns. 3, machine guns. The rear half is occupied by a bat.tery. The gorge face of the scarp is a concrete gallery, the two front FIOI'HI:2. faces of the scarp being the natural soil and almost vertical. At the military crest (A) the Russians had a trench. The apex of the counterscarp is occupied by a concrete The cavaIier battery could fire on no part of the , the Wponier connected with the main part of the fort by a con- fire from the front parapet could reach only to (A), while crete tunnel, the top and part of the sides of which are ex- the fire from that trench was useful only to (Bj. The space 408 PORT ARTHUR. POR T A R THUR. 407 beyond (B)for some little distance at the foot of the hill, not part occupied by the A and B, is of the natural soil being exposed to fire from ’neighboring forts, was entirely and practically vertical. The A is two-storied on dead. The Erhlungshan Fort (Fig. 3) is a permanent work of square outline on the top of the hill on which it is placed.

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OAPOSIEE IN ERliLl7XQSEAs. account of the difference in level of the ditch along the front face and that along the side. The armament found on sur- render consisted of (B). The glacis is similar to that of the Sungshushan Fort, and the same remarks apply as regards the field of fire of the cavalier battery, the front parapet and the trench the first military crest, and the dead space at W on FIGUBEa the foot of the hill. The capture of this fort and the Sung- shushan involved the destruction of so much of them that B 5. 11: cdiber, 15 c. m. Canet guns. I, IZ c. m. smooth bore gun (Chinese). had it not been for the models in the museum it would have XI. 8.7 c m. Krupp field guns. 2. 7% c. m. field guns. been almost impossible to have told of what they originally I, 6 c. m. naval gun. 5. 57 m. m. quick firing guns. consisted. m. m. quick firing guns.: 2. 47 m. m. quick firing Canet guns. 16,37 The Hachimakiyama, Panlungshan’, “H” and P”* re- 6 machine guns. doubts were, as stated before, semi-permanent works on small It is surrounded by a dry ditch, the part along the front spurs at the foot of the Panlungshan and Wangtai. They face not being as deep as the remainder by about eight or possessed good fields of fire but had some dead spaces in ten feet. Just in rear of the center line there is a cavalier front of them. The armament found by the Japanese con- * battery for four guns. The parapet was of the natural soil sisted of ‘IC” East Panlungshan; D ” \Vest Panlungshan. with wood revetment. The scarp of the gorge is occupied C D a concrete gallery and ditch defense; the remainder of the by z, 8.7 c. m. Krupp field guns. 2, j!4 c. m. quick firing Canet guns. scarp, and all of the counterscarp with the exception of the I, 47 m. m. Canetp. I. . 4 7% c. m. quick ring Canet guns.

(I H (* and “P“and Hachimakiyama not known. m-

PORT ARTHUR. PORT ARTHUR. 409

Wangtai, or “Watch Tower Hill,” had a very steep slope While situated on a spur, it overlaps it to the front so (Fig.4). and just room on its summit for two I 5 c. m. Canet that the ground on its rear face is considerably higher than that on its front face. (Fig. 6).

P

FIGI-RE6. E FI~UBB4. 6, S c. m. Krupp field guns. 2, 7% c. m. field guns. I, 7 c. m. Chinese field gun. guns, which, though having a good command of all neighbor- I. 7% c. m. smooth bore gun. 2, 5; m. m. guns. 2. 37 m. m. quick tiring Canet guns. ing works and of the country to the front, could not fire on 4, 2j m. m. san patsu* guns. 2. machine guns. any part of their own slope. The slope could be fired on 2. 4; m. m. quick tiring Canet guns. 3. j j m. m. macnine guns. from the parapet and trenches running to the Panlungshan *Machine gun. towards the west, and the Tungchikuanshan to the east. There is a concrete counterscarp gallery along the east The north Fort of Tungchikuanshan is of the outline face (c d Fig. j:), one along the scarp of the gorge of the shown Fig. 5, and is surrounded by a dry ditch. in main work. and a two storied gallery along the scarp of the west face of the main work. The lower story is for ditch de- fense, the upper sweeps the glacis to the west. The para- I I ”I - -27 I 8 I I I T I I I I I I I I I I I dl r- --I I I

-- WEST FACEOF TUItICHlhOANSXAI. ’ I pets are of earth, wood revetted, thick enough to resist siege Ib guns. The counterscarp and scarp, except in those places Fievsr 0 410 POR ARTHUR. T PORT ARTHUR. 411 indicated, are of natural soil and either perpendicular or al- The battery commands all the surrounding country, but most so. The Fort had a good field of fire, but had to is unable to fire on any part of its own slope. Its armament depend on ‘‘ P” Fort and the Old Tungchikuanshan to cover was ‘*H.” some its glacis. The armament found by the Japanese of on H capture was “E”. J. 22 caliber, 15 c. m. Canet gilns. 3. 37 m. m. quick firing Canet guns. The Old Tungchikuanshan Fort is situated on a spur. It 3, 7 y c. m. naval guns. j. 4: m. m. quick firing Canet guns. was a narrow work built of concrete. It was blown up by 2, 5; m. m. quick firing Canet guns.; the Russians. and is so much of a ruin that little can be de- The Taantzushan fort is a permanent work of a square termined as to its outline, other than the fact that it was outline surrounded by a dry ditch. (Fig. 8.) very narrow and that its greatest dimension was perpen- dicular to the main range of hills. The armament found by the Japanese was the following, (IF.” The two batteries on the Tungchikuanshan (semi-permanent works) have a glacis of moderate slope. Their field of fire was good. Their armament was 4 15.c. m. quick firing guns. F. F (continued). 2. 15 c. m. . I, 7% c. m. field gun. 4, 47 m. m. Krupp field guns. I, 6% E. m. naval gun. j, 7% c. m. quick firing Canet guns. I, 37 m. m. machine gun. 3. 41 m. m. quick firing Canet guns. G. I, 12 c. m. naval gun. 4, 8.7 c. m. Krupp field guns. I, machine gun. a. machine guns. The redoubts on the Turban, and Kuropatkin redoubt have gently sloping glacis and good fields of fire. The armament found in the Kuropatkin redoubt on capture was 6. The redoubts on the Turban probably had similar armaments. To the west of Lun Ho the first works are those on the Antzushan. The Hsiaoantzushan fort is a concrete battery (Fig. 7 a) situated on the top of a high hill of steep profile (Fig. 7 b).

FI~CR~8. It is somewhat down the side of the hill occupied by it. Just in rear of its right and left axis is a concrete cavalier battery with nine emplacements. The counterscarp of the front face is occupied by a concrete gallery connected with the main work by a concrete tunnel, the top wholly and the I

412 PORT ARTHUR. PORT ARTHUR. 413 sides partially of which, are exposed above the bottom of face consists of concrete and earth emplacements, the ditch. The scarp of the gorge is a concrete gallery con- the traverses being occupied by magazines. One of the nected with the terreplein in front of the cavalier by two ditches is connected with the main work by a concretec concrete tunnels running underneath the cavalier. The tunnel. There are no ditch defenses. The armament was head of each tunnel is protected by a traverse occupied by a K.” The Itzushan being a high hill of steep profile (Fig. magazine. All other parts of the scarp and counterscarp are I I) the fort could not fire down its glacis, though command. of the natural soil and perpendicular. The are of ing all the surrounding country. earth, wood revetted, and along the front face there are numbers of traverses. The armament found was ‘‘ I.” The glacis is a gentle slope of two angles, the military crest be- ing occupied by a line of trench. Fig. g is a section on a b, I.; Fig. 8. I. 15 c. ni. hwvitzer. 3. ;Ir c. m. naval Kuns. 4. S.; c. m. Iirupp tiekt guns. 2, 5; m. m. quick firing guns. 4. 47 ni. m. quick tiring guns.

I 4. 11 caliber 15 c. m. Canet guns. I. 9 c. m. mortar (old). FIGCHIC11. I, I 5 c. m. howitzer. 4, S.7 E. m. Krupp field guns. 2. 7% c. m. naval guns. 7, 37 m. m. quick tiring guns. The spurs towards the bottom of the hill were occupied The entrance to practically all permanent works was by by infantry trenches, but not in such a manner as to prevent IO) a means of draw-bridges. The Itzushan Fort (Fig. is there being a dead space at the bottom. (Fig. I I.) permanent work of irregular outline. 203 Metre Hill is a saddle back, something of the shape shown in Fig. 12.

Fxooar 10. FXOWKS12. Due to the small area of the summit (Fig. IO) of the hill on which it is placed, there is a ditch along but two parts of The top was occupied by trenches and semi-permanent its front face. The gorge is a concrete gallery. Its front batteries. These works, and in fact the whole top of the 1 W""""' . I

414 PORT ARTHUR. PORT ARTHUR. 41 5 The battery on Golden Hill consists of five concrete em- hill, was so torn up by -fire and the struggle which had placements, in each of which there is mounted a IS c. m. taken place on it. that hardly a trace of the works is left. hon-itzer. At the foot of and paralell to the hill is a con- The summit is of small area and narrow, especially at the crete barbette shore battery of what appeared to be six 12c. m. western end. The slopes are steep. The front face was quick firing guns. Between this battery and the foot occupied by several tiers of trenches. At the west end there of Golden Hill, perpendicular to both, is a two-gun barbette were five tiers. At the time of its final occupation by the battery of rapid fire guns, probably about 57 m. m. Japanese the following armament was found: All the positions on the north line east of the Lun Ho were I. 37 m. m. machine gun. 1, 21 caliber 15 c. m. Canet gun. commanded wholly or in part by hills to their rear. To the I. 47 m. m. machine gun. west of the Lun Ho 203 Metre Hill commanded everything. Of course when the Russians finally retreated they carried From this hill practically all of the harbor, including the offwhat they could, while many of the guns were destroyed dock yard, could be seen, as could all the New Town, and by the heavy fire concentrated at times on this hill. The part of the Old. The battery on Golden Hill was looked into remains of some of them can still be seen, partially buried directly from the rear. All positions were supplied with in the debris. While this position has a fine command to searchlights. the right, left and rear, and though it was higher than the TRENCHES, hills to the front. the field of fire to the front was greatly ETC. limited by an almost parallel ridge. The Namakayama was The typical Russian trench (Fig. 14) is a narrow one, dug .. on the other side of a small valley, which at the narrowest about five feet deep, that is just deep enough for a man stand- part of its bottom, near the west end of 203 Metre Hill, could ing to fire from. not have been more than 100 yards away. Fig. 13 sho\s-s roughly the general outline of 203 Metre Hill and the adjoin- ing ridges.

FIQUBE14. Loop holes are constructed by means of sand bags and a. parapet built high enough to protect a man standing. A head cover is then added by laying supports across the trench, placing on these supports planks, and covering the whole with the excavated earth. From the front nothing appears . but a low parapet with loop holes at its bottom (Fig. I j). The semi-permanent battery Akasakayama is on the sum- mit of a steep hill that comes to a peak. It had the follow- ing armament: a. m-calibre 15 E. m. Canet guns. a. 37 m. m. quick firing guns. The Shinhodai is a similar position, and probably had the same armament. I

416 POR T A R TH UR. PORT ARTHUR. 417 The earth is kept from falling from the rear part of the The bomb proofs (Figs. 19and 19a) were of various kinds, head cover by a small plank laid on edge and nailed to the ranging from several thicknesses of heavy timber supporting supports. Often on account of the shape of the ground, the necessary amount of earth to regular huts, high enough breastworks were built. In these cases the rear end of the to stand in, with stoves and bunks inside, used by the Russians support was held by uprights, generally braced to the rear. for quarters. (Fin. 16)

/ / P~ooer16. In such cases a curtain of gunny sack was hung from the rear edge of the head cover. This for the purpose of pre- venting fragments from the rear hitting the men in the FIOCBB19. backs. Revetting, when necessary, was done either with planks, sand bags or boxes, or cans filled with earth. Timber seems to have been fairly plentiful. Toward the end of the Cover siege, having run out of the regular sand bags, the Russians used different colored calicos, so that some parts of the works have a very peculiar appearance. The loop holes were 1 et rarely mere open holes made by sand bags, but generally contained a steel plate approximately square, about % inch thick with an oblong hole in it for the rifle. (Fig. I 7.) n lol

FIGURE19.. The roof generally consisted of one or more thicknesses of heavy timber with one or two of railroad iron, on top of which would be several feet of earth. They were to be found on the reverse slope of all hills on which there were defenses. In many cases a breastwork would be on the actual crest of some narrow ridge with a steep slope. In such cases .”. r

418 PORT ARTHUR. PORT ARTHUR. 419 it would often the rodf of a bomb proof on the reverse be on bles, so that the slightest disturbance created a noise ; lines slope. the extreme left flank of the auxiliary Sungshu- On of chevaux-de-frise with barb wire holding them together there was a bomb proof, probably used also as a maga- shan and tangled up in them; crow’s feet all sizes and shapes zine. in the shape of a dome. It was built of concrete and of with the points sharpened; boards filled with long spikes covered with earth. (Fig. 20). planted in the ground, with the points upwards; small sharp- ened stakes stuck up in the ground so close together that from a short distance they looked like wooden gorse ; lines of wire charged with a strong current of electricity; lines of trous-de-loup; fougasses and mines carefully sodded over so that their whereabouts could not be known until they ex- ploded; while in the ditches, in addition to many of these - obstacles, were iron fences about ten feet high with sharp points sticking out in all directions. FI0UBB

When the bomb proofs could not be near the trenches, they were connected with them by covered ways. The batteries, other than the permanent ones, were bar- bette earth batteries with every two guns as a rule separated by bomb proof traverses or magazines. The revetment was the same as that used in the trenches. The gun platforms were of wood. Where there were field guns, recoil wedges were used to run them back in battery. (Fig. 2 I ).

PIenam ai. The redoubts varied from trenches enclosing a small area, to WOT~Swith parapets thick enough to withstand siege WASQTA~. guns, and deep ditches with ditch defenses. POSITIOSS 01: FORTS, ETC. OBSTACLES. The Russian fort, redoubt or battery was as a rule placed the very top of the hill which it occupied. Along the the slopes in front of all positions and the ditches on On in greater part of the north line, in addition to the works of the forts and redoubts every kind of obstacle was used. on the hill tops, there were others on the spurs run. On all slopes were long lines of barb wire entanglements, on ning out from the bottoms of the hills, such as the Hachi- the outer strands of which were hung tin cans full of peb- makiyama, the Panlung and Ichinohe redoubts, the north I 490 PORT ARTHUR. I PORT AR THUR. 42 1 and east forts of Tungchikuanshan. Generally military the shape of the ground this parallel was often very close. crests were occupied by trenches, though in many cases, The first one in the attack on the Sungshushan was about where near the bottoms of hills, they were not so occupied, 600 meters from the fort. From this they would break out as often the ground below, either wholly or in part, was not covered by fire from neighboring works; this left? many dead spaces. Two examples of their failure to occupy military crests are shown in Figures 2 and I I, showing the profile of the Sungshushan and the Itzushan. On some of the hills, due to the steepness of the slope, it was impossible to build trenches whose fire would sweep the slope; this was true of the upper part of Wangtai. the Itzushan. part of the Hsiaoantzushan and several others. The favorite type of permanent work was one in which the heaviest guns were mounted in a cavalier battery, generally well towards the rear of the fort. While they had good command and were well fixed for far defense, they were of no use whatsoever for near defense, and were often unable - to fire even on the first parallel built by the Japanese in at- tacking the fort in which they were placed. Neither could they always cover the slopes of neighboring hills. Thus the Japanese parallels and approaches had often to resist nothing heavier than field and smaller caliber guns. The Russian trenches connecting positions in many cases ran up and single, alternately right and left hand saps The next down hill instead of following the contour. Sometimes the paraIlrI would be established at some convenient tl istance, reason for this could be seen; more often a better field of and so on. Whenever a Russian trench occupicd :i military fire could have been obtained by following the contour, the crest. the Japanese would sap to it. take it by ,3.:' ssiult and men in the trench would have been less exposed to an oblique convert it into a parallel. From a convenicnt parallel they fire from the down hill side, and the whole of a long line of would mine to the ditch defenses and either blow them up trench would not have had to have been abandoned on or drive the Russians out. Vp to this point a number of as- account of an enfilading fire delivered from a just captured saults have been made and as a rule failed. This stage of position at one of its extremities. the siege marks another point at which an assault is gen- erally made and generally fails. METHODS OF ATTACK. The ditch defenses having been destroyed or captured, As far as could be learned the attack on one position was and the ditches being dry there is no trouble about crossing similiar to that made on every other. The Japanese would the ditch and mining mdef the scarp. As a rule the part of cross the Shuishih Valley, taking advantage of all cover and the fort in front of the cavalier is blown up, and after one or establishing themselves in some dead space near the foot of more assaults the Japanese succeed in occupying all of the the hill, on which the fort to be attacked was placed, would fort except the cavalier, on which the Russians make a final dig their first parallel, this generally at night. Thanks to stand and from which they are finally driven.

I 488 FORT ARTHUR. PORT ARTHUR. 493 During the siege'the Russians made a great many sorties, quarters, the one from there to the front, and the one at the especially at night. One of the favorite methods was for front to the rear. As the siege became more advanced, two parties to descend the ravines on each flank of the Japanese reliefs were kept at the front and one at headquarters. While the Japanese constantly mined, the only occasion that could be learned of on which the Russians did so was during the attack on the north Tungchikuanshan Fort, dur- ing which the Russians countermined at the northeast angle. The Japanese became aware of it, so that practically no dam- age was done when the Russians exploded their mines. During the assaults the Japanese carried with them a num- ber of wooden mortars used for throwing hand grenades into the Russian works. % In the attack on each position there was a great deal of hand to hand fighting, especially at the north Tungchikuan- shan Fort and at 203 Metre Hill. The trenches on 203 Metre Hill were captured one at a time and only after hard fighting during which they changed hands a number of times. Finally the Japanese were in pos- session of the trench just below the summit. They then succeeded in driving the Russians from the summit to a trench

Q3EQe OF TIJXGOKIRUAISEIAS. just below, on the reverse slope, but were unable to hold the summit themselves. So here they were, the Japanese in parallels and when opposite them make a simultaneous as- a trench just below the summit on the front slope, while the sault both 5anks. The Japanese were often driven out, on Russians occupied a similar position on the reverse slope. but later would recover the position. In this way parallels Whenever one side tried to occupy the summit the other at- changed hands, temporarily at least, a number of times. tacked it, a fierce hand to hand fight taking place. During these sorties a great many hand grenades were used. This state of affairs obtained until the Japanese continued To guard against these the Japanese had all their trench a sap which they had started over the lower saddle (Fig. 12) headquarters, telephone stations, etc.. covered at the top by of the hill, around the reverse side. As this threatened to a wire netting. All regiments in the trenches had their cut the Russians off they retired leaving the Japanese in headquarters in some convenient parallel, and these head- possession of the entire hill. quarters were not only connected with the rear by telephone, Naval guns that did much damage to the naval basin and but also with all parts of the trenches occupied by the regi- the in the harbor were mounted on 203 Metre Hill, just ment. As they dug new approaches and new parallels they above and to the west of the lower saddle." Some concrete established new stations. The troops taking part in the at- The following has been received from Lieutenant Reilly in answer to an tack on any fort were divided into three reliefs: one relief inquiry by the JOUKSAL. if this statement were true. "Since writing my report being in the front trench, another at headquarters, while I ha\-e read quite a number of articles that say there were no naval guns on 203 Metre Hill. There was an earth emplacement on the saddle of 203 Metre the third would be resting in some safe locality further to Hill at the spot indicated in Fi ure 13. The Official Interpreter told me that it was the place where the na\-a?guns were mounted. There seems to be some the rear. doubt about the question so I give my authority as only that ot the Inter- In changing reliefs, the one in the rear would go to head- preter mentioned." !

424 POR T ARTHUR. PORT ARTHUR. 425 platforms for 11-inch mortars were built in the valley just One of these had been struck by a shell and carried away, aortqof 203 Metre Hill, but the surrender took place before taking with it a large portion of the concrete, and conse- the &as were mounted. During the siege the Eleventh quently scattering fragments all over the emplacement. Division occupied that part of the line from the Yellow Sea The concrete in front of another had been penetrated (see to and including the works in front of the north fort of Tung- Fig. 22). and the stone, loosened from its position, was about chikuanshan; the Ninth from there to and including the to fall. works in front of the Erhlungshan, and the First the re. mainder of the line. The Seventh Division was used as a reserve, but had a large share in the operations to the west of the Sungshushan.

EFFECT OF FIRE. Those forts that had been captured were so much de- stroyed that it was difficult to see what effect fire had had on them. This was not the case in the surrendered forts, such as the Hsiao and Taantzushan and the Itzushan. In these forts the effect of the individual shells was very plainly seen. In a number of cases insufficient or no protection against fire from the rear had been provided; as a consequence there was often a good deal of damage done, especially to the rear of traverses. In the battery at Golden Hill a shell had passed clean through the concrete rear wall of a shell room, leaving a hole of about three feet in diameter. The Russians rem- What advantage was expected from this construction edied this by building rear traverses. The entrances to could not be seen, for, if the parapet had been solid concrete, magazines were often badly placed and insufficiently pro- only the portion hit would hare been carried away, and in tected. This was true also of the entrances to the covered addition the fragmentation of concrete is less than that of way in the gorge of the Itzushan Fort (See Fig. IO). As stone. The concrete used throughout was of poor quality. they opened directly on the terreplein all shells that grazed It was made with large smooth unbroken stones, and cracked the front parapet struck them, consequently they are badly and fell to pieces readily. The thickness used was generally damaged. To prevent injury to the interior, the Russians insufficient, and there were many examples of walls being had blocked these entrances up with stone and sand bags, completely penetrated. either entirely or else leaving a passage so small that one The glacis and slopes of all positions were covered with could just squeeze through. In the same manner they had shot craters, a great many of which very near the ditch must had to block up their magazine entrances, as a shell coming have appeared from a distance to be hits, while in reality either from the right or left front and striking one of them they did no damage. The front slopes of hills, in rear of would go directly into the magazine (see Fig IO). In this others, whose crests were occupied by works, were covered way one of the magazines in the Itzushan Fort was blown up. with shot craters, giving &vivid impression of the large In the rear edge of the parapet of each emplacement of number of shots fired and how comparatively few the hits the main battery of the Taantzushan Fort, was a large stone. must have been. vt:

PORT ARTHUR. 427 486 POR T A R Tff UR. stant visitors, and may be seen at all hours of the day visit- In the “Old Town” a number of buildings had been de- ing the different positions. stroyed by shell fire, and most buildings had shot holes in The accounts given of the amount of ammunition and them. In the New Town while many of the buildings had stores surrendered vary greatly. One of the members of the holes in them the damage done was not great. While the committee which went over the captured stores said there naval shops and docks were damaged, they were not destroyed, was a large amount of clothing, plenty of flour, salt meat and at the time visited were being used by the Japanese for and medicines, no fresh meat, a shortage of bandages, and not the repair of the Russian ships. . very much ammunition. In one of the buildings in the outskirts of the Old Town The Japanese said little about Stoessel, but gave all the the Japanese have established a museum. la this building credit of the siege to General Kondratchenko, who com- and around it on the outside they have at least one of every manded one division of Siberian rifles and who was killed kind of weapon used in both the attack and defense; either during the last part of December. examples or models of all obstacles, mines, fougasses, Port Arthur was not a first class fortress. The perma- trenches, batteries, bomb proofs. forts, before and after cap. nent works were not of the most modern type, and were of ture. articles of clothing, medicines, bandages, tools, electrical poor material. Their heaviest guns being placed for far apparatus, and in fact everything that is connected in any defense alone, by the absence of their fire on their own way with the siege. The Russians apparently had in their glacis, materially reduced the amount of work necessary for possession small arms and guns of all calibers and makes, building the Japanese approaches. Most guns were mounted from the smooth bore muzzle loader up to the present pat- in barbette, a very few on disappearing carriages, none in terns. Among the curiosities was a machine consisting of cupola or mount. five magazine rifles fastened in a rack with an arrangement for loading and firing them simultaneously. There were a number of steel shields mounted on small wheels, there be- ing holes in the shields for machine guns. These were used by the Japanese in their attacks. At the mouth of the harbor eighteen wrecks were counted. None of the ships sunk by the Japanese to block the channel had been sunk exactly between Golden Hill and the Tiger’s Tail. They were sunk in a rough semi-circle so to speak. around the entrance of the harbor. A number of them had been run ashore quite a distance from the en- trance. In the harbor the Russians, before surrendering, had done a lot of apparent but little real damage. They had sunk a large number of mine planters, dredges, light- house tenders and merchant ships, generally by opening their sea valves, and there they are resting on the bottom close in shore, waiting until the Japanese are ready to pump thembut. The Russians also sank a large number of steam launches, but the Japanese promptly raised them; and they are jA r A s E sI.: ’r KCM ) 11s. i<~c. now in use. Officers and men on a few days leave are con Oniy those things are mentioned which have not been

L- 498 PORT ARTHUR. PORT ARTHUR. 429 seen in other reports or in"'Notes of Military Interest." The caissons and pieces, unlimbered and covered with The Japanese having changed the gauge of the railroad tarpaulins, were placed in the gondola cars. The men sat from Port Arthur to themorth. requisitioned engines, freight on the floors of the box cars, their equipment being hung third class coaches from the different Japanese railways from hooks in the roof of the car. They were fed by having cars, I and placed them on this line. The road is single track and rock ballasted. On the way from Port Arthur to Tashihchiao Marshal Oyama was met on his way down, also a large number of troops, principally field artillery. The Marshal was traveling with an infantry escort of the "Guard" in a special train made up of third class coaches. The trains I

OX TEE ROAD. cooked rations ready for them at certain stations. When the train arrived they quickly filled their mess tins and ate l on the train after leaving the station. At most of the stations there are a few quartered troops. At every station is a bulletin board rm which is pasted a tnap of that town OYAIAB TEAISAT A CtIIXESE VILLABE. and the surrounding country. As many trains as possible carrying the artillery consisted of from twenty-eight to were being run, as there was one on every siding, there be- thirty carriages, including box cars for men and ponies, with occasionally a third class coach for the officers. It was esti- mated that one such train would carry one battery. The ponies were placed eight in a car, four at each end. facing the center. They were tied by their halter shanks to a rope stretched in front of them. The doors on each side of the

Bl*VE. a

car were left either partially or wholly open and the space A DALNY8TBmET. between the doors was occupied by three or four men. ing at least two sidings every hour of the fourteen hours run from Sanshilipu Junction to Tashihchiao.

I I -..A_-./ 1 !

430 PORT ARTHUR PORT ARTHUR. 43 1 P The town of Dalny is divided into Therg is no division of the space into separate bunks. Out- from each other by a line of gendarme side of those belonging to the 's officers there was but contains the town proper, and includes all houses of ill-fame one stateroom on the boat. On the deck along the side they and questionable resorts. The other half nearest the docks had built temporary wooden latrines. These were well contains nothing but store houses, barracks and camps. The scrubbed every m;brning. The number of men carried by troops on arrival are marched to the.latter and until they the average transport could not be found out. embark for Japan are not allowed in the other part. As the forbidden part contains the Russian o5cial town and various points of interest, the men without arms, in a column of route, are led around from one point to another by o5cers. generally a company at a time. At the time of my visit there were then forty Japanese transports in the harbor, also

/ a hospital ship. 1'

+*n .A LruiI' +.y- ' !,&.. -\. - I .-

CCVl \lLHJCAHY (iAI.LBHI. RI'ZGSlll 811 \N FONT. On arrival in Japan alld troops. including general officers, go through a qu.ir.lntine station. One of the three to be used is in the outskirts of Kobe. This one was visited. An in- fantry colonel was in charge. There was a large number of doctors and men of the sanitary corps of the army. The sta- 8ORQEHU8HAR. tion is on a beach and has two docks of its own. The men The Japanese transport as a rule is not over two or three and officers land on one of these docks and go directly to a large thousand tons. On the one I traveled on from Chernulpo to room. Here each man is given a net. a chain purse with a Dalny. the Sumiyoshi Maru. the space between decks was lock to it. and a ring for one of his fingers; to the ring is about five feet six inches high. Instead of separate bunks fastened the key of the chain purse and a tag with the num- they have two platforms, one on the deck, the other above it ber of the purse and the net on it. He places all his valu- half way to the next deck. These platforms are as wide as ables in this purse and puts the purse and all leather articles, the average Japanese is tall and run fore and aft in the com- such as shoes, etc.. in the net. The nets are put in hand partments they are in. The men sleep on these side by side. cars and run to a fumigating room by attendants. The men 489 PORT ARTHUR. PORT A R THl'K. 433 then go to another large room where they undress and glace the net containing his leather articles. etc., and purse. From this room they pass into the open air. turning in their net, all clothing in bags, which have the same number as the nets used by them. They place these bags in cars, which are purse and ring with the key and tag and number as they go.

REXAIN0 OF CAVALIEB BA'M'EBYIS sUSl;SHcSHAX. Here they are joined by their officers. There is a staff officer run off by attendants and run directly into the disinfecting in waiting who conducts each organization to its camp, which machine. The baths for the men open off one side of the has already been prepared for it. When the men go into undressing room. They consist of a number of separate the undressing room the officers go into a room reserved for rooms; each one contains a cement tank eight feet by eight them. Here each officer has a bath to himself, on leaving feet. Four men bathe in each one of these tanks at a time. which he goes into an officers' waiting room, where After bathing they go out through doors on the other side of he is served with tea, cakes and cigarettes. There is a the room from that in which they entered. Here is a large separate bath and waiting room for general officers and their waiting room where they find hot tea, cakes and cigarettes personal staffs. At this station they expected to handle in abundance. Adjoining this is a room where the bundles several thousand men a day. of clothing are brought when disinfected, still in the same The barracks and stables of the first line cavalry regi- cars. The attendants unload them, call off the numbers ment were visited at Osaka. This regiment has a large over a counter in the door between the room and the wait- number of Australian ponies, as many as 300. ,Alost of the ing room, and pass the bundles over to their owners, who officers own them, as well as Chinese ponies. The regiment, dress. When all are dressed they pass into another large except the depot squadron and some convalescent officers, was room marked with numbers, a couple of feet above the floor all in Manchuria. There are no regular blacksmiths; all first- around the room. Each man goes to his number and finds class privates must be able to do the work. It takes four PORT A THUR. 434 POR T A R THUR. R 435 the infantry this loop passes through the leather holder of men to shoe one pony,and then it is badly done. They do not the bayonet scabbard (see Fig. 24) and thus holds it in place. have separate shoes for the fore and hind feet. The adjutant of the regiment, who was convalescing from a wound received in Manchuria, said they had found during winter in Man- mi churia that two calks to a shoe were not sufficient, so used three and found that number satisfactory. On each side of the cantle they carry a pair of extra shoes in a leather pocket. The men are not at home around their mounts; they often seem afraid of them, and do not know how to approach a horse or how twbehave when near one. Seven- teen million yen is to be spent in the next twenty years on

the improvement of stock. It is thought at present that a Flonar 04. good many animals will be imported from Hungary. The Japanese army is at present in a transition stage as In winter the Japanese troops wear very heavy woolen regards uniform. The new uniform of olive drab for field underclothing made like sweaters. Then comes tbeir blue service has been prescribed, but at present the majority of clothes. On top of their blouse they wcar a sleeveless sheep- the troops have their old uniforms. Many of the officers are skin jacket, fur inside, and on top of this their overcoat, wearing the new uniform. The cloth out of which they are which in addition to its cloth collar has a large detachable made varies greatly in shade. Some officers were seen wear- fur one. On their feet they wear first a sort of half slipper ing new uniforms made out of the greyish cloth used by the made of felt. These cover their toes and part of their instep; Russians for overcoats. Though the men are in blue, offi- on top of them they wear heavy woolen socks, then shoes, and on top all straw shoes. The officers generally wear a I cers are often seen at different formations clothed either of I partly or wholly in the new uniform. In Korea and the fur boot, fur inside, and leather boots on top. To protect the Liaotung Peninsula, officers are frequently seen wearing at head they have a sweater hood which covers everything the same time parts of the blue and of the olive drab uni- except their eyes, nose and mouth, and reaches down over form. They appear at all times in a great variety of foot gear. the shoulders, back and chest. On top of this they place While the new uniform has quite a little color to it, it is hard their ordinary cap, then turn up the collar of their overcoat, to distinguish an enlisted man or noncommissioned officer and on top of all pull up the cloth overcoat hood. The chin from an officer, as they all have the same amount of color strap is worn by all, under the chin, where it does not inter- on the same parts of the uniform. The rank is shown by a fere with the use of the mouth, and effectually holds the cap shoulder strap worn by all, including third class privates. All on in the highest wind. troops have an olive drab overcoat. cut very loose, especially It was noticed that the infantry never drop their butts on in the back. The looseness in the back is gathered up by the ground when coming to an order, but always lower them a strap. When this strap is undone the man can wrap himself gently. in his coat as if it were a blanket. On each side of the coat The Japanese officer is allowed an enlisted man as a Ber- there is sewed, as in the British service, a brass hook to hold sonal servant. The servant, or as they prefer to call him, up the belt. On the left side of the blouse all men have a orderly," accompanies the officer everywhere. cloth loop fastened by a button, for holding up the belt. In In Korea Japanese troops are seen everywhere. In Seoul there were about 3,000 infantry, a few cavalry, and eighteen 486 FONT ARTHUR. POR T A R THUR. 437

field guns. The new Thirteenth regular division is scattered or four men out of each squad did anything, the rest merely along the western part of Korea, while the Fifteenth is on standing there. the east coast. The new Fourteenth and Sixteenth Divisions The barracks are long, one story brick buildings, built are stationed in Manchuria. The garrison at Port Arthur, around a yard. Inside they are about nine feet wide, and six about a regiment, belongs to the Sixteenth. feet of this is taken up by a long platform about two feet above the floor. In winter time this floor is heated by a fire underneath in the regular Korean manner. The men sleep on this. Above it are shelves on which they place what little equipment they have. They have the Japanese knapsack and field equipment, but from the dusty condition of those seen and the difficulty experienced in producing some parts, it was evident that marching order is seldom used. The offi- cer said they sometimes, though not often. made practice marches. As the men are recruited from the coolie class they should be good marchers and burden carriers. The kitchens were dirty. The cooking is done in the regular I Korean manner, in earthen jars, placed over rude ovens. firings in close and extended order were well executed. They seldom get any meat, their principal food being rice Though they always raised the sight leaf, no attempt was and a variety of large turnips. There was no opportunity of made as far as could be seen to set it at any particular range. witnessing any target practice. They have a range outside The extended order drill and formation for attack was fairly of the city. 3nd every week every man shoots five rounds. well done, up to and including the rapid fire. When it came The maximum range is 300 yards. They are said to be fair to the charge there was a good deal of hesitancy and looking shots up to this range. They are armed with the Sanchu- around, a general bunching up followed, then finally a spirit- nensiki rifle, model rSg6. They have also a number of ob- less advance that soon came to a halt. solete French rifles. An oficer of the General Staff present said it was no good, The men are slouchy and dirty. their uniforms&t badly, but it did not seem to worry him in the least. The company are always dirty, and often torn. They have all the earmarks seen had about 180 men present at the drill, and as the bar- of the typical Korean, laziness, dirtiness, and a general lack racks to be visited were indicated and as the company was of spirit and smartness. It is stated by the military authori- turned out especially for this drill, it probably was the best ties that there are about eleven thousand men under arms, one in Seoul. In one corner of the drill ground they had a and that there is a reserve of double this number. They couple of horizontal bars and a raised platform for gymnastics. count all men who have ever been in service as reservists; Three squads of about twelve men each were marched over there is no scheme, however, for mobilizing them. here. Three men stepped out and went through some stunts, Their companies consist of 200 men and five officers, four which they did very well. then three more not so good and a companies to a battalion and three battalions to a regiment. third set of three who were fair, nothing more. It was then They have two squadrons ( I 50 men) mounted on Chinese noticed that the first three who on finishing their stunts had ponies and armed with lances who act as a guard for the fallen in on the left of their squad had quietly worked up Imperial household. again to the right, and it was therefore apparently their turn The artillery consists of two field batteries, unhorsed and again. Though some little time was spent here only three I 1

' I 438 PORT ARTHUR. POR T AR THC-R. 439 havi~p;between them about twenty-four field, ten machine are necessary now to go from Fusan to Seoul. The time is and four mountain guns. They are of French and Japanese constantly being reduced, while the roadbed is being straight- makes, ,old models. ened and many of the grades reduced. It is'a rock They have a Primary and High School for cadets, also a ballasted, single track rond. has the standard American broad War College for olcers. In all three institutions the in- gauge, heavy rails and American rolling stock. The structors are graduates of Japanese military schools. Men engines came from the Baldwin Locomotive Works. The ate enlisted from eighteen to thirty. Enlistment is volun- cars are the regular American day coaches with some differ- tary. There is no term of enlistment; the men come and go ences as regards the interior. They have first, second and as they choose. third class. Generally the first and second class are parts of The pay table is as.follows: -. the same car, while the third is a separate car. The seats OFFICERS. ENLISTED MES. in the first class are similar to those used in an ordinary Per Month Per Month General ...... * Yzso Sergt. Major ...... _...... Yzo American day coach, the second class have wooden seats, Lt General...... 200 First Sergeant., ...... IO while the third have wooden seats with straight backs. Maj. General ...... I jo Sergeant ...... 8 Colonel...... 98 Corporal...... 6 There is a buffet to the first and second class coaches. All Lt Colonel...... 73 Private...... 4 cars are generally well filled with passengers. Major...... 51 captain ...... 40 While the grade in many places is steep and will have to Lieutenant ...... 30 Ensign ...... 25 be cut down. the road as a whole is carefully and well built. These are the following Bureaux: The sidings are fairly numerous. though not as a rule long. Thebridges have stone substructuresand steel superstructures. I. Military Bureau (a) Infantry Division. (b) Cavalry Division, Several were washed away during the last rainy season, but c ) Artille and Engineer bivision. ((d) Media? Division. are rapidly being replaced by stronger stone ones. The (e) Naval Division. culverts throughout are of stone. The banks of all streams ( f ) Martial Law Division. z. Strategic Bureau. that run under the road bed and of streams that are parallel 3. Bureau of Education. to it and might wash out the embankment are revetted 4. Military'heasury. with stone to prevent them altering their courses. The em- The following are the stations of the army; the General bankments generally have layers of sod laid horizontally refused to give the number stationed at each. Staff about every foot ( Fig. 2 5 ,) or else have a series of banquettes Seoul, Kangkeido (said to be 6,000). Kwangju, Chullado. suwoa. Taiku. Kungsangdo. as shown in Fig. 26. Changjs Chung Chondo. Pingyang, Pingando. Hwangjq Chung Chongdo. Wiju. Pingando.

THE KAI-FU RAILROAD. The SeoulLFusan, or as the Japanese call it, the Kai-Fu [the first syllables of Kaijo (Seoul) and Fusan] railroad, is completed from Fusan through Seoul to An-ju. It is the intention now to continue it over the route of the present military railroad used by the Japanese for bringing up sup- plies for the last war from Wiju to Mukden. There is a number of trains each way every day. About fourteen hours Y, Yen= 50 cents gold. 440 PORT ARTHUR. PORT AR THUR. 441

The tunnels, of which there are very few, are built of one track, but there are long sidings at every station, of which stone and brick. The stations are connected by telegraph. there is an average of two or three to every twenty-five All along the road there is plenty of stone available for re- miles. These stations are neatly built of stone and are con- pairing purposes. Outside of the few tunnels and bridges nected by telegraph. At every station there are from twenty there would be little trouble in double tracking the road. to one hundred Chinese railway guards. armed with various patterns of German rifles, generally made in the seventies. THE PEKINCHANKOW RAILROAD. The bridges are of steel with stone abutments. The Yellow River bridge is a steel truss bridge on steel piles. The PekingHankow Railroad is completed with the ex- There are twenty-four spans. Gravel and construction ception of the bridge across the Yellow River. The trains trains are run over it. The engineer in charge expected to ’ run only during the day. It is necessary to buy a ticket have it completed by the first of January, 1906. The bridge each morning for the day’s run. Four days are necessary to is lighted at night by arc lights. By many it is considered go over the road. When the Yellow River bridge is com- not sufficiently strong to withstand the heavy rises of the pleted they expect to make the run in three days, and later Yellow River. to have express trains, and make it in two. The first night The rolling stock is all built by the French firm of stop is at Shin-te-fou, about twelve hours run from Peking. P6han. The engines are the same as those used on the The next day the Yellow River is reached about 3:oo in the French and Belgian roads, and have the name of the maker afternoon. This must be crossed in a sampan, picked up on them in both French and Chinese. along the river bank. On account of the many sand banks There are two kinds of passenger coaches, one divided which have to be gone around it takes about three hours to into first and second class compartments. The other is for cross. There is a train leaving the other side between 6:30 third class passengers. The coach for first and second class P. M. and 7:00 P. hf. This train goes to Tsin Chou, about two is similar to those seen on the continent of Europe. There hours run. Here it is necessary to remain until I:OO P. hr. is an aisle down one side from which there opens two first the next afternoon, when there is a train for Tchu Ma Tien, class compartments and three second class, while between which is reached about 7:oo P. M. The next day a run of the two classes of compartments is a stove and an arrange- about twelve hours puts you in Hankow about sunset. There ment for heating the cars which generally is not working. . are no arrangements made on the train either for eating or The third class cars contain seats on each side of the sleeping. center aisle. The backs are straight. The car will hold At Shin-te-fou there is no accommodation of any kind for ninety-two men. Above the seats on each side are heavy foreigners. The conductor will generally give permission wooden shelves, about three and one-half feet wide and to sleep in the train. At Tsin Chou there is an inn kept by three feet below the roof of the car. These racks are for two Greeks, while at Tchu Ma Tien there is a so-called for- the many bundles carried by the Chinese passengers. eign hotel kept by a Chinese. There are two classes of freight cars, box and gondola. It is necessary on leaving Peking to take at least two The box cars carry fifteen and twenty tons, the gondola cars days food. Blankets will be found convenient throughout carry twenty tons. Some of the gondola cars have a center the trip. side door which slides towards one end of the car, while The road is a broad gauge, rock ballasted one. Though others have three doors to a side, of the type that let down. rock ballasted, the supounding country is so dusty that every- All cars have two trucks of four wheels each. The wheels thing in the train is covered with dust. The road has but 1

449 PORT ARTHUR. are open wheels with spokes Most trains are made up both of freight and passenger cars. Freight trains are run also. The average train is made up of ten or twenty passenger coaches. all third class except one, and four or five freight cars. The third class cars are always crowded, the second comfortably full and the first occasionally full. The engine drivers and firemen are all Chinese, as are all the train crews MACHINE GUSS IN THE RVSSIAN ARMY DURING with the exception of one head conductor on each train, who THE CAMPAIGN IN MANCHURIA, 1904-1905." is generally French or Belgian, sometimes Italian. The prices are moderate; the second class is two-thirds of BY LIEUTENANTCOLONEL MONTGOMERY Jf. JIXCOJIB, ARTILLERYCORPS. the first, and the third one-third of the first or one-half of the second. There is a good deal of tra5c in both directions on the road. HE hlaxim automatic gun firing the standard service From Peking to the Yellow River the country is level. T ammunition, caliber 0.3, was the machine gun fur- There are large numbers of villages in every direction and nished the Russian infantry during the Manchurian cam- occasionally walled towns. South of the Yellow River the paign, but they could not be supplied fast enough to fill the country is'rolling, and as Hankow is approached becomes demand, and the Japanese were always superior in the hilly. There are no tunnels. The road was easily built and number of machine guns available. The Russian authori- it would require but little Iabor to double track it. The only ties were so fully impressed with their importance that after problem in any way difficult in its construction was the the battle of Jlukden they determined to attach to the cav- bridging of the Yellow River. alry regiments detachments armed with an automatic weapon of a suitable type. In March. 1905,there were fifteen of the new mounted machine gun detachments with regiments ~f the First, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth and Twelfth Cavalry Divisions, all serving in European Russia, while there were ten in Man- churianarmies, viz: Four with the Orenberg Cossack Division, four with the Fourth Don Cossack Division and two with the L'ral-Trans-Baikal Cossack Division. At the end of August, I go j, some notes were obtained concerning such a detachment which had been organized to accompany the Ural-Trans- Baikal Cossack Division, and which was detrained at Kung- chuling previous to joining. The accompanying vehicles bore the inscription '' Konnaya Pulemetnaya Commanda - Polka" (Mounted Machine Gun Detachment, -Regiment). The personnel was taken from the four Mounted Machine

*This article was prepared by Colonel Macomb for the Military Informa- tion Division of the General Stat€, with the request that it be published in the JOURNAL OF THP U. S. CAVALRYASSOCIATION. MACHILVE GUNS. .. 444 MACHINE GUNS. 445 Gun Detachments of Dragoon Regiments Nos. Twenty-two. emptied, in which case the last cartridge was apt to explode. Twenty-three, Twenty-four of the Eighth, and Twenty-six These accidents were very annoying. and it was found abso- of the Ninth Cavalry Division, being composed of picked lutely necessary to have with each detachment a competent men of above the average intelligence. while the horses were armorer with full repair kit and many reserve parts, as we11 strong, stocky beasts, also brought from Europe from the as several extra barrels. Danish o5cers state that the above regimental establishments. Having been in charge of com- defects, complained of by the Russian commanders, do not petent men, they had been well cared for and were in excel- lent condition after their long journey of over 5.000 miles. The establishment of a machine gun detachment was as follows : i :‘-I--. :‘-I--. -2- 1 Fighting Battery. Lieutenant in command ...... I 1 ... 1 I ..... I Noncommissioned officers ...... 3... .. Gunnets,private ...... 1 2 6 , 6 .. Ammunition horse drivers. mounted, two per gun ..... Armorer ...... i- Train. Cartdrivers ...... !...... I i 4 ... 1 2 I ...... i Total ...... ! The gun is that which is described in “Streffleurs Oester- L reichische Militarkhe Zeitschrift” for July, 1905, as ‘‘ Rex- ersche Automatische Gowehr ’’ (the Rexer Automatic Gun), arranged for the Russian infantry cartridge. These guns ! I were made in a hurry, the construction was rough, and the metal of some parts was too highly tempered, making it brittle and causing frequent breakages. The part which is CAVALRYEQUIPXSST. !! apt to give way is that marked a, Fig. I, upon which the occur with the more carefully made Danish gun. The metal force of recoil is quite heavy. The magazine is of tin, and magazines are carried in leather cartridge pouches of the I its general outline is that of a segment of an annular arc of same general shape as the magazine and holding eight of i forty-five degrees, and it holds twenty-five cartridges. In the latter. Two of these pouches are connected by a broad I I loading. it is inserted in the left side of the breech from the leather strap with an orifice in the center. Such a pair is I top and remains there during the firing (see Fig. I, a). supposed to be carried by the gunner in front of his saddle. Occasionally the firing was interrupted by premature ex- pack (Fig. 2) in order to balance the weight of the gun, plosion of cartridges, which seemed to occur when the me- I! which is carried on the left and rear of the saddle, in a I1 chanical action was stopped before the magazine was leather bucket reaching to the stock, the haversack being

I 1

446 MACHINE GUNS. MA CHINE GUNS. 447 In the Primorsk Dragoon Regiment, which had had its de- carried on the right side (see Fig. 2 and Fig. 4). It has been found that the ordinary dragoon saddle may be adapted tachment organized for some time, the cartridge pouches to the purpose in place of the special one at first thought have been divided among three horses instead of two, thus necessary. The ammunition pack-saddle has an iron hook forming a lighter load of eight pouches containing sixty- piece to which six lugs are attached, the upper ends of which four magazines or 1,600 cartridges (see Fig. 4). This re- are hinged. On these lugs are hung the pairs of pouches quires three mounted drivers. These pack-saddles were originally adapted for five (not six) pairs, and even five pairs were found too heavy. Whether drivers could habitn- ally carry a pair of pockets on their saddles was a question still undecided. In actual practice neither they nor the gunners were doing so, as will be seen in the accompanying photograph showing the gunners, three drivers and three ammunition packs. The men are armed with the dragoon saber, dragoon rifle and bayonet. Their organization took two weeks to complete. So special instruction in firing was considered necessary for those who were already familiar with the rifle. In fact, it was claimed that the use of this gun was found to be easier and less fatiguing than that of the rifle, being fired from a rest in a lying position. The fork or rest is part of the equipment, and the use of the magazine makes loading simpler than from the clip. In firing single shots no recoil is felt, and in rapid or magazine fire the gun merely vibrates, but not to such an extent as to prevent the gunner keeping the sight on the target.

AM)IUNITION SUPPLY. The cartridges in the ammunition carts are not loaded in magazines, but are carried in the ordinary tins of 300 each, making in each cart 14,400 rounds. The supply is thus dis- tributed : FXQUBE 4. Per de- Per gun' tachmen+ Sh3wlng the Gunner. Three Drlverr Ammunltlon Forming end Three Horses, One 6 ...... 400 2,400 Element of Aotomstlo Gun Detsahmenr, Reser of the Prlmorak On the gun horses (400 each) the Type, On the 2 or 3 ammunition pack horses (0.400 to 1,600 each). 4,800 Drwoon Redmen+ 28,800 In 2 ammunition carts...... 28,800 already spoken of, the elements of each pair balancing each Total available...... %-J- other on opposite sides (Fig. 3). The full load designed for or 10,000 rounds par gun, of which 5,zoo rounds per gun are in the firing line. a pack horse is six pairs, twelve pouches-12 x8=96 maga- zines=# x 25 =2,400 cartridges. This method, however, does not admit of any forage being carried by the horse. 448 HACHIffE G UNS. MA CHINE G UNS. ~. 449 It is not a trustworthy weapon when used singly, and COMMENTS ON THE 5. MOUNTED GUN DETACHMENTS EQUIPPED as a general rule should never be so employed. WITH REXER AUTOMATICS. 6. Its most valuable quality is that it supplies a means In,spite of the fact that this weapon received no test in of suddenly and unexpectedly increasing the volume of fire the late war, it may appeal to our cavalry as better suited to without overcrowding the firing line, thus greatly extending their wants than the more cumbersome Maxim with its water- the scope and flexibility of the fire action. jacket and tripod. The organization is also simpler and re- 7. Its greatest physical and moral effect is produced when quires a little over four men per gun instead of about ten. it is employed suddenly against massed troops, such as in. The weapon is less effective than the Maxim, but it is more fantry in close order, artillery limbered, cavalry mounted, or mobile, less training is required to use it, its methods of in enfilading lines of any kind. It is, in general, impossible transportation are more easily adaptable to the existing cav- to foresee when and where such opportunities will arise. alry equipment, and the reserve ammunition may all be car- Hence the best organization is that which distributes the ried on pack animals and special carts dispensed with. The machine guns among the fighting units so as to take instant Russian regimental detachment gives one Rexer gun per advantage of an opportunity without making a good target squadron of 120 men, while the Maxims are suppled to the for the enemy, the smallest pcrniissible machine-gun unit at the rate of gun 2.000 infantry divisions one per men. For being a detachment of two guns. our service, detachments might be organized so as to give S. Machine guns should not be kept in the firing line, one Rexer gun per troop or four guns per squadron, which but held in reserve until the opportune moment arrives. would make an excellent command for an energetic subal- They should on no account be permitted to fritter a~aytheir tern. The action of the Russians in adopting for their cav- ammunition in doing work belonging to the firing line or alry an organization and equipment so different from that of which can better be done by specially (IetniIed sharpshooters. the infantry. which had experienced a war test Y hile the The colnmnnder of a tinit \vi11 fight his inen with rctloubled other had not. is probably based on sztisfactor, ,’roof of the confidence if he feels that, at a critical moment. he has in suitability and power of the Rexer gun, and it may be wise hand an ensily controllable means of instantly incrc:tsi~~ghis for our cavalry to make trial of this weapon for comparison volume of fire by a company or more. with that recently authorized. , 9. \\‘hen the commander of a superior unit foresees that to accomplish certain results it is advisable to mass the CONCLUSIONS. gun, the small detachments may be united by his order and under As the Rexer equipment received no tests in actual com- his direction. There should be on the staff of every such bat we are without data on which to base deductions relating chief an officer capable of taking com1nand of the coiiibined to it; but as our cavalry are to have the same weapon as our detachments. He should be a trained ~~rtr~rtll~,~~~. infantry, namely, the Maxim, which is very similar to that IO. The value of the machine gun in defensive positions, med by the Russians in the war, we may draw certain con- covering defiles and the like, has becn gcncrallg admitted. clusions and learn certain lessons which may prove useful. In rea!ity it is equally valuable on the offensive or defen- I. The machine gun played a useful but not a great part sive to an active moving force which knows how to use it. in the war. 2. Two thousand yards was the limit of its effective LESSOXS FOR OUR SERVICE. battle range. So far as our army is concerned, only negative lessons are 3. It could not contend against artillery. to be learned from the Russian organization of machine gun 4. Its average power is equivalent to about fifty riflemen

Ll..- 460 MA CHINE G UNS. MA CHINE GUNS. 451 companies for use with infantry. At the outbreak of the officers from each branch of the line whoibave had the war very little was known about machine guns in the Rus- requisite experience, viz : An infantry officer who under- sian army as a whole, and, with this ignorance, certain er- stands machine guns; a cavalry officer who served on roneous opinions were prevalent, with us under similar has as previous boards engaged selecting the type suited to our conditions, viz: that no special training was needed to in service and testing methods of transportation ; an artillery handle these weapons, and that the personnel could be taken directly from the troops to which they were attached. The officer who has had similar duty-preferably from the mountain artillery. Appoint an ordnance officer who has Russian authorities, however, took a serious and sensible had experience the previous tests of machine guns, as view of the matter, and proceeded on the principle of not in corzsultiltg tmmbtr of the board. Assign a skilled mechanic allowing machine guns to be handled except under the in- thoroughly familiar with the one who fully understands struction of officers thoroughly schooled and competent. gun, its working construction and peculiarities, and also a skilled New companies were organized, with a nucleus of one or two instructed officers and thirty-three per cent. of well-trained packer who shall be at the disposition of the board. The board should also have at its disposition a good typewriter familiar with the weapon, the balance of the personnel men as a recording clerk. being selected from the best men available in the units to which the guns were assigned. There was an armorer with 3. Select a central post where there is already pack transportation, and send there the enlisted personnel and each company who understood all the minor repair work selected officers from the first regiment to be supplied, and needed. let them be instructed upon a program laid down by the While the arms and equipment of the personnel were the board, which shall at once prepare a provisional system of that of the troops with which they served, certain same as drill regulations. distinctive marks were added to their uniform, which made When the officers are snfficientlyinstructed, let them the appreciate that their specialty was of some itnpor- 4. men repair to their regiments with a copy of the provisional tame.and permanence. drill regulations and a suitable percentage of instructed men as a nucleus on which to organize the detachment for POLICY SUGGESTED. their regiment from the material which has been issued to it. 5. Let the provisional regulations be thoroughly tried From the above hints the following policy may be out- out for a couple of years, inviting meantime reports and lined governing the introduction of these weapons into our comments; let the whole system of tactical instruction be service, for it is believed that their reception will be decidedly attacked, if desired, and thoroughly thrashed out, and then lukewarm and service inefficient a long time unless their for let the finaI revisions bc made. It is unsafe to assume, as every one is made to feel their importance ab initio. we have done, that boards are sufficiently omniscient to I. Assign no officer to the command of a permanent de- originate drill regulations complete and perfect. as Jove tachment who is not thoroughly instructed and well posted caused Jlinerva to spring at a touch absolutely flawless from on the handling of the gun. its care, methods of reducing his brain jams” and quickly remedying the ordinary accidents which 6. Uniforms and Attns.-Vniform, that of the unit to are liable to occur ; its transportation and the handling of the which attached, with distinctive insignia ; arms, revolver of ~ train and ammunition supply. .45 caliber and a good stout machete of the best material and a. To make this possible, assemble at -me central and of appruved design ; intrenching tools (carried with ammu- OonvenieOt port a working board of instruction, composed of nition packs), two spades and one pick mattock per gun. 469 MA CHINE GUNS.

Ammunition supply with the guns not less than 6.000 rounds per gun. 7. Let the board suggest a suitable set of distinctive in- AN INTERESTING CASE TO HORSEMEN ” signia for the machine gun detachments. CONTINUED. These suggestions are thrown out because it is known to be an expensive and unsatisfactory policy to let inex. BY CHXS. H. JEWELL, VETERINAKIAS,U. S. A. perienced detachments go into the field. It.wil1 save time to give them the best instruction practicable, beginning with N writing a reply to the above named article, I am not those who lead the list for foreign service, where there are 1 sure that I come under the head of a “first class veter- no facilities for instruction. inarian,” whom Major Ripley desired to make some reply. I do not wish to place myself on record as being an authority upon the subject of glanders, but since I have had considerable experience with this disease, both in the Philip- pines and the United States. I feel that I might possibly enlighten him upon some of‘the points of this disease upon which he seems to differ from our authorities. During last August I was in attendance, by order of the War Department, at the annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, and it was my privilege to listen to several very interesting articles and discussions upon the subject of glanders in its various forms by men foremost in the veterinary profession of America, among whom was Prof. James Law,of Cornel1 Cniversity; Dr. J. G. Rutherford, Veterinary Inspector General for the Dominion of Canada ; Dr. Geo. H. Berns, of Brooklyn, N Y., and many others who have wide experience in sanitary control work, dealing especially with glanders. Dr. Rutherford mentioned cases of glanders which, when well advanced, would often fail to react to mallein, but which very often would show a dccline in temperature. These cases he stated would, as a rule, have a well marked local swelling at the point of ejection. This along with the clinical symptoms, such as farcy buds and ulcers within the nostrils, etc., he considered confirmatory. In the case given by Major Ripley he makes no mention of the presence or absence of any local swelling, which is considered of considerable importance in the mallein test, and nothing in the report of the test by the veterinarian is said in this regard. 454 AN INTERESTING CASE TO HORSEMEN. The statement made by the Major is that authorities state that horses suffering from farcy often, when not show- P ing any clinical symptoms, may show post mortem lesions of 'i the internal organs. I can not find any author of repute making such a statement, but would refer the writer to Dr. THE GERMAN MANEUVERS. Law's work on veterinary medicine, Vol. IV. In this book, which we of the profession refer to as authority, he states BY GORDOX JOHNSTON, FIRSTLlEUTESAST ( CAVALRY)SXGN.AL CORPS. "that farcy is that form of glanders affecting the skin and subcutaneous lymphatics most prominently," and makes no mention of lesions of the internal.organs, and in cases where BERLIS,GERMANY, September 14, 1906. the disease affects the internal organs and shows no external The Chief, Military Infornration Diaisiox, Wizshington. signs he classes as latent or occult glanders." SIR:-I have the honor to inform you that I have recently As regards the inoculation of guinea pigs and making attended the '*Kaiser Uanover" which was held in Silesia cultures from the small nodules. I can see no error in the near Breslau, from September 10th to 13th inclusive. methods described, yet it is a well known fact, that it is often As I was not there officially, my opportunities for obser- difficult to obtain the glanders germ in taking pus from the vation were necessarily limited, but hch as they were I wish discharge of farcy buds. owing to the great number of pus to bring them to your notice, hoping that they may be of organisms present, which have greater power of reproduc- some interest to your division.* tion and evidently destroy or render inert the glanders germ. As you will doubtless have complete reports covering The symptoms given in the case strongly suggest farcy, the general organization of the three army corps engaged, and I am not aware that we have ulcerative orepizootic lym- and the conduct of the maneuver, with able criticism of the phangitis in this country, we can exclude these diseases, so strategy and tactics displayed. and the cmduct. equipment 9 which are so closely allied in symptoms to farcy. We occa- and action of troops, I will confine myself to the minor sionally have conditions resulting from infection of the lym- matters which caught my attention. phatic of the limbs, which often show considerable similar- Through the courtesy of Captain Biddle, our military at- it..p o farcy, but one trained in animal diseases would tache, in Berlin, I obtained a card which permitted me to h rdly make a mistake of diagnosing such cases glanders; visit all parts of the field of maneuver, so far as military yet I have seen such cases which look enough like farcy interests admitted. to lead veterinarians of experience to resort to the mallein This was practically the *' Press pass," and armed with test before passing judgment upon them. I believe one this and provided with a bicycle. I was on the field by the should be guarded in making a positive diagnosis of glanders, 8th in order to look the ground over and familiarize myself until he has employed some of the confirmatory methods, with the field of operations. and then, if these sustain his diagnosis, it leaves but little At 2 A. 11. on the loth the two opponents were to com- reasonable room for doubt. If in case of such an animal mence operations, and as my interests wvere naturally with as the Major mentions we are in doubt, and time does not the cavalry, I went at once to the point where the hostile enable us to be positive, I believe it is better to sacrifice one patrols would probably meet, and where they actually did. animal than allow such a horse to mingle with healthy ones, *It is requested that this letter, after it passed your office, with the possibility of the case later proving to be farcy respectfully has and be sent to the editor, UNITEDSTATES CAVALRY JOURNAL, for publication, if he and becoming the means of infecting many others. considers it of sufficient interest.

I ~~ . 456 THE GERMAN MANEUVERS. THE GERMAN MA,VE UVERS. 457

From this time on I followed the cavalry as closely as one knows how uncomfortable the carbine and saber are possible, frequently getting out before daylight, and often under the knee or the lower leg. So far as I could see, the losing them on account of night marches. This work was position of saber and carbine did not interfere with the particularly interesting, for, knowing the general objective action of the horse at any gait or in jumping fences or of the opponents, having a good map, and being able to locate ditches. Many of the regiments had saddle-blankets like the infantry before dark, it was a good problem to determine ours, only thicker. the probable whereabouts and actions of the cavalry. The leather pouches, tightly secured to the pommel end As to their cavalry in general, their mount is excellent, of the saddle, give additional security to the seat, something their equipment is good and serviceable, the horses are like bucking rolls." The rear pouches have also this effect. beautifully trained and the men well disciplined. They When riding at full speed or across country the whole travel fast and cover great distances. I followed their cav- outfit seemed to ride close ahd tight, i. e., all but the trooper, alry division many miles and never saw a horseshoe cast on who bobbed up and down considerably. Their stirrups the road, nor any part of horse or trooper equipment lost. seemed too short, and this, with feet not parallel to the horse, I noticed particularly the use of the double rein with turned the knee outward, showing daylight between it and which they are equipped, and did not observe any confusion the saddle, and also under the trooper. Their seat is so dif- of the rehi or that the trooper had any difficulty in hand- ferent from ours that it is hard to form a fair judgment of it. ling them under any conditions. As their right hand is So far as results are concerned, however, they got across always occupicd by the lance they never use it on the reins, country in great shape and took their jumps very smoothly, except in shifting them. In fact, the men carried their without jerking the horses' heads off. On the innrch their hands well down with a good feel of the snaffle and a light walk is not very good, being slow, even then with some jig- one of the curb. To bring a horse suddenly to a halt, they gering at the tail end. Their trot was steadier, but not cov- let the snaffle rein slide through the fingers and drew back ering the ground that our gait would. At the gallop they the hand keeping a tight hold on the curb rein. They were splendid, sweeping along with a fine, free stride, up were again put in position by drawing the snaffle rein taut and down hill, across plowed fields or through high grass at with two fingers of the right hand. As held in the hand, a pace that fairly ate up the ground. This \\-as doubtless the snaffle reins are outside of the curb, all being separated due to the thoroughbred in their mount. by the fingers. the back of the hand being up, and the I cannot express xny full admiration for these horses. thumb pressing on them against the forefinger. They filled me with envy, and yet made the pulse of a horse The four leather pouches, two by the cantle and two by lover beat very high. I have seen about t j,OoO of them pass the pommel, seemed an excellent arrangement to me. In at Breslau and Berlin, and the foremost thing that struck me the first place they permit an even distribution of the weight was the beauty and graceful carriage of their heads. -111 and carry at least as much as our saddle bags which place so were rather small, beautifully shaped, with wide. flat fore- much at the cantle end of our saddle, and under which we heads, a straight frontal line in profile, small ears, large, full find about ninty per cent. of our saddle sores. Their saddle eyes, and thin, open nostrils. These horses were extremely is good, lighter than ours, clears the withers as well, and per- intelligent, and their expression in the field indicated the mits of adjustment. Their saber hangs straight down on the keenest interest in the game, and the most willing response left. and the carbine on the right, both attached to the cantle. to every call on them. Although I saw many charges and This arrangement leaves the trooper's legs clear, which means counter-charges, m41Ces and races in pursuit, I never saw a a clean grasp of the saddle skirts all the way down. Every IplR’----. l

THE GERMAN MANEUVERS. 459 468 THE GERMAN MANEUVERS. mental in garrison, worn as a neck cloth, and perhaps would single horse bolt or become unmanageable, and there were be of practical military use. If made of good fast color I ninety five squadrons in the field in almost constant use. believe they would fill an actual want. If invisibility is The use of fire action was very limited. I saw only one desired they can be very easily concealed in the shirt bosom instance in which troopers were dismounted, and heard of or put inside the collar. no other. They charge constantly with the lance, and may To return to the field work. I do not remember seeing be counted upon to do often and boldly. One particular so ground scouts in front of any of their charging lines. Such instance impressed me very much. The Blue Cavalry Divi- scouts would have saved the Blues in the Parchaitz charge, sion was advancing along a main road toward Parchwitz for the Reds had made no preparation for fire actions, and one which was held by the Red Division. There was only one detachment could have blocked them in pursuit so as to give road into the town, and this crossed a stream by a wooden the Blues a start. They love the lance, and they have faith bridge. It was here that the Reds had dismounted some in the charge, so that if two columns should meet on a narrow cuirassiers to defend the bridge and the stream, which could road one may be sure of the action of a German squadron. not be crossed easily-- by the cavalry. The Blues sent sev- If the columns are very much advanced and the position of the era1 patrols against this line, and finally a squadron came at enemy not well known. it would not be advisable for the other a full gallop down the road toward the bridge, with lances to get separated from its horses, or even to dismount. Pistols set, and an officer leading making frantic motions for the ob- could, hardly be used in such formations, and the lance in structions to be removed. This was done, and these passed such a clash would be a most formidable weapon. It would over, followed shortly by the division. It was a splendid certainly seem that right here several men at the head of sight, but a sad fate awaited them. In columns of fours they ‘the column, who have horses which stand perfectly quiet swept through the town and up a steep hill, and just as they under fire, could do some very fine work and then clear the cleared the brow of the hill they found the Red Division in road for a countercharge. line, parallel to the road, and these promptly charged. The In patrol work they were very thorough but stereotyped, Blues were thrown into utter confusion, squadron and regi- and did not simulate war conditions. For this reason it is ments all mixed, and troopers galloping in every direction. difficult to form any opinion of what their screen and con- The rallying and re-forming of the Blue Division was far the test tactics would be like in actual war. prettiest piece of cavalry work seen by me. In an incredibly One thing did strike me very forcibly in the work of the Y short time I counted the regiments galloping back through Divisional Cavalry, and that was the certainty with which the village in the best order, and did not note a single uni- the presence of the infantry column and their line of march out of place. The leading units were moving off in form was indicated by the presence of these cavalry patrols on this manner within a minute and a half (by the watch) after the same or a nearby parallel road, all moving in the same the charge of the Reds. Their uniforms being different for direction and in a more leisurely manner than if cavalry each regiment made this possible. followed. Then with messengers riding back toward the This impressed itself so forcibly on my mind that I began same direction, the matter was assured. On several occa- to wonder if there were no ways in which our own regiments sions this was observed at great distances, and a glance at could have some distinguishing color or mark to shorten the map would almost fix their destination. The idea of such times of inevitable confnsion, and to hasten the rally. masking as well as protecting the march of infantry did not Perhaps different colored handkerchiefs of the bandana size seem to prevail. for the different regiments might help in this direction. TheL articles are very necessary in the field as well as orna- ..

1 460 THE GERMAN MANEUVERS.

In the matter of equipment I had a good opportunity to notice the use of the officer's cape, which was cut quite wide. Two of the days were very cold, with both wind and rain, hard on men and horses. These capes were water-proof, and WASTED-SYSTElI. when in use covered not only the rider but the loins of the horse, extending over the croup. It must have been most beneficial to the horse. especially when he was alternately BY C.~I,I.\ISHOWARD R. IIICKOK. FlFTeEsTlf C'.\\.ALR\.. hot and cold. As a whole, one must be impressed at these maneuvers OJIPETEST authority has ordered that the duties of with the perfect discipline and splendid endurance of the C the general shall be studied, and maneuver camps in German troops. Their patrol work and long cavalry charges which large numbers of troops are gathercd togetllrr have in the open, taking no heed of fire effect, and the use of been formed. That such study is desirable and nccessary dense masses of infantry in close range during the att:ick, no one will tlispute. There is one fact, however. that is ap- would doubtless be speedily remedied in war. The other parent to nli tlioic ivho :tttended the niane~ivcrsof this past qualities are fundamental and very much to be admired. sunirncr ;ind which may be stated this \v:ty: Ikforc learning It was also most inspiring to see such great bodies of the tlutics of r;ener;il -\.it is necessary to know thc)se of Lieut- troops. At the Breslau review there were 4-1.000 troops on enant 1: :tnd CVC:I those of Private C. In other \vords, bcfore the field. Thcy were in two lines, the infantry being in wc proct.cl1 to the stu(ly of thc tactical cciiiip:iign daties of front, with the cavalry and artillery in the rear. The dense gcncral otlicers we must first learn those of su1,ordinatc.s. In column of tbe former in line of regiments. with :I front of' orclcr to :iccc)rnplish tliis duty, a system:itic progrcssivc prac- about 200 men, extended further than one could distinguish tic,;il s~hcnicof instruction must be follo\ve~l. even companies, and mclted into a solid mass, with only the Soriie study has been given to tactics in our g:irrison littIe flashes from thc bayonets or helmets to sho\v what they sclio~,ls,practicltl csercises Iicivc bccn Iicltl OII rcscrvntions. were. ant1 practicc ni;irclies 1i:ivc bccn riiatlc. all tciidiiig to Xive 11s When the Kaiser, the great *6iVarLord," came on the confidcncc in our proticicncy. .\s a coiiwliicnce. uiir troops field, they held the "Present" for twenty minutes, almost wcnt to thc camps with the idea that the escrcisca to motionless. Sothing could be more picturesque than the be hcld tlicrc were to be on the ordcr uf granJ t;ictics-a fit- cavalry, who sat their horses under a perfect forest of lances, ting culminnticm fur the year's practical work -and this idc:i from each of which a pennant fluttered; cuirassiers, dra- is in :iccord with the general scheme of instruction. T11c goons, uhlans, and hussars, flanked by batteries of field guns, escrciscs hcld did. to :i ccrtnin cstcnt, partake of the nature siege guns, field mortars and machine guns. of :L review or critical L-salninrltion of the prcvious work at It was a great splendid machine, and it only impressed the posts. and revcalcd whcrcin such work iws drfcctivc or one the more to think that this was but a small fraction of fell short of rspectntions. the whole. In the service there has arisen a feeling against theoreti- cal instruction. This is a natural outcome of :i disposition to criticise and find fault. of a repugnance to hnrcl work. of a lack of appreciation of the limitations of theoreticnl instruc- tion, of the difficulty of applying theoretical principles to practical use, and of the failure to accomplish desired results. 469 WANTED-S YS TEM. WANTED- S YSTEM. 463 In the various exercises in minor tactics, it was evident ing combat, and fighting only when absolutely necessary in that considerable attention had been paid to these duties in the execution of their orders. Our men, however, instead the garrison instruction. It was further evident that this of carrying out this idea would almost invariably engage in instruction had frequently been of a perfunctory nature and a fight. that there had not been a uniform intelligent effort to apply Aggressiveness is a matter of temperament and is not a principles to the various conditions imposed by the terrain universal characteristic. It is a most valuable quality in a and the supposed enemy. leader. Indecision, indifference and inactivity are, unfortu- A considerable ignorance of map reading and of the nately, qualities that are more often present and are fre- proper use of maps was observable. Uniform scales and quently induced by environment and the systems in which contour intervals were frequently not understood nor their men find themselves placed. The years which officers spend advantages appreciated. A well contoured map showing the in minor po?itions. with small opportunity to exercise their military features was often criticised thus: “That map is sac- discretion, judgment and initiative, dwarf their mental rificcd to contours.” That an officer in command of troops growth and development and also their physical activity. in the field and supplied with a good map showing all the The aggressive man, with even a poor plan which he pursues features should lose his road seems hardly credible. Yet, to a conclusion, will accomplish some results, whereas the i this was an observed fact. There was also a scarcity of offi- undecided, indifferent, or inactive man rarely accomplishes cers and men competent in the rapid methods of sketching. anything at all. I- *‘Field orders” issued were frequently of such character In many of the maneuvers, conditions were frequently 1. as to indicate a lack of knowledge of the subject as outlined brought about where a perception of the situation, followed in Field Service Regulations, pamphlets and circulars that by an intelligent aggressive action, would have been pro- have been issued from time to time. ductive of decisive results. In order that men may exercise A great deal was heard about “normal formations,” and and develop these qualities, it is necessary that they have they were attempted in numerous inapplicable cases. Com- frequent opportunity for such exercise. These opportunities manders would form advance guard in accordance with the can be created in the majority of military posts. drill book models when such were clearly unsuited to the It is thought that in the garrisons a course of instruction occasion. Other commanders would establish on diversified similar in some respects to that pursued with excellent re- terrain, a “cordon system,’’ or “Cossack post system,” of out- sults in the Infantry and Cavalry School, can be used to ad- posts. failing to appreciate their inapplicability to the terrain vantage and as a preparation for the under- under consideration, and being unconscious of the erroneous taken at maneuver camps. In this course, at least all cap- impfession created by such exercises. In fact, so persistent tains and lieutenants, without exception, should be required was the misuse of “normal formations,” as to lead to the to participate. conclusion in the minds of many officers, that such forma- In general terms, the course could embrace the follow- tions should be completely stricken from drill and text books, ing: and drill in such formations absolutely prohibited. I. (a) Problems in map reading. The duties of patrolling. reconnoissance and screening (b) Instruction in the rapid methods of sketching. were usually onsatisfidorily performed and this came about 2. Instruction in the preparation of field orders. of the improper conception of the duties of largely bsclrrse 3. Instruction by the applicative method in tactical sub- patrols. RecannaissaPce is the chief duty of patrols. They jects, beginning with security and information, as follows: s&dd habitually oeek safety in concealment or flight, avoid- 464 WANTED- S YS TEN. WAN TED- S YS TEJI. 465

(u) Studies of solved problems or situations, illustrating the service should then be taken up, the tactics of other the principles ordinarily laid down in text books. arms being also studied in this connection. (6) These studies to be followed by problems on the Each officer should have the opportunity to exercise com- map. In these problems the student o5cer will apply the mand in each problem of the course in maneuvers, problems principles studied to new situations. being, if necessary, repeated for this purpose. The oppor- (c) These map problems to be followed by similar prob- tunity to command should cxtend at least to include the unit lems to be worked out on the ground itself but without using next higher than that appropriate to the officer’s grade. troops. These are called “terrain exercises.” Exercises without hostile combat are matters more of drill (d) The map problems and terrain exercises in each than of maneuver, preparing the way for the latter. With subject to be followed by maneuvers with troops in those the knowledge that an enemy may be encountered, the com- subjects. mander will be more alert and the correctness of his disposi- In the applicative method of instruction, instead of study- tions will be tested. ing and memorizing the bare abstract principles of a subject, In maneuvers, the usual rules should apply. The follow- as is done in the text book method, examples or solved ing should be especially considered. The maneuver should problems are first examined, maps and diagrams being freely be followed by a discussion in which all officers engaging used. The reasons pro and con for all dispositions in each should take part. The commander of each side should be case are given. Nothing is ever heard of a “normal forma- given the opportunity to explain his plan, dispositions and tion,” for there is no such thing in this method. Instead, in operations, as well as required to indicate any errors that he each case such dispositions are made to meet the conditions believes he has committed. The supervising officer should imposed by the terrain and the supposed enemy as will best point out any defects of plan or execution, or other errors, secure the desired results. Text books on theory are retained and indicate what would have been a better course of action. only for reference. Opposing commanders will be apt to want a decision that The advantage of this method is that the mind learns to they “won” or that the other side “lost.” Such decisions apply theoretical principles to practical use in a way and aefeat the object of the exercises. It is obvious that if a with a thoroughness not otherwise obtainable. The mind is patrol operates against a regiment, any combat of these two trained to think out military situations almost unconsciously bodies should result in favor of the regiment, and yet the to such an extent, that when a problem is actually presented, patrol may have been successful in its mission. The deci- the solution is made at once without the indecision and inac- sion of the supervisor should be on the question: “Have tion that is so often observable. the conditions for success been fulfilled?” In order that errors may be known at once and avoided, the A variety of maneuvers can be arranged, such as patrol corrected papers, with criticisms thereon, in map problems, against patrol ; advance guard against advance or rear guard ; should be returned to the officer as soon as practicable and retreat and pursuit ; reconnoisqance. one organization against before proceeding with the next part of the course. Simi- one or more; duty with reconnoissance by hostile larly, in the terrain exercises, the corrected solutions are patrols; attack and defense of outpost, of position, of convoy; returned to the officer and the problem is discussed on the problems involving the three arms, and so forth. The ex- ground. ercises would be different for different garrisons, depending The course in security and information having been com- upon the number and grade of the participating officers and pleted, more advanced tactics of the student officer’s arm of upon the available troops and terrain. 466 WANTED-SYSTEM.

The system here proposed requires that the enlisted man be thoroughly instructed in drill, fire discipline, and in O security and information. In order to accomplish its enforcement, this system of in- struction requires that in each post the instructor or super- THE FORT RILEY CAMP OF INSTRUCTIOX,~1906. visor shall be a competent o5cer, having knowledge of the system and possessing zeal in the work. It is thought that FIRSTLXEUTCK.WT EDWARD DAVIS. ELavEsrH CAVALRY. this condition can be met in at least the larger posts, if not BY in all. An objection may be raised that this system will invoIve URING the short period that the Cnited States army much work. The system will require more work of the in- D has enjoyed the advantage of field training on a large structor than in the present method. No work is too hard, scale, many different names have been used to designate the if results be commensurate, and if properly applied this great maneuver camps, but it is doubtful whether any camp system will produce these results. The work will be no ever so completely justified its name in every respect as did harder than that supposed to have been heretofore expended the camp maintained this summer at Fort Riley, Kansas, on garrison schools. From its very nature. it is of a more and known simply as a *‘Camp of Instruction.” The fore- interesting character, and the interest aroused will act as a sight displayed in administrative preparation. the scope, stimulus to excel. logical arrangement and general excellence of the program The solved problems or situations to be studied by student of instruction, the zeal, energy and intelligent coeperation o5icers, and also those problems to be solved by them, would which characterized the efforts of all-officers and men. line have to be carefully prepared. Present regulations assign and staff, regulars and organized militia-these were the this duty to the War College. Part of this duty would have elements that contributed to make this camp so remarkably to be performed in the garrisons by the instructors, or by successful. In addition to this happy application and coordi- boards designated for that purpose. nation of human effort, the camp was characterized by The question may arise, “How will uniformity of in- certain material features which served to stamp its memory struction be assured throughout the service?” It is possible indelibly upon the minds of those who participated. The that some commanding officer may not ni”ake a thorough, terrain was satisfying in its adaptability to the problems consistent, conscientious application of the system, and may attempted, the weather on the whole, was fine, and the sani- throw obstructions in its way. A system of inspection under tary condition that prevailed thruout was a wholesome object direction of the War College would probably insure a proper lesson and a cause for common congratulation. enforcement of the system. In so far as the mind of man operated to bring about these results, we may hark back to the period of preparation preceding this camp and there find some of the causes of success. Early in May the War Department intimated that camps of instruction might be a feature of the summer’s training, and in June this possibility became a certainty by the issuance of General Orders No. I IO, War Department. This order fixed the dates, sites, commanders and troops for the different camps, and included certain general directions P””’ I

468 FORT RILEY CAMP OF INSTRUCTION. FORT RILEY CA&lP OF INSTRUCTION. 469 as to the supervision to be exercised by division and depart- of arranging transportation and subsistence, constituted ment commanders with reference to the establishment and another phase of the preparatory period. The selection of maintenance of the camps and the concentration and dis. staff officers, the concentration of supplies at the camp site, persion of the participating forces. and the preparation of important general orders, relating to ?* An important feature of this general order was its notice- administration, instruction, discipline, sanitation, etc., ready able omission of any set program of instruction to be for issue on the opening day of the camp, were among the followed by all camp commanders alike, and its direction to responsibilities of the department and camp commanders the effect that “the program of instruction to be pursued during the preparatory period. and the arrangement of all necessary details, within the Lvpon the arrival of General Wint and his staff on July limits here prescribed, are left to the respective division, de- 25th, the camp at Fort Riley was regularly established, and partment and camp commanders.” By this clause of the the necessary orders were issued for the organization and order, there was created a competition among the com- administration of the troops in the camp as a provisional manders designated, which necessarily must have resulted brigade. The component troops of this brigade, with in a certain measurement of comparative fitness for high strength, dates of arrival, etc., are shown in the table below: command. This clause of the order will result also in giv- REGULARS IN CAMP. ing to the General Staff a variety of programs of instruc- - tion-all the result of considerable study, from which to select those elements found most beneficial and practicable, Orgashations and Detachments. 2 and out of which to construct a general scheme of field train- -G

ing for the entire army and organized militia. A compara- Bri ade Headquarters and Staff ...... 30 ~ 4 ...... Met. Dept. and Hosp. Corps ...... 11 132 ... 52 tive study of the programs followed this summer at the dif- Signal cor s. Co. A ...... I 46 .. 23 ferent camps, leads one to the conclusion, that the scheme Engineer 8orps. 3d Battalion...... 9 3-3 .. 9’ Second Cavalry, 2d Squadron ...... 9 240 .. 231 carried through at Fort Riley must be given very serious Ninth Cavalry, F. B.. 1st Squadron ..... 1s 265 ... 308 Xinth Cavalry, 2d Squadron ...... 6 267 ... 323 Y consideration as being possibly quite fit for adoption, almost Eleventh Cavalry (entire) ...... a3 621 ... 703 30 xug. 19 in its entirety, as a model to be followed hereafter in all Thirteenth Cavalry, F. S. 1st Squad. . , 8 225 ... 291 5 UlY 29 Prov. Regt. Field Artillery. Field 8: Staff 61... 7 .. fuly 28 camps. FOCRTHBATTALION. Following the publication of General Orders 1x0,War zd. 22d. 25th Batteries...... 8 261 12 339 6 July 28 Department. came quickly, letters of instruction and orders SEVENTH BATTALIOS.

from Division and Department Headquarters, designed to Tenth and Thirtieth Batteries ...... 7 ~ 174 S a16 5 Twenty-ninth Battery ...... 2 90 4 I15 2 cause the troops at all posts to take on a condition of pre- FIFTHBATTALION. F. A. (Horse.)

paredness in every respect, so that the appointed day might Seventh and Twentieth Batteries...... 5 ~ 197 8 314 5 July 28 find all perfectly fit and completely equipped for the long NINTHBATTALION. F. A. (SIEGE.) march to the site of the camp. To attain this result with Eleventh Battety...... z ’ 1x5 4 98 .. Aug. 13 Sixteenth Battery...... 2 . 113 IO2 .... July 28 the troops of the regular establishment but little effort was 4 Eighteenth Infantry ...... 30 go8 ...... 19 Aug. I necessary, as the practice marches accomplished under Gen. 30th Inf. F. S. B.. 1st and 3d Bat...... 20 415 ...... 12 July 30 ...... era1 Orders 44, War Department, I@, had already put the 30th Inf., Second Battalion 1 9 I 19s -.. -.... -5 -Aug. 4 various commands into most acceptable condition. To im- press upon the organized militia the need for careful pre- liminary study and preparation, and to assist them in matters 470 FORT RILEY CAMP OF INSTRUCTION. FORT RILEY CAMP OF INSTRUCTION. 471 IC addition to the above noted regular troops, the organ- the States of Arkansas, Kansas and South Dakota formed a ized militia of the Middle Western States sent detachments part of the command. In all, from the beginning until the as follows : end. including regulars and organized militia, I 1.008 officers and men had attended the camp. With the exception of Company K, Third Battalion of Engineers, the Second Squadron Second Cavalry, the Elev- --- enth Regiment of Cavalry and the Fort Riley Artillery, all Neb. Nat. Guard.Hdqrs.andS.. . 6 3 .... Io Aug. 2. Aug. 12. of the regular troops marched practically the entire distance AmbulanceCo ...... 3 41 .... 3...... from their respective home stations to the camp site-the cavalry and artillery averaging 250 miles, and the infantry averaging about zoo miles. The march of the Second Bat- talion Thirtieth Infantry from Fort Reno, a distance of 336 miles, deserves special mention. This preliminary marching period was of the greatest benefit. It tested the quality of every sort of equipment and article of clothing and exposed many defects which, before the days of such marches, would probably have remained undiscovered until aid bare, too late, by the stress of actual war. The marching shoe. the infantry equipment, the cavalry pack, and every sort of ligh‘t camp equipage was put thru a thoro trying out. hlen and horses were tested as to their magching capacity, and rations and forage were made Artillery Detch...... 19 ...... the subjects of experiment, both as to their sufficiency and Second Infantry...... 48 492 ...... Third Infantry...... as to their portability. These marching commands profited Fourth Infantry ...... --- --...... also by the hardened condition in which they entered the in- Total strength...... ----____-142 1315 ...... struction at the camp. The people of the cities and of the 36 ...... Sept. 3. Sept. 9. country-side traversed by these marching coluinns were I 17 15 ...... given the privilege of observing and corning into contact 1.3;. __----520 ...... with the Regular-a stranger to most of them. In these marches, as a1 ways, the regular troops conducted themselves Oklahoma Nat. Guard ...... I ...... Sept. 23 Sept. 30. Engineers...... I 38 ...... I with a high degree of self-respect, reinforced by splendid . Signal Corps ...... 3 29 ...... Hospital Corps...... 3 17 I :...... I...... discipline and set off by an appearance significant of military First Regiment ...... 1 45 494 ...... fitness. cbc Total strength...... I 52 I 578 I ... .I...... /...... I...... In preparing the detailed scheme of instruction for this camp it was necessary to base the program upon the require- The maximum strength of the regular troops in the camp ments of General Orders No. 110, War Department, 1906, was 206 officers and 4,572 enlisted men. The maximum which announced : strength of the entire command, including the organized “It is the purpose of the Department in carrying out the militia, was 405 officers and enlisted men. this figure 6,638 scheme of instruction outlined in this order, to approximate being attained on August 17th, when the organized militia of 478 FORT RILEY CAMP OF INSTRUCTION. FORT RILEY CAMP OF INSTRUCTION. 473 on the.rnarch and in camp, as nearly as may be, the condi- devoted to ‘‘ Formations for Attack and Defense,” progress- tions of field service in time of war. The flooring of tents ing from the company to the division. A feature of this and the like semi-permanent arrangements, are therefore not period was the exercise of August I 3th. when the entire com- authorized. And as the object is to harden the troops and mand, constituting a “ Brown Army” commanded by Colonel perfect their field training, the maximum of drills, exercises Geo. S. Grimes, Artillery Corps, effected, with creditable and problems looking to that end is enjoined, together with smoothness and great rapidity, a disposition to meet the at- the minimum of formal ceremonies and a total absence of tack of an imaginary *‘ Blue Army,” the operation centering merely spectacular exhibitions.” in the neighborhood of “Morris Hill.” Being given the idea, ‘’ field.training under war-time con- The second period was devoted to “Dispositions for the ditions,” as a key note, it was necessary to consider the Security and Information of Troops on the March,” and ex- proper division of the two-months program into periods, the tended from August 14th to August 24th, including nine nature and sequence of the periods and the size of the working days. This period was marked by earnest work in elements selected for separate instruction, with a view to the rapid formation and effective maintenance of advance, making the program progressive and logical. It occurs to flank and rear guards, these exercises advancing from the one that perhaps our maneuver camps ought to include no company to the division. instruction by troop or company, or by battalion or squadron, The third period was assigned to “ Dispositions for the on the ground that these elements find their field and period Security and Information of Troops in Camp or Bivouac,” of instruction on the drill ground at the home station-and and extended from August 27th to September 6th, eight that the regimental exercise should be the beginning of the days being available. Outposts of every size and variety tactical instruction in the great camps. However, according were formed under varying circumstances over a terrain to some authorities, this idea fails in practical application, affording splendid opportunities for the display of knowl- because of the fact that inspections and observations show edge and skill in this particular branch of military effort. that not all companies, troops, battalions and squadrons come Those who know the highlands of Fort Riley, with their to a maneuver camp with a degree of tactical instruction great stretches of rolling country cut by deep caiions and which can be pronounced satisfactory. Hence it is said that fringed by the flats of the river country with its growth of these smaller elements ought to be instructed as such in the tangled timber, can appreciate the opportunities here pre- earlier days of each period, in order that the regimental, sented for the soldiers’ exercise in all the phases of “Secur- ! brigade and divisional exercises may proceed with a smooth- ity and Information.” ness possible only when the lesser elements are perfectly The fourth period extended from September 10th to trained. Doubtless, as we ptogress with our camps of in- September 3oth, and was devoted to “Problems.” The pro- struction from year to year, and as our system of garrison gram of instruction, as originally announced, set aside the training becomes more exacting. poor companies and troops fourth period for “Marches,” but owing to the departure of and poor battalions and squadrons will disappear and we the Eighteenth Infantry and the Second Squadron, Ninth shall see no more of the smaller exercises in our great train- Cavalry for Fort Leavenworth. the marching exercises were ing camps. omitted and the fourth and fifth periods were consolidated The Fort Riley program of instruction for the regular into one “ Problem Period.” The entire command came to troops was divided into five periods, covering the months of this period with the same expectancy. zeal, dash and mental August and September, 1906. The first period included and physical fitness that characterize the finished college nine working days-August 1st to August 13th-and was athlete when he toes the scratch for the final dash at the 474 FORT RILEY CAMP OF lNSTRUCT10N. FORT RILEY CAMP OF INSTRUCTION. 475

“inter-collegiate meet.” :All arms were trained to the minute. upon the line of communication of a “ Blue Army,” being Long held in check by the unsatisfying, though essential guarded by Captain Stephen H. Elliott, Eleventh Cavalry, exercises in non-contact, non-competitive problems, with who,with a fellow commander of another force from the same sense of realism half famished by the restricted diet of blank 4‘ Blue Army.” Major Abercombie, Thirtieth Infantry, was ammunition, and with the “esprit de corps” whetted in each attacked by a Brown force” commanded by Lieutenant arm by the clash of comment in the ‘&assemblytent.” foot, Colonel Parker, Thirteenth Cavalry, who sought to beat both horse and felt fit to’ feature this final period by a the Blue forces but finally threw the bulk of his strenthg into’ series of record breaking achievements. action against the force near the bridge. The general and special situations, the reports of the commanders and the report of the chief umpire are set forth below:

THE PROBLEM. HEADQUARTERSPKOVISIOSAL BKIGADE.CAJIP OF ISSI’RUCTION, FOKTRILEY RESEWIATIVN.KASSAS. September 16, rgo6. >1EMOWASI)Uht FOK ISSTKCCTIOSSO. 42. The following problem is prescribed for Tuesday, September IS, 1906. Gctwral Situdihti. A Blue army from Missouri has occupied Kansas and is holding among other points, hfnnhattan. Cnion Pacific Railroad bridge at Fort Riley. and Abilene. to guard its line of communication. The country is bitterly hostile and alive with Brown cavalry. Sote : The post and camp of instruction are assumed to be impassable ground, and will not be entered by the troops. The operations of the problem will be confined to the reservation. Company A. Signal Corps, will be on duty with the umpires and carry out the instructions of the chief umpire. Troops not taking part in the problem may rcmain in camp. Officers not pal ticipating may attend as observers. Commanding officers will prepare an estimate of the situation to be read at the discussion. Sjkia1 Situ atian. B11ir. The Eleventh Cavalry with Twentieth Horse Battery and Detachment Hospital Corps attached, Captain Stephen H. Elliott, Eleventh Cavalry. com- manding. camps on the athletic field night of 17-1s September, I@, relieving the Second Battalion. Thirtieth Infantry. Major Abercrombie, Thirtieth In- fantry, commanding, from its guard of the Union Pacific Railroad bridge. CAVALBY PATBOL XI TEE EILL8. At 830 A. M.. rSth September. the infantry starts for Manhattan via Ogden. Note : Captain Elliott will cause his command to be in shelter tent camp The limits of this article will not suffice properly to de- on athletic field with outposts established at 9:30 A. Y., when the problem will scribe, or even mention, all of the interesting and excellent begin. problems presented by the Brigade Chief of Staff and so Major Abercrombie will cause his command to be on Sheridan Bluffs road, with leading element at junction of trail to Morris Hill by 9:30 A. M., satisfactorily solved by the command. Among those of when the march toward Ogden will be resumed, and the problem begin. particular interest may be mentioned the problem of Sep- Special Situatzon, Brown. tember 18th, which provided for the attack and defense of The Provisional Cavalry Regiment, with mounted section Engine= the Union Pacific Railroad Bridge at Fort Riley ; this point Seventh Horse Battery and Detachment Hospital Corps attached, Lieutenant T RILE CAMP INSTRUC?IOA? 477 470 FORT RILEY CAMP OF INSTRUCTION. FOR Y OF (6) The main body will remain colopel James Parker, Thirteenth Cavalry, commanding. bivouacs near in camp, but upon the first report of Packers camp night of 1~x8September, I@. During the night an inhabi- the enemy3 approach will break tant of Junction City informs the Brown commander that a cavalry regiment camp and pre re to more with the and a horse battery have just amved at Union Pacific Railroad bridge to re- least practicabedelay. lieve the three companies of infantry stationed there, who are to march to (c) A bridge guard to consist of one ( I ) officer and ten ( IO ) men of Manhattan via Ogden tomorrow morning. Troop D. Eleventh Cavalry, will be in h At 9:- 1~ M. and ofhcer’s patrol reports that the infantry companies left immediate charge of the UnionPacific the bridge about 8:30 A. m., and are moving northeast along the high ground Railroad bridge, and will prevent its bordering the left bank of the l(snsas River. being tampered with by any patrols, of the enemy who may use the bed of Note : Lieutenant Colonel Parker will have his command east of Three the river or the timber on either bank Mile Creek by 9:30 A. M.. when the problem will hegin. as lines of approach. j. The detachment commander will be with the main body. REPORT OF CAPTAIN STEPHEN H. ELLIOTT, ELEVENTH CAV- By order of Captain EI.I.If)TT, ALRY, ON OPERATIONS OF BLUE DETACHMEXT. E. SWIFT,Jr.. September 19. 1906. First Lieut., Squadron Adjutant. Eleventh Cavalry, From the conditions of the problem my understanding of the situation Copies to Unit Commanders. AL.lZnhr /flfjUtllNf. was as follows : That the first duty of the detachment under my command was to protect At S:30 A. si., September 19th, the Eleventh Cavalry, with the esception the Union Pacific bridge from molestation by the Brown forces. of the Second Squadron, detailed on outpost, was in shelter tent camp on the That, under the conditions of the problem, the two fractions of the Blue athletic field. The Twentieth Battery was in camp by S:~OA. JI. The Second Squadrun was instructed to complete the posting of the outpost line and have force were to act independently. as owing to the distance between them and the intervening obstacles at the time the problem began. neither need expect the patrols ready to start by 9:oo A. hi. These instructions were carried out. assistance from the other. -At 9:j5 A. M., the presence of six platoons of Brown ca\-alry was reported In accordance with the estimate I issued the followin&.order: on the Reservoir Hiil. The message was oral, brought by an enlisted man and was garbled in transmission. However, without waiting to verify the HEADQUARTERSELWENTH CAVURY. ATHLETIC FIELD F,) i.r RILEY,KAX report, camp was struck, the command left the athletic field at IO:ISA. M., and 18 September. 18. 5, SI. 6:oo P. moved out on the Milford Road, haltinga little east of the Pump House. FISLD.ORDERS, the front of my outpost line was broken Pump House Cafion into No. I. 1 As by I. The wlierea nuts of the main two sections. and the lateral communications were none of -the best, the trails TROOFS body of the enemy is unknown, but up Reservoir Hill and Sherman Heights being rough and not suitable for the country in this vxinity is reported OUf~SfS. overrun with his cavalry. hos- rapid movement, I had previously consulted with the battery officers if there Second Squadron, Eleventh The , tility of the inhabitaats is evident. was a position on either Reservoir Hill or Sherman Heights from which the cavalry. The duty laid upon this detach- battery could be used efficiently against an advance against either of our ment is to d the Union Pacific flanks, and was informed that Reservoir Hill fulfilled this requirement. I Man Body. Railroad brigrelieving the Second therefore ordered the Twentieth Battery into position on this point without Battalion, Thirtieth Infantry. -+ The FiSqaadron. Eleventh regiment will. therefore, encamp on awaiting any further developments. Cavalry, less bridge pad. the athletic field and establish an out- At IO:~SA. Y. information was receivedthat Brown scouts and two platoons post line on the heights to the north. of Brown cavalry were moving northwest along Saddle Back. 3. (a) The eond Spuadron At about II:OO A. hi. firing was heard at the Union Pacific bridge, and I ..., Thii Squadron, Eleventh Eleventh Cavalry will constitute the sent Troop D to reinforce the bridge guard, if assistance was necessary, and CaVaLry. t. The quadron commander %%blish a line of Cossack posts to return if it was not. It proved to be the attempt of a Brown patrol to reach Twentieth Battery, F. A. Hone. on the commanding points of Reser- the bridge. This was frustrated by Lieutenant Dickman in charge of the voir Hill and Sherman Hei hts closely bridge guard. Detachment Hospital Corps. bzwked up b supports. *he outpost Word having come in from the outpost that the Brown scouts were reserve will stationed at the junc- tion of the trailsk leading to Reservoir visible north of Sherman Heights, and seemed to be working in that direction, Hill and Sherman Heights and the I directed the outpost reserve to reinforce that flank of the outpost line, This Milford Road. It -11 be in constant movement was completed by rr:3o A. M. readiness to move to the assistance of At x1:17 A. M. information was received that six Brown troops were mov- any part of the out t line. Pump Brfiige Gnmd. House Canon +Fits tributary ing along the western boundary of the reservation, against our left flank. At One~endtenmeo,l’rdopI~,ravines, One Mile Cteek and Gover- Eleventh Cavalry. nor Harvey C&on.will be constantly reconnoitered by officer’s patrols. 478 FORT RILEY CAMP OF INSTRUCTION. FORT RILEY CAMP OF INSTRUCTlON. 479 pblem. Two guns of the Brown battery were located and subjected to Me 11:a5 A, AL, and before they could bi reinforced, the left of the outpost line urn6 dri- in by a Brown digmounted attack. The posts and supports fell fin. At about xa:m P. Y. Troop F, Lieutenant Swift commanding, made a di.. back upon the reserve, delaying the Brown advance as much as possible by dismorrnted fire action. Having joined the reserves. the Brown advance was mounted assault against the Brown left. but was ordered back by the umphs. + At x1:30 Y. the recall was sounded. checked the combined force. I immediately orderedrthe P. by the fire action of During the problem the battery did not come into action. Firat Sqtreaton to their assistance. This the bat- tery commander stated was due to lack of objectives. At XI* A. Y. information was received from the officer's in Gov- patrol Respectfully submitted, mar Harrey Canon that a strong force of Browns was pushing rapidly @wn the Won. Anticipating a mounted rush for the bridge on the part of S. H. ELLIOTT, Captain Eleventh Cavalry, Commanding Blue Detachmenf

LIEUTENANT COLONEL PARKER'S REPORT AS COMMANDER OF THE BROWN FORCE. HXADQIJARTERSPROVISIONAL REGIMENTOF CAVALRY. CAMP OF INSTRUCTION, FORTRILEY RESERVATION. September 1% I@. Adjutant General, Provisional Brigade. SIR: - I have the honor to make the following report of the operation of the Brown force in the maneuver of to-day : + + + + + My combined force moved out at 9:30 A. hi.. moving up Saddle Back Ridge, keeping behind cover. At 9:- A. M. I received information from an officer's patrol that three companies of infantry (Blue) were on high ground near Sheridan Bluffs. Major Slocum immediately placed two guns on high ground on Saddle Back Ridge and with his cavalry proceeded up Southwest Canon. where he was fired upon by the enemy's advance scouts. His troops deployed and took up a defensive position,'as shown on map, where they held this force in check, using the artillery to his position. The infantry were held and pre- vented from going back to reinforce the cavalry until the end of the problem. Communication was preserved between Major Slocurn's command and my own by means of scouts. In the meantime, the main force of the Brown cavalry, under my com- mand. moved up along Three Mile Creek. passed Saddle Back, thence west- ward, keeping under cover from Morns Hill at all times ; passed Estes Road thence to Harvey Road. Amving at a point about one mile from ** Hill 1332," a trot was taken and the advance guard moved ahead and occupied this pint, on which two guns CoMMASDIE'e 0SE.W AB0 mATI OPFIOBBS VnWXRe THE OPEBATION& of the artillery were immediately placed in position. commanding the artillery position at the west end of Sherman Heights. the Browns this troops of the Third Squadron were from direction. three dis- It was supposed that the combat on the right hak of the enemy would moppted under cover of the Pump House. and a line posted between the Re- River and the bids facing wesk abreast the target range. attract his attention in that direction, and this proved to be corn My s of cavalry moved ahead and seized the west end of Sherman Heights, driving I then to Sheman Heights, dving about 11:55 Y., and proce4ded 1~ back a small body of the enemy's infantry to the ridge beyond position. found five troops in line confronting the Browns, and two troops this which was Intrenched by the engineers and occupied by five maanted Waiting for orde3.a These latter were sent to the right fink under part of troops cavalry, two troops having been left to insure the safety of the artill- at Cbptda Luuy to gain on the left, podble, to enfilade of a position Brown if ~331. their line. This -t was not completed before the termination of the Hill FORT RILEY CAMP OF INSTRUCTION. 481 480 FORT RILEY CAMP OF INSTRUCTION. The wagon train of the Thirtieth Infantry crossed our line of march dur- This panition being aspred. the artillery was brought forward. moving ing the problem and were mistaken for the enemy. =der cover, and all went into battery on a ridge to the nght and rear of the The patrols of Lieutenant Holderness and Sergeant Fleming penetrated auvalry poettian. where it was screened from the fire of the opposing cavalry, through the lines of the enemy, leaving their horses concealed. They arrive& but had a beautiful commfmd of the railroad bridge at a range of 3.000 yards. so close to the bridge that bombs could have been thrown by hand. Lieu- also commanded the low ground. along the base of Sherman Heights. tenant Holderness reports that he was captured ten feet from the bridge; The-~ hasee of a number.of troops of cavalry were on this ground and Sergeant Fleming got within twenty-five yards of the bridge, but was not were dred into with great effect captured before recall. The battery also kept up'a continuous fire on the Union Pacific Railroad Very respectfully, bridge, this porpose explosive shell, disabling the bridge for railroad using far JAMES PAKKER, Lieutenant Colonel. Thirteenth Cavalry.

.~.. . . Commanding Brown Forces.

...... VERBAL REPORT OF MAJOR WILLIAM R. ABERCROMBIE, THIRTIETH INFANTRY, COMMMANDISG BLUE BATTALION OF INFANTRI'.

(From Stenographer's Notes.) At 9:30 I was at the junction of these two roads and my battalion con- sisted of three companies. The object of the problem was not definitely understood at that time. At 9:30 we moved down with Captain Nolan in com- mand of the van guard, Captain Shaw .in command of the main body, and Lieutenant Lawton in command of the rear guard. After having moved down this road probably a mile and a half to this point (indicating) we en- countered the scouts of the Browns coming over the hill; those we drove back, followed them up to this point here, and down in this ravine (indicating); we discovered, I think. ten troops and two guns. Three of these troops remained and two guns, and the rest of the command moved forward. We delivered a fire on these troops at from 600 to So0 yards, when the battery moved out and took position here right across. about 1.000 yards. Then one troop, G, moved over this crest and came around back of us here, when we detached a part of G Company and drove them off. Captain Shaw went on to this point, here (indicating) and with a portion of his company came down through this gulch and fired on the lead horses, which were ruled out for thirty minutes. On receiving his report that the lead horses had been ruled out, my intention was to cross down here (indicating) and move over by the paLkers' camp. but on consultation with the officersof the command, we thought it best to remain here and hold these troops out of action, as we then conceived the problem to be a cavalry action of the Browns against the Blues. We judged the forces to be about equal, and by holding these troops in check here we would probably make a lighter action for the Blues over at the bridge. A PWBEAmAOHL I got a telephone from the chief umpire, asking me what? intended to do UmFCoL b. DB PBDBBIBIBA% BEAEILUX AB=. and I wired back that we would wait for the cavalry. This battery here,after In tbe menntime, the enemy sent numerous troops to reinforce the line in having been fired on down here from 600 to 800 yards. withdrew to this knoll &on%ah detachments to tbreaten our line on the left flank ; these detach- I.- yards from this point (indicating), and was under fire there for Seven meats were opposed by LieutenalIt Buchaaan's troops, which operated minutes by E Company of the Thirtieth, which has a record of eighty per mamntsdonourlaf+ cent. of hits in collective fire from 600 to 1,000 yards. We considered these two W,position waa impregnable except by a very large force. and the ruin guns out of action when recall sounded, and could have continued enroute but d the bridge ddhaw been accomplished. This accomplished. it was my waited to hear from the cavalry action. iatedoa to move back towards Mortis Hill and Sheridan Blufis and complete destmdon of the infantry force. but recall was sounded at xt:oo M. I

I MI FORT RILEY CAMP OF l'STRUCTIOA? FORT RILEY CAMP OF INSTRUCTION. 488 i COYURNT. REPORT OF COLONEL E. D. THOMAS, ELEVENTH CAVALRY, AS CHIEF UMPIRE. The march north and west by the Browo cavalry was expeditiously made Ha*DqV*nmr PBOVlSlONAL BRIGAD& and skillfully conducted. The column was kept well concealed nearly the entire Once it was in plain view for some little time and would have September 1% 16 march. been subjected to some loss by the fire of the battery with the Blue cavalry. Ttm dhrption at the commencement pblem was follows : of thia as A But as this battery did not fire at all it escaped casualties that otherwise would Bzu, army froan Miasarvi had invdd +68S and wm holding a railroad u haveoccurred. * itm line of communication between several Blue detachments, which had pob The orders of the squadron commander confronting the infantry battalion Ma of 1yaohattan. Fort Rilay and AbUeae. It was important that the that was marching to Manhattan. were to hold this detachment and 9ot let roilrond and the bridge over the Republican River should be protected and them (after he had developed the position) advance or return to the Blue kept intact if pmsible. and it the duty of the Blue commander to see to cavalry command. this under circnmatances.and - his force accordingly. dl use The instructions to the Brown squadron commander should have not been country The wan bitterly hostile and overrun with Brown cavalry, 50 imperative. It is thought that more latitude should have been allowd not known. him, and the most natural thing for him to do (after he ascertained that he The withdmw8.l of the Blue infantry from the vicinity of the railroad could not carry the position held by the infantry. or inflict much damage bridge, and the Bending of this same body of infantry along the line of the thereon) was to leave a small force in observation or a containing force, then railmsd towards &mbttaa was in the nature of an expeditionary force, to move with his guns and bulk of his cavalry to the assistance of his hard dbpaee.hatile Brown patrols and Brown detachments, which force, in con- pressed comrades at Sherman Heights, increasing by this concentration of junction with the hastile inhabitants of the country. could. if unmolested by Brown forces, the chances €or the destruction of the bridge and possibly, de forces, caw considerable damage to the line suppXy. It was, there- of feat of the Blue cavalry. The entire command, a mounted one, havingarep fore, that the infentry column should push through to Manhattan if utation for mobility, could have prevented thc infantry command from gain- it were @ble to do so. If it were not possible to do this. then gradually to ing any considerable distance even if it had had the temerity to brush aside fall back and form under the protection of the bridge guard of cavalry and the containing force in its front and to march towards its goal. Manhattan. or amle=y. retire upon the Blue force at the bridge. A better solution of this trouble- Tb4 capture M destruction of the bridg4 or driving off of the cavalry some Blue infantry question would have been to put it out of the day's problem guard vo Imsoa.dssful. The lead horses of one Blue squadron were very by simultaneous attack of the entire Brown force which, though probably mrrh in evidence OII the Republican River bottom. exposed to the fire of slightly disfigured, could have calmly pursued its own way. Bmaacaoalty. The Infantry ( Blue) moved out promptly taking advantage of cover and As a matter of fact. one squadron of Blue cavalry was on the Republican was well handled: their opponents likewise made skillful use of cover except bottom d~aontedand concealed under the shade of the sheltering in early stages when the lead horses were unnecessarily exposed. &owem (so fortunately at hand at critical moments, as heretofare men- The solitary combat on Sheridan Bluffs we may designate as a drawn tioned in some of these exercises) dtiqg for that mounted action which was battle. oodoabtedlp in the mind of the Blue commander to be expected but did not Passing on to the separate and distinct combat on Sherman Heights -he. An explanation of this squadron's position is to be found in the which was between opposing forces of dismounted cavalry, we find that the conveying oferroneous information to the Blue commander by 06icers' patrols. Blue force occupied a very contracted line of resistance too far to the rear, and It i. wdl to remarL here that accurate information by patrols is what a de- controlling a very limited area in their immediate front-the west end of amentcommandef is matdous to obtain at all stages of the problem. Sherman Heights not being occupied-thus permitting that part of the two The captnm of Hi 1331 by the Brown cavalry was well executed, and guns that hadsurvived the gauntlet of fire from the Blue infantry on Sheridan the mmmttowards the commanding point on Sherman Heights was the Bluffs, and the long range fire from the dismounted Blue cavalry. to come atage the day's the mind of the Broam commander. This oext d program in into a position overlooking the lead horses and the railroad bridge. The* poht was Qccppied by a troop of Blue cavalry dismounted, which was forced two guns of the Brown battery in their movement from position southeast of bcktothe next hill ea& Being reinforced by three troops, it was able to Hill 1332. by a circuitous route to this final position, had consumed some hold it8 ground and cpuld have, with the reinfmcemenro just arriving, driven thirty-six minutes of valuable time. It is understood this loss of time at a the Brown towards Governor Harvey Road and prevented the Brown critical period of attack was due to a misunderstanding of orders. From this battery frollr going into pction at a favorable point The Brown battery (two final position it directed a fire. using explosive shells for about five minutes, 8p.) 5m one thoeurand pa+de from the dismounted opponents, sup- onto the railtoad bridge. distance some 3,oooyards. The bridge, it is believed, wyat tbe baiae. Thie battery WILB under the dismounted 6re of five suEered small damage thereby. troapr d avalry. It ddnot hewe remained long in this position, and it is The Brown cavalry dismounted, extended its line to a position overlook. -if*- on the badge wcmld have done any damage, ing the Republican hats. and 6red st bodies of led-bo- at rang& of 600 to 0 800 yards, and io this position were withi0 300 yards of the Blue skimi& be. I

F”””- ”

? 484 FORT RILEY CAMP OF INSTRUCTION. . FORT RILEY CAMP OF INSTRUCTION. 486 I The Blue had opportunity, about that time. for counter-attack by detach- applied themselves loyally and vigorously to tbeir tasks. a dismounted force up ravine to the Brown’s left, and double him up, upon All problems of inspection, transportation, subsistence, sani- -hlo ladbrses, brought too close up to the firhg line. The position held by tation, payment of troops, engineering, ammunition supply, the Blue foroes, necassitated by conditions of the problem, was cut diagonally by the Pump How C&bn and split up by tributary ravines, separating thii communication. etc., were solved ably and expeditiously. line of resbtance and rendering intercornmunkation and rapid reinforcement The work of the inspector general was characterized by bp ehifting troops on the line im@cabIe. the tirelessness of a steam engine and the discerning power Bmm patrols penetrated the Blue outpost line, one reaching the bridge, which. howewer, was protected by a strang officer’s patrol, and this venture of a microscope. His field of observation and his application resulted in the capture of one of the Brown patrols and no damage to bridge. of corrective measures covered every detail of camp life. The use of small patrols in open country. Out in front of Brown cavalry. Tentage and other cover was kept to the allowance and in instead of a thin cloud of skirmishers, a few yards apart, frittering away energy, was e noticeable improvement on former screening duty. The most serious defect shown by these movements. seemed to me to be Laclr of means for rapid transmission of information even in the small concen- 1 I atedinfantry command ; the rights of the line knew not the condition exist hg on their extreme left and the commanding officers of neither Blue nor Brown had any apparent communication or connection with their detached forces, not even information from their immediate fronts sutficient for them to l base intelligent actaon upon. While cavalry on the move was as a rule well concealed. the grey horses of the calico Troop of the Browns, were visible at great distance. The Signal Carps detachment laid a line from brigade headquarters to Momis Hill. and by subsequent orders from there to Major Abercrombie’s cormnand on Sheridan Bluffs, and to the position of Captain Elliott on the ath- field These connections were made in less than twenty minutes after being ordered, and only once interrupted through the efforts of a zealous Brown 06ceir’s patrol. taGng some pards of wire as a souvenir. The above described exercise, selected at random, serves to convey an idea of the method used in initiating, conduct- ing and demonstrating these problems. The ‘‘ situations” were carefully thought out. the detachments apportioned with due regard to the conditions of the problem. and all phases of the resulting contact of the opposing forces were MACEINS Qnlr PLATOON.leT~ INFANTRY. reported upon. Each commander reported his estimate of LISVT. J. M. CQXXINa. COXXaXDING. the situation together with a statement of the operations of his forces. The subordinate umpires attached to elements the location contemplated by current regulations; company of a detachment. the senior umpire on each side, and the kitchen, streets, store-tents, cavalry picket lines, latrines ; in Chief Umpire for the problem, all submitted reports. At the short every phase of camp activity, and every sort of equip meeting in the “Assembly Tent,” on the evening following ment was kept by him constantly under a scruitny from the completion of a problem, these reports were read to all which there was no escape. the officem of the command, and the problem was then His theory seemed to be to correct inaccuracies, omissions opened for and subjected to general discussion. and insufficiencies on the spot, rather than to make these Much of the success of the Fort Riley camp was due to the faults the subject of long and vexatious reports and come- good work done by the heads of the Staff Departments, who spondence. The inspector general also inspected each com- 486 FORT RILEY CAMP OF INSTRUCTION. . FORT RILEY CAMP OF rivs~~crcnox 487 ilrand upon its arrival in camp and upon its departure theret- brought in and the regular supply of fresh beef, vegetables 0 from, gathering much valuable information as to the quality and ice arranged in advance. The chief commissary made of flsorts of equipment and as to the condition of men and a study of every situation and every available facility that horses. would expedite the issue of rations. The Quartermaster’s Department was conducted, appar- The Medical Department kept the sick report at about ently, on the basis of “deeds not words.” and the troops three per cent., the strength of the whole command averag- were well served with transportation, forage, wood and such ing about 4.500 officers and enlisted men. The chief surgeon other supplies as the chief quartermaster was called upon to and the medical inspectors carried on their daily inspections furnish. Probably the most vexatious problem that con- of kitchens, waste receptacles, laundries, bath houses, latrines, fronted this department was the disposal of wastage. The drains and every auxiliary of camp life, with a devotion and a professional zeal that made them the benefactors of every man in camp. There have been few camps with sanitary standards equal to those maintained here; probably none have been superior. The serious question confronting the Medi- cal Department was the disposal of the contents of latrines, this problem being shared with the Quartermaster’s Depart- ment. The regular troops understood well enough the necessity for careful latrine police, but this question required eternal vigilance in the camps of the organized militia, for these men were not schooled in the essentials of camp sani- tation, and in their minds the stirring of the contents of a latrine “savored little of martial glory,” as one of our medi- cal officers remarked. The medical department at the Fort Riley camp, though under-manned, was highly organized. The regimental infirmaries were designed to receive the sick in the first instance ; from these receiving stations more se- rious cases were transferred to the field hospital, and those cases indicating slow recovery here, were transferred to the reserve hospital (the post hospital, Fort Riley), which for cor~urWRDE mararm. A purposes of instructions was presumed to be at a distant contents of latrines were removed by means of “Odorless point on the line of communication of the army. In addition excavators.” and this system proved successful. The rail- to caring for these actually sick, the Medical Department road trackage facilities near the amp site, greatly reduced demonstrated several typical features of the work of the and facilitated thc work of the Quartermaster’s Department hospital corps in battle. In the problem of September 28th, in the matter of detraining and entraining troops and receiv- men previously tagged to indicate hypothetical wounds, fell ing supplies. out during the progress of the battle” and were gathered The Subs@tence Department prepared for the incoming rip and carried back by litter bearers or in ambulances to the tmops by accumulating 333,080 rations in the Fort Riley dressing stations erected on the field, thus demonstrating on storehouses. Besides these rations. sufficient sales stores were w FORT CAMP OF INSTRUCTION. 489 b 488 RILEY FORT RILEY CAMP OF INSTRUCTION. a small scale the practicability of “clearing the firing-line bridge being estimated at about $24,750.00. This bridge, of the wounded.” when finished, will open up an immense stretch of territory ’ The Pay Department attended to the ‘prompt and regular now practically inaccessible. payment of all the regular troops and those troops of organ- The Ordnance Department was not concerned to a very ized militia for whom an allotment had been made. The great extent in the distribution of stores, its issue being con- functions of this department must, of necessity, produce good fined practically to a rather limited amount of blank ammuni- cheer and popularity, and these results were attained at Fort tion. It conducted a very important series of inspection and Riley. observation of the field artillery material and ammunition, The engineer officer directed the work of the Third Bat- talion of Engineers in the several exercises in pontoon

.. , , .’ - ...... I

THE REDOUBTFOB A BATTALIOS OF IXFANTRP. Bom PROOF. BIXLT BY TKIILDBATTALIOX OB ENGIXU~US. mraoa RECS COMMASDISQ. qfOUlrBD AT AI hrBULA-08 8TATIOa IX THE FIILD. ASSISTED BY THE l8TE ASD SVrE ISFASTWY. bridge building, and in the work of constructing a redoubt the great activity of the artillery and their extended target i for a battalion of infantry. This “bomb-proof ” redoubt was practice affording splendid opportunities to the representa- a most interesting product of engineers’ skill, and the fact tives of the Ordnance Department. that the contemplated test of its efficacy by artillery fire was The chief signal officer established an inter camp system not executed, the proper ammunition not being available, of telephonic communication. and also connected the camp was a very keen disappointment to all arms and departments with the post of Fort Riley, and with the long distance of the service there represented. The engineer officers also system of the outside world. He provided an extensive supervised the construction of a permanent bridge over the system of field communication idall of the more important Kaw River. on the Fort Riley reservation, the cost of the problems, the buzzer being generally used. The Signal I i

FORT RILEY CAMP OF INSTRUCTION. 491 498 FORT RILEY CAMP OF IiVSTRUCTlON. The efficiency and zeal of the organized militia was com- practice in establishing lines, but it Corps gained much mendable in most cases, Missouri making the best impres- nedthat the object these lines was not always borne of sion with her greater numbers, more experienced officers, in mind some the commanders the and by of of “Blue” and older, better disciplined enlisted .men. Nebraska, Kan- “Brown,” who relied more upon the gallopirig orderly or the L sas, South Dakota, Iowa and Oklahoma can very well feel dashing 8- officer. satisfied with the work done by their representatives at the The limits of this article will not permit an extended or camp. As for Arkansas, the tactful man would remark, su5cient review of the work done by the organized militia “The less said the better.” The composite regiment sent by at this camp. Their instruction was the subject of so much this State contained a great number of mere boys whose thought, and their accomplishment of the work laid out for comprehension of a soldier’s duties would have seemed gro- tesque had there not been a serious side to the matter. The writer believes that the money spent in hauling these men all the way from Arkansas could have been more profitably devoted to increasing the facilities for elementary instruc- tion on the State drill ground, under the supervision and ob- servation of a regular officer. Arkansas has some men who are seriously interested in military matters, and these men ought to realize that they have a big job on their hands. They should begin at home and devise some system of re- wards that will attract into their organization a higher class of men. Brigade and regimental commanders of the organized militia were assigned to the command of considerable forces, including all three arms of the regular troops, in certain problems, thus affording them an opportunity to realize some of the difficulties attending high command. The opinion which the organized militia officers held of the work done at Fort Riley may best be expressed by quoting from the remarks of one of their brigade commanders, who said, WBAOH6TATXOE OF 8IQHAL COBPE IN TH1 FIELD. mol. a. E. KWMPI. Oorrlanrno. ‘I We feel that we have learned more during our tour of duty here than we have during our whole connection with the them in a separate program covered so much ground, that National Guard. Some of us have been in this organization an entirely separate article should be written that sub- on eighteen or twenty years, but we feel that we have profited ject. The States of Arkansas. South Dakota, Iowa and the more during this week than during the whole tern OUT of Oklahoma. sent one regiment each, Nebraska of Territory National Guard experience.” and Kansas famished two regiments each, while Missouri L came with a brigade of three regiments. Altogether 6230 dcers and enlisted men of the organized militia attended the Fort Riley camp, their attendance covering periods of a week or 80 each, from the beginning until the end of camp. I

499 FORT RILE Y CAMP OF INSTRUCTION. FORT RILEY CAMP OF INSTRUCTIOiV. 493

COMMENT. the wire” as far as brigade headquarters, and here not find- ‘I. It seedto the writer that the greatest good derived ing “Mr. -,” but discovering another wire, he followed from the laproblems”was the opportunity there presented for the new wire out into the field, and several hours after he field officers and senior captains to exercise a large command had started he found “Mr. -.” Now just at the point of all three arms. It is reasonable to believe that many of where the soldier was directed to “follow the wire” there the general officets of our next great war will naturally be ‘was a buzzer station in operation and the operator could drawn from these officems who are now in the grades men- have sent ’a message almost instantly to Mr. -,” who tioned. Probably some of these officers possess brilliant military genius. by nature, but we all know that “practice makes perfect,” and it is only fair to officers in the grades mentimed that they should be given an opportunity to prac- . tice larger commaud. Many field officers expressed them- selves most emphatically with regard to this beneficial . feature of the Fort Riley scheme of instruction. I 2. To many of us this question occurred: “Are we making suficient use of the present improved means of corn- mani~tion?” The buzzer line and the wig-wag flags cer- tainly are not used sufficiently by many of our commanders, who apparently overlooked the value of those auxiliaries that make for “team work in war.” The writer, during the recent maneuvers, saw a mounted officer utilized to carry to a distant battery an important tho simple message, the transmission of which, by the means adopted, consumed three quarters of an hour, to say nothing of the wear and tear on the horse. The battery was plainly vifible from the sending point, and the message should have been sent by bg. On another ocC8sionl a mounted messenger was sent at a gallop to carry a message between points separated by two or three miles of rough country. Within fifty feet of the officer who sent the message, a signal corps flag floated over a buzzer station from which a line led directly to the point whither the galloping messenger sped his panting A TYPE OP WATERING TBOUGE. steed. At the very moment the mounted messenger de- parted, the operator at that end of the line was conversing was at another buzzer station. The writer has listened80 over the wire with the operator stationed at the point to many discussions which centered about the hope that we which the message was sent. On another occasion a com- may be able to devise some means of traqsmitting informa- mander directed a mounted soldier to “follow the wire” tion more rapidly. Now is it not a fact tbat we already have until he found “Mr. -of the Signal Corps” to whom he the means, but we simply are neglecting to use them be- was to deliver a verbal message. The messenger “followed cause of the old fixed habit of using mounted messengers?

I 1. !

404 FORT RILE Y CAMP OF INSTRUCTION. FORT RILEY CAMP INSTRUCTION. OF pr495 f 3. The variety of idd and methods discovered in the equally distributed over the roads leading to the front. cavalry command impressed one that there is great need of However, the majority of the more experienced cavalry i officers seemed to think that, for the first attempt, there was . a chief of cavalry to supervise the training and development of this very important and expensive ann. A cavalry officer every reason to feel satisfied with this screen, which undoubt- i edly would have been entirely effective in time of war, i of experience. himself a most successful troop commander, ! remarked upon the neglect of the saddle blanket and failure 5. Another interesting feature was the work of the horse of .the troop officem personally to inspect the horses’ backs, as among the reasons for the objectionable prevalence of sore backs. A neglected blanket gathers wads of hair, bits of dirt or minute bans, and these coming into contact with the horse’s back make the small breaks or bruises that ripen into troublesome sores. A chief of cavalry could bring about uniform methods as to saddling, bitting, pfeserving aquip- ment and the care of horses. He would also find a wide field of activity in the tactical instruction of cavalry, which un- fortunately lends itself very readily to the application of ‘*wild ideas.” No small part of the duty of a chief of cav- alry would consist iu the suppression of unwarranted methods of instruction and in the cotirdination of all of the many gpod ideas and methods. 4. Of great interest to cavalrymen was the .‘Cavalry Screen” exercise of September 5th. said to be the first at- tempt in this country to carry out such an extenad exercise since the Civil War. The screen was designed to cover a front of ten miles. and the following organizations, under the command of Colonel Earl D. Thomas, Eleventh Cavalry, sought to work out this extensive operation : The Eleventh Cavalry; First Squadron,Thirteenth Cavalry; Second Squad- ron, Second bvalry ; and five troops of the Ninth Cavalry- l twenty-five troops in all, with Signal and Hospital Corps de- 1 mhments. Colonel Thomas designated eight troops right as OOMIBL E. D. THOYAB. llTE CAVALklY, AND 8TA?F. DIBSCTINO TES contact troops, and four troops as left contact troops, holding OPERATION0 OP TB8 CAVALRY 8CREEN. four troops as a support and eight troops as a reserve. Con- sidering the dSdymet in shape of fences artillery in conjunction with the cavalry. An accomplished and private lands, after the troops left the reservation boun- artilleryman, detailed to observe this feature. remarked dary, this w& a fairly successful demonstration of the cav- thatImost “ Blue ” and ‘‘ Brown” commanders neglected to dry m. Some officers clitiad the formation becam in touch with their artillery commanders, leaving them of the lack of qdck communication between elements of the without information as to the commander’s general plan of samea, and because the contact troops appesred, to them, un- action and unable, therefore, to contribute in full measure to FORT RILEY CAMP OF INSTRUCTION. 497 t a96 PDR T RIZE Y CAMP OF INS TRUCTION. the sawof the opemtion. He advanced a remedy for position at a gallop, the horses being exposed not more than thh fault, recommending that the senior artillery officer forty seconds.” 6. The acquisition of the new rifle by -+athe cavalry uccmnparrp the commander, thus keeping in touch at all caused the appearance of a variety of experimental methods times with the reports from the entire field of action, and of packing the saddle. Most cavalry commanders expressed being.ab1e advise to the use the artillery, the actual to as of themselves as not being quite satisfied with any of the new placing and operation of the guns being left, in the mean- time, yith his subordinates. He cautioned against the distributions of equipment on the saddle, deeming still fur- tendencp of commanders to divide their artillery, prema- ther experiment a great necessity. The broken-pack origi= nated by Captain Vidmer, Eleventh Cavalry, and now known turely or without urgent necessity, and disapproved the rush- as the “Vidmer Pack,” seemed to be considered the best ar- ing of artillery into exposed positions early in the action, re- rangement yet devised for the cantle pack.* The man who can devise a method of carrying the new rifle, with comfort and handiness for the soldier and with perfect equalization of weights on the saddle, will prove himself a great benefactor to the cavalry. 7. The corps of umpires and observers at the Fort Riley camp attracted much attention and comment by reason of their earnestness, activity and professional zeal. The criti- * cism was made, very naturally, that they were not sufficiently advanced in years or in rank to be able suitably to perform all of the functions of umpires, in problems where the forces and the larger component elements thereof were commanded generally by o5cers of much more rank and length of ser- vice. This criticism can be answcred by calling attention to the fact that the umpire acted entirely as a staff officer representing the chief umpire or the commanding general, and the question of rank was therefore eliminated; his lack of long service was counterbalanced, in most instances, by the fact that he came to camp fresh from a year or two years Pms BA~BYI. AOTIm QmeOOEQIILID BY PnSe OP HAT. special study at Fort Leavenworth, in a course calculated to give him a mental equipment particularly suited to this marking in this connection, ‘#Theproper use of the artillery very duty; his youth gave him a degree of activity essential is as a support for the cavalry and not as a screen for its movements.” The mobility of the horse artillery in the to the hard work and long hours incident to his duty. Moreover, the decisions of the umpire were always subject maneuvers may best be described by quoting from the re- L1 to review in the discussions. The wxiter believes that the I. marks of one of the battery commanders, who said in report- most acceptable corps of umpires would one composed lng 011 one of the cavalry actions : When once the action be i ‘-of senior captains, especially selected because of particalar F began evepts moved at such a rapid rate that it was impos- See article on Equiprnenf under Military Notes, in this issue. 1 dble for me to note the exact time at which the battery i i engaged the enemy. * * The guns were placed in b *" .

498 FORT RILEY CAMP OF 1NSTRUCT.ON. FORT RILEY CAMP OF 1NSTRUCTlOiV. 499 hdy of the subject of man&vers, but such men are not 9. A book of many pages could be written on the fea- available always or gengrallp, in sufficient numbers. We tures of this camp, which, in this article, can merely be given

I cennot Wall avoid the conclusion that the work of umpiring passing mention. The organization and the strenuous activ- can best be done by men who have given particular and ity of the provisional regiment of field artillery, with its

I successful study to the art of war, even though they may feature of night target firing by search-light illumination, have the taint of youth and low rank. its formation of a typical war strength battalion and its care- 8. Everyone regretted that the quota of infantry at the fully prepared and faithfully executed series of artillery Fort Riley camp was so small, this feature causing consider- exercises, might well be made the subject of separate treat- ment. The construction of the permanent bridge and the bomb-proof redoubt by the Third Battalion of Engineers I I has furnished material for interesting and extended com- ment. A volume could be written, too, most happily, upon the spirit of good fellowship and the cultivation of pleasant and beneficial acquaintanceships which resulted from the as- sociation in this great camp of all arms, corps and depart- ments of the service.

1EW-T 8TAB2la8 OS -1 MIME M FOBT LBAV.IIWOBTH. - , .<. able inconvenience in the preparation and execution of the problems. However, the two regiments present, by their excellent quality made up very materially for their numerical insufficiency. Their camps were models, their marching . .- ., powers superb, and their administration and organization - A. were characterized by thoroness and great attention to detail. FINGER PRINTS. 601 Finger prints were taken of pensioners during their life time to prevent their personation by others after their death; they were used in the office of registration of deeds and wills and at a gaol where each prisoner had to certify the record of his imprisonment, after signing his name, by FINGER PRINTS. making an inked impression of his right forefinger on the pages of the records: (See Finger Prints” by Sir Francis BY 16. W. McCLAUGHRY. Galton, page 38.) This writer further states that Sir William Herschel &#inthe year 1877, submitted a semi-official letter to the HE recent decision of the United States military and British General Inspector of Gaols, asking to be allowed to T p~lpalauthorities, to adopt and use what is known as extend the finger print investigations; but no results fol- the “Finger Print System of Identification,” in describing lowed.” Probably that officer, like some British inspectors the enlisted men of the army and navy, has caused many in- of a later day, could not comprehend a system so simple that quiries as to the origin of the &tern, the methods used in it required a little study. Sir Francis Galton further gen- its operation, and the advantages expected from it. With a erously says: View of answering some of them, the following is submitted : “If the use of finger prints ever becomes of general im- Identikation by means of finger prints is not a new portance, Sir William Herschel must be regarded as the first science. The Chinese passport for centuries has consisted who devised a feasible method for regular use, and after- of a piece of oiled paper, stamped by the authority of the ward officially adopted it.” Chinese gQVermIleTlt,on which the person to whom the pass- Sir Francis Galton, twenty years ago, rendered the world port is issued impresses the tips of his fingers. Long ago it a great service by taking up the studies of his predecessors, was discovered by the Chinese authorities that this is an and by a series of experiments reducing the subject to a dectual means of preventing the transfer of a passport, for science, and discovering the best method of taking the im- the reason that the ridges of the fingers of no two persons prints from the fingers of human beings. m dike. Io the year 1823. a German scientist named Pur- Of him Mr. John Kenneth Femer, a representative of kenje delivered at the University of Breslan a thesis or the Scotland Yard Bureau of Identification, at the Louisiana *%ommentatio” upon the subject, accompanied with illus- Purchase Exposition at St. Louis, Missouri, in the year 1904, trationa of hger prints, and an attempt at their classification. says : “He established the fact that the papillary ridges on This address, which would be considered at this day of the finger tips are permanent through life; thus every great merit, did not attract the attention of the public, but person carries about with him on his hands ten infallible did interest a few persons, who saved it from oblivion, and witnesses to his identity. A child is born with its fingers about forty years ago Sir William Herschel, while represent- lined in a certain unique way ; the fingers grow in size, but ing the British government in Bengal, India, made extensive throughout boyhood, manhood and maturity, the patterns studies into the nature and value of finger prints as sign remain unchanged. From infancy to senility, and until manuah and finally, as he states. introduced them for prac- long after death, the finger prints remain true to their first tical potpose& in several ways in India, with marked benefit. form. Injuries may partially destroy them, but never They rendsmttemptsfto repudiate signatures quite hope- entirely, and as the injuries heal the original lines assert themselves exactly as before.” F

’.I. 108 FINGER PRINTS. FlNGER PRINTS. 503 But, although the reliability of finger prints as a means tion of about 1800 sets of finger prints were on file, the of identification has long been established, this fact yielded Record Clerk, by authority of. t9 ,Dpwtment of Justice, no practical results. because, up to a few years ago, no eatis- went to London, England, in FqbFary, I@, and spent factory method had beer, discovered of so indexing or clas- nearly two months in making a further study of the system at sifying .them that an identification of a person once made the famous Scotland Yard Bureau of Identification, where and recorded could be relied upon as identifying the sume there are on file, in excellent shape, nearly one hundred prmu urd none of&, when again referred to, no matter under thousand sets of finger prints, which present all questions what circumstances. possible under the system. Here he further perfected him- A few years ago Mr. E. R. Henry, now Chief Commis- self in the knowledge of all its details under the supervision sioner of the Metropolitan Police Department of London, of several experienced and able officials. After his return England..with headqvarters at Scotland Yard, while serving to the United States in April, I@, the Record Clerk spent - as Inspector General of Police in India, devised a method of several weeks in revising the classification files at the United classification, which, after being subjected to the severest States Penitentiary, and succeeded in placing its Finger teets for several years, has proved absolutely infallible. Print Bureau of Identification on the same efficient basis as Mr. Henry’s system of identification was adopted in lieu of the Scotland Yard Bureau. the Anthropometric System of Identification at Scotland The use of the following cuts has been kindly permitted .Yard in the year rgor. In that year the number of success- by the MedzcaC Brief Monthly. a journal edited by J. J. Law- ful identifications of former criminals, whose finger prints rence, A. M., M. D., at St. Louis, Missouri, which, in the had been taken bat not classified, increased from 501 to 1722; November (1905) issue, published an exhaustive article on and for the years 1902 and 1903, 3642 successful identifica- “Finger Prints” by Dr. John George Garson, in which these tions were made. In May. 1904.Mr. John Kenneth Femer of cuts were used. The following descriptions of methods used

the Finger Print Bureau of Identification at Scotland Yard, are largely either quoted or adapted from Dr. Garson’s ~ London, England, was sent to the Louisiana Purchase Exposi- article, and with the cuts, will greatly aid in making clear tion at St. Louis, Missouri, to illustrate and explain the work- the system devised by Mr. E. R. Henry. and which. adopted ings of the finger print system as used at Scotland Yard to by our miIitary and naval authorities, is destined to be of such police and prison officials of the United States and great practical assistance in debarring the criminal element, Canada as might visit the Exposition. From the 1st of whose finger prints may have been taken in this and in January, 1904,up to the time he arrived at St. Louis, 2335 foreign countries, from entering the army and navy of the identifications had been made at Scotland Yard, London, by United States. the finger print system. The apparatus required for taking the finger prints is as While in the United States, Mr. Femer visited Leaven- follows : worth, Kansas, and spent several days assisting the Record I. A wooden block, cut in the shape of a standard rail- #6& 06 the Unite&S&es Penitentiary in establishing the road rail, about twelve inches long, four iuches wide and &I@& print Spstewin that institution. T& Record Clerk three and one-half inches high, with a smooth sheet of tin -spent some tiare at St. Louis attend- the school or copper placed on the top with the edges tacked under- Stklstt.oCtion tmde+.thg.fmpmidon of Mr, Ferrier. After . neath the rim of the wooden block. Mgtaken the i?ageCprints .of all the prhoprs in the . 2. A small marble slab about eight inches square and *, . IJmiWd States Penit8&rp/‘and of those prisoners who were one inch thick. -8 sobseqoently received into the penitentiary, until a collec- 604 FZNGER PRINTS. FINGER PRINTS. 506 a 3. A rubber roller with a handle about omand one-half that the arrangement of the ridges on the different fingers is inches in diameter and four inches wide. subject to considerable variation in form and direction. 4. Black printer’s ink, printer’s ink oil (to reduce the ink Purkenje. in 1823, divided the different patterns or for- when St is too thick) a bottle of benzine, some clean muslin mations of the ridges into nine different classes, but certain cloths and the necessary white paper. subsequent scientists have increased the number, while The following is the method of taking impressions of the others have reduced them. It is now generally recognized 5ngem: Place a small quantity of ink on the marble slab and that there exist three main types to which the different then roll the rubber roller over it until the roller is thorougly arrangements of the ridges met with conform generally, but inked all around; then “distribute” over the top of the tin there are several varieties of each type, and patterns are con- or copper covered wooden block until the entire surface is stituted by a combination of two types, or are of a nonde- evenly coated with ink. The fingers having been previously ’ script form. A fourfold division with certain subdivisions is, washed with soap and soft or warm water, and partially therefore, found to afford a su5cient classification for practi- dried, the tip6 are each rolled in turn on the inked block cal purposes. The several dispositions of the ridges are and then on the paper with the least possible pressure. In accordingly classified as arches. loops, whorls and composites. applying the finger to both the inked block and the paper, The arch is the simplest and most primitive arrangement of care should be taken to roll it from the one side of the nail ridges met with. (See Fig. I.) There is another kind of arch Over the bulb of the finger to the other side of the nail, so that the complete impression of the ridges of the whole of the terminal phalanx, from one side to the other, and from the transverse crease lines of the last joint to almost the end of the digit, may be obtained. No halt must be made during the process of rolling the finger and it must not be permitted to elin otherwise an imperfect or blurred impression will be the tebtllt. If the impression be not satisfactory the whole of the ink should be washed off the finger with a clean cloth ssttvated with benzine, and the process repeated. A good impreusion should show the ridges as black lines and the furrows as white spaces between them, clearly and sharply defined. If the lines representing the ridges are faint in FIGIJMB1. FIGWEBa dor, there b been too little ink on the tin or copper covered block. If, on the other hand, the lines are dark called the tented arch. In it the more or less transverse enough but the interspaces are not white and clear of ink, ridges beyond the crease lines are succeeded by one or more too heavy presemre has been put on the digit while rolling ridges, which suddenly become thrust upwards at an acute it, or there has been too much ink on the tin or copper angle from the middle of the base of the arch, which causes covered block. It is essential that the furrows should be the ridge imrnediftely beyond to assume a tent-like shape. free from ink and only the tops of the ridges inked to get Fig. 2 is an example of a tented arch. clear impnssionS, Having secured the impressions of the The loop, which is the most common variety, is of the wta of a few persons it will be found on examining them pitch-fork or hair-pin shape with the lower points slightly curving upward. (See Fig. 3.) FINGER PRINTS. 607 608 FliVGER PRINTS. ferent persons have been found to show not only close cor- T4e ridges in a clasped bthook shape, as illustrated in Fig. 4 causes that pattern to be called a twinned loop. The respondence in pattern, but also similitude in three or four formatl'on shown in Fig. 5 is called a lateral pocket loop. and points of detail in the pattern; the other points have invari- in Fig. 6 a central pocket loop. Those shown in Fig. 7 are ably been sufficiently unlike to differentiate their iodividu- ality clearly and with certainty. Finger impressions have, calld ddentals. because their peculiar formations can not beclapsed under the above stated patterns. The patterns shown in Figs. 8, g and IOare called whorls. Tbe relative frequency of these various patterns is in ropndi namk: Arches, five per cent.; loops, sixty per cent.; whorlk. accidents and composites, thirty-five per cent. The

FI~WRIC4. FIOCR~a. 2

F~QIJE~8. greateat variety of patterns is found on the fore-finger and the 1east.variation occurs on the little finger; whorls are most frequently met with on the thumb and ring finger; loop oa the IWk-and middle finger;-wches on the fore- *get. -, FIGWEEa The resultg uf careful cemparisons-mhde on many thou- therefore, come to be recognized as a most reliable and easy sands of bger prints have shown, up tothe present time, no means of effecting personal identification, and are adopted two oetr, of -t#'&f even a single di@'to be identically for this purpose by many prisons and police authorities for alike, except they.3itere those of the dlgit df one and the same the recognition of old offenders,and sometimes for the iden- individual. It is the case, however, that single digits of dif- tification of the perpetrators of crime. Their use might well bo8 - FINGER PRINTS. FINGER PRINTS. 509 be ended for the purpose of preventing pensions being on the surface of some object at a place where a crime has dram by others than the pensioner himself, and indeed for been committed, on charge of which some person has been all puqoees of identification. When well taken, prints of arrested. The question of the identity or non-identity of the the ten digits of the hands are available for comparison with print found with the pattern on any of the digits ?f the pris- another set of impressions equally clear, and the utmost reli- oner becomes a matter of great importance. The casual print has been made under very different circumstances from those with which it is compared; generally iiis the result of a digit somewhat moist with the normal excretions of the skin, plus some dirt superadded, coming in contact with a surface not specially suitable by want of smoothness, or oth- erwise, to receive the impression. unless the surface happens to be glass, porcelain, or polished metal. The moist condi- tion of the digit may be due to blood upon it, in which case the furrows, as well as the ridges, have probably been cov- ered more or less equally by it. The conditions are, there- fore, not, as a rule, favorable to obtaining good impressions, and it may not be possible to improve them to any extent by dusting powder over them or otherwise. In such cases the greatest caution must be exercised in coming to a con- clusion as to the identity of the prints. The affirmative should be asserted only after stringent examination has shown many points in the prints compared to be thoroughly in agreement, and likewise the absence of any obvious dis- agreement between them. The latter condition is as essen- tial as the former, while the presence of any disagreement should be regarded as distinct evidence that the prints were made by different fingers. A question of some importance is whether any discrep- ancy will be produced in two prints of the same finger by reason of their being made under different degrees of pres- sure. Minor variations, such as those which depend on dif- ferences in height of the ridges, do occur in the prints as a result of the finger being lightly or heavily pressed in print- p~evnra FIOWB. ia ing; in the latter caq a ridge may appear continuo%s, which in the former case shows interruption in continuity, but ance may be placed upon the evidence they give of the iden- irregularity in inking the finger will produce the same effect. tity or non-identity of the person or persons from whom they Heavy pressure flattens the ridges somewhat, and therefore -,taken. makes them appear broader in the print, but again this con- The impressions of one or more fingers may be acci- dition is, to some extent at least, inseparable from the man- dentally made on other substances than paper; it may be 610 FINGER PRINTS. FINGER PRINTS. 51 1 ner of inking the fingers; for if only the summits of the which form the primary divisions of the classification. The ridges have been inked, the lines they show in the impression size of the groups will be most irregular as regards the will be narrower than when the ink has extended further number of sets of prints in each, but as the various forms down the sides of the ridges. It is only by taking into con- bearing the impressions of different persons' fingers are kept sideration the gemeral and special aspects presented by the in portfolios. a larger or smaller number of groups can be two prints, and studying them in connection with the struc- placed together, much after the plan of a dictionary or en- ture of the skin that the factors can be determined. The cyclopedia. covering several volumes, where the size of the main features of the ridges and furrows are not distorted volume is the regulating factor. The actual formula of each nor altered in their directions by varying pressure, because, pair of digits is written in the form of a fraction, of which in consequence of the difference in consistency which exists the upper letter denotes the pattern of the first digit of the between the surface layers of the skin and the subcutaneous pair and the lower letter that of the second digit, thus the tissues, the pressure is distributed and equalized in all direc- right thumb and forefinger bearing respectively a loop and tions. The expert who is called upon to determine the a whorl is indicated as 1.w. and a complete formula might question of identity or non-identity from casual prints has be written as follows: freqnently a difficult problem to solve, upon which he must llrlwa1I1w bring to bear his knowledge of the anatomy and physiology the number 1,024 is the square of thirty-two, all the of the finger as well as the information derived from his As observations of the prints, in order to enable him to arrive combinations of the upper letters would be represented in a at his conclusion. Should he embody photographic enlarge- horizontal row of thirty-two small squares, and those of the ments of the impressions in his study he will find it desirable lower lettcrs in a vertical row of thirty two squares, placed to use positives made on glass in his investigation. at a right angle to the former row. Constructing a large The classification of finger impressions is chiefly of inter- square with I ,024 compartments of chess board-like appear- est to those who have to arrange large collections. It has ance from these and other rows, each compartment would be been elaborated with much care by Mr. Francis Galton and accurately defined by the intersection of any of the horizon- tal lines with any of the vertical lines. and it is possible to the staff of the Bsngal polioe into a very complete system, of which only the outlines can be given in these pages. For assign to each of the 1,024combinations represented by the this purpose the arches are classed with the loops and the compartments, definite numbers corresponding to their places composites with the whorls, so that only two divisions of in the horizontal and vertical rows. This is done by consid- patterns have to be dealt with. The different combinations ering the whorl division only. and assigning a serial number possible of these two classes on each pair of digits, beginning to each whorl according to the position it occupies in the with the right .thumb and forefinger, are then taken into finger formula. consideration. Under this scheme there are four possible When a wliorl occurs in the first pair of digits it counts combinations on each pair of digits, which may be repre- sixteen, in the second pair it counts eight, in the third four, sented thus, in the fourth two, and in the fifth one; it is already under- stood that no numerical value is given to an arch or to a loop. l*IGkl The above formula can then be expressed as follows: using the initial L and W for loops and whorls, respec- tively. The five pairs of digits give, individually, and col- Numerators are added together, also denominators, and lectively with one another, 1,024 possi'ble combinations, t %., .-, /..

618 FlNGER PRINTS. the totals exhibited as a aew fraction, A. To both nu- merator and denominator one is added. making &. and this fraction inverted gives the classification number as \*, which represents that the compartment is on the sixth hoti- eontal row and at the eighteenth section as the definite posi- THE SKILLED PACKER. tion, supposing the respective rows were numbered from o to 32. BY COLONELH. L. SCOTT, SUPERINTENDENTU. S. MILITARY ACADEUY. A finger formula composed entirely of loops would accupy first place upper left corner compartment o€ the chess. the or WEST POINT.NEW YORK, November 26, 1906. board and would designated 0. both horizontally and ver- be Editor the Cavalry Journal. tically. By writing out the formula and summing it up for of the finger impressions of each person. the exact place he EAR SIR :-The July number of the CAVALRYJOURNAL occupies in the primary classification is obtained. Secondary D sent to the Philippines, reached me several days ago, classifications are obtained from the particulars displayed and while reading it the following paragraph drew my at- tention : by individual digits. such as the presence of an arch on the fore-finger; the slope of a loop, and the number of the Page 68: *'ThePullman pack saddle and panniers, as con- ridges between the outer and inner terminuses ; the deposi- nected with the aparejo. does away with all ropes, lair, sling. tion of the ridges below the deltas in a whorl, the special lash and cargo, and the diamond hitch method of fastening a composite. and the like. the pack to the aparejo; with all canvas * * it and re- form of duces to a minimum. if not entirely, the necessity for employ- Among the advantages expected from the new system, ment of the skilled and experienced packer." the following enumerated by Major General Ainsworth, the Military Secretary, in his recent report, are some of the most and it occurred to me at once that if this statement should important. He says: be approved and acted upon by the War Department, a very *'The finger prints of an unidentified dead soldier in the severe blow would be dealt the e5ciency of the mounted field of battle will establish his identity and 'unknown dead' service. in the field should be a thing of the past. The finger prints The modern pack train, as perfected and operated in our of the former soldiers also will serve as an infallible means Western campaigns by the Quartermaster's Department, first of ideatification in the many pension and other cases in under the inspiration of General George Crook, by such men which it becomes necessary to establish to the satisfaction of as Thomas Moore and Henry Daly, chief packmasters of the the government the identity of the applicants." Quartermaster's Department, and later by Mora Smith, chief packmaster of the Philippines, Packmasters Mooney, Ford, Baxter, Davis and a host of others, with the men trained under them, is the best rapid transportation to accompany mounted troops in countries like our own the world has ever seen; and the feats it has accomplished under adverse cir- cumstances in Cuba,%he Philippines and in our own West, if fully set forth in books, as they should be, to be known of all men, would form annals of which the army and those con- nected with it would be justly proud. But it has needed the -- -- I

814 THE SKZLLED PACKER. THE SKILLED PACKER. 51 5 geniusandesprience of such men to develop and carry without the animal all the panniers and lash ropes in the . on the system, and these the above paragraph proposes here- world will not transport your cargoes; he must be kept after to do without. sound in health, with the ‘.rigging” so adjusted to each indi- Let us examine this proposition : The object appears to vidual as to enable him to carry his load under all the vary- be, in a few words, to do away with the experts about a pack ing and adverse circumstances of a rapid campaign with train in the interest of economy, by substituting essentially comfort and safety; a feat which but comparatively few for the lash and slimg ropes, etc, a pair of rawhide panniers men to-day in America or elsewhere are able to accomplish. which “can be filled by any soldier or laborer.” This qqo- In addition to a perfect knowledge of the setting up and tation indicates a belief on the part of some one that the “fitting of the rigging,” which includes the altering for and . reducing bunches which are liable to arise on various parts of the mule’s body, the packmaster must have a great execu- tive capacity. He must organize the train so as to manage the proper number of mules to the best advantage with the minimum number of men; the pack animals must be trained so as to be easily caught, and to come quietly to the rigging; the saddle animals to stand alone without tying, and each man mitat be trained for his own duty, and all to work to- gether promptly to the best advantage or the train will never get out of camp on time. Each animal must be appor- tioned his proper load so the train will take up all the hct- erogeneons articles required by a squadron of cavalry to be transported, such as axes. shovels, buckets, food. forage, medical supplies. tentage and ammunition, and no animal must be overloaded while others are too lightly loaded. The animals must be kept in training so their backs are tough, their bodies lean and muscular, their internal organs free from fat-ready, in fact, for a rapid march. These are some of the many duties of a packmaster, which require for their MLIIIOAX P-Pr OP T€iB AMtBIOAR APABI~TO. skillful performance a man great experience, executive ( Without stick# imide.) of capacity, natural aptitude and good judgment; and the at- only employment for which the expert is needed about a tempt to do away with this expert and replace him by a pack train is the skillful use of those ropes-a fallacy often “pannier filler” would be just as rational as to attempt to do noticed, than which there can be no greater, for the mastery away with an expert in the management of a steamboat, of the diamond hitch is one of the least difficult parts of the a watch factory or an ice machine. Furthermore, the detail- art of packing, as men of average intelligence can be taught ing of soldiers away from their organizations, as suggested to “throw the diamond” easily and skillfully in ten days, above, to fill panniers, or for any other purpose which mill whereas it takes much more than a knowledge of the diamond keep them from the firing line, is deprecated by all com- 3 hitch to make a packer. The most important and difficult manders of troops and by all writers on the art of war. part of the art lies in the conservation of the animal, for Considering the panniers themselves, although I have 1 VI""F ~ T, .>e

THE SKILLED PACKER. THE SKILLED PACKER. 517 1 nia not aeen them myself, I have been told by those who have, Smith and Davis carried about 400 pounds to the animal and are fully able to judge, that they add about sixty pounds without injury, or when the same train took up the base or to the load the mule must carry, over the diamond hitch cage of a naval rapid fire gun placed on the beach by method; that they away 80 as to cause the animal discomfort Lieutenant Walker, commanding United States Gunboat and annoyance while traveling; that when an animal gets Qrzros, transported it to the interior to the firing line, where down in a swamp they fill with water and must be cut off to it did great damage to the Moro fort, and after the fort was taken the same mule camed back the cage to the beach. This cage, which was of a very unwieldy shape and i i.

P

PLATPOBYN)B PILOKINGHwPITAL LXTTT~BIN Jou, TBAIS. Platform can be lmprovlsed ol bamboo. tent poles. or ppy other straight poles. Llttera should be jolnted In mlddle and folded khen not in urn.

weighed about 540 pounds, was carried on an ordinary aparejo to which it was made fast by a lash rope. enable the animal to rise, thus spoiling the panniers, whereas Had there been do real packers along, the command a lash rope can be cut and only a few feet of rope spoiled ; would have had to do without the services of this gun; and that they are a patented article; that they are not adapted the wounded would not have been carried down to the sea for the emergencies which are always liable to happen in as easily and speedily as they have many times been carried every campaign, such as did happen in the Sulu Islands by this train. when a large command had to be supplied by a small and The more thoughtful and experienced officers have long incomplete pack train, and when the Jolo train under Mora perceived that the sources from which the earlier packmas. 618 THE SKILLED PA CKER. THE SKILLED PACKER. 519 ters and skilled packers bere drawn, viz: the civilian maintain this service in the highest state of efficiency; to this trains which carried supplies to the mines in the Rocky end it should cause every pack train in the service to be in- Mountrioq have dried up; that if this art, so essential to the spected by its Chief Packmaster several times a year, with mounted service, is to be kept alive, steps must be taken to power to recommend to the Quartermaster General dis- preserve it by the Quartermaster’s Department maintaining charges of packmasters and packers for inefficiency, and the a schod for packers, and keeping enough in constant em- transfer of skilled men from trains in other departments to ploymeat to furnish sufficient packmasters to organize, equip and discipline all the pad trains that will be needed in time of war.

SOLO TRAIN CARRYllQ WOUNDlrD TO THE SEA.

Care must always he taken toehhlre mules whlch travel with tbe-pack gait.* end each mule must be led by e men to prerent hlm from running under branches and InJurlng the wounded. Note the bamboo platform.

fill vacancies when they occur, instead of permitting these But it is contended that this is expensive. So are arms vacancies to be filled frequently by deserving wagon masters, and canrioa expensive, food and ammunition-all wars and etc., to get them a higher rate of pay, while they are pack- preparations for war are very expensive, and these pack masters on paper only; and lastly, it would benefit the trains, thoroughly organized, equipped and exercised, are no mounted service if the War Department should put in force less necessary for mounted organizations, to permit them to for the whole mounted service the order you published on get in touch with the enemy with food and ammunition suf- this subject in the July number from the Division of the ficient to enable them to hold on and not let go to fall back Philippines, which worked excellent results in the Depart- to their base for want of supplies. It is considered to be a ment of Mindanao and in Cuba, as it is most essential that very solemn duty of the Quartermaster’s Department to every commander of mounted troops should know the details .. -Tm-‘‘-1

6Bo THE SKILLED PACKER. of this art, and not permit his reputation and chances of suc- cgm to be in the hands of some paper packmaster whom he does not know enough to educate and control. He need never be uneasy about the real packmasters, however, for a more loyal, untiring and devoted set of men in the field I PRIZE PROBLEM NO. 1. SOLUTION. have never served with. And now it is for the “Old Guard,” who have so often listened in the past to the tinkle of the bell, to stand to- U. S. STAFFCOLLEGE, ether like a rock to preserve the aparejo and the diamond FORTLEAVENWORTH, KANSAS, hitch from innovations which weaken their efficiency; to November 23, I#. foster the care of the real packer. and the system that has Editor Cavalry journal: sedthem so well in the past, which, if properly fostered SIR:-We have the honor to inform you that of the solu- and opportunity arrives, will so serve them again. tions of Prize Problem No. I, submitted for our examination, the one signed Happy Jack” is, on the whole, the best, and is worthy of the prize offered. While we find features to criticise in this solution (as would doubtless be true of almost any tactical problem), we also find that other solu- tions possess merit, and that the following are worthy of mention: The one signed “Texas” and the one signed IIPQR XYZ.” We congratulate the JOURNAL on the success of its first venture in its latest educational enterprise and bespeak for it a continued career of usefulness. The solutions submit- ted are, in the main, too long for publication, and we there- fore recommend that future solutions of these “small” problems be limited to 2000 words. Very respectfully, D. H. BOUGHTON, Majbr Eleventh Cavalry. M. F. STEELE, Captain Sixth Cavalry. * * * * Prize solution awarded in accordance with the above recommendations to First Lieutenant Andrew J. Dougherty, Twenty-eighth Infantry. Special mention : Captain Wyatt 0. Selkirk, Texas National Guard. Captain Howard R. Hickok, Fifteenth Cavalry. 599, . PRIZE PROBLEM. PRIZE PROBLEM. fiaa

In future competitors &ill submit their solutions so they .can bebrinted in JOURNAL without the expense of making new plates for the maps. There are no objections to sub- mitting solutions with the map attached, but the positions of 1. forces should be BO described as to be intelligible to one PRIZE PROBLEM NO. 4." i using the original map only.

Situation : On October I, 1906, a battalion of Eastern (Red) infantry is ordered to seize and hold Fay's Bridge; its commander (Major A) is informed that an important Western (Blue) convoy is expected to begin crossing the bridge at I :30 P. M., and that the bridge must be seized before that time and pre- pared for demolition. Upon approaching Charlotte (from the east) shortly after noon, patrols of Blue cavalry'are seen in the vicinity of that town by the Red advance guard, which consists of one com-

pany * At 1z:30 P. si. when the support of the Red advance guard reaches Section House No. z (northwest of Charlotte) it comes under rifle fire from Prospect Hill and takes cover at the Section House. Major A is with the reserve (one platoon) of the advance guard at the junction of the Char- lotte-Youngstown and the Charlotte-Booth's Mill roads. Required: I. Major A's estimate of the situation, including a state- ment of the plan by which he proposes to execute his mis- sion. 2. His orders. *See map in October, I@, issue of the JOURNAL. opposite page 394. For condition of solution see April, xgo6. issue of the JOURNAL, page 702, and the recommendations and remarks given on pages 521 and 522 this issue.

c PRIZE PROBLEM. 635 The three remaining corps will be organized gs above, divisions, brigades, etc., being properly numbered. The last division will consist of two brigades and one regiment. INFANTRY ANDCAVALRYSCHOOLPROBLEM IN 1st Regiment i' OCTOBER (1906) JOURNAL. (1st Brigade. zd Reniment ( 3d Regiment 6 Batteries Horse Art. i' The Cavalry Division. 4th Regiment 5th Regiment I Co. Eng. (Mounted) 6th Regiment I Co. Sig. Co s Mtd.) 3d Brisade. { flh Regiment 9th and loth%. kosp. DEPARTMENTOF MILITARY ART, u. s. INFANTRY AND CAVALRYSCHOOL. Second Requirement. Infantry ...... 111,240 Course in Orgarisation. 1906-07. Cavalry ...... 18.540 Artillery ...... JZ.~~O* Engineers...... 5,428 PROBLEM2. AN APPROVEDSOLUTION. Signal Corps...... -I.WO-- First Requirement. 149.088 *Computed on the basis that a provisional regiment has three times the Number of cavalry regiments- I s . enlisted strength of a battalioa + 3. the Sergeant major, quartermaster and commissary sergeants. Number of infantrymen - I s X I ,2 36 X 6= I I I ,240= 70 regiments (one regiment 200 short) = 2 3 brigades + I regi- ment=8 divisions (the 8th containing 2 brigades and I regiment)=4 corps, necessitating 8 provisional regiments of field artillery, 8 battalions of engineers, and 8 companies of the signal corps. Four field hospitals are required for each division, also one regiment of cavalry. This leaves seven regiments of cavalry to be organized into a cavalry division as shown below. U. S. ARMY. Gorp.. Mvidonr B-08. Regiments. Art., Csv. and Spec. Troopa 1st 1st...... xst Reg. F. A 8th Reg. Cav. 1st Bn. Eng. Co. A, Sig. Corps. ad ...... 5th . 1st ...... 6th 1st. zd. 3d and 4th F. Hap. 3d......

16t ...... 11th adReg.P.A 9thReg.Ca-r. 11th 13th ad Bn. Eng. CQ. B. Sig. Corps. ad ...... ad ...... 14th 5th, 6th, .fh and 8th F. Hosp...... FIEID WIRELESS OPERA TIONS. 687

Instruments. ’L The instrumental equipment consists of two complete

“Telefunken ” field wireless telegraph sets. Each set, com- plete in itself to open a station, consists of the following pieces : FIELD WIRELESS OPERATIONS IN CUBA. a. Jointed antenna, with wires and guys. b. Transmitter, with condenser. c. Receiver. BY FIRST LIEV~SSANTG,EORGE A. WIECZOREK, SPVENTLPNTH INFAXTRY. d. Leather bag containing tools and extra parts. e. Generator (small dynamo driven by a bicycle). LL movements of a military force teach us something. A This article tells of something that we needed and that has been produced by the Signal Corps with the army of Cuban Pacification. Our army has never had a field wireless organization trained as a unit, and it so happened that this movement produced it under the direction of the Chief Signal Officer, Captain William Mitchell, Signal Corps. The following few lines roughly describe the organization now operating with the army of Cuban Pacification. Organisatton. The field wireless platoon is commanded by an officer and consists of two sections. Each section is composed of three noncommissioned officers and six men. A noncommissioned oficer and four men of each section are mounted. Each section is accompanied by an instrument wagon, which carries the equipment, instruments and rations. The men who are not mounted ride on the wagon. Equ t2mmt. The total weight of the apparatus is 430 pounds, and it could easily be carried by two mules when wagon transpor- The men are equipped as cavalry, except that a machete tation is not practicable. is carried in place of the saber. DY2L Results. The organization is drilled like a platoon of cavalry, During some recent trials this organization has gone out using the cavalry drill regulations. The instrument wagons into the field and set up the stations. Messages have been are ea& considered as a squad. received and answered at a distance between twenty and 1- F""' - ' "

ma FIELD WIRELESS OPERA TIOATS. HELD WIRELESS OPERA TIONS. 529 twenty-five miles (in an ait line). The stations can easily The problem of wireless lines of information in the field be set up by nntrainedsen in less than an hour. It is ex- now merits our close attention, for the science has to-day pected that further training will reduce this time at least passed the experimental stage. It would be well if we could one-half. have our Signal Corps permanently organized into com- The results so far obtained have proved that a general panies, each containing one platoon for wireless work. commanding an army in the field can now keep in touch with his cavalry screen without going to the trouble of build- ing flying field telegraph or buzzer lines. This will save an enormous amount of work and will also lessen the transpor-

WIBBL.~~STATION AT Wosn IN TH. FIELD.

tation for the Signal Corps, as less material for construction need be carried. The Signal Corps also operates a wireless station at Camp Columbia, aphotograph of which is here given. This station in communication with the navy and any other boats equipped with stations that may come within its range. The station is not powerful, but does very good work. It is hoped that we will soon have a more powerful station at this place, for we can then communicate with Key West, Florida. c

MILITAR Y GUN SIGHTS. 531 rifle the same methods and almost the identical blade and notch sights, except for elevating devices, that were used by our ancestors upon their excellent fliat-locks. The ancient is not necessarily antiquated, but we are justified in investi- gating further the efficiency of our sights to discover if there is opportunity for their improvement by the application of MILITARY mNSIGHTS. the scientific principles developed in the centuries which have elapsed since their original design. The U. S. Small Arms Firing Regulations, 1906. under BY FIrn LIICUT'SNANTG. C. LEWIS, EIGHTICENTHINFANTRY. the subject of *'Sighting Drills," paragraph 18, says: '' If any one of the sides of the triangle is longer than one inch, the HE improvements in the efficiency of small arms in the instructor directs the operation to be repeated." The range T last quarter century have made such sweeping changes for this exercise is twenty feet, and the foregoing paragraph in infantry fire effectas to revolutionize battle tactics. These in effect means that if a man firing in perfect weather. with impravements have beea exclusively in the increase of perfect ammunition, with a rifle in a vise, made an error of rapidity of fire, greater range, and flatness of trajectory, but less than fifteen inches to the hundred yards, or twelve feet a natural barrier to further advances in those directions ap- eight inches at one thousand pards, due exclusively to his pears to have been set by the difficulty of supplying enor- improper alignment of sights, it is satisfactory; but if he ex- mous quantities of ammunition to the advanced firing line, ceeds that limit he should be given some more instruction. the 'limits of human vision in detecting neutral-colored uni- When it is considered that the error of alignment with the forms, and the ultimate physical qualities of gun barrel ma- rifle in the hand is much greater than when in a vise, and terial. A fighting man's efficiency is directly proportional that while the incorrect sight alignment is not the greatest to the number of hits he can make on a given target of equal source of deviation, yet it enters into and complicates the area of exposure as his enemy, at a given range, and not to correction of the greater personal and external atmospheric the number of projectiles he can discharge at that target in errors so that its minimization is a necessary preliminary to a given time. Clearly, unless we are to settle down to a long the correction of these greater errors, it is evident that accu- period of uniformity in tactics and equipment. an age of the rate sighting is the very root of our desired improvement in magazine small-bore to take its place in military history with accuracy. the age of chivalry or the muzzle-loader period, we must The operation of sighting a gun consists in ( I ) the selec- have an improvement in equipment, and that improvement tion of a line of aim OD the gun terminated by a point on can peSt be sought in the increased accuracy of small-arms each the front and rear sights; (2) the adjustment of that &e. line of aim with regard to the axis of the bore to correspond As the New Sprinfleld bullet has a radius of mean abso- with the predjcted trajectory of the bullet by means of lat- lute deviation of fifteen inches at 1,000 yards, or about the eral and vertical movements of the sights; and (3) the hold- width of a man at nearly the limit of clear human vision of ing of the ends of the line of aim in the line of sight between the unit battle target, not much advance can be expected the eye and the target at the moment of discharge. from increased accuracy of bore or ammunition. But in the The principles involved are of three general classes: (I) means of accurately directing the bullet at the target, we optical. (2) geometrical, and (3) mechanical, and will be con- find that we are still using upon the magazine small-bore sidered separately. .-

i sa9 MILITA R Y GUN SIGHTS. .M/I;ITAR Y GUN SIGHTS. 633 ! from the lens, L, will then be formed respectively at I T& Optical Princrjbles. A’. B i and C’; but images of objects at different distances from the It is necessary for uniformity in lateral and vertical cor- lens can not be formed at the same spot by the same lens. recLions that the same line of aim be adjusted relative to the The eye is provided with a light-focusing device called h bore, and be placed in the line sight in all sighting opera- of the crystal-line lens, LL, Diagram 2. The difficulty of see- tions. Since the line of aim has no existence except as marked ing objects at different distances is overcome by a muscular by its ends on the respective sights, it is desirable that those alteration of the curvature of the lens, so that the focus of L termini identical in position and as nearly mathematical be the rays from the object falls on the sensitive retina. But points as the vision will permit. Only oue straight line can c definite positions, F, E and D, of the lens are necessary for be drawn between two mathematical points, but an infinite each distinct distance of objects A. B and C; therefore it is im- number of lines of aim could be taken between the tip of the possible to see three points in the same straight line from the front Sight and different parts of the rear notch or peep aper- eye at the same time. This may be forcibly illustrated by ture with a corresponding infinitude of variations of large value at the target. The governing factor of the size and character of the terminal points of the line of aim is the capacity of the

, vision. understanding the elements of optics there- , ~ __._... .. - An of is ., -...__ .- fore necessary for the selection of the best sights, though the structure of the eye appears to have been strangely ignored in the selection of the existing sight designs. Consider the image formed by 3 simple lens, L, Diagram I. Under the law of lenses, the simple experiment of looking with one eye only at a man about 100 yardsdistance and bringing a pencil point before the eye about three or four inches from it, taking care to still see the man clearly. The pencil point will appear foggy and transparent though more solid at the center,and the width of this blurred border is almost equal to the apparent height of the distinctly visible man. The effort to see clearly the target, front sight, and rear Wght simultaneously is an DxAeIIly 1. attempt at the impossible; two of the three objects must ap- pear blurred in outline. The contrasts of color around the target are usually less marked, it is more subject to adverse atmospheric light effects, and further, the difference in optical in which f is the distance from the optical center, X, to the accommodation between the front sight and target is less principal focus (focus of parallel rays); f, is the distance than between the two sights, so that the eye should be from X to any object, A, B or C ; f is the distance from X focused upon the target. It follows that the greatest blur- to the images of the respective foci, A’, B‘, C’. The images ring will be at the rear sight. of the objects A, B and C, Diagram I, at different distances 1

Mu MILZTAR Y GUN SIGHTS. MZLZTAR Y GUN SZGHTS. sas

Let US examine the effects of this blumng upon the uni- by the blumng of the rear sight, but is still in the center of formity of position of the ends of the line of aim. the peep since the circles of blumng are concentric and the In Diagram 3, A is the front sight, B the target, and C distortion is compensated at the ends of any diameter. This the rear sight. Figs. I and 5 represent the ideal appearance is true only when the tip of the front sight is centered in the rear peep. In the case of the notch sight, Fig. 6, Dia- gram 3, it is seen that the effect of the blurring of the rear sight is to elevate its apparent position to C, or C,. and a corresponding increase of amount of front sight, B, or B, is necessary to give the same impression to the eye. The peep sight, therefore, establishes a uniform definite line of aim, while the notch sight gives a variable rear terminus. This is true whether a half, full or fine sight is used, since the amount of front sight must be referred to a blurred band of haze instead of a line. If the amount of blurring of the rear notch, C, C, Fig. 6, would remain constant a’man might re- member and allow for its effect after a great deal of experi- 3 ence, as is in fact done in a measure in practice ; but if the blurring is variable in degree and beyond the shooter’s con- trol the effect would be the same as aiming with a rear notch slide which crept or slid up or aown the leaf a 100 yards or so without warning. It is easy enough to calculate the amount of this bturring and determine whether it is a constant or variable. Dia- gram 4 illustrates this. If the eye is focused for the plane T TIT,, only points in that plane will appear as sharply defined points to ..Ct :-- C, the eye. A point at F will not be seen in the “extra “% focal” plane F F, F,, but will appear projected into the “focal” plane T TI T, in the form of a “dispersion circle,” a sort of hazy disk. The center of this disk is at the inter- section of the focal plane with the prolongation of line Due- 8. through the center of the pupil, P, and the point F and its diameter is the geometrical projection of the diameter of the for the peep and notch rear sights, all three points being pupil, P, P,, onto the focal plane, the point F as center of clearly defined. This is an impossible condition, and the projection. T, TI is then the diameter of the circle of dis- sights actually represent to the eye the appearance of Fig. persion when the focal plane is beyond the object and R, R, 3, 3 or 4 accordingly as the eye is focused on the target, is its diameter when the focal plane lies between the eye front sight or rear sight. Cornparins the Figs. I, 2 and 3 it and the object, the law being the same in both cases. is seem that the tip of the front sight has not been displaced !

MZLZTAR GUN SZGHTS. 537 r 686 MILITA R Y GUN SIGHTS. Y In the similar triangle, TI T, F and PIPs F, TIT,: PIPS :: T F : F P (1) TF TI Ts =Pi Ps (2) When the focal plane is beyond the dim object this may be written- b-a D=PT (3) or when the focal plane is between the dim object and the eye, a-b D=p? (4) in which D-diameter of circle of dispersion. p-diameter of pupil. a-distance of eye to blurred object. b-distance from eye to distinct object. These equations simply mean that the apparent blurring of the rear sight in the plane of the target when the latter is distinct, grows in direct proportion to the diameter of the shooter's pupil and the range, and inversely with the dis- tance from the rear sight to the eye. Any condition, then. which will alter the diameter of the pupil of the eye, such as - fatigue or change of light, will alter the amount of blurring iL in direct proportion, and as the variations in pupil diameter L u" are over 300 per cent. from noonlight to dusk, such effect must be considerable in the case of the notch sight, but of no effect in the peep sight. These errors of elevation from blurring were found ex- perimentally to amount to as much as twelve inches per 100 yards of range for the notch sight under extremes of light conditions. The entire exemption of the peep from such uncontrollable errors is su5cient warrant for the dropping of the notch sight from the rifle. To show experimentally the effect of these theoretical deductions the following experiments were made with twenty different types of rifles and sights, both sporting and military, c including extremes of well marked types: The guns were placed on vises, on sighting standards heavily braced, and so arranged that the eye and shoulder were in the correct shooting position, and not at a variable distance and im- I

. MILITARY 589 sa8 MIUTARY GUN SIGHTS. GUN SIGHTS. The following observations were made in regard to the proper fms as in the ordinary tripod. Triangles effects of failing and changing light: were then made in accordance with usual sighting drill I. The .04 aperture at sixteen inches from the eye methods, but at ranges of from fifty yards to three hundred quickly becomes useless in failing light, and cannot be used yards, using disks graduated to give the same intercept as to advantage when the sun is near the horizon or for indoor the A target bull's-eye at two hundred yards. Separate de- work. tachments of recruits and of sharpshooters from companies 2. The .o6 aperture at sixteen inches from the eye could I. L Eighteenth Infantry, were kindly fur- B, C, G, and M, not be used in poor light which was still strong enough to nished me by the respective company commanders, and the show the target clearly when not sighting. experiments extended over about four months, and were con- 3. The .07 and .12 peeps at three to five inches from the ducted under varied conditions of weather, wind, and time eye could be used in very dim light. such that the target could of day. The majority of the mea were not informed as to only be dimly seen when not looking through the sights. the object of the tests. The averages of many hundred ex- The larger aperture was distinctly clearer than the notch. periments are given in the following table, but it must be The notch sight was subject to great displacement ver- pointed out that individuals frequently had results at great 4. tically of the triangle centers from failing light and to most variance with those ~ tabulated. Even large detachments irregular lateral displacement from glint of strong light on showed discrepancies as to the numerical factors of devia- * the shoulders of rear notch. Men who were expert with the tion. bat detachment gave results at variance with the no notch could make small triangles, but did not seem to trend in comparisbn two well marked types be general of of exempt from these sudden irregular displacements in the sights. The tabulated results may be relied for compara- on midst of a series of closely grouped sightings. tive tests of any two sights, but not to the quantitative as The peep sight gave practically vertical displace- factor. 5. no ment of triangle centers until the light became so weak that it could not be used. It was almost entirely free from the irregular lateral displacements. 6. The telescopic sight gave no lateral or vertical dis- placement of triangle centers. Qun. Xlnd OC Slght 7. The peep on the front sight can only be used in very strong light and with a clear target. 8. The bead tip to front sight is a distinct aid in center- ing the front sight in the rear peep, but is of no value when the notch sight is used. The net result was strongly in favor of the peep sight, but indicated a serious defect in the size and position of the peep as issued. Many men who could not use the small .04 inch peep at thirteen to sixteen inches from the eye obtained much better results with the large Lyman peep at five to six inches from the eye. No man was found who did not get better results with the .o6 to .IO peep at five to eight inches from the eye than with the notch, though 'I

MZLZTAR Y GUN SIGHTS. MILITARY GUN SIGHTS. 541 some few old soldiers did ktter with the notch than small for it, but are directly opposed by the requirement of the peep, owing to long training. The recruits with no target notch sight which should be as far from the eye as possible, range practice showed much better results with the peep as its edge must be as little blurred as possible. than with the notch. With uniform light the average lateral A large peep is required for snap shooting and for work error for the notch sight was but little more than that of the in the twilight, and a somewhat smaller aperture can be used peep, but the vertical error averaged much greater. Tests advantageously for deliberate firing, though the deviation for variable light effects were made with scudding clouds with the large peep at three to five inches from the eye is and from before sunset to dark at five-minute intervals. very small, as the center is clearly defined. There is also a certain amount of individual variation in eye focusing The guns were not moved between the marking of successive so triangles in this test and the centers of these triangles should, that an adjustable aperture is desired. A .I inch peep with a therefore, approximately coincide as long as the sights con- simple device consisting of a ring of .os inner diameter, tinued to establish aefinite uniform termini to the line of hinged so that it can be turned up into the aperture to re- aim. With the peep sight the triangles grew slightly larger duce it. appears to meet the requirement of the largest num- ber of men. The device not liable to injury, and if broken as the light failed, due to indistinctness of the target, but is the centers of the successive triangles were stationary. With still leaves the .I aperture available. which is the best size the notch sight the triangles became larger and the centers for general work. A bead front sight is shown to be a dis- tinct aid to most men in centering the though not of crept gradually down the target, showing in many cases a. peep, 'vertical drop of over twelve inches to the 100 yards. The value with the notch sight. It is particularly useful in weak .04 and .o6 apertures at thirteen and sixteen inches from the light. The peep front sight is of value in a very strong light and for deliberate fire, for reasons previously given. eye admitted so little light that they were useless in weak The idea current in the army for many years, that the a light, but the .04, .06 and .I apertures at three to five inches peep sight is a useless refinement. which might be used by from the eye can be used in weaker light and to better ad- vantage than the notch. experts for target work, but which could not be taught to The peep on front sight was quite useless in even strong hasty levies nor used in battle, is a gross error, which found some grounds in the small size and great distance from the shadows or when the sun was near the horizon, appearing as a greyish bead front sight tip. eye of the issue peep. Quite the contrary is the case. The Another advantage of placing the peep closer to the eye notch sight requires many times more instruction for its use is the increased field of view. By bringing the .06 aperture than does the .06 aperture of the 1901 and .os aperture of from seventeen to three inches of the pupil, the field of view the 1905 sights, while with a peep at five inches from the as a Lyman, aim be taken more quickly is increased nearly six fold and the illumination of the target eye, can for rapid fire and skirmish work a recruit with but little instruction is much increased. The average eye cannot focus at a point by closer than eight inches, and placing the peep within that than by the most expert shot with a notch sight. The peep sight has been used by only about one-half of the competi. radius of the eye, relieves the eye of the strain of uncon- scious effort to see the rear sight clearly. With the rear tors in the division competitions of 1904and rgo~,but only a small fraction of notch sight users obtained places on the sight as close to the eye as possible, the sights are more quickly aligned in snap shooting;. No one who has not tried teams, many teams not having a single member who used quick aiming with a peep at three inches from the eye can the notch at any class of his fire. This may be merely a appreciate the value of this feature. Since the peep sight is coincideace, but, if so, it included the Sea Girt matches in its independent of the blur, these advantages are easily gained sweep, for an overwhelming majority of the national match F

649 MILITARY GUN SIGHTS. MILITARY GUN SIGHTS. 548 d the peep. This is in spite of the defects of Diagram 5 shows the relative value of the drift, which is aband pusition of the issue peep. The 1903 Springfield corrected automatically, and of the deviating component of a .oq peep is 80 very defective in construction that many ad- ten-mile wind, which must be corrected by the separate vocates of the peep were forced to use the notch for skirmish operation of turning the wind gauge to the number of points work at the I# competitions, The abolition of tbe notch indicated by dividing the deviating component for the range and adoption of the bead front sight and a peep of .o6 to .I and the velocity of wind by the value of a point of windage inch aperture at five inches from the eye would Seem to be at that range. Since the value of a point of windage is ihe first step in an effort to increase the accuracy of infantry equal to the range in hundred of yards multiplied by a con- &e. The superiority of the proper peep over the notch can stant, four inches for the Springfield, while owing to the no louger be dismissed as a whim, opinion, or chance result loss of velocity of the bullet, the deviating component is a of prejudice and practice, for it is a mathematical fact based variable which increases much more rapidly than this, it upon the actual physiological structure of the eye, an unal- follows that a different adjustment for the wind gauge must terable condition of established magnitude which cannot be be made every time the range is altered, even in constant ignored. weather conditions. The amount of this alteration can be i seen from the following table for a thirty-mile wind normal to the plane of fire of the thirty caliber Springfield. Tk GeowetrunC Rinciples. The bullet after leaving the gun is acted upon by a num- ber of different forces, gravity, wind, gyroscopic action, etc.. TABLE OF WINDAGE CORRECTIONS. which tend to alter its path according to certain definite ~~ Range. Value of One Point Deviation of pmile Number of points curves. Since a position for the rear sightoexistswhich will in Inches. Wind in Inches. Required for Correction. cornct any given variation at the target, it is evident that a 18 2) curve can also be found for the rear sight which will correct 60 the deviation on the target resulting from the action of any 129 134 particular force. The scale of elevations on the rear stand- 3 75 555 ards, in this case a straight line, which offsets the action of 783 gravity, is the simplest of these correction curves. The 1059 1392 drift curve on the standards of the 1901 and 1905 model 1765 sights, which corrects for the deviation due to the flip of the 2247 28AA barrel and the rotary action of the bullet, is another example. - Io0 I 3 rii The ideal sight from a geometrical standpoint would be one The alteration of windage with change of range is thus had a separate adjustment curve for each of the dozen which seen to be very high, and to follow an irregular curve which or so forces which aEect the-ballet, but the mechanical re- it would be most difficult to carry in tbe memory, as it would quirements simplicity and strength, well the excite- of as as vary with each wind velocity, even if there were time ment of battle prohibit its construction. in To a curve such as the drift curve, which requires no ad- battle to make the separate adjustment. The chances of getting windage corrections made at each change of eleva- ditional parts. and which is adjusted automatically in chang- tion, in repulsing a charge or in an assault with rapidly elevation, possible objection can exist, and its omis- ing no changing ranges, are slender. don is a wanton dceof the best powers of the rifle. MILITAR Y GUN SIGHTS. 545 644 MILITARY GUN SIGHTS. The following described device, on which a caveat has been taken, has been devised by the writer with the object of having the windage correction made automatically with each change of elevation, for any given constant condition of wind. In Diagram 6, P J W D is the horizontal projec- tion and P E E, D is the vertical projection. P is the pivot point of a wind gauge base and F is the front sight. The elevations for the proper ranges are laid off on P E and the graduation points connected with F as a vanishing point. A sight at any point, E,, on the line EF will then have the elevation of 2.500 yards corresponding to that of E. Simi- larly, points of windage are laid off on P J and connected to

_---. .,E'

the vanishing point F. The point, W,is then plotted, hav- ing 3x3 points of windage at a distance from the pivot, P, corresponding to the xpos sight base length, and points laid off on the line, P W, corresponding to windage points in the foregoing table. Vertical lines from these windage values to the corresponding range vanishing lines are the ordinates for a curve for an inclined sight standard. If the base bar is moved up or down the elevation scale, E, P, the windage is automatically increased or decreased to correspond to the range, since the standard, E P, lies in the vertical plane over 644 MILZTARY GUN SZGHTS. MIL1 TAR Y G UN SIGHTS. 547 P W,and therefore one adjustment is needed. If the stand- would raise or lower the peep in the bar itself t correct for ard is turned into the vertical plane of P W,.then: changes in altitude, temperature, etc. These corrections could be made before going into battle under supervision N W : X N1:: N P : NIP of an officer, so that the rifle would then use the elevations N W1: X1N1::N P : NIP as graduated, and not a hundred or two yards, more or less, therefore, N W1: XIN1 :: N W : X N1 as at present, at most of our inland posts. The value of this All ranges will then have the corresponding windage cor- adjustment in connection with a good rhnge finder is not to rections of their respective projections in the horizontal be disputed, and is simply a question as to its mechanical plane, which have all been reduced in the ratio s.This feasibility. is in fact a system of polar co6rdinates instead of a corrective Another geometrical consideration is the distance be- curve in a single plane. tween sights. The average human eye can see an object By graduating N W to read velocities instead of points, clearly which subtends an arc of about 40", that being the corrections for windage in connection with change of range lower limit of visual definition. But in the case of the front can be obtained with only a slight bending of the standards sight, which is not in proper focus, the limit is probably two and the alteration of the position of the sight base pivot and or three times as large. Assuming that .02 of an inch is the without the addition of a single part. By having four suc- smallest defined point that can be seen at the front sight cessive concentric scales, one behind the other at N W, with when looking at the target, it is evident that an error of less graduations reduced to correspond to diminished effect of than that amount would escape detection. If .02 of an inch wind not normal to the plane of fire, and with the clock deviation takes place in a space of one foot between the hours opposite each proper scale, all the complicated mental sights, it wou'ld have three times the effect on the target as efiort for correction due to the change of direction of the if the same error had occurred three feet apart. Great dis- wind can be eliminated by simply setting the index to the tance between sights is therefore to be sought, and, as the proper scale. This does not require any extra pieces to be front sight is fixed. this distance can only be increased by added. The gauge would then be set at the proper velocity moving the rear sight further back. This advantage can be and direction of wind and would not have to be touched as obtained without detriment in the peep sight, but in the long as the weather conditions were constant, no matter how notch sight the optical and the geometrical principles are in the range varied. An expert rifleman of two years' qualifi- direct conflict. cation recently made two successive skirmish runs of ninety- five and twenty-five, the latter being due to failure to allow itluchn n irnI Principles. for a change from a 9 o'clock to a 7 o'clock wind. Correc- tion on the sight scales for changes of direction of wind A military sight must, in the natural order of cam- would appear to be the only way of getting the subject paign conditions, be exposed to severe strains and shocks, handled by the average enlisted man even in time of no and it must be built with that end in view. It is not prac- great excitement. ticable to expect men who are scarcely able to march to Corrections for barometer, thermometer and hygrometer keep their weapons as well protected as under garrison con- are so delicate that they would not be made during battle. ditions, and all adjustments should be such as to function These corrections are for conditions extending over several without clogging when exposed to dust and sand. These hours, and are very nearly proportional to the range. It conditions prohibit the use of small or delicate parts, but do would therefore appear feasible to have a slow motion which not prevent the making of fine adjustments if su5ciently SIGHTS. 549 548 MILITARY GUN SIGHTS. MILITAR Y GUN Uniform appearance to the eye under varia- massive parts are used in the slow motion mechanism. The (6) tion intensity or direction of light or importance of simplicity in our earlier sights: notably the of when the eye is fatigued. tar@ 18g6-mode1, seems to have been greatly exaggerated. It would be most interesting to compute the number of rifles (c) Wide field of view around the target. put out of action in actual service, for the 1go1 sight, as (d) Be located easily by theeye for snap shooting. annpared with the number of rifles which were fired use- 2. Geometrical : lessly, with trajectoses from thirty to forty feet from the (a) As longa distance between sights as possible. line of sight, with the 1896 sight. Such a comparison could (b) Adjustment so as to correct for all deviations scarcely fail to be overwhelmingly in favor of the more of bullet caused by regularly acting forces. accurate sight. 3. Mechanical : Weight is of great importance in a hand , but a (a) Strength and durability of mechanism. few ounces on the sight which will effect the saving of pounds (6) Speed in making large adjustments. All rear sights should of ammunition is a sound economy. (c) Vertical and lateral slow motion mechanism be provided with a slow motion mechanism, preferably for short distances. arranged to shift the peep in the sight bar itself The (d) Adjustment screws or clamps large and elevation standards are particularly exposed to shock, and easily grasped in excitement. should built with a device which permits be strong, spring (e) Adjustments secure against slipping from them to yield easily to the front or rear and escape injury. shock of discharge. The 1903 sight not yield in this manner, and its eleva- can (f) Adjustments PO co-related that one move- tion standard is particularly subject to damage, where the ment may correct for several related errors, xgor and rgo~models escape without injury. Adjustments that is, a change in elevation which will also should be so arranged as not to work loose nor slip during correct for drift and windage, for example. fire. The sight bar of the “simple” 1896 sight was particu- (g) Simplicity. fall I larlp prone to during firing, a fault which could have (h) Graduations easily read. been easily corrected roughening the edge the stand- by of It is easily seen that some of these requiremeats are con- I ard. The heavy notches the 1903 standard, which only of tradictory, and that we can only hope to approximate this permit adjustment at twenty-five yard intervals, are a step in I ideal closely by judicious compromise. Let us examine the the opposite extreme, and are objectionable than a only less issue sights since the adoption of the thirty-calibre rifle with standard. - smooth a view to seeing how they compare with the foregoing stand- ards. Qralitics of an Ideal Sight. A nalysis of RiPp Sighis. From the foregoing discussion of the principles involved The earliest model of the thirty-calibre sight was that it would appear that the following are the qualities which for the Krag, model 1896. It is not usual to see so many the ideal sight should possess : defects assembled in a single piece of mechanism, and it is x. Optical: difficult to understand what purpose its construction could (a) Mark ends of line of aim accurately when serve except as a demonstration of the possibility of a defec- the eye is focused.. on the target. tive sight neutralizing the effect of a good rifle. Under 650 MZLZ TAR Y G UN SIGHTS. MIL1TA R Y C UN SIGN TS. 551 usual weather conditions, the better a man could aim the less hundred yards elevation is quite close to the pivot, so that chance be had of hitting the target, for the point aimed at the value of a point of windage at that range. with the stand- WIL~the one point which the bullet could not strike. Excel- ards down, is less than one-third of the value of what the - lent twt practice has been had with this sight by the same graduation should be, did it follow the rule of varying device of placing an oil can at the proper place on the target directly with the range as when tbe standards are up. This butt, from three to twenty feet distant from the bull's-eye. does not occur with the peep, as the standards must be raised . and aiming at the can, the position of the latter being shifted in order to use it, and it greatly complicates the windage according to signals. A carping critic, however, objected correction for those ranges at which the notch sight is flat. that ta%et practice was a preparation for the work of hitting With the standard up, a point io equal to 5.88 inches multi- bsturectos, and these latter had first to be caught before the plied by the range in hundreds of yards. so that the wind tin ancould be properly placed, and after they were caught gauge must be altered anyway at each change of range, as there was no use in 'attaching the can, whereupon the post previously explained in the discussion of geometrical prin- commanding oficer suspended the use of the oil can wind ciples. gauge. The enumeration of the defects of this sight is some- The model 1903 Springfield sight is set closer to the eye what extensive. Its elevations were not correct within one than the Krag sight, and is to be credited with that im- hundred yards at the majority of posts. The standard was provement, though still too distant for the best results. The smooth so that the sight bar frequently fell in firing. There peep is .04 of an inch in diameter, and has not enough metal was a difference of about eight per cent. in the distances of above it to show clearly any solid rim when blurred and out the rqr sight from the eye in the raised and lowered posi- of focus. The wind gauge has a slow motion. There is no tions, giving changes in focus and blur. The distance be- drift gauge, but the notch is set .021 inch to one side of the tween Bights was entirely too small. There was no peep, no axis of the bore as a compromise, which neutralizes the drift wind gauge, and no drift gauge. Simplicity was put for- up to about one thousand yards. The sight is structurally ward as the strong feature of this sight, but it is hard to weak, as the sight bar forms a solid fulcrum against the ele- understand how a slight bend in standards to correct for vation curve of the base, over which the standard must bend . drift wd a few ridges to prerent slipping would have com- or break under shock. , plicated its action. The 1905 mqdel of Springfield sight is the best sight The model I~OIsight is a long step in advance. It was ever placed on a military arm in the United States. It has provided with a peep which was at first .04 of an inch in a peep of .05 inch diameter with white metal rays pointing diameter and entirely too small. This was raised later to .o6 to the aperture to aid in catching the peep with the eye. inch, which gave much better results, though still too far The sight is in the wrong position-too far from the eye for from the eye, and having too short a distance between sights the best results. The standards yield either to the front or for the best work. The wind gauge is serviceable, but has rear under shock, and so are not liable to damage. There is no slow motion. In using the notch sight at ranges under an excellent slow motion wind gauge, bnt the windage must five hundred yards the standards are down and the notch is be altered with every change of range. The standards have at a-variable distance from the wind gauge pivot, as the a roughened surface to prevent slipping ~t'the sight-bar, and ranges are changed. The amount of deflection of the notch are also curved for a drift gauge. There is no slow vertical from the axis of the bore for one graduation on the windage motion. The front sight base is roughened to prevent the acrrle is directly proportional to the horizontal distance of the reflection of light. notch from the wind gauge pivot. The sight bar at the four 559 MILITARY GUN SIGHTS. MILITARY GUN SIGHTS. 563

’ An examination of some of the best sporting and foreign of the target without collimation. Aim is taken with the military sights may be of interest in comparison with our ordinary sights at this magnified image. As only the pub- issue sight. lished accounts and diagrams are available concerning these The Lyman receiver peep sight for the Winchester 3-40 two sights. and no tests were made with them, no further de- with beail front sight, was tbe best simple sighting device tails are considered necessary in this paper, though it is be- tested, from am optical standpoint. It bad a distance of lieved they would repay experiment. thirty-one inches between sights and a peep which could be It appears that there was one defect which was omitted varied in size by a bushing. The rear sight was from three in the construction of the 1896 Krag sight, and which is very to five inches from the eye. It could be centered very well illustrated in the sight of the French carbine of 1891. quickly in snap shooting. gave no strain on the eye and This sight is only graduated for every two hundred meters, could be used in poor light. .Its adjustments were defective, and the intermediate adjustments can not be made. Other- as them was no wind gauge. wise it has all the defects of the 1896 sight, including a The Warner and Swasey prismatic telescopic sight gave twelve inch space between sights. smaller triangles and less deviation in failing light than any The Mauser and Mannlicher sights all showed some of other sight tested, and from an optical standpoint is many the defects of the 1896 sight. None of themfwas provided times better than the best sight not provided with lenses. with a peep sight. or wind gauge and the notch was very It is a collimating telescope on the same principle as a tran- coarse. An inspection of these sights makes plain the force sit. Its magnifying power is 5.6 illumination greater than of the arguments foreign strategists are constantly advanc- the naked eye, and maximum field thirty-six degrees. It is ing in regard to “beaten zones.” “sheets of lead.” and particularly valuable for rapid fire and snap shooting at mid “hail of bullets.” Only by such means could such arms be and long ranges, as there is only the one point, the intersec- effective. tion of the cross hairs, to be placed on the target, and the It is believed that the requirements of the ideal sight as error of alignment of two sights is egminated. This sight previously set forth, can best be approximated by compli- gives markedly better results than do either the notch or ance with the following specifications : peep sight in firing at either a target or a bright reflector I. The sight to be located on the receiver or small of illuminated by a powerful search-light. the stock. It is the collimating feature of the telescopic sight rather 2. The standards to be curved for drift and wind cor- then the mere magnifying of the target which forms its rections, as previously explained. chief merit. Sir Walter Grubb has developed a collimating 3. A slow motion elevation mechanism to be provided 1 sight, designed to overcome the lack of permanence of ad- for moving peep in the bar itself over an arc of about 20’. jastment of cross hairs by the use of a set of prisms, one of 4. The exclusive use of the peep sight to be required. them being partly silvered apd having a cross scratched This peep to be provided with a bushing for changing the upon it which appears to the observer to be projected into diameter from .of3 to .12of an inch. the plane of the target. This sight is not necessarily mag- 5. A slow motion horizontal mechanism for the wind nifying. velocity scale to be provided. The King Optical Company has produced a set of lenses 6. Four concentric scales ?or the wind gauge with grad. which are attached directly above present military sights so uations diminished proportionally to the deviating com- - that the target iS seen as a magnified image setting upon the ponents.of 3:oo o’clock, 2:oo o’clock, I :OO o’clock and 12:30 normal unmagnified front sight, thus giving magnification o’clock winds, with the movable index covering all four. * ¶--- -

I 664 MILITARY GUN SIGHTS. MZLITARY GUN SIGHTS. 555

The ends of each scale to be stamped with the proper hours SIQHTINO TRIANQLES AT 100 YARDS. for all quadrants. &ale-% Such a sight would decrease the labor of preliminary in- struction twenty-five per cent, and would greatly enhance Name the efficiency of green troops. Any man who can tell the time of day and can read could set such.a sight for 8 ten- ReCrult mile I o'clock wind, but it takes a great deal of instruction BEADFOSD to convert deviating components according to the cosine of the angle of deflection, multiply the range by the constant of one point and divide the deviation thereby, or just guess at it. as is at present necessary. The mere putting of the 3 clock face figures on the present wind gauge would save much error, as many men have di5culty in telling which direction to move the gauge for even a right or a left wind. Recruit Those men can all read. BAKER

First Sergeant BPICER, Expert Rlllemai

1 A x3 Private HILL, Sharpshooter DaI '* b MILITARY NOTES. 557

artillery broke the ice ; it convinced a doubting Congress of the reasonableness of its proposition. The ford is still open, and there is nothing to prevent the cavalry from crossing except its own indifference and its willingness to camp on the wrong side of the stream. Let it once convince the proper authority, be it Congress or the President, that the efficiency of the mounted service demands that its energies be codrdinated by a chief, and the necessary legislation or authorization will be immediately secured. Army legislation and regulations, as a general rule, are intended to promote the best interests of the service and of the nation. If they sometimes fail in their purpose, is the army entirely free from blame? Congress and the President are necessarily guided. in matters affecting the army, largely by the recommendations of the War Department. If such recommendations are not made and persisted in with con- I vincing repetition, the blame for unwise or insufficient legis- . lation rests od the army. If the cPvalry fails to present reasons why it should have a chief. but continues in its CHIEF OF CAVALRY. present apathetic attitude to this important matter and re. fuses to discuss it. it can not shift the responsibility for resultant inefficiency. Decidedly, it is up to the cavalry. Shall We Have a Chief of Ca~alry? To the first of the questions proposed. the cavalry has S there a need in our service for a chief of cavalry? If but one answer. The cavalry needs a chief as surely as a I so, how shall we proceed to have the office created and troop needs a captain, a squadron a major, or a regiment a blled? colonel. The answer to the second is as simple, and has We have here two questions of vast importance to the cav- been suggested in what precedes. It is, "Convince Con- alry. Who is to answer them with authority? Certainly gress." Indeed it may be necessary to convince the Presi- not the infantry nor artillery. They are questions that dent only, for it has been pointed out by General Carter that essentially concern cavalrymen, and to cavalrymen we natur- the President has authority, without additional legislation, ally look for the answers. If the artillery, when confronted to create the position. with similar questions a few years ago, had not itself an- But how is Congress to be convinced? By the seven swered them, it would not have a chief to-day. It satisfied hundred and fifty o5cers in the cavalry, to say nothing of the War Department of the necessity for a chief of artillery, the large number of retired officers who have not lost interest and forthwith the ofice was established. The experiment, in the service. Nothing could be simpler. A little thought if the application of so fundamental a principle in organiza- and energy on the part of these officers, and a willingness tion may be called an experiment, has given such rapid, to give the service the benefit of their views, are all that is splendid and abundant results that it becomes a valuable necessary. The JOURNAL has offered its pages for such an precedent to assist the cavalry in a similar enterprise. The exchange of ideas, and a few excellent articles have already tusa MfLZTARY NOTES. MILITAR Y NOTES. 559

appeared. But the ideas ot a few, no matter how excellent, years with bit and bridoon has convinced me of its great are not sufficient. The views, pro and con (if there are any value. cons) of all or a majority of the cavalry ofhers are needed. The occasions when increased pull on the reins is neces- Be certain that you help to form this majority. Such a sary to insure the proper control of the horse often come series of contributions, expressing the deliberate opinion of without warning. and at such times the action of the rider the cavalry service, free from that element of personal must be swift and certain. Moreover, the trooper’s right interest which so often vitiates recommendations for army hand will not always be free to assist the left, and the teeth legislation, and inspired only by an honest desire to promote may have to be used instead. In addition, with the two the efficiency of the service, could not fail to be convincing. sets of reins separated. and each in a particular place, the The later disposition of them can be safely left to the trooper may adjust the reins by “touch” alone, and the eyes Executive Council of the Cavalry Association. need not be taken off the objective. Shall we have a chief of cavalry ? Let the cavalry decide. I believe the advantages of this change will appeal to any @ X. horseman at one trial, and I have not been able to discover any disadvantages.

“A LESSON IN PICTURE,” CONTINUED. THE McCLELLAN SADDLE. BY CAPTAIN MATTHEW E. HANNA, THIRD CAVALRY. .. ! FORT KEOGH,MONTANA, November 16, 1906. !. WISH to suggest a slight modification of the hand ten- 1 tatively adopted by the War Department in General The MiZztary Secretary, Department of Dakota, St. PauZ, Minn. v Order 146. The order prescribes that the bights of both :-In reply to letter from your office dated October 31, reins shall fall to the right of the horse’s neck, z. e., to the 1906,relative to the present cavalry saddle, I have the right of the right reins. With .both bights falling together honor to report as follows : This saddle as used by Troop L, it is di5cult to sort out a particular set of reins, and the Sixth Cavalry, has been subjected to the following severe , result is confusion and uncertainty in emergencies demand- and unusual tests since July I 5th, last. First, ridden by fifty ing an instantaneous tightening of the curb reins. By allow- men on a continuous march from Crawford, Nebraska, to ing the bight of the bridoon reins to fall to the right of the Maneuver Camp, near D. A. Russell, Wyoming, and return ; horse’s neck and the bight of the curb reins to the left of total distance covered, 452 miles, half the trip, hot and dry his neck, the two sets of reins are kept separate and distinct and very dusty; returning, cold, snowy and wet. Gaits, walk at all times, and the trooper knows just where to reach to and trot ; saddles lay in shelter tents or on the ground when find either pair. The reins fall naturally in this position if not in use. the bridoon reins only are held under the thumb, the bight of Second, ridden by troop ; average number present at daily the curb reins passing out of the hand between the thumb maneuvers or drills mounted, forty-two men ; average time and first finger. The hold on the reins is thereby made used seven hours-all three gaits used ; total distance more secure and the hand does not feel so full of reins. The covered, about 400 miles ; country very rough and broken ; .. thane may seem trifling, but my own experience of several weather varied.

.. i 66160 MILITARY NOTES. MZLITAR Y no TES. 561 Third, in campaign against Ute Indians. seventeen days ; saddle ridden by forty-three men, daily use about ten hours, weather dry and cold; country broken, and on days when CAVALRY EQUIPMENT. roads were not followed due to scouting, very rough ; dis- tance traveled, 374 miles ; gaits, and trot. walk (The following short articles on this subject are taken from letters ad- The following facts are given in connection with this dressed to Captain Cbarles D. Rhodes. Sixth Cavalry, who wrote an article severe service the present saddle hasbeen put to this year: entitled “Cavalry Equipment,” which appeared in the April. I@. JOURNAL.) The saddle in no case rode forward on the withers in any FORTDES lfOINES, IA., April 18, I@. manner to cause to a single horse or annoyance to injury My Dear Cnpiuirr Rhodes : his rider. But one horse had a sore back, and that caused by the EFERRING to your article on “Cavalry Equipment” rider’s pack being poorly adjusted. Not a single saddle was R in the CAVALRY JOURNAL for April, I find in a foot- rendered unserviceable to a degree requiring the action of note you misrepresent me, and I desire to set you right. If an inspector, and but a few minor breaks of different fasten- you will notice again my article in the JOURNAL for January, ings were noticed or reported by the riders. As the troop 1904, you will find that I do advocate the broken pack. so started in the mornings, the men were cautioned not to cinch much so that after discovering the method described, I sent too tightly at the outset, but esamine saddle, blanket and a description of the same to the Secretary of War. and it was ’ cinch at first halt and adjust them to the horse. by him referred to the cavalry board at Fort Riley some time The age and conformation of the troop horses differed to in the fall of 1904. All troops which have tried it have never a degree giving a perfectly honest test, and the conclusion gone back to the method prescribed in Cavalry Drill Regu- which I believe may be honestly drawn fromltbe above facts lations. All of the Eleventh Cavalry, some of the Third, is, that the present saddle is the only one that could have and Tenth and Ninth are using it, and I understand others sustained the usage shown with such results, and that I do have taken it tip. All reports are unanimously in favor of its not belieire if any saddle in Troop L had ridden forward and official adoption. thrown the rider out of place, that the record of no sore The absolute division of the pack into two equal weighted withers could have been cited. ends by the middIe cantle coat strap, the lowering of the load, Very respectfully, and the bindingdf the articles attached to the cantle rings; GEO. P. WHITE, the reducing of the height to which the rider must raise his Captain Sixth Cavalry, Cornmanding Troop L. legs to clear pack (diameter-at middle coat strap is two and one half to three inches); all of these make it so far ahead of the old pack that no one has thought of going back, having once tried my method. The nose-bag strap has to be length- ened about six inches, and then the strap binds the pack the same as in the old way. I had this done by my troop sad- dler in a day. This method is quicker than the old way, and the edges of the blanket do not get muddy, dirty or dusty when one is folding it. My troop at a trot does not give the slightest motion to either lariat or canteen or tin cup. You cannot hear tbe 669 MILITAR Y NOTES. MILITAR Y NO TES. 668 I have used this pack at all gaits, on long marches, and I noise deby the equipment fifty feet away from the troop speak from experience when I say that it is all right, and passing at a trot. I enclose a kodak. which will give you that the only disadvantage I have noticed about the com- some idea of how it looks. Notice the pack on the horse, and how I carried the old style shelter tent poles. Notice plete cantle pack is the gleam of the tin cup. I am now the free open space under the cantle arch; also that the working on this, and will be very glad to let you hear from me later on this subject. We are all hoping that somefhing like the Patterson carrier will be adopted, and that soon. The new rifle with its log-like scabbard absolutely prohibits the use of the left leg, and while I have been on no long marches as yet, I can not see how sore backs are to be prevented from its use, as now hung to the saddle. Another fact, the advance carbine c or rifle is a relic of barbarism which ought to be done away with in short order. The pistol can shoot further and more accurately mounted, and the poor devil of a trooper on the skirmish line at a trot, with this new rifle, is a sight to melt the stoniest heart in the General Staff.

I GEORGEVIDBIER, Captain Eleventh CavaZry.

***

My Dear Captain Rhodes: Since reading your article in the CAVALRYJOURNAL about two months ago, I have been using the pack you suggest, and as all formations are with packed saddles, I have given it a pretty thorough test. Itsadvantages are as stated: The center of gravity is lowered, the weight is more evenly dis- tributed, it is easier to mount, and it looks better. The principal, and, in fact, about the only disadvantage I find is that in close order the ends of the packs sometimes catch if height of pack'is just as high as the cantle, and no higher. there is any crowding in ranks. This, however, is a minor You will remember that the new style poles are hinged in the fault. I hope that it will be officially adopted. middle. I have none of these poles and so cannot give you I think that the worst fault in our equipment is the way a kodak of this pack with them, but you readily see, with the in which the carbine is carried, and it will be worse when pole, the solution of carrying is easy. hinged we get the new rifle. The method was of course originated We belii that Captain Vidmer is entitled to the credit €or the low pack. by the cowboy, who camed the comparatively flat Winches- See Jo~AL,January, xpoe He did not name the above photo; and the label, ter in that manner without trouble. With the carbine, and "be Vidmer Pack, is of our own volition and corresponds with the idea of the wri- aa the Fort Riley Maneum, See page 497, this issue.+The Jovslt~] especially with the new. rifle, camed :inlthat manner, it is 604 MILITARY NOTES. MILITAR Y NOTES. 566 almost, if not quite, impossible to make use of the leg as an In making up load you should add eighty cartridges for aid. Besides, the weight comes on the pommel, which is rifle and twenty-four cartridges for revolver, also canteen bad. I believe that the English method is better than ours. should be filled. (G. 0. No. 23 and No. M, W. D. 1906.) EDWINB. WINANS. I have tried a good many ways to harmonize the orders Captain Fourth Cavalry. with the equipments, but cannot. The nearest I can come is to fill the first pouch on right side of rifle belt with loose *+Y pistol cartridges, slip the pistol holster over the pouch and hook the suspender outside of it. FORTWALLA WALLA, WASH., April 23. 1906. The long rear pack which you advocate I have been ex- Captain Charles D. Rhodes, Sixth U. S. Cavalry, General Siaf, perimenting with on actual service conditions, and it meets zvmkinglon, D. c.: with general satisfaction. I am told the Eighth Cavalry DEARCAPTAIN RHODES:--I have read with much inter- used it for a long time. Your arrangement of the lariat est your article in the CAVALRYJOURNAL on *'Cavalry Equip- would not permit of its use on the firing line by holding the ment." As you are on the General Staff, you are no doubt horse on a half lariat. However, I should regard such use in a position to improve matters in the contemplated revision as very exceptional, while the distribution is a matter that of the Cavalry Drill Regulations. I therefore make a few effects the efficiency of a command every day and every remarks for consideration. minute of the day while on the march. This distribution Should the bolt knob be carried next the horse or away would seem to me to be as follows: from it? My squadron has for two years carried the bolt NEAR SIDE WEIGHT. OFF SIDE WEIGHT. outward, and to me it is very satisfactory. If so contem- Rifle...... 9.09 Lariat and pin...... 3.03 plated, the boot as now made must be used bottom up. In Scabbard ...... 2.81 Canteen and strap ...... I .oo Meat can...... 95 Tin cup ...... 56 other words, a different pattern should be made if the bolt is K..F.&S...... 38 Currycomb ...... 65 outward. Brush ...... 63 Regarding the carrying of the rifle bolt to or away from Saber and scabbard...... 3 75 Saber knot ...... 20 the the first position seems to enable the trooper to horse, Two ( 2 ) horseshoes ...... I.50 draw the rifle from the scabbard quicker while on the horse, Nails ...... a5 while the second enables him to draw it quicker while on the - Shelter tent pole...... - I .oo ground. As the latter is the position from which it is drawn Total ...... 13.23 Total...... I a.5 7 for action nine times out of ten, it should. in my opinion, be sufficient reason for carrying the bolt away from the horse. This does not consider the canteen filled. which would The tls6 of the rifle mounted is of doubtful value. Quicker sometimes throw the preponderance of weight to the off, and and better results would probably be obtained by use of the other times to the near side, depending upon the amount of revolver. Assuming that the saddle-tree is rigid, which it is water in the canteen. This also assumes that the watering bridle is not used, contemplating the adoption of the bridoon 80 far as the load is concerned, the counterpoise of the weight of the rifle, which comes mostly on the near pommel, bit recommended by the cavalry board, which abolishes the is on the off cantle, which is really where the load you pro- watering bridle; neither does this arrangement consider the question of rations, two (2) field one [ I ) emergency, re- 0 pose is attached. and We most always carry the surcingle around the horse, quired by General Orders No. 23. The adoption of the long and it would not figure in distribution of weight. pack necessitates the issue of all tent poles in three joints. I

568 MILITARY NOTES. MlLlTAR Y NOTES. 507

! I It is noted that &nerd- Orders No. 23 prescribes wire f cutters for infantry, bat not for cavalry. The reason is not COMMENT ON MAJOR GALBRAITH’S COMMENT. i- plain. The Editor, 3ournal of tke United States CavaZry Association, 1. To permit the use of the lanyard, which is very impor- Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: I tant, troops should be supplied with revolvers with swivels in It is observed on page 362 CAVALRYJOURNAL October, the butt. Those on hand without swivels replaced by those 1906,that it is recommended that the canteen be “fastened with swivels. to the off pommel ring.” I note the bars of the English saddle project at least two I wonder if the Major, author of the recommendation, has inches farther to the rear than ours. This is a very valuable ever ridden at a trot or gallop with a canteen so attached? and important point which our people have failed to recog- You will recollect that we had a short experience with that nize. I hope something may come of this important sub- adjustment in the cavalry not very long ago, and of all fiend- ject. It surely will if it is hammered long enough and hard ish punishments that, for a cavalryman, is the most cleverly enough. Sincerely yours, devised. The constant beating of the canteen against the ALONZOGRAY, kneepan of the rider while at the faster gaits is certainly Captain Fourteentk Cavalry. exquisitely cruel. It is likewise suggested that the lariat be attached to the +** near pommel ring. How about the picket pin? I presume that that is to “bust” the left knee. My Dear capfain Rhdes: WILLIAMT. LITTEBRANT, I am just finishing your article on the “Cavalry Pack” in Captaiir Twelfth Cavalry, the CAVALRYJOURNAL, and want to tell you that I for one agree with you. The low pack is certainly preferable, and besides the reasons you mention, I think the fact of its being more nearly a part of the saddle when packed this way is THE VALUE OF PRELIMINARY DRILLS PRIOR no small consideration. Your mentioning the difficulty of TO TARGET PRACTICE. packing the shelter tent pole this way made me think of a letter that I addressed to the Military Secretary some time BY FIRSTLIEUTENANT E. H. RUBOTTOH, NINTHCAVALRY. . siilce which might interest you, in which I recommend that we do away with the tent pole altogether and use the rifle for a tent pole and a cartridge as a peg. One of the 0 those who have handled since early child- hood, and who can scarcely remember their first ex- reasons I gave the difficulty of making a well riding T was periences in hunting. it seems incredible that any man pack with the tent pole in the pack. can arrive at maturity without ever having fired a gun. Never- - EDW.L. KING, theless such cases among recruits are not at all uncommon. I > Captain Second Cavalry. The average man that has been accustomed to using fire- 1 arms finds that the aiming and sighting his piece becomes a second nature, and he probably never reasons why he uses a certain kind of sight. He knows that he hits the mark, if by practice he has become su5ciently expert. I

608 MXLITAR Y NOTES. MILITAR Y NOTES. 569 However, in the instruction of men. very few of whom believe the poor showing made that year was due almost how anything about firearms, it is necessary to begin with entirely to lack of instruction and practice in the preliminary drst principles. The drill laid down by regulations are ab- drills. solutely necessary to obtain any results with untrained men; We have about come to the conclusion that any troop orcompany com- and men who are well trained in the use of firearms find the mander that waits for the main part of the firing instruction to be given after prescribed exercises very useful in that they afford the eye, the troop or company has marched onto the range, should be tried by a the arm and the trigger finger that practice and exercise general court under the 15th Article of War. It is now generally conceded which necessary to make and maintain skilled marksmen. that men can be taught to be good shots without having fired a service are charge. The main work of range practice is to overcome flinching.-[T~8 The preliminary drills do two things : First, they teach JOURNAL] the soldier how to aim his piece ; second, they develop the muscles used in aiming and firisg and in taking the different positions. Gallery practice is also important, as it helps to keep the FROM THE NATIONAL GUARD. soldier's interest and affords an opportunity to apply the principles taught in the preliminary drills. To illustrate the value of the preliminary drills, I will * * * * * at'e the case of Troop I, Ninth Cavalry, during two succes- WENT OII a Southern trip with the First Infantry. You sive target seasons. 1 may have read that they participated in the dedication of In 1904 the troop had no opportunity for preliminary the memorial to the memory of the Illinois soldiers who took drills, having been ordered to take the field before these part in the . The first stop was at Jack- could be held. Immediately upon its return to the garrison son, then two days at Vicksburg, a short stay at Baton target practice was held, which, for lack of time, had to be Rouge, a day or two in New Orleans, and finally at Memphis. completed as soon as possible. There was only time enough The notable thing which I learned on the trip was a prac- for the prescribed range work. The result was that only tical method of feeding soldiers en route. Two sixty-foot one of the best shots qualified as marksman. three of the old baggage cars were employed, the forward one being divided soldiers were first classmen, there were twelve second class- into a commissary store house, carving and serving room men, and the remainder were third classmen. and kitchen ; the rear one being used as a mess car, and had In 1905, after having spent considerable time in prelimi- a capacity for seating seventy-three men. The feeding of nary drills and gallery practice, the target work by practi- the entire command was accomplished in three shifts, and cally the Same men as in 1904 resulted in obtaining one ex- required about one and one-half hours. Naturally, the pert rifleman, ten sharpshooters, nine marksmen, fifteen variety of food was limited, but it was all wholesome and first classmen, fifteen second classmen, and thirteen third well prepared. The price charged by the contractors was classmen. The third classmen were mainly recruits who twenty-five cents a head. had joined too late for the regular preliminary drills, and a It worked out very well, and, in my opinion, is the prac- few hopeless ws,such found in every troop. as are tical solution of the feeding of troops while en route. All This difference may have been due to a difference in the the disagreeable features of feeding in cars are eliminated, target ranges and conditions of weather; but inasmuch as and the men have the great advantage of having at least the range used in 1904is one on which division competitions two hot meals a day. are annually held, and is considered an excellent range, I 670 MUITAR Y NOTES. I believe that in the of the movement of large bodies of troop, the cust could be cut down considerably. For 700 men, where the equipment had to be especially installed, the price of twenty-fivecents per man, in view of the food served, Is did not seem exorbitant. WILLIAMJ. FOREMAN, COZOMCFirst IlZinois Cavalry. F"p' ' !

HOW LONG, OH LORD, HOW LONG?

c Our newspapers are becoming variously affected by the recent wage-increasing movement. The statement of the 3 Chicago JournnC that "the people are prosperous beyond any- thing in history" is quite acceptable, as it is true. One of GOLDENROD. the happy results of this prosperity is that millions more are Age.- Four Yearn. to go in wages. It is believed that a contagion is to follow the action of the Pennsylvania Railroad, which has advanced Color.-Qolden sorrel (no white). the wages of its 165,000 employees to such an extent that Ch.a&ire.-Vanderbilt, a well known West C*onRt horse. about $12,000,000 annually are to be added to the operating Dam.- By Vibart, Wallow Valley, Oregon. expenses of the road. We find in our dailies of almost every issue lately notices that other railroads are advancing wages Owner.-Veterinarian JOHN TEMPAXY.Sinth Carnlry. at varying scales, usually a ten per cent. advance for the Rider.--Captain W. C. SHORT,Thirteenth Cavalry. under $200 per month employees, and a somewhat less per Master of Equiration. Fort Riley, Kanaar. cent. advance for those above that figure. It is also said, wonderful to relate, that the Standard Oil Company has decided to raise the wages of its 60,000 United States employees, and rumor credits the Amalgamated Cop- per Company and the United States Steel Corporation with similar intentions. Surely this advance in wages falls like the dew of Hermon upon the wage earners, who must have viewed with utmost alarm the continually increasing cost of living. We need no dotted charts or tabulated statements of our periodicals to convince us of the growing cost of the necessities of life. As officers of our nation's army we are not so familiar with the changes of price in the luxuries of life, but we certainly are conversant with all matters pertaining to the necessities thereof. . I’

579 EDITOR’S TABLE. EDITOR’S TABLE. 573 4 And we find this increkd cost of living striking us at a We find to-day many officers who are loath to accept time when we are put to much greater expense than ever in stations in our large cities, and we have heard of capable the past by forced changes of station, that move us, on an aver- officers declining positions on the General Staff because they age of twice in every six years, half way round the globe And feared the cost of living in our national capital, remember- even the expense of transporting our families is here greatly ing the small amount of their monthly stipend. increased by the bill which Congress wisely framed to sup- The condition is serious and, as the action of the business press discrimination in rates. To this comes the added ex- world indicates a belief in the continuance of the national penseof running two establishments, one for ourselves in prosperity, there remains but one solution to the difficulty, the Philippine Islands and the other for the wife and mother namely, an increase in salary. who remains in this country to properly educate the children. As to the enlisted man and his pay, the remarks of Gen- This latter is a necessity,for the educational facilities afforded eral Funston are axiomatic. One needs to ask but the same the children of American parents in the Islands is best rep- question as he does. I* Where are our enlisted mea to come resented by the absolute zero of the chemist. from when the advantages of civil life are so disproportion- To go more deeply into the matter, the old type of the ately greater.” frontier post. with its small running expenses, has, with It is evident to the thinking man that the present tread other types of our frontier life, disappeared into history of of national events is in a direction that calls for an efficient the past. The brigade or regimental post has replaced the army more than at any time in our history. But it is futile old and brought with it its larger quarters and all attendant to suppose that the army can in the future secure the same 2 costs. It is expected of our profession that gentlemanly and class of men it has in the past under the changed conditions genteel appearances shall always be presented by our o5cers. of increasing salaries and greater opportunities of civil life. And our nation, would it pause to think, would not care to have the past record of its army and navy officials changed in this regard. But to think that under present conditions army officers TIME REQUIRED TO MAKE A SOLDIER. can hope to maintain the appearances, such as comparatively they could a few years ago, is beyond all reason. While our Colonel Pollock. of the British army, and his Sjeciaiot salaries remain the same, our expenses have increased at a Company appear to have created a great deal of comment in rate that probably the most conservative would place at forty the English press. As near as we can arrive at the Colonel’s per cent., while it is not unfrequently heard from 05cers scheme, it was an attempt to prove, by working one hundred that it costs them now twice as much to live as it did fifteen raw mea, that soldiers can be made in much shorter time or twaty years ago. As stated above, some of this is due than is required in the regular establishment for that pur- to the conditions that are forced upon us by the new devel- pose. These hundred men, “keen as mustard,” were given opment as a world power, while the rest is what has been ten hours a day as their normal period of work. They com- found by all salaried employees. increased price of living menced training on the same day, possessing the same necessities. It is plain that unless these prices change, or amount of military knowledge, or as the Broad Arrm states, the other corollary, an increase of salary, be adopted, the army the same amount of lack of military knowledge, had no gar- deer is shottly to be placed where, in fact, many of them rison duties to perform, and only a minimum of fatigue. now are, in that most miserable, most soul-racking and Colonel Pollock thinks he has deponstrated by this means happiness-destroying position of genteel poverty. that the training of the soldier in‘drill and shooting requires 1174 EDITOR’S TABLE. EDITOR’S TABLE. 575 only months, where ander’the regular army way the same ordinary peace time recruits. During the Santiago cam- requires years. He thinks he has completed the training of paign it was our misfortune to constitute a part of that force a company in six months so that it will compare favorably upon whom the general at the front must place the utmost with any regular company selected at random from the faith and reliance. We refer to the force that remains at army. home, and is supposed to furnish the fighting line with com- Suppose he has. He has simply demonstrated something petent men to replace casualties. Keen as was our disap- which every soldier admits to be possible, given a certain pointment. we set to work with zeal, hoping, as some officers set of conditions to start with. But the conditions were not, of much higher rank did at the same time, that we would be and never can be, service conditions. The experiment was in at the death at the siege of Havana. not only useless, it bordered on folly, for with conditions We must say that the first few weeks of training was mar- that can never be approximated in service it gave results that velous, and the progress of the new men. put into skele- are entirely misleading to civilians. The average civilian t9n troops and into the reserves of the organizations in Cuba, knows little of the daily work of the army, and when he was beyond our wildest hopes. It seemed that in three comes to learn something of the mass of routine he is very weeks the Tampa Horse Holders had a force that could com- much surprised. With his lack of knowledge he looks at pare favorably with the parts of the regiments that had gone Colonel Pollock’s experiment and sees no reason why the on before. same cannot be done in the regular establishment. It places But it shortly became evident that the war with Spain our profession in a false light, and makes the citizens of a was over. There would be no siege of Havana nor any country believe that soldiers can be manufactured in a few other work for the recruits at home. The only thing for weeks amply able and competent to defend the homes or these disgusted men to do was to sit down and wait for Gen- carry out any policy adopted by the government. eral Orders No. 40. Enthusiasm died away, the plague of We know how our organization commanders and also flies brought on typhoid, and life at Tampa during the how our post commanders strive to place the maximum months of July and August was the most veritable hell that number of men upon the drill lists for daily instruction, but the American army has had since the terrible days of the ‘%e also know how this maximum amounts to but little more Civil War. than fifty per cent. of the organizations even under specially Then our eyes became opened to what was seemingly a fortunate conditions. Whatever may be desired in the way competent force, and how little comparison there was be- of having soldiers who shall have nothing to do but fight, tween it and the seasoned regulars that formed Shafter’s we know they must work and take care of themselves. army. It is simply a question of experience and discipline. Army service corps are desirable, most assuredly, but to be- And though Colonel Pollock’s Specfafor Conrpany drill ever lieve that they ever will be forthcoming for all the work of so well, their work, in active campaigning will be of small the amy is to approach millenium conditions long before percentage when compared with the men inured to disci- the financial resources of any nation will permit it. pline and pregnant with the traditions of military life. Moreover, in the Colonel’s experiment the trial was All of which goes to show the absolute truth of the every watched by the public with special interest. And men who contention of our esteemed contemporary and club com- are in a special trial will evince far more energy and zeal panion, the Infantry Journal, that “it takes a very high than those whose dnty is a part of their usual daily routine. degree of training on the part of officers to handle infantry It is true that at the outbreak of a war in battle, and a very high degree of peace training to bring recruits much more enthusiastic and full of the foot soldier to such a standard of esprit and discipline as 176 EDITOR’S TABLE. EDITOR’S TABLE. 577 will emable him to cross a &-swept zone and win the battle there will have to be an awful correction in glasses to make under modern conditions. and that this training and disci- us see it that way. pline can be obtained only by long, systematic and earnest Certainly in matters of discipline and men training there work on the part of officers and men.” is no requirement in the infantry that is not duplicated in No one can be more firmly convinced of the need of time the cavalry, unless we grant the idea that the infantryman to corngilete a perf& soldier than is the CAVALRYJOURNAL. must be trained to make his long marches. But that this And we were fully cognizant of the ideas in the mind of the should offset the greater amount of labor involved in the Zittamtry /ournut, in its contention as to the ‘‘ popular fallacy mounted service as compared with the dismounted we are that it took longer to make a cavalry soldier than an in- not ready to believe. fantryman.” We know that our esteemed contemporary As for our contemporary’s remarks about the cavalry in had in mind all the details of the subject, and was consider- the Russo-Japanese War, we had been under the impres- ing the months that can and must be spent to develop the sion that that war conveyed little information about cavalry marching ability of the soldier. the training of muscles to except how not to use it, and to morc properly understand such perfection that long marches of twenty and twenty five the absolute need of efficient cavalry. In our own Civil War miles per day would become but an easy daily task, to be we learn little about the proper use of cavalry until near the repeated from day to day as long as the stern necessities of close. when its proper use began to be understood. And we active operations require. So we were not confusing l*in- dare say any war will always show a greater relative danger fantry of proper training and discipline with infantry that is to the infantryman than to the cavalryman, though we doubt 80 untrained and undisciplined as to permit to cavalry oppor- that in any future war, where cavalry is properly handled, tunity other than that found in scouting and quasi infantry we shall hear the old Rebellion slur, Who ever saw a dead duty.” We had all those things in mind when we made our cavalryman?” But this does not mean that the same amount remarks about faulty eyesight that led to the conclusion that of courage, and discipline to maintain this courage, is not re- it takes no longer to make a soldier and mount him than it quired of the cavalryman as of the infantryman, even though does to make 8 soldier and’not mount him. the latter must cross fire-swept zones that look annihilating. Weare willing to accept the remarks of our contempo- For scouting in small parties to the front requires a degree rary, however, that we were mistaken in putting only one of courage even in excess of that where masses are being weap’onthe infantry side of the line, and that the bayonet mowed down. As Macauley says, the physical courage to and intrenching tool should be placed there. This matter face danger is possessed by most men, and he means men we must say we overlooked. While we have served at posts acting in concert. But the patrolman, alone and in advance with infantry we must have been most unobserving in not of his post or picket, has not the encouragement of comrades noticing the hours spent in bayonet practice and ditch dig. at his elbow, but must take his chances alone for his life, ging. And 80 we are glad to make this .correction in our which is as dear to him as are the lives of his brothers in the tabulated list, offsetting the bayonet against the saber other arms to them. (though it is said that the cavalry may be armed with the However, all this matter is beside the point. What we bayonet, whose value, however, is a theoretical matter of all desire is an efficient army. Heaven forbid that any re. epecalation). This still leaves the cavalry with the pistol marks of the CAVALRYJOURNAL should be understood as and borse as against the intrenching tool. Now it may take tending to lower the standard by which infantry or any a man as long to learn how to dig a hole in the ground as it other branch should be measured. Only by hearty good will does to shoot a pistol and ride a horse, but we must say and cdperation can any measure of success be attained in

P EDITOR’S TABLE. EDITOR’S TABLE. 679 any army. No one is more ready than the CAVALRYJOUR- In a talk with Mr. Eads after the occurrence he admitted NAL to give the infantry its due, as the major and most im- to me the facts in the case, and gave as his reasons that the portant part of any army. It is the trunk to which all the people of Leavenworth would not patronize his place if other branches are but the limbs. And the harmonious ac- soldiers were admitted. tion of a body in all its members is the only means by which I would suggest that this letter be published in the Leav- success Can be secured. We, for one, are most sorry to see en worth papers. even changes in our drill regulations that lead the separate Very respectfully, branches of the service farther away from each other. We M. MCFARLAND, had hoped that one of the results of our General Staff Captaitz, Eighteerith Infantry, would be an assimilation of duties and commands in infan- Cotnulanding Company K. try, cavalry and artillery, and we trust that this matter will * soon receive the attention it deserves. It seems that the ** Signal Corps is becoming a really efficient system of nerves, [FIRSTINDORSEMEST.] both afferent and efferent, and “team work in war” can be secured with so much more ease when assiinilated commands FORTLEAVESWORTH, KAN., October 29, 1906. and orders are the ones to be understood and obeyed. Respectfully forwarded to the commandant of the service schools, requesting an expression of his views. It is very unfortunate and to be deplored that the uniform of the nation’s army should be held in such lack of esteem by indi- RESPECT FOR THE USIFORN. viduals in this community, and it is to be hoped .that some means be found in correction. COMPANYI(, EIGHTEENTHINFASTRY, WM.PAULDISC, FORTLEAVENWORTH, KAN., October 27, 1906. Lieutenant- Colonel, Eightfenth Irr fatitry, The Mitary Secretary. United States A rmy, Washtngton, D. C. Commanding. . (Through Mdztary Channels.) * SIR:-I have the honor to inform you for such action, if **

any, that the War Department may deem necessary, that on [ SEWSD INDOhSElIEST.] the 15th day of October, I#, Sergeant Joseph A. Selby, U. S. ISFAKTRYANI) CAVALRYSCHOOL, SIGSAL SCHOOL, and oa the 16th of October, I@, Sergeant Thomas A. John- AND ARMYSTAFF COLLEGE. son and Corporal Lewis M. Willis, noncommissioned officers FORTLEAVENWORTH, KAN.. Oct. 30, of my company, were refused admittance on account of their 1g06. Respectfully returned to the commanding officer, Fort uniform to a skating rink, a public place of amusement, kept Leavenworth, Kansas. by E. C. Eads, at 423 Delaware Street, Leavenworth, Kan- I do not know of any law that can compel the keeper of These men were neatly dressed and sober. When they .,a theater, saloon, dance hall, or skating rink, to admit, against his wishes, any person, soldier or civilian, we11 be- presented themselves at the ticket office and offered to buy haved, who seeks admission, even if the place public and tickets they were told that they would not be admitted in is uniform, but would be admitted if they put on their civilian the cost of entrance is tendered. The legal status of such places is different from that of a hotel, where entertainment clothes. ‘ 580 EDITOR’S TABLE. EDITOR’S TABLE. 581

cann0t.b refused unless for lack of accommodation. The LEAVENWORTH,KAN., November 9, I@. fact that soldiers, sober, well behaved, and properly dressed CoZonel Ckas. B. Hall, Eighteenth U.S. Infantry, Commandant of in uniform. have been refused entrance to a public place in United States Infantry and CavaZry School, Ft. Leavenworth, the City of Leavenworth on the ground that if allowed to Kansas. enter .‘the people would not patronize the place.” should DEARSIR :-The committee of merchants of Leaven- be brought to the public notice of these people, so they may worth City, including the mayor and myself, that called on be given an opportunity to refute such an assertion if it is you on last Tuesday to talk over the matter of one Mr. Eads, not true. If it be true, then steps should be taken to divert who is the proprietor of a skating rink in Leavenworth City, the patronage of the post to other channels than those of in relation to his objecting to a soldier coming to his place this city, and application made to the War Department that of amusement in his regular U. S. A. uniform, met at my no mom troops be sent here. It is not believed that the office on last Wednesday and requested me to write you in people of Leavenworth will countenance the action of this regard to some later incidents to this matter, that have been Mr. Eads. for it is a fact beyond dispute that a very large reported to them as having taken place. They have been . part of the working people here, as well as many merchants, informed that Mr. Eads in person has seen you or has com- are dependent upon the patronage of the post for a living. municated with you by letter, making an apology satisfactory A well behaved. sober. and properly dressed soldier. wearing to you in regard to him prohibiting soldiers in the U. S. A. his uniform. should be freely admitted to any public place, uniform entering his place of amusement. and welcomed as our citizens. My experience is that, as a This committee desires to hear from you directly as to rule, such soldiers are better behaved and more self-respect- whether Mr. Eads has seen you or written you and made ing than the same number of civilians from the correspond- any apology in regard to this matter satisfactory to you or ing class in life. I suggest that a copy of this paper in full not. The committee are not satisfied in hearing this matter be sent to the editor of the Leavenworth Times, with the re- from Mr. Eads, or some of his friends, but desire to have quest that he publish the same, and then, if the people of you inform them if the matter is settled satisfactorily to you. . Leavenworth sustain the action of Mr. Eads, the original be Even if the matter has been satisfactorily adjusted with you forwarded to the War Department for proper action. the city authorities intend to and have started the prelimi- CHAS. B. HALL, nary proceedings to have Mr. Eads’ place of business ex- Colonel, Eig/rteenth Infantry, amined as to its safety, in case of fire, or to have people con- Commandant. gregate in the place, or whether the building is safe for the purpose of a skating rink. This mattzr will be carried out The publication of Colonel Hall’s views and his evident in detail as to whether the matter has been satisfactorily ad- intention to take spirited action if the people of Leaven- justed with you or not. But if the same has not been satis- worth should countenance Mr. Eads’ action, resulted in factorily adjusted the city will proceed immediately to have bringing before the Colonel a delegation of twelve promi- the license ordinance amended so that the license for running nent citizens of the City of Leavenworth, among whom were a skating rink in the city will be greatly increased. At the mayor, the city attorney and the editor of the Leaven- your convenience you can write me as to whether this matter worth Daily Times. has been satisfactorily arranged with you by Mr. Eads or not. The result of this visit can be gathered from the following: Yours respectfully, d F. P. FITZWILLIAM. City Aftorney. 689 EDITOR’S TABLE. r EDITOR’S TABLE. 583

U. S. INFANTRY AND CAVALRY SCHOOL, SIGNAL SCHOOL, AND ARMYSTAFF COLLEGE. I BOOKS ON THE RUSSO- JAPANE EP \R. FORT LEAVENWORTH.KAN., November 13. I#. We are pleased to direct the attention of our readers to MT.F. P. Fitmdliam, Aftorney and Coltnse&r at Law, Leaven- the review of Chasseur’s work in this issue of the JOURNAL, worth, Kansas. page 590, by Colonel James G. Harbord. Philippine Constab- MY DEARSIR:-h answer to your letter of the 9th inst., ulary (captain Eleventh Cavalry). It is possible that we I take pleasure in informing you that Mr. Eads did call upon shall have to look to the French for the best works on this war. the commanding o5mr of the post of Fort Leavenworth and It would seem that the relations of and Russia would myself in the matter of his having refused admission to cer- offer the officers of the former nation opportunity for per- tain soldiers to his skating rink in the city of Leavenworth, sonal observation during the war that was not enjoyed by and informed us that he had been laboring under a false im- those of other nations. True there was an Anglo-Japanese pression, that he had been poorly advised, and admitted that alliance, without which Japan could never have hoped for he had made a serious mistake in the matter. He stated in success, unless, by some other means, she could have suc- our presence that he would withdraw any restrictions that ceeded in rendering inoperative the two nations that pre- had been made, and wrote us a Ietter, a copy of which is en- vented her reaping the fruits of victory over China in 1894. closed herewith, and which you can keep for file in your office. But we are under the belief, shared by attaches and news- We consider the incident closed, and will continue closed paper men, that British officers with the Japanese armies until new developments may arise. shared little better than those of other nations as far as ob- Thanking you and the committee for your attention to servation of movements and inside information are con- this matter. which has resulted so satisfactorily to all of us, cerned. I remain, Very sincerely yours, General Hamilton tells very pointedly what amount of CHAS. B. HALL, inside knowledge he gained, and his remarks upon that sub- . Colorrcl, Eighteenth Infantry, ject are recalled to our readers, who may remember our re- Cornmattdnnt. view in last issue upon the General’s work, “A Staff Officer’s Scrap Book.“ We dare say the French officers were in GLOBEBOWLING AND BILLIARDPARLOR, closer touch with the Russian ideas than were ever the Brit- 423 DELAWARESTREET, ish with the Japanese. And so we are not surprised that LEAVENWORTH,KAN., November 7, 16. Frenchmen write more intelligently about this war at the TAr Chumanding O#cer, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. present time. SIR:--I have the honor of extending my courtesy to the * olcers and enlisted men of your command, and would say ++ that with due respect to all, that at any time my skating We wish to call the attention of our readers to a small to the public, that the uniform of the United rink is open book by the talented French general, De NBgrier. It is a States army will be admitted at the same price as any one else small book of eighty-three pages, but we have seen nothing Respectfully yours, on this war more replete in every page with lessons for mil- (Signed) E. C. EADS, A true copy: Proprietm. itary men. Its very title is descriptive of what the book is, W. H. GORDON, ‘I Lessons of the Russo-Japanese War,” and it does not belie Copt. adA&.. 18tk Infantry. its title one particle. On receipt of this little work we picked 6a4 EDITOR’S TABLE. EDITOR’S TABLE. 686 it up from the table in a spk moment, and never dropped however. the real danger became apparent. The army of it till we had finished the eighty-three brilliant pages. Then General Kaulbars had been forced to change its front, while we turned it over to the instructor of Military Art in the still actually engaged, thus giving proof of its remarkable Staf€ College. and he used it for short readings to the staf€ cohesion. The Japanese were only able to make headway class, many, if not all, of whom immTdiately ordered the against it to the extent of little over three miles. By the work. evening of the 9th. however, the battle was definitely lost. Many volumes will be ordered for the Staff College li- Why did not the Russian cavalry take action as a whole, braryebut the modest price, 2s. 6d., place it in reach of all. and use their firearms, like Sheridan’s Horse at Five Forks? It is a bbok that should be read by every officer in the Amer- All might then have been saved. It would have hampered ican service, and we particularly direct the attention of cav- General Nogi’s movement, and given General Kaulbars time alryofficers to the book. They will find much to ponder to re-form his troops in 6chelon facing south. The Japanese over, and the work should set them to thinking very deeply. attack, forced to extend instead of contracting, would have It is almost impossible to pick out any particular portions become exhausted, and a Russian victory might then have of the book that are better than others, but we shall make a become probable. But another point of view has to be con- few selections to show the General’s method of handling the sidered. An army on the defensive is obliged to retain a subject, and to give an idea of the remarkably clear and number of reserves. At the commencement of a battle, in pointed style. There is no table of contents, nor is the book fact, it is difficult for it to foresee the particular point upon divided into chapters, but the pages run on one after the which the enemy’s principal efforts will be brought to bear. other in a beautiful sequence that captivates and holds till The great resisting power of the fighting front tends to the end is reached. cause the reserves to be placed at the wings, and it becomes We have first a few remarks on “General Bearings on all the more necessary that they should be socomposed as to Future Campaigns,”followed by the subject of the “Russian be able to intervene in time. In consequence of the enor- Cavalry.” Then several pages are devoted to the L4F~n~. mous extension of the fighting front, infantry, which are un- tions d Civalry.” This is discussed under three heads, able to get over the ground faster than two or two and one- namely: Reconnoissauce,” “Cutting Enemy’s Communica- half miles an hour, cannot any longer properly fulfill the tions,” and “Cavalry in Action.” These remarks on “Cav- duties of a general army reserve, much less those of the re- alry” are followed by a couple of pages on “The Japanese serve of a group of armies. Henceforward these duties be- Plan of Campaign.” We quote from pages 35 and 36 to show long of necessity to the mounted arm. Two or three divi- how the lessons of the war are brought out by this remark- sions of from 6.000 to 8,000 cavalry, good marksmen, provided able work: with pom-poms, guns, and howitzers, will allow the general- “The Russian cavalry, unable to pierce the screen, found in-chief commanding either to repulse an attack or to bring it impossible to obtain any reliable information. So com- about a decisive result at the right moment.” pletely were they baf3ed in this respect that General Kuro- On page 38 we find the following, under the heading of patkin believed that on this side he had only to deal with an “What Might Have Been:” unimportant demonstration. Even on March 6th he still sent reassuring dispatches to St. Petersburg, for along the whole “Admitting that events were what they were, Mukden would have been nothing more than a battle lost without of his fmt. from the south of Mukdea to as far east as Tita. disaster. The retreat ordered on March 8th was carried out, a distance of fifty miles, the Japanese had everywhere been repulsed with considerable loss. On the evening of the 6th, we know, in perfect order by Linievitch’s army to the east,

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586 EDITOR ’S TABLE. EDITOR’S TABLE. 357 as well as by Bilderling’s left. On the gth, however, a gap Liao.Yang. He gives some three or four pages of this corre- having been allowed to open between Bilderling’s right spondent’s writing. and the left of Kaulbars, a Japanese detachment provided The author is now nearing the end of his lessons. Under with artillery dashed through it towards the north and the subject of “General Tactics” we find some of the lessons opened fire upon the rear of Kaulbars’ troops while they as follows, clipped here and there from the reading matter : were facing we&. This it was that caused the disaster. It “To march and attack by night, to shelter in by was here that the greater part of the 40,000 prisoners were day; such are the essential characteristics of the tactics taken. The 3.000 or 4.000 cavalry in reserve at Mukden, actually forced upon us by the etficiency of modern firearms. rapidly sent to block the gap or to sweep out the Japanese In the offensive the intrenching tool is now indispensable to detachment, the strength of which was comparatively insig- every infantry soldier. He should be practiced in digging nificant. might have saved the situation.” while lying down, so as to lower himself gradually into the ground until he is su5ciently sheltered. * * * The Now follows a discussion of “The Japanese Cavalry,” and general form of attack has never varied. * * * The then “Artillery.” From the first few lines on the subject of Russo- Japanese War has demonstrated once again that by “Artillery” we quote as follows: offensive tactics alone can victory be assured.” Under the

head of ‘I Changes Essential,” he discusses cavalry, artillery “The advances made during the last few years in the construction of artillery have created an impression that the and infantry. We wish every cavalry officer in our service would read the few pages devoted to essential changes in part it will play in the battles of the future must be abso- lutely decisive. It will be nothing of the kind. Its part cavalry. It is su6cient to say the General believes the shock action of cavalry obsolete, and that dismounted fire action is will be important, but not conclusive.” ’ largely its r61e. He believes in mounted infantry, but his The reasoning convinces. in the following pages, that the remarks, that scouting must hereafter be done by experts, General knows what he is talking about. Any officer that shows him wide awake to the necessity of a most carefully trained body of cavalry large numbers. He wants all has not carefully weighed the importance of the artillery, of and the great amount of transportation required for ammu- cavalry armed with machine guns, preferably of the Danish pattern, and we call attention as regards this matter to the nition, is far from being up to date or even fairly well read. Next the General pays his compliments to “The ‘Po- article furnished the JOURSAL upon that subject by Colonel sitionist’ Heresy,” and does it in good trenchant style. We Jiacomb, in this issue, pages 4-13-452. next have a page dealing with the lessons of “Trenches and “As regards the tactical part cavalry is called upon to Covers.” He states in this regard that no lessons are to be play, it must now be regarded as the arm which allows an learned from the Russian tactics. With regard to the Japa- officer commanding in chief to move, with the maximum of nese it is quite another matter. And some pages are then rapidity, the rifles, guns and machine.guns to any point given up to the subject. On page 64 he starts a lesson from where he wishes to produce a special effect, or to guard Liao-Yang.and quotes from a former French officer who had against any threatened danger. Thanks to the swiftness of just seen more than a year’s service as a volunteer in a Boer their movement from place to place, bodies of cavalry must commando, and afterwards became an amateur war corre- play a dominant part in the battles of the future. They spondent in the army of General Oku, following the firing will form the reserves which a general will have at his dis- line of one of the most sanguinary episodes in the battle of posal, and with which he will be enabled to carry out his

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6aa EbITOR’S TABLE. EDITOR’S TABLE. 689 tactid surprises. With ‘the enormom fighting front of The JOURNAL’S list of books and magazine articles upon modern battles, no other arm can arrive in time to produce the war now stands as follows: of this its fire effects kind. By suddenly opening upon an On the causes : unexpected point it will change retreat into rout. Then, The Russo-Japanese Conflict. (Asakawa.) mounting once more to pursue, it will utilize the horse as its weapon no less than the traditional cold steel, to reap more On the War: tropwes than it ever garnered in days of yore.” From the Yalu to Port Arthur. (Wood.) The War in the Far East. (The Military Correspondent In his general concfusions, he states: of the Times.) “In formulating the conclusions my object has been A Staff Officer’s Scrap Book. (Hamilton.) simply to call attention to the essential characteristics of the Lessons of the Russo-Japanese War. (De NCgrier.) Articles in the OuZfooR. (Kennan.) late war. Many other lessons might be drawn from it, such as the particular disposition of the troops necessary for rein- For Comparison : forcing the fighting line in battles of several days’ duration, The Chinese-Japanese War. (Vladimir.) the distribution, actual position and intervals of reserves, All of the above have been carefully reviewed in the both in the offensive and defensive. All these, however, JOURNAL. may be inferred from the facts already discussed. “It is for the high military authorities to analyze the de- The Outlook has not as yet published Kennan’s articles in book form. tails. On the whole, however, it is evident that the Russian soldier still retains those qualities of steady pluck and Asakawa’s book can be purchased from Houghton, Mifflin staunch endurance which excited the admiration of Napo- & Co., for $2.00; Wood’s and Vladimir’s from the Hudson Press, Kansas Citgbc Mo., for each; The War in the leon ; and, on the other aide, that the extraordinary energy- 81.50 Far East, from E. P. Dutton & York, for physical, moral and intellectual-of the Japanese has justly Co., New $5.00; Hamilton’s, from Longman, Green & Co.. New York, for $4.50; challenged the amazement of the world. It was, indeed, an De Negrier’s, from Hugh Rees, 124 Pall Mall, London, S. W., impressive object-lesson in the overwhelming influence ex- for 62%~. ercised by moral forces-unconquerable self-reliance, de- voted patriotism, and chivalrous disregard of death. It is now universally recognized that the individual courage of the soldier has never shown itself more predominantly than in his use of the deadly weapons which modem science has placed in his hands.” This is a book we hope our officers will buy, and its price will allow anyone to be the owner. It is published by Hugh Reea, Ltd., 124 Pall Mall, London, S. W. It will also be ob- tainable from the Secretary of the Staff College, Fort Leav- emworth. BOOK RE VIEWS. 691 !,, both. Granting Japan’s purely defensive instinct, he does not doubt that during many years she prepared against the eventuality of this war with Russia. Her recent insignifi- cance was one cause of her success. Russia, in the terror born of her unfathomed strength, had camed colossal weight in western politics for twenty years, and her most astute statesmen did not believe that Japan would invite “efface- ment by breaking a lance against the solidity of the .” Ready herself, Japan had the fullest information of Russia’s unpreparedness. As an instance of the informa- tion, when Russia was denying the existence of at Liaoyang, Port Arthur and Yongampo,. the war minister of Japan had reports on his table from his officers, who as laborers were helping to build the works. Russia’s unpre- paredness lay not only in paucity of troops and munitions, but in lack of system and in the venality of her officers. A Study of the “A Study of the Russo-Japanese War,” Public funds lined private pockets instead of providing ma- Russa-Japanese by Chasseur. Among the volumes deal- chinery for war. War. ing with the Russo-Japanese War, there The soundness of making Korea the first objective is ap- is no summary of this struggle that the parent, it “being as essential to Japan’s naval strategy as for writer has seen which so well presents its broad issues as her military campaign.” Togo required it for his offensive, this one Its author writes in terse, soldierly style, with the and it was absolutely necessary that the Russians should not authority of one having an intimate knowledge of the theater secure a harbor for use against Japan. The first transports of operations and of the armies of both belligerents.” Be- landed troops at Chemulpo, in the presence of a weak Rus- sides personal knowledge of theater and combatants, he has sian squadron, whose chief did not have the grit to resist it. made use of ‘*all available information,” his list omitting Later, under challenge from Uriu, it steamed out to accept none of the familiar books except General Ian Hamilton’s battle, amid t,he applause of other naval forces. This pro- “StaE Officer’s Scrap Book,” to which some think Chasseur ceeding was gallant in its conception, but dismal in its end- stands in the same. relation that he does to the subject of ing, for the courage of its chief forsook him, and he fled for this review. Perhaps time has not afforded the proper per- his anchorage, opened the seacocks of his vessel and blew up spective to historians of this war, but the work of Chasseur her companions. carries conviction of the correctness of his information and The attack of Togo’s destroyers on the Port Arthur fleet the accuracy of his conclusions. is described, and the morality of the Japanese stroke is not Undoubtedly much of the Russian, Japanese and Chinese questioned. The failure of the destroyers to return again intrigue which preceded the war is not apparent to us in the and again and maintain the panic, instead of waiting until West. The familiar statement, that Japan’s policy is defen- later in the night, is criticised. A dominating factor in the sive, Chasseur admits as a truism on its face, because pre- strategy of the war is found in the belief that after this en- paredness for war is the strongest and most pacific defense gagement, the Japanese rated the commercial value of the that any nation can have. Both Japan and Russia were really struggling for an expansion economically necessary to 699 BOOK RE VIEWS. BOOK RE VIEWS. 593 Rnaaian fleet higher than ith fighting value, and shaped their plished, the Japanese would have been willing that diplomacy plans to ultimately possess it. should end the struggle.” Until Kuropatkin arrived the On the sinking of troopships by the Russian Vladivostok Russians had no plan beyond a ‘‘ feeble endeavor to reinforce squadron, it is remarked that “the loss of troopships will the threatened area of invasion and a feveTed haste to pour always be distressing when the transportation of troops is a garrison into Port Arthur.” undertaken before a nation has complete command of the At the landing of Kuroki’s army in Korea the Japanese sea," sou~etkingthat ow country will do well to remember. brought landing piers of bamboo, the better to negotiate the The Japanese were “prepared for all contingencies ex- mud-flats; they brought a flotilla of tugs and lighters from cept unchecked success ;” and the Russian naval breakdown Japan, and in one week they had converted the wretched little found their third and fourth armies and the siege material for Korean town which fringes the mud-flats, into a veritable Port Arthur unprepared, and delay ensued, which Chasseur military emporium, complete in every department, with go- thinks militated against their complete success on land. In downs, repository works, and even a light railway.. The battle April Kuroki’s army had established itself on the south bank on the Yalu had a wide significance. “On sea the results of the Yalu. The second army was destined to effect a had been disastrous to the Occidental. Would the working complete isolation of Port Arthur, and consequently was in- of Oriental evolution be crowned with similar results on land? timately connected with Togo’s naval strategy.” In May it * * * The Russian had never had a character as a beat the garrison back from Nanshan, giving the Japanese sailor, but the West could remember a hundred incidents in an essential port for the maintenance of armies marching evidence of his peculiar attributes as a soldier.” Chasseur north, and for organization of the operations against Port presumes from the dispositions that it was never intended Arthur. The June sortie of Admiral Witgeft is detailed, but by Sassulitch to do more than make as brave a show as pos- 85 Chasseur remarks, “The story is short and dispiriting, and sible and withdraw with a force numerically inferior in men bold as Admiral Witgeft’s intentions may have been he and artillery. This happened, and “as a feat of arms there made the *fatal half turn ’ which discloses moral inferiority.” was nothing extraordinary about it.” On the Japanese side, In August the dismal ending to the Russian battle squadron “ Kuroki put into force a far more elaborate design than the came, “two-thirds of its strength lying down to die in Port strength and condition of his enemy warranted, and as a Arthur, the other third ignominiously fleeing to the shelter consequence was unable to pursue.” After the Yalu “the of a neutral port and accepting emasculation as the price of plan of the major land operations began to unroll.” protection.” He forgets our modest claims for Dewey and General Kuropatkin on his arrival in Manchuria gave Schlep by characterizing this as the “first fleet action of utterance to sentiments which showed that he was “cogni- modern war ships in the worlds history,” and finds “some- zant of the existing state of criminal inefficiency,” and was thing uncanny in the thought that the blood red battle flag, prepared if necessary to abandon Liaoyang and even Muk- the emblem of a rising eastern sun should have triumphed den to his enemy until he had constructed a field army. over the blue St. Andrews cross.*’ Chasseur still believes that “Kuropatkin has proved himself “Three main objectives stand out in the Japanese cam- a soldier of first rank He was sequirecl to construct his paign. The first and essential, is the command of the sea ; army in the face of a superior, aggressive and victorious the sacond. the occupation of Mukden ; and the third, the iso- foe.” Conceding that he should have withdrawn the gar- lation and incidentally the redaction of Port Arthur.” They rison from Port Arthur, and abandoning Liaotung Peninsula, howto do this before the winter of 1904-05 and the im- have organized his field army in Manchuria, it is remarked pression also remains that once this end had been accom- that “It is given to comparatively few commanders in the 694 BOOK RfiVZE WS. BOOK RE VIEWS. 695 field to hold both the rnllitaty and political reins of a cam- At Liaoyang ‘‘ Oyama and his staff learned the lessons of pip.” No American can look forward to such conditions. His plan had to include the Kwantung Promontory. This modern war, which six months later were to give them the had the advantage of attracting the Japanese to the magnet overwhelming victory at Mukden.” The struggle for Liao- of Port Arthur, while he gained time to make a staff and the yang is well described. Kuropatkin saved his army prac- railroad brought an army. There was more foresight in tically complete, except for 16,000 casualties; Oyama had paid this jeered-at strategy than has found credit, and the reader 30,000 dead for his possession of the Russian positions, and may ‘‘form his own opinion of the opposing strategy which failed to.bring about a result which would have saved his dallied with extremities while the heart was anaemic. and country from a second year of war. ultimately struck at the vitals when those organs were more An exceedingly interesting chapter is devoted to the con- tobust.” The battle of Nanshan, “magnificent example as it ditions which centered round Port Arthur in 1904; to the gallant investment and equally gallant defense. proved of the fighting qualities of the Japanese soldier, The faculty saved the Russian arms from that total annihilation in the for military fortification for which the Russians have had field which would in our opinion have terminated the war credit since Todleben’s day was put to its best use at Port with the subsequent destruction of the Pacific squadron and Arthur. The natural strength of the environment of the fall of Port Arthur.” port was remarkable. And over forty thousand troops held The fetich of the Japanese general is to strike his enemy the defenses. Beside the mere reduction of a hostile , as soon as he finds him, and in the genius of finding him in the last Russian ice-free port in the East, the Japanese army the least favorable condition his limitations become evident. had to capturc or destroy the Pacific squadron as it lay under Oku’s proceedings at Tehlitz. when he turned north with all the shelter of the Port Artbur batteries, and free Togo to but one division, are described as -‘butting in” with his deal with the reinforcement sailing from the Baltic. “The frontal attack. A counter-stroke was arrested by Japanese Siberian Railway had proved ofa military value far in excess cavalry, which, however, was fifteen miles from its assigned of the assessment made for it, both in European and Japa- place, due to “difficult country.” “Oku’s success was pur- nese estimates,” and the need at the front of the four divi- chased at the price of a military exhaustion, which permitted sions in the Kwantung Promontory made it imperative that him to cover bat fifty miles during the ensuing month.” the stronghold be reduced. It was those considerations that In June the Japanese.were converging on Liaoyang by allowed Nogi to sacrifice his infantry by battalions to achieve three main rads from the southern seaboard, while a fourth that result. Apparently the Russian garrison lacked most forae was to drive in the outposts of Port Arthur. An inter- in the matter of leadership, and was not reduced to exhaus- esting account is given of the part played by climate and tion at any period. “We find in the ill-fated Kondrachenko transportation. The contest over Motienling is described, the heart and soul of the splendid defense which the Port and the engagements at Kaiping, Tashichaou, Haicheng, Arthur garrison made against perhaps the most scientific, per- and An-shan-chan. which gave Japan a summer sea base at sistent and vicious siege that in the history of war has ever Yinkow. In July Count Keller was killed, and while be- been pressed against a beleaguered garrison,” but “once he lieving that his death was a great loss to Russia, the author was gonetthe whole fabric seemed to wither, and within a thialrs “it would have been better for Kuropatkin and Rus- very few days the permanent mcirnfr was pierced.” One can sia’s cause if casualty had more thinned out the officers in hardly imaglue the temble scenes of carnage when Nogi, in higb command during the earlier phases of the struggle.” August, made his desperate effort, “trusting to the magnifi- cent elam of his men rather than to the prescribed occidental methods of approach to a first class fortress, hitherto unpre- 696 BOOK RE V’E WS. BOOK RE VIEWS. 697 part# and unassailed.” * * * Every devilish device that took his chances in deep water rather than surrender, played modern science could contribute to the defense was employed a better part. One little vessel, the AImaz, found her way by the subtle Russian sappers. Wire entanglements were to Vladivostok. where she was hailed with wild enthusiasm el&ri6ed for miles, dealing death upon touch to the eager as the advance messenger of a victorious Russian fleet. The pioneers, who sought to clear a way for the desperate infan- residue of the Baltic deet struggled into Manila Bay a week try behind them.” Light steel shields, non conductive gloves, after the battle. Of the whole strength of the Baltic fleet, hand grenades, bamboo mortars, spar torpedoes, and every one and one destroyer remained in Russian waters. ingenius device was used, but Port Arthur, unprepared by Seventeen interesting pages describe the battle on the artillery and unapproached by sap, was not to be carried by Sha.Ho. which in point of numbers engaged, the area over escalade. “The spade, the mattock and the large calibre which the operations took place, and the issues involved, is howitzer are the prime implements in the reduction of a first probably with the exception of the subsequent battle of class fortress, notwithstanding the fact that the besieging Mukden, the most famous of all ‘time.” In actual casualties general commands incomparable infantry.” And by such it cost the Russians 47.000 officers and men. The approxi- means Port Arthm fell, after a fine resistance. which lasted mate loss of the Japanese is figured at 36,000 officers and 155 days. men. They had beaten their enemy a second time, but it Two exceedingly interesting chapters describe the jour- required another six months to oppose him with enough ney of Rojdestvensky’s armada and its arrival and over- men to crush him. Both armies went into winter quarters throw. The Dogger Bank incident and Captain Klado’s ex- on opposite sides of the Sha-Ho, and local armistices were traordinary essays on the Russian navy are discussed at established for camp economies. These peaceful months on length. As will be remembered Klado was dismissed for his the Russian side were occupied in bickering, petty jealousies strictures on the imperial navy. Chasseur believes his was a and open mutiny among the chiefs. Gripenberg tore up deliberate SBCfifice to create a campaign of agitation, rivet Kuropatkin’s messages and flung the pieces in the mes- attention on the last desperate chance of Russia’s navy, and senger’s face, and Kaulbars slapped the face of the chief of stir up the governmdnt. This seems probable. as Captain staff. On the Japanese side “their unity of purpose and Klado has, in October, I@, been restored to the navy. The fixed idea was sufficient to eradicate even the jealousy of the admiral is credited with having conducted his fleet the long sister services.” Mischenko’s cavalry raid around the Japa- I 5,000 miles with skill, systematically exercising the vessels nese left “reads more like the American Civil War than any- in gunnery and steam tactics. and reducing the fouling by a thing we have hitherto had in the history of the campaign,” specially designed contrivance.” The sanguinary encounter but did not fulfill its promise, and all the flying columns in Tsushima Straits, which practically annihilated the armada, were chased back to the Liao-Ho. During the winter each is reckoned by the author as the deciding issue of the great army connected its wings with light railroads, telephones, struggle. “Few people even now appreciate what this final and all scientific means of inter-communication. The Japa- triumph of Oriental over Occidental means to the peoples of nese prepared a second and third line of defense within an the East.” Chasseur’s description of the great battle is most easy distance of their front; the Russian second line was interesting. but, as he says, @*the story is too awful for cold forty miles behind Mukden. blooded speculation.” There are few more pathetic scenes The battle of the Heikautai in January is still an enigma. io history than the surrender next day of Admiral Neboga- Gripenberg’s army made an attempt against the Japanese toft and the residue of his squadron, off Liancourt Rocks. left, and ignorant of the second line, “simply ‘butted in*be- The captain of the Admid OKFAakof, who sunk his ship and tween two held parallels, and had neither the information

3 :. :. .

698 BOOK REVIEWS. BOOK RE VlEWS. 599 nor thd diipction to grapple with a situation, the success or placed at 361,500 and the Japanese at twenty-five per cent. failurelof which depended upon the active cWperation of over that. Kurop4tkin’s center and left, or ‘a magniacent effort of the Chasseur’s description of the Homeric fighting in which Coma& divisions on Gripenberg’s right.” No dperation these tremendous forces engaged is most interesting and in- came, &nd in six days asbroken and defeated rabble was spiring. He believes that Kuropatkin failed, not for lack of hurled’back’ The Russian loss is estimated at 20,000 ; the military intelligence br other attributes of a great general, Japanese at 7,000. The mutinous and sore-headed Gripen- “but because he attempted the impossible in endeavoring to berg dung his resignation at Kuropatkin and started for maintain in his own’ hands the command of the vast army RItesik “Heikautai probably furnishes the most curious concentrated in Manchuria;” and “to this account must be and dieestroas example of disagreement between officers in laid the lack of cdperation and cohesion. which undoubtedly high chumand in the field that is to be found in all history,” was the main cause of Russia’s military collapse.” The and Ktiropatkin *‘accepted defeat for his whole force on the comments on Kuropatkin’s conduct when beaten, and the fortunes of an infinitesimal portion of it.” Meanwhile no closing scenes of the battle are very convincing. The con- euch apathy existed on the Japanese side. Nogi’s Port clusion is reached that Mukden. while a heavy defeat and Arthur army had come up, and another army consisting of crowning disaster to a disastrous campaign, was almost as veterans brought to the colors through the new extensions disastrous in its military paralysis to the victors as to the of service requisition. vanquished, and Jkpanese magnanimity in the surprising Although the Russians settled back quietly into their peace of Portsmouth is traced to the effect of Mukden on her dugouts, Kuropatkin himself --ms to have been preparing military resources. to take the initiative, or at least to meet the Japanese attack. While Chasseur finds in the Japanese the finest type of Among the indications of a coming advance was the affair regimental officer in modern history, he agrees with Douglas of Hain-kai bridge in February, where, 160 miles north of Story that the Russian officer’s “faults and virtues are those Mukden, the railroad was cut by Japanese cavalry, the first of a strong race, of a man whose blood runs warm in his time they had attempted any such enterprise. “This raid, veins.” Of the rank and file, their opposite qualities bring which reminds us of the Southern cavalry enterprises during them to a similar level. “The Japanese is a fine fighting the American Civil War, was a really magnificent piece of man on account of his inherent discipline and patriotism, work.” the Russian on account of his lack of intelligence.” Both The battle of Mukden. perhaps the most comprehensive armies have dependence on their immediate superiors, and military movement of modern days, consisting of a series of he concludes that in the raw material Japan had other ad- Merent battles, each approximating Waterloo in magnitude, vantages besides numbers. Perhaps the most extraordinary is dealt with by outlining the positions of the chief units in military trait of the Japanese is their “peculiar nerve-recu- the opposing armies, and then following the victors in detail perative power under failure.” steadfastly believing that the from right to left. The occupation of Hsin-min-ting by sacrifices they make are providing some benefit in another Nogi on the Rtlssian right confirmed all doubts as to the part of the field. This is the true martial spirit.” e6ciency of Mischenko’s cavalry Coasacks, “for if in the The book is well printed, but has some errors indicating wh& theater of operations there ever was a terrain that was qrelessness in proofreading. page 125,“June” is given 4 On suited to the movements of an independent cavalry division, for July; page 141,“northwest” is used for southeast; on it was in this particular section.” The Russian force is page 166, “east” should be west ; on page 3 16. Kuropatkin’s “left” is given for his right in the sixteenth line. . The 600 BOOK RE VIEWS. BOOK RE VZE WS. 601 map are good enough for their purpose. The book has 332 Special Orders for Sentinels in Charge of Prisoners. Generally the book is so satisfactory that if restricted Orderly for the Commanding O5cer. to tddollars and one book on this war, this is the one we Musicians of the Guard. should buy. It is published by William Blackwood & Sons, Edinburg md London. It was on sale in Manila in May We quote from the preface as follows: last, but the supply was soon exhausted, and we have not *‘The private of the National Guard, or of the Volun- been able to find it on sale in the United States in New York teers, often meeting with doubts and difficulties in referring OT Washington. Its putchase by officers is recommended. to unabridged manuals for details, a handbook for his indi- HARBORD. vidual guidance is of considerable assistance, if not a neces- sity, to company commanders in the *routine instruction, or quick training, of their commands in fundamental duties. Private’s Handbook Captain Rowell’s book has left little to be “An effort has been made to place before the soldier, in of Military desired.. Now that guard duty is largely a convenient, compact and economical form, essential fea- mdw and being done by companies, there should tures which he must learn, not only in order to perform well eed be a large call for this handy book, for his present duties, but that, should he later rise to the posi- companies will emulously strive for the tion of a noncommissioned officer or officer, his comprehen- distinction of the best informed organization in the post. sion of his new duties as a subordinate and as an instructor Several of these books distributed throughout the company will rest on a solid fQundation. With this object in view, will assist the company officers more than anything else. certain paragraphs of authorized manuals and regulations of The simple language, the neat and attractive appearance, and the United States army are presented, with supplementary the clearness of the cbts, all go to make a valuable compila- paragraphs (printed in small type) where thought necessary tion. to aid the inexperienced. The contents of the book are as follows: “On my own re%ponsibility, the changes in the manual of Military Courtesy: arms, saluting, etc.. due to the recent modifications (and their Saluting. adaption to the Krag-Jorgensen and Sprinfigeld arms) have Salute with the Hand. been emeched in the paragraphs from the authorized man- Rifle Salute. uals.” General Rules for Saluting. This-is a book that a private will like to read. The or- Honors. ders are so neatly arranged that it will be a pleasure for the Manual of Guard duty: private to learn them, which is saying a great deal. Trouble- In General. some little points of detail are settled, and we will find men Privates of the Guard. doing guard duty in one certain way, and not according to Orders for All Sentinels on Post. the individual ideas of company commanders. It would not Orders for All Sentinels except No. I. be a bad idea to have a school of short duration in this Orders for Sentinel No. I. manual for privates. Night Orders. The only regrettable feature about the work is that this Compliments from All Sentinels. second edition was not made somewhat smaller, (though it *By fhpbin Ydvin W. R&L Eleventh Cavalry. From the presa of can now be carried in the blouse packet), and bound in leath- tbe Hodean Pabhhhg Campony, Kansas City. Yo. erette of durable quality, as the English manuals are. We r- BOOK RE VIEWS. 603 608 BOOK RE VIE WS. I In his prospectus, which he sends out to those from whom ,) have been harping 80 long on this method of getting out our he solicits information, he says : small military works that we are beginning to be disappointed "After three hundred years of conflict the threatenings !. that some of our publishers have not yet seen fit to consider and realities of border warfare have ceased to surprise and the matter. Our drill regulations might serve them as a alarm the country; the white invaders and foemen have guide, and we dare say profitably. conquered resistance and planted peace by the iron power of I 'integrity, rapacity, perfidy and numbers; the Indian race in its native vigor and glory is crushed out ; the last chapter of j its untamed history has been made and may now be written; Tb Flaal Mr. E. S. Ricker, of Chadron, Nebraska, and whatever there may yet be new in aboriginal story will Codlet.* who has headquarters at Grand Junction, be but the mournful record of how the embers of a fiery Colorado, has been engaged for some time race died out upon the hearthstones given them by the in the collection and preparation of materials for an Indian Great Spirit they worship, in the ultimate absorption that is history of the United States from about the period of the to be. Mexican War to the present time. The title will be ':The '*Toaid in a better understanding of the 'Final Ccnflict,' Final Conflict Retden the Red Men and the Palefaces." I shall advert to the period when the Missouri River was The purview embraces an amount of discursive history not the great artery of traffic and communication, and introduce suggested by the title. Judge Ricker's original idea was to the reader to the work of the good missionaries whose names write a monograph on the tragedy of Wounded Knee, bcing must resound forevermore in praise and reverence, and take inspired by his acquaintance with the field, the facts and him upon a lively excursion among the absorbing events of many of the participants. and a residenceof more than twenty- primeval life in this deep wilderness of the unknown West- one years in the neighborhood. His contemplations at events so thrilling that they seem to verge more on fancy length extended his perspective, when he decided that his than to be plain recitals of actuality. plan ought to take in the operations on the Little Big Horn '' Exploits of trappers, adventures of fur traders, and hard. in 1876. when General Custer ahd his brave band perished ships of explorers, in this wonderful region coursed by this under such painful and heroic circumstances. These events, mighty waterway. will receive such treatment as the limits he determined, ham a certain balancing character in history; of the work will permit. The routes of overland travel and and the next logical step was to go back just prior to the express are historic highways strewn with the bones of time when the rush to the Pacific Ocean began, in which daring men following the course of empire to the golden movement originated immediately the crowning griefs of shore ; these furnish themes for fascinating narrative which the aborigines. cannot be passed without ample notice. Travel, transportation, settlement and hunting brought '' Bold and hardy characters for generations threaded these the red and the white man into deadly and almost perpetual plains and crossed the mountain ranges, and by tireless and conflict. It is his aim to tell in detail the story of the pic- dangerous service, and by examples of personal courage and turesque and desperate struggle, the collapse of the Indians, rugged endurance, have made a story as charming as ardent and the unique mdertaking of the government to assimilate imagination can picture. My aim will be to furnish authen- them LLS part of the blood and bone of our civilized population. tic details concerning many of these daring spirits. Habits, C0-m w RxD Mm dllo w PAL~RA~S."By customs, rites, imagery and oratory of the Indians, to- E. S. EucLa.~-anmtyjdgeadlataeditor ofthe chdrrrn Tinrs. gether with an account of the present reservation system 601 BOOK RE VIEWS. and the change which is taking place in forcing on them the forms of civilized existence, will be an extensive feature of the perfarmanoe.” Mr. Rider will be veq grateful to army officers that will communicate with him (Chadron. Nebraska) with a view to furnishing any information they care to regarding events of the time covefed in the above work We should help such work as this upon which Judge Ricker is engaged.

Letters on The Franklin Hudson Publishing Com- Applied pany, of Kansas City, Missouri, has just Tactics. ’ issued one of the most important books ’for the’use of army officers that has been printed. It is a new translation by Major Chas. H. Barth, Twelfth Infantry, of the Baron Von Griepenkerl’s ‘‘ Letters on Applied Tactics,” in which Major Barth has introduced the Unit& States organization, together with the English scale of miles and yards. This book contains a large number of problems on field maneuvers, together with discussion of same, and will henceforth be used by student officers in the Fort Leavenworth Service Schools in place of the English translation used heretofore. The new book costs $2.00, and may be obtained from the Secretary of the United States Army Staff College, Fort Leav- enworth, Kansas. Or' TIf 6

BRIGADIER GENERAL WINFIELD R. EDGERIdY. UNITED STATES Amy. ... .

8. :

JOURNAL

OF TEE United States Cavalry Association.

VOL. XVII. APRIL, 1907. No. 64.

MORE ABOUT MACHINE GVNS.

BY L~XUT.COL. MONTGOMERY Sf. MACOMB. ARTILLERYCORPS.

HE heading of the article on machine guns published . T over my name in the January number of the JOURNAL was somewhat confusing, as it leads the reader to imagine that the gun described was used throughout the whole cam- paign in Manchuria, whereas it was not introduced until the summer of rgos. That article was an extract from a report on machine guns in the Russian army during the campaign in Manchuria, rgoq-~gos,prepared by me by direction of the Chief of Staff. The extract was furnished for the use of the JOURNAL OF THE U. S. CAVALRYASSOCIATION by the courtesy of the Military Information Division of the General Staff, at the suggestion of the writer. The suggestion was made because it was thought important to point out to our cavalry officek an entirely dif- ferent form of automatic gun from one with which they are now experimenting, which is of the same type as the gun used by the Russian infantry in their various combats with the Japanese. That portion of the report referring espe- cially to this latter arm appears in the journalof the U. S. Infantry Association for January. Possibly the reports whd are to be rendered in March to the War Department may show that the Maxim automatic is not just what is wanted for the cavalry, that it is too cumbersome and too slow in coming into action, or repacking and getting out of the way. Perhaps this Danish “one man” gun may suit better, due 606 MORE ABOUT MACHINE GUNS. MORE ABOUT MACHINE GUNS. 607 to its weight being only about sixteen and one-half pounds, policy concerning them is self-evident. They can be so much and the fact that a single soldier can carry it on his mount, more economically administered, supplied, and so much more serve it himself, with the assistance of another man to supply quickly made efficient in this way. Later, when they have ammunition, and easily and quickly change position, either shown their value and our officers begin to learn how to use ,ad&ncing or retreating, without exposing himself. them, it will be time enough to have an independent unit It is also possible that it would be easier to organize the with each regiment, so organized. however. that an efficient machine gun platoon in our cavalry squadrons with a weapon element of that unit may be assigned to any squadron which . of that type. Just now these platoons seem to be beggars is detached or working independently. In this case this ele- and orphans, meeting with many rebuffs and not at all pop- ment or subdivision would be assigned to one of the troops ular, having no special home of their own, and living like a for mess, etc. pauper family, broken up and divided for support among its It should be remembered that if we are going to have in- kinsmen. dependent machine gun units, we must make proper provi- With the Danish gun it would be possible to get up a sion for them at all regimental posts, which means additional fighting battery of four guns, as follows: barracks and suitable stable accommodations. All this can- I Lieutenant in chq...... ,.I horse not come to pass for some years. In the meantime the cav- a Non-aommissioned oscers...... z horses alry should make every effort to ascertain for itself the auto- 4 Gunners (each with 400 rounds)...... 4 horses matic weapon best suited to it. The Maxim as now issued is 4 Ammunition ...... horse drivers (with one pack-horse each, carrying 2,joo an excellent weapon, but there is some doubt as to its being rounds)...... 8 horses I Armorer.. .I horse mobile enough for quick work. For this reason the atten- Total. me 05cer. eleven men and sixteen horses; 2,800 rounds per gun. tion of our cavalry is invited to the Danish . Inaddition to the above there should be an ammunition Not only have the Danes and Russians adopted this train with eight mounted men and eight pack animals carry- weapon for their cavalry, but no less an authority than Gea- ing 2,400 rounds each, and a four-horse wagon for baggage, era1 Ntigrier, in his “Lessons of the Russo-Japanese War,” and 9,600 rounds of reserve ammunition, requiring in all ten says : “Every squadron ought to be provided with two ma- . men and twenty animals. This would make the ammuni- chine guns of the Danish cavalry pattern.” For our squad- tion supply 10,000 rounds per gun, for war, distributed as rons about four of these guns would be sufficient. follows: As to weights carried with such an optfit, the following figures are approximately correct : With the guns...... 2.800 per gun. ti,- per detachment In the pnck train...... %8oo per gun. 19.200 per detachment Ammunition animal. with 2.400 rounds in six pairs of cases, on In the troop wagon...... - ~,400per gun, -per detachment special saddles. total load ...... 259-6 lb. Total...... 10.m0 40.000 Gunner’s mount. in addition to weight of rider, including gun. sad- dle, joo rounds and kit...... 100.6 lk In time of peace it would not be necessary to organize the ammunition train, and the fighting battery would not From this it is evident that the gross loads do not exceed be too cumbersome to be assigned to a troop for administra- those expected of a cavalry horse. The gun itself weighs tion and instruction. In tactical exercises it could be assigned about 16.5 pounds. Rate of aimed fire, 200 rounds per min- to advance or rear guard work, or held at the disposition of ute; maximum rate, I j rounds per second.” the squadron commander. as the case.required. *Lieutenant Briand IS authority for this statement. Fifteen rounds per The advantages of having these machine gun detach- second seems pretty big. and it could not be continued without getting the ments part of a troop until we develop a definite and final barrel white hot. - 1,

608 MORE ABOUT MACHINE GUNS. In my article in the Janmry number I gave an outline of what the Rrrssians were doing with this arm in Manchuria, and noted that they lightened the loads somewhat by not re- quiring the gunner to carry any ammunition, and by placing only four pairs of cases (total I ,600 rounds) upon the ammu- THE DANISH RIFLE MITRAILLEUSE. nition animal, instead of six pairs (2,400 rounds) as above. What is being done in Denmark with this so-called .'re- BY FIRSTLIXWIZNANT CHRISTIAN BRIAND. FWTEZNTHCAVALRY. coil gun" is very thoroughly set forth in a report by Lieuten- ant Christian Briand, Fifteenth Cavalry, who had an oppor- [Extract from a Report on Military Observations in Denmark.] tunity of seeing it in use with the Danish dragoons and hus- sars in kptember, 1905. HILST the machine guns in general use. as for ex- It L worthy of remark in this connection that the Danish ample, Hotchkiss, Maxims, etc., are all so heavy and rifle mitrailleuse was tested by the Board on Automatic Ma- are mounted in such a way that in order to bring them into chine Guns in 1903, and they rejected it mainly because the the field it is as a rule necessary to use horses for trans- feed mechanism in the mdef exhibited failed to function port, the above mitrailleuse, the Danish rekul gevar,* can The great portability, ease of handling and suita- be carried by a man in exactly the same way as a rifle, and bility"""rr f r cavalry were not taken into consideration, and could has consequently made it possible to use the mitrailleuse not we be, for the board was endeavoring to select, without much more extensively than formerly. Such a mitrailleuse delay, he most perfect machine gun for our service. can be utilized where otherwise it would have been impossible For gcneruf wt the Maxim, which they chose, is certainly on account of the difficulty of transportation, or because the excelle t, the best in the market probably; but since the heavy machine guns could not be brought into the line of board xperimented the Danish gun has been perfected. and action when the engagement takes place at a short distance. the troublei with the feed is said to be overcome in the model The rifle mitrailleuse has after trials and tests been of xgo#, and Lieutenant Briand assures me that he saw adopted both in the Danish army and navy, and has worked considerable firing done with it without a mishap, and that to great satisfaction. It is made for any cartridge. Weight he fired it himself with no jams.*' of gun, 7% kg.;t rate of fire, fifteen rounds a second. The The detailed drawing and specifications of this gun are loading is effected with the help of loose magazines, which given in the report of the Chief of Ordnance for 1904. but hold a changing quantity of cartridges, according to size of Lieuteeant Briand gives in addition an excellent description calibre. The magazine will hold twenty-five of the 8 mm. of the bse of the gun in the Danish cavalry, illustrating his cartridges. report kith very clear photographs. It would be interesting The advantages which the rifle mitrailleuse has above all if the CAVALRYJOURNAL would publish an extract from this other models of such weapons are its light weight and con- paper at onoe, as the question of automatic guns is now venient form, which make it especially adapted for cavalry being kqgitated throughout the service, and anything which and infantry. sheds light upon this subject is of especial value to us at this Better results can he obtained with this machine gun time.* ' than with any other on a moving mark, on the grounds that this one may be served in the same manner as a rifle, by 0- fdbaring article. ~~ *Recoil gun. t One kg. =2.2 lbs.

I THE DANISH RIFLE MlTRAlLLEUSE. 611 which it becomes much easier to follow the movements of a body of troops. The rifle mitrailleuse can follow the cavalry anywhere, which is impossible with other machine guns. It is very easy and quick to bring into action, and may be brought for- ward anywhere like an ordinary rifle. It is impossible for the enemy to observe if the cavalry or infantry is furnished with these arms or not before shooting begins. It is very easy with these guns to cover a moving target and also to follow the enemy with the fire when he is advancing or re- treating, and it is also easy suddenly to change the fire to another point in case the enemy appears in quite another direction.

BY CAVALRY. Whilst the rifle mitrailleuse is carried in a case on the left side of the saddle (see photo), on the right side of the saddle the man carries his baggage in a leather pocket. In front of the saddle the man has a pair of ammunition cases (see photo) containing 400 cartridges. The weight of the arms, ammunition, saddle and all other baggage carried on the horse is only 45% kg.. (100.6 lbs.) or the same weight as for an ordinary horseman. For every three weapons an ammunition horse carries on a separate saddle (see photo) six pair of ammunition cases containing 2,400 cartridges ; total weight of ammunition, saddle, etc., I 18 kg. (259.6 lbs.) As the horses carrying the rifle mitrailleuse have only the same weight to carry as the other horses in the eskadron, they can always keep with the troop, and when it gets into an engagement with firing arms the captain as a rule only lets the three men with the mitrailleuse dismount to shoot at the enemy ; the balance of the troop remains on horseback. A man armed with the rifle mitrailleuse can shoot 200 sighted shots in a minute ; in other words, he can produce the same fire as twenty men armed with the ordinary magazine rifle, while he affords the enemy only one-twentieth of the target that the twenty men do. THE DANISH RIFLE MITRAILLEUSE. 613 The three men armed with the rifle mitrailleuse can easily find a good position and are much more difficult for the enemy to discover and hit ; at the same thethe troop is on horseback ready to attack if the enemy is thrown into disorder by the firing of the rifle mitrailleuse, and in case the attack does not succeed the rifle mitrailleuse can protect the retreat of the troop. In the case where troops are without rifle mitrailleuse, a certain number of men of the troop must dismount, and an- other number of men be employed to hold horses. If an opportune moment for an attack now occurs, it cannot be utilized, as it would take too much time for the shooting party to come back and mount their horses, and besides, this movement is always connected with a certain amount of dis- order, so that an attack at that moment by the enemy's cav- alry would result in a disaster. Small patrols furnished with one or two of these weapons can hold a heavy strategic point, for instance a bridge, defile or the like, for a short period against a much stronger force. To put it short, arm- ing cavalry with a rifle mitrailleuse is equivalent to giving them a certain force of infantry for their support and guard. In the Danish cavalry each eskadron (troop) has three rifle mitrailleuse, and carries I ,200cartridges for each weap- on. The weights are as follows: Saddle and equipments (see photo) 14 kg.; rifle mitrailleuse, 7% kg.; ammunition cases and 400 cartridges, 16% kg.; cloak, 3% kg.; other equipments, 2% kg.; pistol and ammunition, 2 kg.; total, 45% kg.

BY INFANTRY. An addition of these to a regiment or bri- gade will in the greatest degree augment the infantry's at- tacking strength. The artillery and heavy mitrailleuse can support the infantry during the attack until it has reached within 500 meters of the enemy's lines ; but from that point on the attacking infantry will be left to themselves because the artillery will not be able to shell the enemy's position over the heads of the attacking infantry for fear of shooting THE DANISH RIFLE MITRAILLEUSE. 615 them, and the heavy machine guns will not be able to follow the firing line during the last part of the attack because the horses would probably be shot during the movement from one position to another. The infantry will then, under attack of one of the enemy's occupied positions and in one of the most dangerous and dif- ficult moments of the attack, be completely left to look out for themselves, and if the enemy's infantry is not shaken by the artillery fire in conjunction with the effect of the shooting from a distance with the heavy mitrailleuse, the attack will be a complete failure. To succecd, the attack- ing infantry must be able to bring forward a firing strength which is greater than the enemy's. This will be difficult without help, as the enemy, when the artillery firing ceases, will be able to .draw its reserves forward and with this fill in the gaps caused during the first part of the fight. With the infantry armed with the rifle mitrailleuse it will be almost impossible for the enemy to bring up its reserves. One case for example : For each brigade establish a mitrail- leuse company consisting of IOO mitrailleuse. The rifle mi- trailleuse can be carried by one man, who, in an ammunition case, can carry z5ol)artridges. For every mitrailleuse there should be two additional cartridge bearers who, in an ammu- nition case, can carry, each, 500 cartridgds. The mitrailleuse company should in all consist of 300 men, and these will have a supply of about 1,250 cartridges for each mitrailleuse. Such a mitrailleuse company should not take part in the engagement at a long distance, as in this way they would use up all the ammunition and the enemy would have their attention drawn to them and could make their arrangements accordingly. Only when the attack has reached so far forward that the artillery support must cease, that is when the attacking line has come within 400 or 500 meters of the enemy, is the time for the mitrailleuse com- pany to attack. Send out this company toward that point where the enemy's line shall be broken through, then it will be possible to direct at that point such an overwhelming fire that it will be impossible to withstand samk. The shorter the distance with the mitrailleuse the more overwhelming

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DANInlI HUBNAHAUTOMATIC OUN hTAOUVENT 1)RILLINU WITH THI "HEKUL OEWAB."

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618 THE DANISH RIFLE MITRA ZLtE USE. THE DANZSH RIFLE MZTRAZLLE('SE. 619 and more accurate the fire, and consequently the quicker the SHOOTING TRIALS WlTH THE RIFLE MITR.%ILLEYSE. WHICH ending. Should any of the gunners who attend to these TOOK PLACE DCRING THE SUMMER OF 190j BT ROYAL guns be shot, their places can be taken immediately by DASISH HPSSARS. gny of the cartridge bearers. On account of the much supe- Per Time set >lanner of Cent Seconds I Shooting rior firing the loss to the mitrailleuse company will be very - .~.- __~___ small. It would perhaps seem possible that the defenders 100 IO i Single shot. 9z,% z j Single shot. could put their.mitrail1euse company into action at the 10 30 6 Sinxle shot. 10 So 6 I Single shot. same time that the attacking party begins with theirs, and 5 300 , 2 yds. x 5 yds. 200 3j 62 I Automatic. thereby prevent it from obtaining the firing superiority 6 300 2 vds. x j vds. 20 30 2 .Automa?ic. 7 300 2 >ds.x j ids. 20 60 2 Automatic. which will be necessary before the attack can be successful. 8 300 2 vds. x 5 yds. 140 36 ;a Automatic. 9 400 2 Gds. x 5 rds ?O 100 2 Automatic. It must here be remarked that the attacking party does IO 400 2 j-ds. s j kds. 20 Ill0 2 Automatic. not show where it will let its mitrailleuse company begin 11 400 2 vds. s -_j i-ds. 40 SO h Xutomntic. IZ 400 2 yds. s 5 ydr. 140 5! 42 Automatic. the attack before they are in position on the firing line and 13 200 Headsof 3 men. I hS 9: 25 Automatic. have opened fire (it must be remembered that a mitrailleuse 14 zoo Headsof 3 men. 1?0 92 .4utomatic. 15 300 1 Headsof 3 men. AB, 100 6 r\utomatic. at a distance exactly resembles a rifle, so that the enemy will 16 300 , Headsof 3 men. 00 ILO 2 .Automatic. be unable to distinguish the difference between the mitrail- 1: so0 , z yds. s j yds. i 400 75 Sj I Automatic.____- leuse company and ordinary infantry). If this is once accom- .plished it will be impossible to bring forward reserves to the defender's firing line, as the firing from the attacking party's mitrailleuse will be so terrible that the support will be un- able to reach the firing line. The rifle mitrailleuse could be used with advantage in many other ways, such .as when a rear guard must hold its position as long as possiblc, or when a small reconnoitering party must defend a defile or pass, and in many other instances of a similar kind. The mitrailleuse can be also used by artillery with good advsn- tage.

A WEAPONS AND MUNITIONS OF WAR. 621 The manufacture of such an arm seems feasible and its use advantageous, but so far little attention seems to have been given it by others than inventors.

WEAPONS AND MUNITIONS OF WAR. MACHINE CUSS. PART I.-INPANTI~Y WEAP~NS. The rifle caliber machine gun is a more or less intricate mechanism to produce infantry fire. It is carried upon wheels or upon a pack animal, and requires an appreciable BY CAPTUNCHARLES CRAWFORD, TWENTIETH INPANTXY. length of time to come into action. [The following is an extract from the course in the above subject at the Firing from a wheel mount or from a tripod it can de- Infantry and Cavalry School.] liver 600 shots per minute, so that it is equal in fire effect to about sixty men. Its advantages are : AUTOMATIC RIFLES. I. By it a rapidly concentrated fire effect can be secured XPERIMENTS have been going on since xgoo to perfect and controlled. E an automatic rifle made on the principle of the Mauser 2. It is easily concealed, especially when mounted on a pistol. One that will fire ten shots without reloading and tripod and used close to the ground. will require a separate pull upon the trigger by the finger 3. It can be used as a range finder; the strike of the to fire each shot. is sought. rapidly-delivered fire being visible when the strike of ordi- Each shot fired from a small arm must be aimed, because nary fire of infantry could not be seen. the recoil and the flash will always throw the sights off the Its disadvantages are : target. Aside from rapid loading and consequent rapid I. The length of time required to come into action. firing,the automatic rifle has the important advantage of re- 2. The noise it makes, which reveals its locality. ducing the fatigue of firing. Firing a number of rounds 3. The fact that it can be used at a halt only. from a prone position is exhausting work when using the 4. Inability to keep up a long sustained fire. clip or magazine ; for after each shot the body must be partly Whether machine guns should be distributed among the rolled over on the left side, the weight of the rifle shifted to smaller units of a command, one to each battalion for in- the left hand, the right arm raised to force the bolt back- stance, or whether they should be concentrated into sections ward, then forward, and the-original position again resumed. or batteries and used together like guns of a battery of ar- One is under a strain in the prone position anyway, and so tillery, has not been decided. The prevailing military opin- fatiguing is all this that the men in a firing line, advancing ion in Europe favors conccntrating them into sections of to a position from whence they can assault, wil1 be almost . about six guns each and attaching these to battalions or reg- - exhausted physically. for they each will have fired from 100 iments. Operating more than six guns together is not to cartridges.. 150 favored, because grouping the guns draws artillery fire. The objection to such a rifle will probably be : (I) the Our plan is to distribute them among regiments organized so complexity and weight its mechanism; (2) the necessity of that they may be grouped by order of brigade or higher its will entail increased fire discipline. use of commanders. Then, too, the more complicated the arm and the more Machine guns are better adapted to defensive than to can minute, the greater will the ammunition it fire per be offensive action, because their fire cannot be delivered while need for having a highly trained soldier to use it.

I 622 WEAPONS AZVD MUNITfONS OF WAR. advancing as infantry fire, nor can they compete with can THE REXAK RIFLE. artillery in length of range. It is believed that about two machine guns per thousand infantry should be provided, Inventors are now working on a device having a combina- although no rule fixing the proportion can be prescribed, be- tion of the principles of a rifle and a machine gun ; the Rexar cause we have not had sufficient war experience to determine rifle is a type. It weighs seventeen and one.half pounds, the exact place of the machine gun in tactics. and can fire 300 rounds a minute. It is like the rifle in that it is fired from the shoulder, but its weight is such that the person firing it must take a prone position. THE MAXIM AUTOYATIC MACHISE GUS, ChLlBRE .3O, For infant& its advantages over tripod types of machine MODEL 1904." gucs appear to be neither many nor important, although its The United States has officially adopted the Maxim auto- portability may make it of great service to cavalry. Any matic machine gun for service. It is adapted for mounting machine gun carried on a pack horse, yet not impeding the upon either a tripod or a two-wheeled carriage. The former movement of the cavalry it supports, should be a great fac- mount is issued for use by troops in the field, and the latter tor in the operations of this arm ; for a small number of men for use in and around sea coast fortifications. In both with machine gun fire can defend a line or a position which mounts the parts connecting with the gun are alike. so that otherwise would immobilize a large number of troopers. guns are interchangeable with mounts of both types. The The cavalrymen thus set free increase the force which can ammunition used is the same as that for the C. S. magazine utilize the mobility of the arm or engage in mounted action. rifle, caliber .30, model 1903. In this gun the force of recoil is utilized to open the breech, to extract the empty case. and to insert and fire the next cartridge. The cartridges are held in a canvas belt, which is drawn transversely through the casing of the gun by the action of the feed mechanism. When the gun is fired. the barrel and lock move to the rear a short distance. At the end of this recoil the lock is drawn back from the cham- ber, thus opening the breech, and at the same time drawing a loaded cartridge from the belt and extracting an empty case from the chamber. The barrel is chambered and rifled the same as thee c'. S magazine rifle, model of 1903. The water jacket consists of a piece of drawn steel tubing, holding twelve pints of water. With rapid fire, 7jO shots may be fired before replenishing the water. Thereafter it is necessary to add six pints of water for each 500 shots.

*A full description of this weapon is to be found in the '(Handbook of the Maxim Automatic Machine Gun;' in the Staff College library. i

DURBAR WEEK AT AGRA. 625 The task of the Indian government in looking after the vast number of visitors. was an enormous one, and the greatest credit is due the hard worked officials in charge for the efficient manner in which it was carried out. DURBAR WEEK AT AGRA. In addition to the Amir with his retinue, there were Some fifteen native princes and chiefs with their large bands of retainers, for each of whom a special camp was provided. BY CAPTAINS. A. PURVIANCE, SECONDCAVALRY. Then the yiceroy and numerous civil and military officials with their staffs made another long list of camps to be pre- HE traveler arriving in the City of Agra in the early pared. T part of the month of January could not fail to notice Every available space in the southern portion of the city that great preparations were being made for some coming was covered with camps, complete in every particular, and event in the ancient Mogul capital on the banks of the fitted up in a manner known only in India, the land of Jumna. camps, some of the larger tents being marvels of beauty and As the train came into the Agra Fort station, he would luxury, and furnished with every convenience from parlor to see that the station was decorated with flags and bunting, kitchen. and the streets were lined with poles decorated with stream- As the average up country hotel in India is bad beyond ers and garlands, and arches with similar decorations were description, even to one who has lived in a Manila hotel, the erected at the intersections of the principal streets. government established and maintained what was known as The streets too were crowded with all sorts of men and the visitors’ camp, where the casual visitor could obtain board animals. Fierce looking Afghans mounted on sturdy little and lodging for the week. ponies, Hindus riding stately camels or driving little pack All the tents in this camp, however, were booked some donkeys in droves, bullock carts loaded with camp equip- weeks in advance, so the writer was obliged to go to one of ment with Tommie Atkins perched on top, native vehicles the local hotels, and had it not been for the hospitality of the of all sorts drawn by horses or bullocks, English cavalrymen different officers with whom he dined during the week, his on Australian horses, Sikhs, Jats, Gurkhas and native soldiery name would doubtless be added to the long list of victims of of all sorts, mounted and on foot, made a scene that for an Indian famine. variety and color is not often met with even in India. South of the different guest and visitors’ camps were the The occasion of all this gathering was the approaching camps of the infantry divisions, while the cavalry and artil- durbar in honor of the Amir of Afghanistan, who for the first lery were in camp several miles west of the town, but with time in his life had left the borders of his own country, and easy access by several good roads and a branch railroad was making a tour of India ; and as the durbar was to be the which ran hourly trains between the town and camp. principal event of the.Amir’s visit. no efforts were spared by The Amir arrived in Agra on the 8th day of January, the Indian government to make it a success. and was met at the station by the Lieutenant-Governor, Sir The historical City of Agra, in the central part of India, J. P. Hewitt, and other civil and military officials, and the with two railroad stations. was an ideal place of concen- escort, composed of a battery of horse artillery, two regi- tration for the troops and visitors, and both the town itself ments of lancers and several infantry regiments. The Amir and the surrounding country were well adapted for the was escorted to his camp, where he was greeted with a salute ‘ numerous camps erected to shelter the thousands who came of thirty-one guns, and the week’s festivities had begun. from all parts of India to witness the durbar.

.. , ?.. . 686 DURBAR WEEK AT AGRA. DURBAR WEEK AT AGRA. 627 The remainder of the Week was occupied by ceremonies After the General and his staff, came D and 0 Batteries of and entertainments of all kinds ; official calls were exchanged the Royal Horse Artillery, marching battery front and pre- between the English officials and the Amir'and native princes, senting a splendid appearance, as both men and horses were dinners were given, the Viceroy entertained with a garden fine specimens physically. party and the Lieutenant.Governor with a gymkhana. the Sext came the cavalry division under command of Major- feature of the latter being a well executed musical ride by General J. E. Nixon, preceded by the regimental bands forty troopers of the Fifteenth Hussars. combined in one huge band, which turned to the left after The week's ceremonies closed with the Chapter of Indian passing the salpting point and played while the cavalry and Orders, held in the old hall of public justice in the fort, artillery passed, changing the air to the regimental tune of where the ceremony of the Investiture of the Orders was each regiment as that regiment neared the saluting point. carried out. The cavalry marched past in column of squadrons. each During the week, a polo tournament was played on the squadron in double rank with a front of about forty lances in Agra Club grounds. teams from the different regiments com- the British squadrons and about fifty or sixty in the native. peting for a silver cup donated by the Viceroy. The Seventeenth (Duke of Cambridge's own) Lancers, The majority of the games were well played and closely popularly known as the "Death or Glory Boys," headed the contested, the cup going to the Fifteenth Hussars, who beat division in blue uniforms faced with white, followed by the the Central India Horse in the final game by a score of five Fifth Cavalry in scarlet and the Thirty-first Lancers in blue goals and five subsidiaries, to three goals. with scarlet facings. The big event of the week, the review of the troops, took Then came the First Royal Dragoons in a showy uniform place January 12th on the plain west of the town, and bright of scarlet and blue, followed by the Sixth Cavalry in blue, and early that morning the roads and fields were covered with and the famous Sinth (Hodson's) Horse in blue with white vehicles and people moving toward the reviewing field, facings. where tiers of seats had been erected on each side of the Next the Fifteenth (the King's) Hussars rode past in blue saluting point. and scarlet and splendidly mounted on superb little Arabs, The morning air was crisp and cool, and the rain of a few followed by three native regiments, the Eighteenth Tiw-ana days before had laid the dust so that conditions of ground Lancers, the First Lancers (Skinner's Horse) in a striking and weather were both favorable. uniform of yellow and black, w-ith the Fourteenth (Murray's) The troops were on the ground early, marching to take Jat Lancers bringing up the rear of the division. their positions in the long line which stretched across the Then the artillery, commanded by Lieutenant General plain as far as the eye could see, the horse artillery on the R. S. Barker, rumbled by in column of batteries, all the extreme right, next the ten cavalry regiments, then the field artillerymen uniformed alike in blue with red facings, first and heavy artillery, with the infantry on the left in long two brigades (three batteries each) of the ordinary field gun, lines of green and scarlet. followed by a brigade composed of three batteries of how- At the saluting point were the Viceroy, the Amir and itzers. Lord Kitchener, the commander-in-chlef, with their escorts, Sext two batteries of mountain artillery swung by, both and promptly at 10:30 the headquarters trumpeter sounded men and mules in fine condition, followed by the heavy bat- the attention, and the 30,000 British and native troops, under tery brigade, the huge guns of the first two batteries being command of General Sir Alfred Gaselee, started to march drawn by eight horse6 each, while the third presented a past.

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698 DURBAR WEEK AT AGRA. DURBAR WEEK AT AGRA. 629 strange appearance, each anbeing drawn by sixteen bul- The following brigade consisted of the Eighth Brahmas, locks, with a native driver sitting on the yoke of each pair. the Seventeenth Infantry (known as the Royal Regiment) Four companies of sappers and miners then marched past, the Thirty-fifth Sikhs and the Fourth Rajputs. looking very businesslike with their pack mules loaded with The Twelfth Pioneers, who passed next, were the last tools of all description. troops in the long column, which had taken an hour and a The cavalry band now ceased playing and moved off as half to pass the saluting point. the Seventh Infantry Division under Major General G. The march past at a walk was 8 splendid sight, but a still Henry marched up. better one was to come, for after the infantry cleared the Each brigade was preceded by the combined bands, who way, the two batteries of horse artillery and eight of the cav- played their brigade past at an unusually quick step, the alry regiments countermarched, passing the stand at a full shrill pipes of the Scots being very much in evidence, as gallop, the cavalry in line of regiments, in some cases the Scottish airs seemed to be the favorite marching tunes. lines extending half way across the field. The infantry passed in double company formation at half The sight was a magnificent one, and the well kept lines column distance, the leading brigade composed of the First spoke well for the horsemanship of both British and native Scottish Rifles, the Second King’s Royal Rifle Corps, the cavalrymen. First Royal Irish Rifles and the Second Rifle Brigade, all The infantry divisions also countermarched in their new clad in riflemen’s green. divisional formation, each division complete in a dense mass The next two btigades were cornposed entirely of Gurk- forination with the divisional cavalry (one regiment) on the has, who impressed one as being the best of all the different right flank and the artillery and pioneers in rear of the native troops, and in appearance resemble our battalions of massed brigades. Philippine scouts. After the divisions had passed, the cavalry and horse ar- Clad in dark green uniforms, with their small and tillery, that had taken their original positions in line facing sturdy figures and somewhat Japanese faces, as they swung the stands, advanced first at a trot and then at a gallop in by in long even lines, they looked like the soldiers they are one long line across the plain until they reached the center said to be. of the field, where they halted and gave the Royal salute. The Forty-eighth Pioneers, under Lieutenant Colonel The Xmir and the Viceroy then rode out and congratu- Justice, brought up the rear of the division. lated the general commanding on the appearance and bear. The Eighth Division, commanded by Lieutenant Gen- ing of the troops during the march past, and the big review eral Sir E. L. Elliott, followed, the leading brigade composed of the Agra durbar was over. i of the First Somerset Light Infantry, the First Oxford Light Infantry, the First Durham Light Infantv and the Second Royal Welch Fusiliers, all in scarlet, with the regimental mascot of the fusiliers, a large white goat, marching in front of their leading battalion. The next brigade was composed of four native regiments, the Eighth Rajpnts, the Tenth Jats, the Twenty-fourth Ptmjabs. and the Ninth Bhopal Infantry, the plain drab anifarm of the Bhopals contrasting strongly with the scar- let of the others. -

e J Ff I'E HU.VDRED-.IlfLE .1fA RCH. 631

supplies, and unless most fortunate as to open weather. long delays to dig through deep snows. or make detours to get around them. FIVE HUNDRED.MILE MARCH THROUGH THE In the spring of 1906the battalion of field artillery at Fort ROCKY MOUNTAINS BY THE EIGHTH BAT- Douglas. near Salt Lake City. Utah, consisting of the Twelfth and Sineteenth Batteries. was ordered to change station to TALION, FIELD ARTILLERY, FORT DOUGLAS, Fort D. A. Russell, near Cheyenne, M-yoming, by marching. SALT LAKE CITY. UTAH, TO FORT D. A. RUS- Until the middle of April the Wahsatch Knnge was next to SELL, CHEYENNE, WYOMING, APW 25~~TO impassable on account of snow. The march actually began blAY 20TH. lULJ6. on April zjth, and even then four days of snowy weather were experienced in the first week out. BY JfAJOR S. M. FOOTE, ARTILLERYGJRPS. The column consisted of seven line officers. a surgeon, a veterinarian. 2 13 men. I civilian wagonmaster. 8 civilian teamsters, 22; horses, 37 mules, 8 ncv 3 inch rapid fire guns, ATE in the fall of 1905 it was contemplated, and orders caissons, 2 battery wagons arid forges, 2 store wagons, 4 L were actually issued, to march the Kineteenth Battery 12 kit wagons, 8 four-mule escort wagons, I four.mu1e ambu- from Fort Riley, Kansas, to Fort Douglas, L-tah, and the Twenty-second Battery from Douglas to Riley. the move- lance. When stretched out on the road the column was a third to a half mile in length. ments to commence in November. On second thought, While nothing was taken along that was not needed, however. these orders were countermanded, and the transfer transportation was found for everything necessary to com- was made by rail. The only difficulties to be encountered that fort on a long march. The tentage consisted of ten conical, might prove to be insuperable would have been from snow in the stretch between Cheyenne and Salt Lake. Cheyenne has three wall and two common tents for each battery, so that there were ten or eleven men to each conical tent. There were an elevation of a little over 6,000feet, and Salt Lake a little also one conical for hospital, two conicals for officers' mess. over 4,000. The highest point on the route is between 8,ooo one wall tent for battalion commander, one for surgeon and and 9,000 feet, and that is in the passes of the Sherman veterinarian, one common tent for the acting battalion ser- Mountains, about forty miles west of Cheyenne, a few miles geant major and one coinmon tent for the officers'sink. east of old Fort Sanders. The Eighth Battalion made the Each bqttery and the officers' mess carried a field range. 5ao-mile march in a rather favorable season of the year in Only a few Sibley stoves were taken. one for hospital, one twenty-six days. for guard tent, one for officers' mess tent, and not more than Winter marches made through the Rockies on the over- land trails fifty to one huodred years ago were almost inva- three or four others. They were found to be sufficient at this season. On cold evenings wood or sage brush was riably marked by great hardships and appalling loss of life always found to make campfires. The four mule escort among both men and animals ; but with proper preparation wagons were assigned three to each battery, one for the and with railroads to lay down supplies near at hand, the combined officers' mess, and one for the hospital and veteri- march could be made in the winter by field artillery. How- narian supplies and headquarters tentage and baggage. ever, this would not be what could be called a profitable order to see that everything was in proper shape before march, as it would require arctic clothing for the men, the In starting. the battalion went into camp on Sunday, April zzd, transportation of an ample reserve supply of food, fuel and on the Fort Douglas reservation. On Monday camp was forage, to guard against being caught by a blizzard without 1 vr--,'I - - 638 FIVE HUNDRED MILE MARCH. FIVE HUNDRED-MZLE MARCH. 633 broken. a short march was made and camp pitched. Tues. day baggage to p;o by freight was shipped and the final prep- the supply wagon at the rear of the column sank to the hubs arations made for an early start the next morning, as the in many of the mud-holes which it was impossible to avoid. first day's march was to be a hard one over a pass of the Just before reaching camp Q*ordwas received that the train Wahsatch Mountains. had been stalled five miles back, and that several escort wagons The post of Fort Douglas was tho station of headquar- were hopelessly mired, and that most of the mules had given Some artillery teams were then sent back to pull them ters, band and five companies of the Twenty-ninth Infantry, up. out, but the mire extended for such a distance that more who turned out in force to see the artillery off, the band playing enlivening airs at reveille and the battalion escorting teams were needed. Darkness came soon on account of the heavy snow then falling, and several wagons were left under us through the post. when we left camp at 7. o'clock Wednes- guard to remain until the next morning. The men biv- ouacked that night;and it was nearly noon of the 26th before the last of the wagons was gotten up. The most of the mules furnished for this march were too light for draft mules. The wagon master had never had any experience with a train, and knew nothing whatever about either wagons or mules. He was dismissed a few days later and a teamster put in his place. One of the teamsters was old and decrepit, and gave out the first day. April 26th. Sent the wagon train ahead; left camp about noon and marched in rain, snow and mud to Wanship. twelve miles. Late in the afternoon the weather cleared. Camp ground was a clcan turf near a running stream. April 27th. Marched down to Echo, which is on the main line of the Union Pacific, and up Echo Canyon to Emory, twenty-two miles. Good weather, good roads. Rough ground for camp alongside railroad tracks. Water from Echo Creek, near by. April 28th. Evanston twenty-six miles. Up grade most BIVOUACAT KIXBALL'U RALCH. CTAU. of the way, but good roads and good weather. Camp in edge of town, near stockyards. Clean, level ground. Water for day morning, April 25. I@. It had rained the day before and was cloudy and windy when we left camp. giving a shad- kitchens from hydrants on ground; water for horses from owy beauty to the city below, the lake beyond, and the snow- troughs in the yards. April 29th. Sunday. Remain in Evanston. This is a clad mountains against the distant horizon. Our route was by way of Parley's Canyon, over a divide of the Wahsatch Range town of about 3,000 inhabitants. The people of Evanston made our stay over Sunday very agreeable to all. at an elevation of 7.100 feet. The elevation at Fort Douglas April 30th. Spring Valley, twenty one miles. The last is4.700 feet. Shortly after leaving the post it began to rain, turning to snow later in the day. The mud became deeper, few miles in rain and snow. Went into camp and mustered the battalion in a blinding snow storm. continued and for the last ten miles of the day's march the wheels of Snow - ., .I , , T - I

FIVE HULVDRED-3fZLEMARCH. 635 Ff VE HUNDRED-MZLE MA KCU. during the afternoon and night. Fair camp ground near railroad station. Water from railroad tank. May 1st. Fort Bridger, nineteen miles. This was about the hardest march on the whole trip, and seemed much longer than nineteen miles. Snow was lying eight to ten inches on the level. All tentage, harness, everything, was frozen stiff. and it was over an hour after the usual time be- fore the battalion was ready to leave camp. As the day warmed up, the mud grew worse. It became necessary in places to cut down the roads on the upper side in order to keep carriages from slipping down and overturning on the hillside. The gumbo mud was so thick and sticky that many wheels filled solid froin hub to felloes. In several places it was necessary to double up sonie of the teams in order to get through. In dry weather this is probably a very good road It passes north of Bridger Butte. The approaches to the ford of Black's Fork being in very bad condition, camp \\-as made on a bluff west of the stream. Ground covered with sage brush. Most of the barracks of old Fort Bridger have been torn down. One is used as stable. Part of the old Normon wall is still standing. The evergreens planted there are flourishing and are fine trees twenty to twenty-five feet high. Some of the officers' quar. ters of logs are still standing. The commanding officer's house has been moved down near the stone commissary and quartermaster bui;clinxs antl is now used as a hotel. The commissary building is now a country store. run by Mr. W. A. Carter. son of the former post trader. This Nr. Carter antl his sister own the old fort and several thousand acres of ranch land near there. Information acquired at this place indicated that the fords of Black's Fork would probably cause much difficulty. It was therefore decided to make a detour by a "high water" road, and thus avoid crossing Black's Fork at all. May 2d. Sorth bank of Little Nuddy, twenty-two miles. Marched ten miles to Carter Station in the morning. From Carter to Granger is forty-six miles, without good water. Unharnessed at Carter Station and remained until 4 in the afternoon. Then watered and marched northwest nine miles, 686 FIVE HUNDRED-MILE MARCH. FIVE HUNDRED-MILE MARCH. 637

crossed tbe Little Muddy on a bridge and went three miles May 3d. Granger, twenty-four miles. Good weather. to camp. Carried water for coffee. The water of the Little Crossed Ham's Fork at Granger by a good ford a mile or so Muddy is very alkaline, and it is not well to let animals above its junction with Black's Fork and went into a clean, drink much of it. Many horses had that morning shown turf camp on the banks of Ham's Fork. Broad stream, stony bottom, good water. Up to this point we had followed close to the old Mormon and Emigrant trail, along which Echo Canyon. Fort Bridger. Black's Fork, are all landmarks ; but t directly east from here lay the Red Desert for a stretch of i I jo miles, an impassable barrier for the emigrant wagon I trains owing to lack of grazing and water. Therefore the

I

j.

WATEBllO AT THE FORD OF HAM'S FORK.

old trail continued from here northeast and crossing the Di- vide at South Pass followed east and southeast down the Sweetwater and North Platte to old Fort Lararnie, and so on east. The Union Pacific Railroad now runs almost due east across the desert, and we followed this route, relying upon the railroad for fuel, water, and transportation of forage. May 4th. Bryan, twenty-one miles. Camp in sage brush nausea, approaching colic, which was thought due to the al- near station. Water from branch of Black's Fork. Good kaline water of this country. The weather was fair and the weather. The only game that came within our reach during ground nearly dry by afternoon. The roads for three days, the whole trip consisted of a few rabbits. A bunch of an- zd, 3d and 4th, were merely dim trails, and not a single telope was espied on a distant skyline one day. A few fish I person was encountered on them.

t:. t:. I

618 FIVE HUNDRED-MILE MARCH. FIVE HUNDRED MILE MARCH. 639 I wefe caught from time to time, notably mullet, in a branch of Black's Fork near Bryan. May 5th. Rock Springs, twenty-nine miles. Road from Bryan to Green River is excellent. Crossed the Green River by a good wagon bridge, a half mile or so below the railroad bridge. Here begins the Red Desert, which extends from the Green River to the North Platte. From Green River to Rock Springsthe road is only fair, and in wet weathq would be quite impassable on account of the alkali flats, which water converts into mires. Rock Springs is a coal mining town of about 5,000 inhabitants. Camped in the edge of tee town. Camp ground none too clean and very dusty in a high wind. Water from hydrants of the city supply pumped from Green River, a distance of fifteen miles. May 6th. Sunday. Remained at Rock Springs. Agree- able stay, and the weather good, except for the wind. May 7th Point of Rocks, a monotonous march of twen- ty-scven miles. Hot part of the day. Camp in sage brush. Water from railroad tank. May 8th. The bridge over Bitter Creek at Point of Rocks was found in very bad shape. After repairing it, everything was gotten ovcr in safety by unhitching and taking the carriages over by hind. Bitter Creek Station, twenty- rp two miles. Hot weather; monotonous march ; camp in sage

/. brush ; water from railroad tanks. At this point met a new outfit of transportation, which had been sent from Fort D. . A. Russell by rail to take the place of that which had been supplied from Fort Douglas. May 9th. Started the empty train back for Fort Douglas by marching. Marched to Hillside. twenty-one miles. -\lost of b the places where we camped were not towns, but merely small railroad stations with water tank and sometimes a country store. Hillside is simply a railroad siding ; ho building here, not even a section house. March same as that of 7th and 8th ; camp in sage brush ; water from railroad water cars. May 10th. Latham, twenty-one miles. March, camp and water supply same as preceding ; weather fine. May I I th. Daley's Ranch, twenty-one miles. Marched through a gently rolling country and crossed the Continen- r-

'4 FIVE NUNDR E D-MI L E MARCH. 641 640 FIVE HUNDRED-MfLE MARCH. May 12th. Rawlins, thirteen miles. A little better tal Divide, not marked by any special feature, but the waters country; camp in edge of town in sage brush; water from west find their way to the Pacific, those east to the Atlantic. city supply, pumped from the North Platte, fifteen miles dis- March, camp and water supply same as preceding ; weather tant. Rain and snow, with a cold, high wind, continued during the entire time of stay. May 13th. Remain at Rawlins. This is a town of about 3,000 inhabitants. Sheep country north and west, cattle south and east. May 14th.' Scribner's Ranch on Pass Creek, twenty-six miles. Good road to Fort Steele on the North Platte, sixteen miles. This iS old Fort Fred Steele. Many of the barracks, . stables, and officers' quarters are still standing. Three- quarters of a mile down stream crossed the North Platte on the old wooden bridge, recently repaired. IVith careful driving everything came over safely. The river was too high to ford. It was learned that the bridge over Pass Creek on the direct road to Elk Mountain had been washed out. The battalion took the road south and crossed the bridge at Scribner's Ranch. Here there was a fine turf camp the c on banks of Pass Creek. The roads were good and the weather cleared during the day. May I 5th. Elk Mountain Postoffice, twenty seven miles. Hilly roid north of Sheepshead Mountain and over the

northern spurs of Elk Mountain. Reached an elevation of 1 over S,wo feet. Fine weather; clean turf camp on a branch -8 of the Medicine Row. Passed the site of old Fort Halleck .' :, about ten miles north of Elk Mountain Postoffice. There are no buildings of the old fort left. The place is now a prosperous looking ranch, fenced in for miles on every side. i May 16th. Crossed the Medicine Bow on a wooden bridge and marched to Dutton's Creek, twenty-two miles, passing a over spurs of the Snowy Mountains until three miles from Dutton's Creek, when the column debouched from the moun- I tains and entered Laramie Plains. Fine weather. Clean turf camp. May I 7th. Stickney's Ranch, on the Little Laramie River, fine. This is a big sheep ranch and sheep shearing corral. I twenty miles. A cold. high wind, but good roads, conducive Everyone in this part of the country proudly recalls a visit to rapid marching. This is a fine grazing country east of the I and stay over night at the ranch by Colonel Roosevelt a few I North Platte for horses, cattle and sheep, well watered, pretty 4 years ago, before he became President. V 648 FIVE HUNDRED-MILE MARCH. FIVE HC 'NDRED- MIL E MA RCH. 643

well settled and fenced, some timber on the mountains, some interval between sections being tea yards. The picket line beginnings of crop raising. was stretched through the rear wheels of each rank of car- May 18th. Laramie, seventeen miles. Excellent road riages The kit wagons were parked on the right, in front and excellentweather. Crossed the Little Laramie at sev- of the first sergeant's tent. The kitchens were sometimes eral places on good bridges, and the Laramie River at the placed on the left when it would put them on the bank of a city by a good bridge. The authorities offered their new running stream. In such cases the sinks were located at suf. fair ground for camping, and it gave a clean turf camp site. ficient distance from them. Two Sibley tents pitched close Water from city hydrants and plenty of watering troughs together, facing each other, made a most convenient arrange- The University of the State of Wyoming is located near ment for the officers' mess. The field range was put up like the fair grounds. and most of the faculty and students vis- a Sibley stove in the cook tent. A Sibley tent with a stove ited camp. The battalion baseball team played a game with was taken for the hospital, but fortunately there was little the University team during the afternoon. Laramie is a city use of it escept as a tent for the hospital corps men. A of about 8,000 inhabitants, and is the shire town of Albany Sibley tent with a stove was also used for the guard tent. County. Old Fort Sanders lies about two and one-half Instead of each battery having a guard of its own, there was miles south of Laramie. Most of the old buildings have been mounted a battalion guard of officer of the day, one musician, taken away. three non-commissioned officers and nine privates. Senti- May 59th. Fye's Ranch on the North Crow, nineteen nels on the picket lines were always men belonging to the miles, It was necessary to cross the chain of mountains di- same battery as the picket lines where posted. rectly east of Laramie. Went through Cheyenne Pass, which The following order was issued before starting on the offers an easy grade. The road in places was pretty rough. march : and a number of times it was necessary to prepare the road HE~WJL-ARTKRSI'~UIVI~IC~S.LI. B~~rr4i.10~FIEI.I) .\KTII.I.EXI.. withpick and shovel before it was passable. After crossing FORT I>u[GI.I>. L-i.4~.Xpril zj, 1906. OKDERSSo. 2 the Divide. 8,600 feet elevation. some eight miles from Lar- The followin# orrleri will be in forw daring the msrch of this ba:talion amie, the column entered the Forest Reserve, which is also from Fort Douglas to Fort D. .I. Ku?isell: the Fort D. A. Russell target and maneuver reservation. This is a well watered and in parts well wooded tract in the I. 1.181 OF C.~lI,S. First call...... j :90 A. 31. mountains at a general elevation of some 8,000 feet. It is Reveille, ...... 5:uj A. xi. the most picturesque country seen on this march. There are Assembly .....I...... 5:io A. SI. a number of ranches in the reserve with ranch buildings, Mess call ...... 5:20 A. M. The General...... 6:o~A. si. fences, irrigation ditches, etc. There are plenty of good camping places near good water, with wood and grazing in The bugler of the guard will report to the battalion commander on arrival the vicinity. The Happy Jack Road from Cheyenne Pass to in camp for list of afternoon calls. Fort D. Russell, through the reserve, is an excellent gravel Tattoo ...... 9:oo P. Y. A. Taps...... y:30 P. 51. road and with little attention would be good any season of The new officer of the day will hold guard rnlmnting immediately after the year. retreat. The officer of the day will inspect camp at taps. He will inspect the May 20th. Fort D. A. Russell, twenty-six miles. guard at least once between taps and reveille, noting on the guard report the The= was usually all the space desired for camping, and time of such inspection. the battalion habitually employed approximately the normal 11. Kitchen and latrine sinks will be dug on arri\*al in camp. and will be covered in before leaving. formation laid down in the Field Service Regulations, the 5. 644 FZVE HUNDRED-MZLE MARCH. ‘ FZVE HUNDRED-MZLE MARCH. 645

111. On the march each batby commander will have at the head of his The following variation from the above order was made : battery e pair of pare horses, harnessed. and will have with the leading sec- The Twelfth Battery put six horses each kit wagon, with on of his battery a detachment of men provided with tools. ready to on 4- ptl y repir roads. artillery harness and a driver for each pair. In this case the 1V. There will always be an officer of each battery present when the spare pair of harnessed horses at Fhe head of the column was horses M watered. dispensed with, as it was thought a pair could be spared from V. No men will be permitted to fall out while on the march except by pamission of ao officer and accompanied by a noo-commissioned officer. The a kit wagon if needed. jllnior lieutenaot on duty with the rear battery will march at the extreme rear The Nineteenth Battery had four horses with quarter- of the entire column. The sugeon will habitually march near the ambulance, master harness on each kit wagon. Unfortunately, the only which will follow the rear battery. The veterinarian will habitually march behind the leading battery. quartermaster liarness obtainable at Fort Douglas was mule VI. In towns special care will be observed to wear the uniform in as good harness, and the result was a number of sore shoulders condition as possible. to keep the blouse or overcoat buttoned throughout, and among the horses in this harness, due to ill-fitting collars. to maintain a soldierly bearing. Nearly all the horses on this march were mountain bred VII. There must be no trespass upon private property. All officers and oon-commissioned officers of the command are particularly cautioned to see -Utah and California. Many of them were too light for that this order is strictly obeyed. artillery horses. Three died on the trip. The veterinarian VIIL Men will not be permitted to take their revolvers out of camp ex- reports: *‘One wheel horse died May 1st of stomach colic cept on duty. By order of Major Foote. (gnstro tntrrztis). One horse died May 16th of diabetes. One ( Signed ) CHARLEST. SYAKT, horse died May 20th of inflammation of the bowels (mterrfis).’’ Second Lifutenant Artillery Corps. A11 had lost flesh perceptibly by the end of the second week, Adjufanf. ’ some more than others, due to weak constitution or nervous temperament. The week crossing the Red Desert was hard The battalion usually left camp a few minutes before 7 on them. Some hot weather, plenty of dust, water in buckets o’clock. The batteries alternated in marching at the head from railroad tanks, cisterns and cars, wild hay (wire grass ), of the column. A halt was made of ten minutes at the end all helped to pull them down somewhat. Incipient galls were of each hour’s march. A halt of about thirty minutes was industriously treated, with the result that there were no sore usually made for luncheon, and to give a half feed. On a necks or sore backs among the artillery horses, and all the ani- march of over twenty-five miles a halt of an hour was made, mals were remarkably free from shoulder galls except the horses unharnessed and given a half feed. Whenever possi- : horses in the quartermaster harness, all of which had collar ble, horses were watered at least .once during the march. galls. With a new outfit of fitted collars for these horses, She The rate of march varied considerably. On cold mornings, condition of the stock on our arrival was such that the march with a rear wind, or descending a long. gentle grade, four could have been continued indefinitely. The line harness miles an hour; on hot days, or marching up steep or long for use on the kit wagons should be the usual artillery har- grades, not more than three miles an hour. The trot was ness with the substitution of a back strap and belly band in given on only a few occasions during the entire march. place of saddle. The steel collar when properly fitted is When arriving in camp before 3:’s o’clock, stables were better in every respect than the leather collar. The veter- held at 4, retreat at 5:30. and guard mounting immediately inarian, both battery commanders and the battalion com- after retreat. Supper after guard mounting. On arriving mander are all agreed that on a long march it would be well in camp later than 3:15, stables were held about three-quar- to authorize an increase in the allowance of hay, especially ters of an hour after arrival and retreat about an hour and a in a windy or cold country. quarter after stable call.

i ' 646 FIVE HUNDRED-M'LE MARCH. FIVE H UNDRED-iWZLE MARCH. 647

Three men had to be sent to post by rail on account of though roads of every description were marched over, some rheumatism. Otherwise the health of the personnel was of which subjected the carriages for miles at a time along excellent. The surgeon reports : The command was freer hillsides to' a jolting side thrust. The liberal supply of spare from. sickness than any command of like numbers with which parts carried was hardly touched. A detailed inspection it has been my pleasure to serve." made after arrival at Fort D. 4. Russell showed all the ma- The battalion started out with five days' field rations, terial to be in excellent condition, so far as could be de- except fresh beef, in the wagons and one emergency ration termined without actually firing the pieces, and later in the issued and carried in the personal kit. Drew seven days' season the pieces and carriages stood target practice without rations. except fresh beef and vegetables, at Evanston. Kock developing any injury whatever. Springs and Rawlins. The battalion was twenty-six days on the march, twenty- Fuel, hay. oats, fresh meat and vegetables were readily three marching days and three days of rest. The longest obtained and at reasonable prices. by giving a few days' march was twenty-nine miles ; the shortest twelve miles. notice in advance. As a rule it is, of course, much cheaper The exact distance marched was 498.1 miles, an average of 0% a long march, and more convenient, to buy forage deliv- nearly twenty-two miles per marching days or nineteen ered on the spot where wanted, than it is to have it shipped miles per day for the whole period. from post. The Union Pacific officials, the postmasters, and We found no map showing roads or trails except the Salt all the people detlt with were most courteous and accom. Lake, Fort Steele and Laramie quadrangles of the Geologi- modating. cal Survey and Chittenden's Department of the Platte map. An experienced wagonmaster is absolutely ess'ential to Chittenden's appears to be the most reliable map of the the proper handling of the supply train. It results in country yet published, but there have been so many changes econocdy of mule flesh, wagons, time for packing, speed of in the past fifteen years that old maps are often misleading. marching. etc. The battalion started out with a civilian -The officers and men of the command displayed care and wagonmaster, absolutely ignorant of his duties, and after zeal on all occasions and, through the varied and. repeated changing him for a civilian driver of experience there was experiences of the march, acquired a lasting familiarity with no trouble until the battalion reached Bitter Creek and field duties. changed transportation. The civilians had to be sent back with the Fort Douglas transportation, and it was necessary to take men out of the batteries to drive the wagons. A private, who had formerly driven a mule team, was put on duty as wagonmaster. It is thought that soldiers should not be detailed for these duties if it can be helped, but if de- tailed they should be given extra duty pay, as they have more work and more responsibility than in the performance of straight duty. The ordnance material stood the march without a single break of any importance. The brackets securing the spare wheels were too weak, but that was found out and the neces- sary repairs made before starting. The wheels were of the later type and not one suffered any appreciable damage, al- HANDLING A WAGON TRAZN. 649

the animals, and if he is a good man he will learn sooner by observing the old teamsters than by all the instruction you can give. An old teamster is continually working around * HANDLING A WAGON TRAIN. his outfit; he changes a strap here, tightens a nut there, watches his mules for any signs of sickness, fondles them as A. W. WHITEHEAD, YOU would a dog. and in a thousand ways shows his affection SUP~INTENDCNTOF TRANSPORTATION. Q. M. D., FORT LEAVES\WRTH.KANSAS. for these strong, sturdy animals. When once a team of mules has been assigned to a teamster, they should not be MISTAKEN idea seems to prevail amongst many peo- taken from him unless he mistreats them, which is a rare oc- currence. When once he has a team, he naturally cultivates ple that anyqne can drive a team of mules. Anyone A their good will, and in a short space of time the mules be- can drive old played out mules, but it takes an experienced come familiar with him so that he can do anything with hand to drive four young frisky mules at all inclined to bolt or shy, and to prevent them from turning and breaking out them. You can always tell a poor tcamster by his mules; they show it in disposition and care. I have seen many an the tongue-jack-knifing, as it is called-and it must be re- membered that holding the lines properly does not mean excellent teamster quit before he would permit his mules to be taken from him. that a man is a good teamster. A man to be a successful teamster must have a knowledge of mules-their care, *- The following is the equipment of wagon trains sent from this post” to the Fort Riley maneuvers in 1906: dition, the amount of work they can perform, the size of a load they can pull, when they pull evenly and steadily, when Axe right side of body in socket. they need rest, and when they need the whip. He should Bucket G. I. on snap near axle under body. not pull and haul, using the common see-saw motion, and he Sponge in tool box. should be very particular and not continually lap a mule with Can axle grease in tool box. whip or reins. When there is cause for whipping, do so Lantern in bucket packed in hay. with vigor; continually cutting and whipping a mule only ex- Monkey wrench or wagon wrench in tool box. cites him, and is the cause in many instances of balking. A Open links in jockey box. good teamster will not do this, nor will he allow his team to Tongue left side lashed in side irons. . rush up a hill and play them out; he will usttally stop at in- Reach lashed to tongue. tervals and allow his mules to “blow” and get their wind. Pick axe right side of wagon in socket. A teamster should have some knowledge of wagons, carts Rope 100 feet left side of seat. and harness, how to load a wagon, who to take orders from, Spade under foot board lashed to irons. . and the forage allowance. Wire and straps in tool box. . I would rather have a man who has never harnessed a Lead bars or double trees lashed to tongue. mule than one who imagines he can drive anything that Feed box on end of wagon against tail gate. walks. Usually the former makes a good teamster, the Extra wheels in the wagon body. latter a complete failure. I find the best method to be Curry comb and horse brush in tool box. pursued is to explain the proper manner in which to It will be observed from the foregoing list that no articles hold the lines and whip to prevent a team from jack. are placed under the wagon body except the G. I. bucket. knifing, and then from time to time a word as to the care of Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. .-3 6M) HANDLING A WAGON TRAIN. HANDLING A WAGON TRAIN. 651 Experience has proved that carrying spades, single. trees and and if lessons in this work were taught at army posts, it lead bars under the body of the wagon is not a good method would materially benefit all concerned. for the reason that should you get mired it will be necessary A wagon train should be preceded by a wagon master, to spend considerable time in digging and unfastening the who should be accompanied by one of his assistants. the articles under the body of the wagon before they can be of any other riding in rear of the train. Evenly gaited and good use. It is often necessary to get these articles quickly. pulling teams should lead, a good pulling team should be in Your lead bars may get caught in trying to pull them out from the center of the train. although this is sometimes impossible under the wagon; it is a simple matter to get your spade where the train is made up in battalion formation. In my from under the foot board and your lead bars or double-trees, opinion the wagon master should have complete charge in axe and pick axe from the side of your wagon. arranging his wagons in column, as it often happens that he I am in favor of standard type of wagon for field work has a slow pulling team or a fast pulling team. Neither of and one for post work. In my opinion, the iron axle, wide these teams should lead, nor should the slow pulling team be tire wagon is the best in practice marches I have had at this placed in the rear; they should be put in between other teams. post. I have never had a wagon break down which had iron Again, men will get careless in driving; some will whip un- axles and wide tires with iron hubs, and the only objection necessarily, some will lag, some will play out their mules. to these wagons is that they are not universally in use All these things should be considered and the men placed throughout the country. These wheels are not as easily ob- where they can do the least harm, and at the same time be tained as the narrow tired wheels with the hollow skein axles. watched. The wagon master should continually ride his In the march to Fort Riley we used three different kinds, train, keeping the teams ten yards apart. It is a mistaken and it became necessary to carry parts on each wagon-this idea that some have, when a wagon train becomes caught in can be overcome. If we have one type of a wagon with parts the mud and is delayed. for the rest of the train to move on. interchangcable, a tongue and reach for every second wagon If there is to be considerable time lost in putting a wagon is enough. Tongues and reaches are not now alike as they together after being broken, then the rest of the train should should be. During the march to and from Fort Riley we did go on with one assistant wagon master. If a wagon is not break a tongue or a reach, and only one lead bar clip. simply mired, the train should be held intact, because it is This is considered remarkable, and is not to be surpassed by necessary in that case to have all the help you can get. If any wagon team in the service h a wagon in the center of the train gets mired and the first The practice marches to the maneuver camps brought half goes on, you will pull your last half out by mules forth good results in loading and unloading wagons. A already played out. if all your good pulling teams are in the special detail did all this, and they became so proficient that lead. If your fifth chains happen to be on the wagons that the wagon teams we,re never delayed more than a few min. have gone on, suppose you have to unload, isn't it quicker to Utes at a time, and this but seldom. The loads withstood have all the train help than a mere handful? I have found the rough places in he road, the wagons and animals were in such an emergency as this a block and tackle will quickly greatly benefited by it and the men were not called upon to start a wagon; the lead mules are used to work the readjust loads, thus burdening them with additional labor. block and tackle; the wheel mules remain hitched to the If a wagon is properly loaded. etc., heavy articles in front, wagon to steady it. A wagon will usually start when pulled the tail gate not used and the load lashed down before the evenly, even if the hubs are down in the mud. The mules wagon sheet is put on, no trouble will arise during the trip, often cannot obtain a foothold and they themselves become mired by the constant stamping about in the mud. To my rr’

HANDLING A WAGON TRAIN. 653 658 HANDLING A WAGON TRAIN. just mentioned they became well. Collar pads should be a block tackle should on every wagon train. mind. and be carried along for just such emergencies as this. They can It can easily be carried on the side of a wagon. be placed in a box with a kit of wheelwright and B. S. tools. Males should be watered several times a day en route. If Medicines in a veterinarian’s pannier should also be on the they play out and it is impossible to make camp, unhitch train, usually on the hospital wagon in the rear where they them, let them roll about and eat for about an hour. grass can be provided quickly. this method they becgme refreshed and will usually go By At feeding time issue forage for night and morning, again without any trouble. A small amount of aromatic on otherwise some animals will suffer, for no matter how you spirits of ammonia, diluted, given as a drench will refresh an may guard your forage allowance, teamsters will get it, for animal wonderfully, also some water to drink. and his nose, they will feed the mules if forage can be had. A G. I. mouth and face sponged off. A mule in this condition will bucket holds about fourteen pounds of oats net; a bucket need careful nursing the entire day and the team left to come and a half at night and a bucket for morning feed ; a flake of in plowly. hay weighs twelve pounds approximately, a bale seventy- When camp has been reached and your place assigned two pounds. Two bales of hay to three teams. A bucket you, which is usually near water, your wagons should face of shelled corn weighs twenty-one pounds approximately. at if the camp intervals of about seven yards, the formation of A bucket of mixed corn and oats about seventeen pounds. the ground will permit. so that at first call in the morning X sack of bran should be carried along for animals that get you have a clear space to the company kitchens. sick or off their feed. Harness is better placed upon the hind wheels, if they In the foregoing I have given as nearly as possible the are not too muddy, and if you feed from the wagon tongue. main features for successfully conducting a wagon train ac- If you stretch picket line between hind wheels, place your a cording to my ideas gained by experience. No literary ef- harness the tongue using the lead bars as a prop. The on fort is here attempted. In all printed matter on army trans- collars should be scraped and thoroughly cleaned, placed un- portation I have never seen this subject covered fully. der the front part crf the wagon with the inside of the collar up ; the harness should be carefully inspected for loose parts, broken leather, etc.; the pin from the tongue which holds the double trees should be placed in the jockey box. Mules should not be watered for at least an hour after reaching camp. Use the hour in cleaning the shoulders; use castile soap, and if they are galled use white lotion ” or castile soap and a dusting powder. Young mules just received from a dealer should not be used before they have been worked a month or two in a post. They gall easily and do not stand the hard work as well as old mules. On the trip to Fort Riley I had six young mules, received a few days before we started, and these six gave me more trouble than all the rest combined. Their shoulders galled badly, their necks became sore, and consequently they were afraid to pull. But before we reached Fort Riley, by careful attention and the application of the remedy I have

.. r

A RIMY HORSESHOEING. 655

too far when I say. the chances are that they never have picked up the feet of a freshly shod horse of their own organ- ization with a view to examining and criticising the work of their man. ARMY HORSESHOEING. How then do they form their opinions of the school? Their opinions on this subject were formed for them, roughly BY GERALD E. GRIFFIN, VETERINARIAN,ARTILLERY CORPS. no doubt, by the talk of the men of their organization, who receiving their cue from the old blacksmith, jealous of the Riley graduate,” possessed of a diploma and some anatomi- RMY horseshoeing is a subject that has been written cal knowledge, proceeded, as it is classically expressed in the and talked about. in the army itself, from time imme- A service, to “knock him.” Need I say that when a man or morial. Frequently the writers had a practical knowledge his system begins to be “knocked” in the army he might as of the subject, while the talkers, as a rule-talked. well for mercy and “be good.” George Fleming wrote his incomparable essay on beg Since When one of these “Riley graduates” is put in the shop horseshoeing in connection with the comfort and soundness his every act in connection with his trade is subject to the of the horse (1870)up to the present moment, hundreds of closest scrutiny and prejudiced criticism of his non-graduate books and thousands of papers have been published on the fellows, until often he is glad to be relieved. same subject, and I feel free to say that few of these publica- Every innovation has to suffer for a time from the blows tions have done or ever will do any direct good. I mean by of the sledge hammers of custom. Those that prove useful this. stimulate the horseshoer himself; for as a general thing survive. he considers reading of this kind dry and depressing work, I believe myself that the Riley school for horseshoers is and consequently avoids it. proving that the severe criticisms to which it has been sub- It is probably needless to remark that the paragraph in ject are undeserved. and that now with the new order gov- drill regulations relating to horseshoeing is clear, explicit erning the discharge and reenlistment of its members it will and rational; and that the little book issued by the Fort prove itself worthy of the distinguished consideration of both Riley school for horseshoers could not easily be improved the cavalry and field artillery. upon. No one, I presume, pretends to say seriously that ‘But are they read by the shoers? JXy experience with the average man can be taught the art of practical horseshoeing the men has taught me that they are not, and simply because in from six to twelve months. Such an assertion, I hold, they will not voluntarily burden themselves with the task of would be absurd. If it were true horseshoers would be un studying out of a book. In recent years a school for horseshoers has been main- able to command from four to six dollars a day in large towns. I do not know that the authorities of the Fort Riley tained at Fort Riley, but this school, strange to say. has school make such a claim ; in fact, I believe they do not. never received from the service the moral support it is en- The man, on passing the school examination, returns to titled to. The reason is not far to seek. his organization possessed of a good knowledge of the an- I have heard this school and its work discussed pro and atomy and physiology of the horse’s foot, an acquaintance con. mostly con. on marches, in camp, and in clubs by officers with the tools of his trade, but possessing a certain hesitancy of different grades. Many of these officers knew compara- and awkwardness of manner in their manipulation-lack of tively little about the school itself. They seldom, if ever, manual dexterity. He can properly level and shoe a foot, visited their own shoeing shops and, I think I am not going

1 AMYHORSESHOEING. ARMY HORSESHOEING. 657 and fit the same in.a creditable manner if he be given the . neoessprp time and not made nervous by too close a scrutiny, with impunity. do slovenly work. he soon degenerates into a but when from six to tea horses a day in a field battery of sloven, devoid of all pride in his handicraft. one hundred and sixty animals, are awaiting to be shod in a Defective shoeing of the horse, unless it be very bad in- month of twenty working days, time is of consequence. deed, will not be apparent in the gait of the animal for sev- A horseshoer, working for $15.00 a month should not be eral months, or in cases of strong limbed animals for two or required to shoe more than three horses daily, or their three years, but when it does appear it comes suddenly and equivalent. except in cases of urgent necessity. I have no. persists unless measures in the shop are immediately taken ticed that when this number is exceeded the workmanship to correct it. If ignored there the animal soon appears on deteriorates. the I. and I. report, with a record of any foot trouble or dis- Our new “Riley graduate” knows his limitations. He ease that may appeal to the fancy of the commanding officer knows,and we know, that for the first few months it will take or the sergeant at the time. him from two to three hours to properly shoe a horse “all I know it is a hard matter to continually watch the shoe- round” according to his teachings, and that his time will be ing shop, but if there is any one place more than another in spent as follows : a mounted command that needs constant supervision and dis- Examining feet, raising clinches and pulling off four old shoes. . . 12 minutes cipline it is that same shoeing shop. Compariogangle of hoots ...... 3 minutes The solution of the whole problem lies in the hands of Cleaning out feet ...... 4 minutes the veterinarians. It is their plain duty, I take it, to mi- Cutting superfluous and leveling wall...... minutes horn zo nutely supervise the shoeing of their respective commands. Selecting and measuring shoes...... , 3 minutes Heating, cutting, punching and leveling shoes...... 30 minutes It is their duty to visit the shoeing shops at least once a day, Releveling shoe aud foot ...... 3 minutes preferably about IO o’clock, as at that time the morning shoe- Driving. driving home and clinching...... zo minutes is the shop for midling ...... 4 minutes ing corning to a close; remain in one hour, Time warted in talking, loafing and fighting horse...... 25 minutes and conscientiously inspect the methods and work ; encour- Total time of shoeing one horse ...... ,124minutes age the slow and disheartened new “Riley graduate” until he gains confidence and speed ; and bring to a sense of their He observes the number of unshod horses accumulating in condition the sloppy and careless workers. It is the plain his command, and at the same time listens to the innuendoes duty of the veterinarian to give a course of lectures every and harrying of the sergeant in charge, with the result that winter to all of the horeshoers of his post, and these lectures he soon slights his work and ignores his teachings, acquires should approximate those given at Fort Riley. The com- a sloppy style and a bad name. Another man across the mon names as well as the technical ones of the different parts way, doing just as poor work. but doing it more quickly, goes of the foot should be taught. Preference should be given to scot free. The man is ruined as a shoer. and any good work the common names, as the men soon lose the technical terms he may accomplish will be done under the eye of a superior or get them badly distorted. oficer, who, he may think. knows something about the mat- The men should be impressed with the fact that they are ter. being impartially supervised and instructed, without refer- Even under the eye of an officer I have seen men do mis- ence to their attendance or non-attendance at the Fort Riley erable work, and escape censure by resorting to the trick of school. besmearing their inferior workmanship with wet coal dust, Neglect of the daily supervision and picket line check by or horse droppings. Once a man discovers that he may, the sergeants are soon made manifest by careless work and I i:'

658 ARMY UORSESHOEING. negligence, which shows itself in corns, bruised frogs, inter- ference, forging, and long toes, also thrush. The trouble with the shoeing now, as well as in years past, is lack of interest in and intelligent supervision of the UNITED STATES VS. BURNS. horseshoer. I have long been deeply interested in the proper shoeing of our horses, and have years ago put my finger on this weak spot. The blacksmith shop, instead of being a meeting place for drinking horseshoers and their friends after pay day, HETHER the government retains the title to a sol- should be as orderly and as well disciplined as any other w dier's clothing after it has been issued to him for part of the garrison. use in the military service, and if so, what are the proper steps The men from the Fort Riley school should be given to be taken in the prosecution of those who buy and sell ar- credit for their knowledge and encouraged to study and ex- ticles of the soldier's uniform, are questions which have been periment, and all of the shoers should be given an opportu- attracting considerable attention recently. nity to do a small amount of outside work when it does not In the April, 1906, number of this JOURSAL an exposition interfere with that of their organizations. of the law governing the purchase, sale, barter or exchange I am disposed to think that a general shoeing shop is un- of articles of government ownership was set forth by Major desirable, as it has a tendency, if not well and regularly Boughton, Eleventh Cavalry, of the Infantry and Cav- supervised, to cause men to become dishonest. The tempta- alry School and Staff College. It seems that the statutory tion to dispose of new shoes and nails and with the proceeds law, taken in conjunction with the recent decisions of the purchaseintoxicants is great. Detached shops in the vicinity different courts and of the Judge Advocate General, is amply of the picket lines would be productive of discipline at least, sufficient to deal with this class of persons and to check to a and unauthorized absences and lame excuses for same would certain extent, if not to eradicate, the evils which arise from not be so prevalent under the eye of a good sergeant. soldiers disposing of their own and others' clothing, equip- The pay, of course, is not su5cient to retain a good, sober ment, etc. man in the service. It should be $25.00 or $30.00 a month. There being so many troops at Fort Leavenworth, quite The good, sober men do not reenlist, and while I have a profitable business was conducted by several parties in the regretted to see them go, I have always been glad to help town in this illicit barter and exchange, and it is estimated them establish themselves in civil life, where they generally that their profits were considerable. Moreover, they con- make a success. ducted their business in a very open fashion. so open, in The horse shoer does the hardest manual labor of any fact, that one Patrick Burns, who was the proprietor of a man in an organization. He is usually good natured and saloon, announced that he also conducted a military ex- contented when properly handled, and if he receives more change, and in consequence thereof did a thriving business. privileges than any of the other men he is certainly deserv- So easy was it to turn almost any article of government issue ing OP them. into money and so great the temptation to do so, that the The foundation of good shoeing and sound-footed horses effect of his business was felt in many organizations. in the army is constant supervision, proper instruction and It is the purpose of this article to relate the incidents and healthy discipline. procedure which led to the arrest and conviction of Burns and others. 660 UNITED STA TES vs. BURiVS. UNITED STA TES VS. BURNS. 661

In December, 1905, the'writer was directed to investigate that the son-in-law had no guilty knowledge. Burns was ar- the disappearance from his organization of several articles raigned before the September term of the U. S. District of clothing and some ordnance property. The result of the Court. plead guilty and was sentenced by Judge Pollock to investigation showed that most of the missing articles had pay a fine of one thousand dollars and costs. Several other been disposed of at Bums' place. These facts, together with prosecutions since then have rendered it very difficult now the result of a more careful examination into the nature of for soldiers to dispose of their property anywhere in the Burns'business,were reported to Colonel C.B. Hall, command- town, as the people there are very chary about rendering ing the post, who directed that the necessary steps be taken themselves liable, and Patrick has erased the sign from his for the prosecution of all persons in Leavenworth engaged front window. in similar enterprises. When the United States marshal attempted to serve the About this time Captain Munroe McFarland, of the other warrant that was issued at the same time as Burns', he Eighteenth Infantry, was conducting a similar investigation, found that the person named therein had departed for parts and after a consultation with him it was decided that suf- unknown and he has not been heard from since. ficient evidence was on hand to warrant the arrest of Burns What has been done in Leavenworth can be done as and one other man. As the State civil authorities have no well in other places, and all that is necessary for you who jurisdiction in such cases, warrants for the arrest of these are similarly troubled by this class of people to do is, secure men were sworn out before United States Commissioner evidence that the law is being infringed, hunt up a U. S. Bond, and a1.w warrants to search their premises for articles Commissioner, swear out warrants and leave the rest to the of government ownership. Accompanied by a Deputy U. S. courts. United States Marshal, the two officers concerned repaired to Burns' place where the marshal placed Burns under ar- rest and the three searched the place. The search developed the fact that by some means Burns had learned of his con- templated arrest and disposed of most of the articles of government ownership that he had acquired. But like most guilty persons, he still had left enough to incriminate him- self. These articles, some of which were ordnance property. were secured; and a few days later a warrant was sworn out against Otto Van Buren, Burns' son-in-law. for having in his possession without authority articles of government owner. ship. A search of his dwelling recovered most of the ar- ticles of which Burns had disposed, amounting to several hundred dollars worth of all kinds of soldier's clothing. A few days later Burns and his son-in-law were given a hearing before the U. S. Commissioner at Leavenworth and held under bond for their appearance before the U. S. Dis- trict Court. The grand jury found a true bill against Burns and also held him responsible for the articles found in pos- session of his son-in-law as the evidence before it showed THE GERMAN FORT RILE Y. 663 trained, and so make more demands on the rider. The rid- ing of private mounts is not under such strict instruction as with the former two, as these horses are often quite green and are receiving their first lesson under the supervision of the rittmeister ( riding-master). The description of the work in detail involves a discus- THE GERMAN FORT RILEY. sion of the whole German riding system, and I will naturally be far better qualified to report on this later. EXTRACTFROM REPORT BY FIRSTLIEUTEXANT GORDOS JOHNSTON.* My time is fully occupied in studying the '* Riding In- struction for Cavalry." and the manuals. To learn a new WO mounts are required and two full sets of equipment system of riding under masters who are most esacting and where the commands and espressions used are entirely un- T with stable requisites. TWO equipments are needed, as the fresh horsesare brought into the riding"hal1s promptly familiar is not an easy matter. The difficulty of the position at the end of the hour, and one must mount and be ready at is not lessened by the fact that the detailed officers are once for the next lesson. Our own equipment would not selected riders who have shown exceptional aptitude in their answer, as the pigskin saddles are required, and also partic- regiments for this very work. ular bridles and bits. To me the work has been far more than interesting, even As for the duty performed, it consisted of about seven fascinating. The works of distinguished cavalry officers on hours riding per day for three days in the week, including riding and cavalry matters, as well as the manuals, are of cross-country work and three hours per day in the riding absorbing interest. hall daring the others. There is also an hour a day devoted The reason is that the Germans in their thorough manner to longeing, estimating distances, lectures by the veterinary have mastered the mechanical and muscular construction of and fencing. a horse for the purpose of bringing him to the most perfect The cross.country work behind the government fox fitness for the demands which he must meet. They have hounds was intensely interesting as well as instructive. This not hesitated to take whatever seemed good to them and will be the subject of a special report. uniting it with their own long; experience in a branch of the The work in the riding hall consists generally of three service to which they are particularly partial, they have de- hours in succession in which three horses are ridden-a school veloped a splendid system for training both horse and rider. horse ridden without stirrups on the flat saddle, the chargers -4s for horse training, I think the object of their system and private mounts with stirrups, and all with the snaffle. may be covered under the following heads, which I have The school horse, furnished free, is a perfectly trained taken from Lieutenant General of Cavalry Pelet-Narbonne's animal. and the instruction is confined to the seat, hands and book entitled The Cavalry Service.'' He first discusses the use of aids. The gait is a trot and shakes one down into value of equilibrium or balance to the horse ; that the natural the seat on this saddle more than bareback or blanket rid- balance is changed by the weight of the rider; that the fore. .ing. The hour with the chargers consists of about the same hand is more overloaded even than in nature ; by actual ex- c instruction except that the chargers are not so perfectly periments this over-balance is from one seventh to one-twen- tieth of the whole weight, according to whether the head is 4 Lieatenant Johnston is now on duty as a student officer at the Military Equitatioa Institute. Militai-Reit Institute. Hanover, . carried low with long neck or high with bent neck; that the THE GERMAN FORT RILEY. 665 664 THE GERMAN FORT RILEY. will last as long as possible before he yields his last ounce to I. haunches can share the burden more than they naturally do the service. and that, by bringing the hind feet under, the spinal column To build up riders who can make a green horse quickly ; is arched and so better suited to bear weight. He says: who can take the last ounce out of their mounts on occasion or postpone that moment to the very limit of a horse’s power ; ~ “The purpose of our development is to bring a horse into I who can cross any sort of country that may face them with such a balanced camage, through gymnastic transformation the least effort to horse and rider. of his body, that the weaker and more upright forehand bur- dened with head and neck, shall be lightened and the burden cam$ further back towards the more powerfully built haunches. Through this transformation. and also by the haunches being brought into better use, we get the follow- ing results : ‘* I. Saving the weaker members, in particular. the fore- hand, by using the stronger ones more. “2. Obedience-by bringing the powerful haunches un- der the control of the rider. “3. Alertness, agility-by making the horse capable of transferring his weight to the haunches. Only by this capacity will the horse be able to execute short, sharp turns under the rider and according to the rider’s will, collect him- self or release the tension. “4. Greater endurance under severe and long continued effort, as the trained horse uses his members according to their ability and d&s not overwork any single part. Also by the act of shoving the haunches under, the back is arched and its capacity for bearing weight is increased. “5. Greater speed and a more reaching gait. Being in perfect balance and on account of greater flexibility of mus- cles and joints, the horse is able to make a better use of the haunches, to draw the latter further forward with the fore legs and gain more ground to the stride. The gait becomes safer as well as more extended.”

The thing that impresses me most at this institution is the strict adherence to that which fits both man and horse for cavalry work in war. To build up a horse which will per- form all that may be called for from a cavalryman’s mount in the field, speed, endurance, perfect obedience, and one that

I P-

A GLIMPSE OF FORElGN ARMlES. 667

done by Chinamen. At a glance their rations seemed hardly to compare favorably with ours. In the officers' stables were some splendid polo ponies which the adjutant stated they had bought in Arabia for fifty pounds each. He was quite a polo enthusiast, but had an A GLIMPSE OF FOREIGN ARMIES. idea that it was not very popular in our army. He asked a great many questions about our service, and seemed greatly I surprised to learn that our men draw only three pounds a BY FI~=LIEUT~NANT GEORGE STEUNENBERG, THIRTEEN1 H CAVALRY. month and that our government does not pay more than twenty-five pounds for horses. T is not the intention to give a description of foreign Later on I saw thousands of British soldiers at a field I armies in this article, but rather to show how little can meet at the race track; they all wore blue, with sidearms, be seen of them on a flying trip. The following account is and presented a very neat appearance, with the exception of written from memory of observations taken in the spring of their feet ; their shoes were big and clumsy, and the tight 1905, but it is safe to say that few if any changes have taken trousers tended to show them up conspicuously. place in the meantime. Sative Indian troops were seen all about the city on po- So many of our officers have visited Hong Kong that it is lice duty; they were tall, black bearded men, but round- almost superfluous to give any description of the British shouldered, with thin legs, big feet and poor set up. troops there. Suffice it to say that their service uniform is There was nothing different noticed in the British troops very similar to ours, or, rather. that ours is patterned after in India, Colombo, Aden and Egypt, except that in Alexan- theirs, even to the campaign badges. Although the weather dria some were wearing broad brimmed hats; they were was far from warm, they were wearing helmets, and, I uii- broader than our campaign hats and somehow suggested the derstand, have no other headgear for service. Transvaal. While in Alexandria I managed, with the assist- On visiting one of the posts I was shown around by the ance of an Arab guide, to go through a garrison of native adjutant. He was a captain, about thirty years of age, and Egyptian soldiers in the British service. . They were quar- wore a blue uniform, with tight fitting trousers, held down tered in a long, low stone building, to which we gained by straps. On our way through we chanced to meet the access with little difficulty. They wore khaki uniforms, with colonel, and it was rather a surprise to find that he was a red fez, and their equipments proved to be very much like scarcely past middle age. Several detachments were drilling, our own. On learning from the Arab that I was an Ameri- and their manual appeared to be much like ours, with a couple can soldier. they crowded around. anxious to tell all they of exceptions; for instance, in parade rest the position is knew, readily displaying rifles and equipinents, and telling stiff and the rifle held to the front with the right hand ; then, about pay, rations. etc. Their beds were stone benches, with in returning bayonet they insert the point in the scabbard no mattresses, and their rations principally corn bread ; they and lean over and watch the right guide ; as he thrusts the claimed that they received meat only twice a week. They bayonet home the rest do likewise and straighten up. were anxious to learn about our army, and on learning that The quarters for both officers and men were substantial an American soldier draws the enormous pay of fifty shil- stone buildings, and stone sidewalks ran everywhere. The lings a month, their eyes grew big with wonder. They were men's quarters were furnished with iron bunks, and in pass- not a robust looking lot, having generally thin legs and poor ing through the kitchen it was noticed that the cooking was set up.

ie 688 A GLIMPSE OF FOREIGN ARMIES. A GLIMPSE OF FOREIGN ARMIES. 669 In Cairo I noticed some.mounted native troops, but did several days to obtain a pass to the barracks, so I strolled not learn whether they were cavalry or mounted police. Over to the cuirassier’s quarters one morning and stood in They wore glittering accoutrements. and were splendidly the stable door while they were saddling up for drill. They mounted ; the horses were mostly dapple gray and were cer- were all big men, wore steel helmets, white flannel coats tainly magnificent animals. and breeches, and high, heavy black boots. The breeches In Italy there is little opportunity for viewing the mili- were reinforced with white leather. A sentinel was walk. tary. Our.attach6, Major Edwards, stated that he himself ing post with drawn saber, but offered no objections to my had never been permitted to see much. He had attempted looking on. to permission for other o5cers, but it required two secure The stable had a tile floor and the stalls were bedded weeks time, and even then the permit was so limited that it with clean straw a foot deep. The horses were no larger was little value. The soldiers seen strolling about the of than ours, but apparently better bred and more carefully streets were a fair looking lot and wore a sort of blue serge groomed. They had a curb bit similar to ours and a bri- uniform. Sentinels walking pokt at the king’s palace wore doon bit. The saddles were after the English pattern, with hats covered with feathers. Apparently their discipline was open steel stirrups. not of the best, for we saw one sentinel outside the walls of Rome who had left his post and was talking to a couple of While waiting there a troop of lancers in column of twos girls through a fence. - * came riding in, apparently from drill. Each man was armed with a lance, which he carried as our sergeants carry a gui- I In the museum at Pompeii they point with some pride to the plaster cast of a man said to have been a Roman sen- don. The horses were all docked. They were clean limbed tinel who died at his post when the city was buried. It is a animals, and there were several meres among them. nice story, but the body wears the belt of a slave and has Shortly after a company of infantry came along in col- the features of an African. umn of fours preceded by a band. They were in heavy The Pope’s Guard at the Vatican is a very picturesque marching order and carried knapsacks of cowhide with the little army. They are all Swiss, and wear a sort of Zouave hair on. They wore black helmets and blue uniform with uniform of yellow, black and red. It is said to have been de- trousers in their boots. The boots were not like those of signed by Michael Angelo. the cavalry, but came only half way to the knee. They In Geneva the American consul stated that there were marched with the precision of machinery and, as they were no troops in the city, so the three days there were passed all one height, they made a fine appearance. without a sight of the Swiss army. From conversation with Germans who have served in In Germany the military was in evidence everywhere, and the army, it appears that they have little love for their com- it seemed that^ every officer and soldier wore side arms. In pulsory service. They say that the small pay, poor rations Strasburg an officer took a seat near me in a trolley car, and iron discipline make it a hard life. which afforded a good opportunity for a careful scrutiny of In Holland, and France, owing to limited time, his uniform. The cap was blue with a brown band, and observations were confined to soldiers on the streets. Once similar in shape to ours. The coat was light blue and the at Helder, Holland, the place Napoleon called “the Gibraltar trouser8 dark blue; he wore silver shoulder knots, large, of the North,” I saw a squad of soldiers patrolling along the bright bronze buttons, and had spurs screwed to his heels. top of a dike on bicycles. They wore a neat blue uniform, Afterward I noticed the bright bronze buttons everywhere. and each had his rifle slung on his back. Others on the In Cologne the American consul stated that it would take street wore high fur caps, tight breeches, spurs screwed to F

670 A GLIMPSE OF FOREIGN ARMIES. A GLIMPSE OF FOREIGN ARMIES. 671

the heels and something like a small flat valise attached to they executed this peculiar step in double time, making an the saber. (I forget t,he name of it.) almost ludicrous appearance. Then in returning bayonet In Paris I saw a number of slouchy soldiers with red they went through the same ragged movement.that had been trousera and blue coats, but much more conspicuous were the noticed in Hong Kong. They had a very showy uniform cuirassiers with their steel helmets and long black horse- consisting of an enormous black fur cap, red coat and dark hair plumes. They are much in evidence on public occa- trousers. I saw them later on standing guard at Bucking- sions, and I remember seeing a squad of them escorting the ham Palace and Windsor . They did not walk post, President out to the Bois de Boulogae one Sunday afternoon but stood at attention in the hot sun with the great fur cap to see the Grand prix. and coat buttoned to the chin. In London there was no difficulty in entering the bar- Taken altogether, it is very likely that a glance at foreign racks of the Royal Horse Guards and mingling with the armies tends to make the average American thankful that soldiers. By the judicious investment of a few mugs of ale his own army still differs from them in some respects. I won my way through the barracks and stables and saw everything. They were all big men, the mkimum height being 5 ft. 11% in. However, very few of them could be called well built. They wear a steel helmet and breastplate, close fitting breeches of white leather and high black boots. The horses were all fine big blacks; they pointed out one that stood 17% hands and was well proportioned. The equipments are much like ours, with the exception, of course, of the English saddle. Two men of this regiment are kept on guard in the gateway at St. James’s Park. Changing the guard here is considered one of the sights of London. There is no apparent use for a guard, and it appears to be more for display than anything else. At St. James’s Park I was fortunate enough to see four companies of the Coldstream Guards going through the drill for trooping the colors.” This ceremony is held on the King’s ‘‘official” birthday and is the most imposing military ceremony held in London. It is similar to our review. but much more formal and ceremonious. They passed in review twice, once at a slow goose step and then in quick time. As they passed .the reviewing stand each company executed “Eyes right,” i and the officers saluted by holding the sword upright and moving it to and fro in front of the body. In making the turns the companies turned on a fixed pivot, each man marking time as he came on line. In marking time on the turns they raised the knees ag high as possible, making a motion like our setting-up exercise. In making the turn in quick time, L c: WEAPONS AND mmvnoivs OF WAR. 678 , ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT FOR MILITARY LINES OF INFORMATION. Electrical methods of intercommunication for military i field lines of information have been developed to such per- fection that they have become of first importance in war. For strategic lines of information, in the event of war in I- WEAPONS AND MUNITIONS OF WAR. any civilized country, the existing systems of commercial telegraphy will, of course, be adapted and utilized. It is not V.--PI.LD EQUIPMENT SIGNALTPOOPS.* PART OF necessary to more than mention here the types of instru- ments used for this purpose, as they are familiar, in a gen- BT MAJOIIGEORGE 0. SQUIER. SIGNALColps U. S. A. eral way, to every one. The American system of commercial telegraphy employs the Morse code of signals, which is read HE technical equipment of Signal troops for service in by sound. This code is made up of dots and dashes in dif- T campaign has been gapidly expanded and developed in ferent combinations to represent the individual letters and the past few years, so that at the present moment no well in- conventional signs needed for the transmission of intelli- formed military commander fails to demand the best which gence. The European system employs a slightly different this service aEords for his field operations in campaign. code, known as the Continental Code," whereby the signals The fact that widely separated bodies of troops can now are usually received upon a strip of paper recorded in ink, be maneuvered and fought under the guidance of one central giving a permanent record. This system of commercial intelligence, permitting an extent of terrain hitherto impos- telegraphy employs conducting wires elevated on poles, and sible, is due primarily to the development and efficiency of is represented by the enormous telegraph plant which now military electrical lines of information and control. exists in this country and throughout the civilized world. The element of time has always been a paramount factor For semi-permanent lines erected by Signal troops in the in war, and the electrical messenger has no competitor when field, the conducting wires are strung on light lance poles the distances involved are those now met with in modern and operated by simple and portable instruments known as combat. the closed-circuit relay and sounder, and the pocket relay, all It will be the object herein to give in brief outline, with- constructed on similar principles. out detailed description, the principal technical apparatus The closed-circuit relay can be used over well insulated and appliances now furnished Signal troops for field service. -- lines for distances up to about jOO miles, and over hastily constructed field lines about I 50 miles. With these instru- *Tt&satnrct is taken from a lecture in the Military Art course at the ments it is essential to have good insulation, good joints in Infantry and Cavalry School. hother extract from the same general sub- ject appesn, in this issue. page 620. The course in this subject comprises the the wire, and good ground connections, since the earth is following : used as a part oi the telegraph circuit. part I.--"Infaatry Weapons," by Captain Charles Crawford, Twentieth By the use of '*telegraph repeaters," messages may be Infantry. part II.--"Cavalry Weapons." by Captain John P. Ryan, Sixth Cavalry. transmitted over land lines without limit as to distance. Part X.II.-6aArtillery Weapons," by Captain Oliver L. Spaulding. Jr.. Ar- corpg Part IV.--~A~xiliaryWeapons," by Captain Campbell King, First In- fantry. Part V.--"Field Equipment of Signal Troops," by Major George 0. Squier signal corpl 074 WEAPONS AND MUNITIONS OF WAR. WEAPONS AND MUNITIONS OF WAR. 675 THE ‘.‘ BUZZER.” hastily constructed lines where the insulation was too im- This instrument, in its present developed form, is be perfect for Morse working. In the recent Russo-Japanese ‘ lieved to be superior to that used by any other army in the war the field buzzer was extensively used. world. The Japanese ‘’ buzzer ” is almost an exact copy of Without describing the actual wiring of the standard field the Signal Corps “buzzer,” but lacks some of its good points. buzzer, the following explanation of the action of the instru- As stated above, the standard Morse relay and sounder ment will give the principles involved : require comparatively carefully constructed telegraph lines Each of you, no doubt, has noticed the phenomenon of giving good electtical insulation from the earth. Tactical the electric spark, which can be produced in a variety of field lines, built and operated under service conditions, can- ways. not insure this construction, and an instrument whose opera- If we have a source of electromotive force, such as a few . tion depends on other principles became a necessity long dry cells of ordinary battery, joined up in series and con- ago. The first prominent mention of such an instrument in nected outside by a conducting wire, it is noticed that when military telegraphy was by Major Cardew, R. E., in 1881. the wire outside is connected, thus completing the circuit, no Its utility, through a poorly insulated line, where the ordi- spark is produced; whereas, when the circuit is broken, such nary Morse instruments were impracticable, was mentioned as by removing the wire from one of the terminals of the in the aaxmnt of the expedition of the English up the Nile battery or in any other manner, as with a key, a minute in the attempt to relieve Gordon at Khartoum in 1884. spark may be observed. Modern theory shows that at making The Signal Corps of the army has experimented with this the circuit, which permits a current to flow from the battery, instrument for a number of years, and developed in succes- the energy of the current is used up in producing strains in sion types of buzzers until the present latest model of field the medium surrounding the wire, and in heating the wire buzzer has been evolved, and is now issued to all Signal troops itself, so that at ‘‘making” the circuit no spark is produced. for service in campaign. The buzzer substitutes for the ordi- On “breaking” the circuit, however, the energy which has nary telegraph relay, used in commercial telegraphy, the been stored in the surroundingmedium, which is the ether head telephone as a receiving instrument ; and as a transmit- pervading all space, is given back and appears in the form of ter sends out upon the line a succession of pulsatory electri- light and heat at the terminals of the break in the circuit, cal currents of high electromotive force in place of the single and is known as the electric spark. If, instead of connecting impulses of low potential used in ordinary commercial teleg- the terminals of the battery directly by a conducting wire, raphy. Without entering into a detailed engineering descrip- we insert in the circuit a coil of wire surrounding a piece of tion of this instrument, it may be said that the theory of the soft iron and then repeat the experiment, it will be noticed, buzzer is based upon the fundamental principles of the effi- as before, that at the instant of “making” the circuit with cient transmission of electrical energy over poorly insulated the key or otherwise, no spark is observed; whereas, at the lines, namely, transmitting the energy at a comparatively instant of *&breaking”the circuit a much greater spark is .. high voltage and low current instead of at low voltage and seen. Furthermore, the length and size of this spark will larger current ; the energy transmitted being always propor- depend upon the suddenness with which the break occurs. tional to the product of these two factors. We have here introduced what is known as the phenomenon The American army in the Philippines and in China has of self-induction, and measurements would show that the made extensive and continuous use of the buzzer as a means spark in the second case had a much higher voltage or ten- of maintaining communication between an army in the field sion than in the former case, where it is limited to the volt- and its base, and as an habitual method of telegraphy over age of the battery used. If we should also connect an P

676 WKAmNS AND MUNITIONS OF WAR. WEAPONS AND MUNITIONS OF WAR. 671

I ordinary telephone receiver in the circuit we would hear the the buzzer. Each condenser consists of many sheets of tin clicks in the receiver whenever the circuit was broken ; but foil separated from each other by sheets of paraffined paper, the sound can be made much louder in the second case when all the alternate sheets of tin foil being connected together, the coil is used. In other words, the coil is a simple device thus making two sets of tin foil leaves, the two sets being for transforming the energy of the low voltage battery into separated by the paraffined paper yet being very close to- a form having higher potential or greater voltage, which lat- gether. No current will flow through the condenser if the ter quality serves to drive the current produced over greater battery be steadily applied, and, therefore, if one set of leaves distances when used on poorly insulated lines. is connected with the telegraph line and the other set with Instead of “making” and “breaking” the circuit by hand, the ground, no appreciable effect will be produced by the as explained above, it may be done with more regularity and comparatively slow pulsations of the ordinary Morse sending. suddenness by using an automatic interrupter, which con- If buzzers are bridged on to a part or the whole of such sists essentially of a straight stiff spring momentarily at- a telegraph line where ordinary Morse working is being tracted by the iron core of the coil every time the circuit is used, the rapid pulsations of current produced by the buzzer dosed by the sending key, and immediately restored by the readily pass through the condensers which are contained in- action of the elasticity o6Pthe spring itself. Such interrupters side the buzzer case, and are transmitted to the distant buz- may be easily adjusted to give very regular vibrations and zer without affecting the Morse relays or sounders in regular produce a definite note to the ear. In this case when the use on the line, since the changes of current are so rapid that telegraph key is closed, a succession of regular interruptions the arnlatures of the telegraph relays have not time to re- to the current occur until the key is released, and by holding spond. These rapid pulsations are, however, readily taken the key down for shorter or longer periods, the elements of up by the more delicate telephone receiver used in the buz- the Morse code may be produced. zer as a receiving instrument. In addition to providing this means for field telegraphy, The field buzzer is substantially mounted in compact the latest patent buzzer is also invariably furnished with a form in a wood and sole-leather case, with an adjustable specially constructed telephone transmitter suitable for field strap to sling it from the shoulder. It weighs eleven pounds work, and means provided for using the instrument as a tel- complete, and can be carried by mounted men for reasonable ephone set, independent of its use as a telegraph set. The distances, although, as will be explained later, it is carried same telephone receiver is used to hear the Morse signals in on the march with other equipment either in the chest of the the one case and speech in the other. field-wire wagon or in the squad boxes provided for pack This is accomplished in the field buzzer by means of transportation. a simple switch placed in the side of a telephone transmitter, so that when using the instrument as a telephone set this switch button must be depressed. The operation of the THE CAVALRY BUZZER. switch is to introduce a part of the battery into the coil cir- The cavalry buzzer adopted for the Signal Service is an cuit instead of the key and interrupter. extremely neat and compact form of the buzzer, especially It may often be desired to utilize existing telegraph lines designed for use with the cavalry, where the equipment as a part or the whole of the circuit for buzzer working, at the must be carried habitually by mounted men. The prin- I same time not interfering with the use of the wire for Morse ciples of this instrument are identical with those of the field working. buzzer just described, but there are several changes which This is effected by using condensers between the line and make for compactness and portability. Dry cells are used, I 1

618 WEAPONS AND MUNITIONS OF WAR. WEAPONS AND iMUNlT10N.S OF WAR. 679 ! but thqy are very small, ahd the telephone transmitter and orders and instructions on the battlefield, since it is much receiver are both mounted together on an adjustable frame more accurate and reliable and gives a permanent record of 80 that they may be camed in the smallest space possible, both the transmitted and received message. The telephone and both used with one hand. always has at times its peculiar advantages, and is therefore The switch employed, when the instrument is used as a invariably supplied in the field buzzer outfit. telephone set, is contained in the handle of the frame. The The field telephone, being solely a telephone set, is supe- telegraph key is merely a button in the top of the case and rior for telephone practice alone to that provided in the field may be used without removing the leather case. This in- buzzer equipment. . strnment is especially adapted for rapid field lines such as In the field telephone the essential parts are the trans- used in service with the cavalry screen or with outposts, etc., mitter, the receiver. and the calling apparatus. These parts where light field buzzer wire laid directly on the ground do not differ in principle from those used in commercial tele- may be used. The instrument weighs five pounds complete, phone practice, except that they are made in more substan- and is carried in two small leather cases, both swung from tial and compact form. the same adjustable shoulder strap. 4 The transmitter and receiver are mounted on the same It is believed that two of the present cavalry buzzers (one hand support, so that one hand only is required for conversa- set) should be issued to every company of infantry and tion ; the wiring is very strong and durable, and all parts can every troop of cavalry in our service, for use in their own in- be readily examined in case of trouble. The case is neatly terior intercommunication, in addition to all other methods made of wood with metal corners, and as far as possible is of information furnished them from the outside by Signal weatherproof. The whole equipment weighs about twenty- troops. one pounds and has a strap sling for carrying purposes. For a company of infantry on outpost or similar duty, The theory of the telephone transmitter and receiver and the such an equipment would be simply invaluable, and as the practice as used in the Signal Corps is clearly given in the present regulations require that two mea in each organiza- Signal Corps manuals issued to officers and noncommis- tion shall be instructed in signaling, these men would natur- sioned officers of the Signal Corps. ally be the ones to carry. install, and operate this equipment. A field cordless telephone switchboard has been devised, and is used in the equipment of field "central" stations where several field lines converge, such as at army, division, FIELD TELEPHONE. or brigade headquarters. This board is very compact and The Signal Corps .has experimented for a number of may be mounted either directly upon the ground or upon a years looking to the development of a portable field tele- tripod furnished for the purpose. phone without any telegraph arrangement, for use in the field, in semi-permanent camps, the march, etc., where a on FIELD WIRELESS TELEGKAI'IIY. telephone service only is desired. The great advantage of the telephone service is that it requires no trained operators There has been developed recently a satisfactory equip- to use it. and that commanding generals and others may ment for field wireless telegraphy, and experiments are now have the advantage of direct and confidential communication being made with the Army of Cuban Pacification to deter- without the intervention of other parties, and also with the mine the possibilities and limitations of this method of sig- least possible delay; whereas the telegraph with trained naling for the field operations of. an army. This subject is operators 7sgreat advantage for the transmission of also being studied practically and theoretically in the U. S. 680 WEAPONS AND MUNZTlONS OF WAR. WEAPONS A'VD MUNlTIONS OF WAR. 681 Signal School, and a complete equipment for two field sta- purposes. These outfits compri e. in general, some type of tions has been recently received here. portable engine and dynamo, transformers, portable balloon This equipment includes a sixty foot mast, comprising or mast. etc., requiring several wagons for transportation, jointed sections, which is held in an upright position by guy and a Considerable trained personnel for successful opera- ropes. With a trained detachment, the mast can be erected tion. The principal obstacle to field wireless work has been and the whole station installed in fifteen to twenty minutes. the necessity for transporting some form of mast, captive The apparatus, including transmitting coil, condensers, keys, balloon or kite, to sustain the vertical aerial Last year, at electrolytic receiver, head telephone, etc., is assembled in two this station efforts were made to develop a more mobile out. pack chests, so that the entire outfit, including the mast, fit than had been heretofore attempted, and one suited to weighs but 320 pounds, and can be easily transported on two pack transportation. The object was to attain distances of packmules. The electric current is supplied by portable twenty-five to fifty miles, for use with a cavalry screen, out- storage batteries, which are conveniently mounted for trans- lying posts, and so forth. To avoid the necessity of trans- portation, and they are recharged by a small gasoline-driven porting a mast or balloon for sustaining the antennze, special dynamo at the base of operations. For convenience in oper- forms of kites were experimented with here with good suc- ating in the field, a tripod is furnished for mounting one of cess. These kites have been regularly adopted as a part of the chests. Several of these field outfits have already been the Signal Corps field equipment. They are made in stand- furnished the Army of Cuban Pacification, and field messages ard sizes, and may be flown either singly or in tandem. are tegularly transmitted and received by them over dis- They are made of fine Japanese silk mounted on light bam- tances of twenty.five to thirty miles, while messages have boo frames, and are collapsible so that they may be folded been received at Camp Columbia, Cuba, from the wireless up in a very small compass. These kites are held captive station at Key West, 125 miles distant. by the buzzer wire used in field operations, which also serves In addition, the Chief Signal Officer of the Army is at as the transmitting and receiving antennz. This wire is present constructing fifteen sets of field wireless equipments paid out from a specially constructed reel, highly insrilated for tests during summer encampments. These sets aim to from the ground by porcelain legs. The ground connection still further reduce the weight of this complete equipment, for both transmitting and receiving. is effected by spreading which will be contained in one small pack chest made up like out upon the surface of short, thick grass a copper wire net- II trunk, having a length of about thirty-two inches, a width ting of comparatively fine mesh. It is of advantage that the of about twenty inches, and a depth of about twelve inches, earth connection should be surrounded for a considerable the weight being but about 140 pounds, not including the distance on all sides with moist earth well covered with small portable battery. short grass.r This small chest with two storage batteries and the With this simple ontfit, which could be installed in a few jointed mast, will probably be transported on one mule. minutes, whole messages were received at this station from There is no longer doubt that wireless telegraphy will St. Louis, Chicago, and from ships in the Gulf of Mexico. play an important part in the military field operations of the Since the distances to which messages may be trans- future. The maintenance of a wire between stations always mitted depend primarily upon the power of the transmitting presents obstacles to reliability and efficiency, especially station, the equipment described was not adapted for send- when the wire is in a military terrain. France and Germany ing to such great distances as mentioned above, but mes- bave each developed portable wireless field outfits for military sages were easily exchanged between this station and the

I 688 WEAPONS AND MUNITIONS OF WAR. WEAPONS AND MUNITIONS OF WAR. 683 wireless station at Kansas City, Missouri. a distance of over The light buzzer wire is habitually transported in half- thirty miles. mile coils, and is paid out or recovered from a hand or breast The equipment necessary for receiving messages only reel carried by a mounted man. In laying and recovering can be made extremely simple, so much so that it need such lines mounted signalmen are employed who carry short weigh but a few ounces and may be carried by a single wooden pikes, with a special hook at the end, so that the soldier without inconvenience. In such cases no other form wire can be handled almost entirely without dismounting. of receiving antennae need be used than a vigorous growing tree, preferably well covered with leaves. It is only neces- sary to drive an ordinary nail into the trunk of a tree at some distance from the ground, and connect this nail, through a small pocket electrolytic receiver, to a small iron pin driven into moist earth near the tree, when passing messages may be clearly read by means of a head telephone suitably con- nected to the receiver.

COMBAT TRANSPORTATION.

' The combat transportation for field lines of information will be merely enumerated here, as ample opportunity is af- forded for observing its technical use in field exercises and manetme?. At present it comprises the following : Automatic field-wire wagons, Automatic reel carts, Lance trucks, Instrument wagons, Construction wagons, Balloon wagons, T2d ] for pack transportation.

TYPES OF WIRE USED FOR FIELD SERVICE.

No. 14 g. i. wire, weight g6 lbs. per mile. Nineteen strand insulated field wire, weight 120 Ibs. per mile. . Eleven-strand insulated field wire. Buzzer wire, partially insulated, weight s lbs. per $-mile coil. ...."'!. - , ,- . :, .-,.- ,

REPRINTS .AND TRANSLA TIONS. 685

It is true that in this campaign the cavalry has often had to operate in unfavorable regions, and this may explain in part why it has been thrown so much in the shade. The Russian officers especially have been the first to acknowledge it; one of them, Captain Engelhardt, of the Nertchine Cos- sack Regiment, delivered a lecture before the '' Societe Adepts des Sciences Militaires" April 24, 1905. from which we quote the following extracts: "In general, our cavalry has had to operate over terrains THE RUSSIAN CAVALRY DURING THE RUSSO- which were unfavorable to it. In the mountains it en- JAPANESE WAR.* countered rocks and torrents that often could not be crossed by fording after a rain. On the plains there were other dif- BY M. le CAPITAIN= SERGE NIDOINE. ficulties; the fields were quagmires and the roads were abominable. Finally, we lacked good maps. Such were the General Comiderutwns. difficult conditions under which our cavalry had to act, con- ditions which have bad a very great influence on the opera- HEN the Rum-Japanese War broke out everybody tions of the army. Our cavalry could march only very slowly ; w was convinced that the numerous Cossack cavalry at in a single march of about twenty versts (a verst is 1066 Russia's disposal would cover themselves with laurels, not, meters) one troop had to ford thirteen streams. of course, on the field of battle, but io the very extensive +'Small cavalry bodies could ordinarily cover short dis- domain of exploration and reconnoissance. tances of 500 to 1500 meters at a trot. As for large detach- It was also thought that the commander of the Russian ments, they were obliged to march almost exclusively at a forces would frequently send his Cossack troops upon the walk. enemy's rear to cut his line of communications, to capture "In reconnoissance. the cavalry was often obliged to dis- his trains and to harass him without ceasing. Finally, it was mount and walk for fear of ambuscades, and also because the hoped that during the tactical operations the Russian cavalry terrain was badly cut up. When the cavalry was in route would be able to properly inform the staff concerning the column it had to send its scouts out on foot. The result was actions of the enemy, and of his turning movements es- that in a mountainous country this arm was deprived of its pecially. principal quality, speed, for it could march only two or three We must remember that the Russian cavalry has actually versts an hour. The information gained by the cavalry made several raids on the rears of the Japanese armies, but would be delivered late at the destination and would often that they have not given satisfactory results. be of no value when the commanding officer would receive As for the service of reconnoissance during battle, it was it. Furthermore, the power of modern musketry fire ren- not what it should have been. dered the r61e of our cavalry very difficult. We must confess that our reliance on the successors of Generally speaking, our cavalrymen have been able to Ataman Platoffs famous Cossacks had to be based on other live on the country, but our horses, on the contrary, have things. been poorly fed. *Ttanslated from the French jomtnol des Sriruces Mililoirrs. August, "At the commencement of the war we had, in all, six 1go5. by Captain Herschel Tups, First Infantry. ‘y’ 4

688 REPRINTS AND TRANSLATIONS. REPRINTS A.VD TRANSLA TfONS. 687 I 1 aquadrons and thirty-six mtnias doing duty of the first class. Captain Ekgelhardt also stated that at the end of 1904 The cavalry received reinforcements at the beginning of the commanding general had, in round numbers, 30,000 March and at the close of the autumn, 207 sotnias and squad- cavalrymen at his disposal. rons; of these the Cossacks made up sixty-three per cent.; We have hinted above that the service of reconnoissance the remainder, that is to say, thirty-seven per cent. of the was not what it should have been. But it is also possible cavalry was composed of dragoons-fifteen squadrons-and that the staff was not able to appreciate the service rendered . mounted units of the Frontier Guard Corps. The Cossacks of by the cavalry. In fact, we read in a letter written by an * the second class are badly instructed. The Trans-Baikal Cos- officer,and dated at. Harbin, the 15th of April, 1905 : sacks, in particular, are badly prepared for war; they are “The mistake of the Russian generals has been in their brave, intelligent and hardy; but they know nothing of not utilizing the information furnished by their cavalry; I reconnoitering patrols, and have not the least idea of outpost will give an example of it : duty ; they saddle their horses badly. “The horse artillery attached to the cavalry has greatly “At Jlukden I was near an old general ; suddenly a young hindered the marching of that arm in the mountainous second lieutenant arrived from a reconnoissance. He re-. countries ; in defiles it became necessary for the men to draw ported that four Japanese regiments were marching around the cannon. The result was that there were cases when it the right flank. The general, instead of taking the neces- took seventeen hours to travel fifty versts. sary action, immediately got red in the face from anger and “More than once the cavalry was obliged to relinquish shouted at the officer : ‘My friend, the fear of danger has its artillery, and naturally the absence of its guns had an made you lose your head ; go and be more careful ! ’ unfavorable repercussion on the results of the reconnois- **Afew days afterwards, another officer rode up at full sance. * * * speed and said : ‘Sir, six Japanese regiments are enveloping “The best auxiliaries that an army commander can obtain our right flank.’ The old chief made another strong reply. for purposes ob information are spies, patrols and strong re. But he soon had to yield to evidence; an entire Japanese connoissances. Spies did not give us good service; they army was out flanking the Russian right wing. * * *” famished but little information that did not have to be veri- another part of his letter the same officer highly fied. Long distance reconnoissance was frequent enough, but In praised the units of the Frontier Guards Corps. He said in touch with the army was also-frequently lost. The cavalry- regard to them : men were frequently obliged to march on foot when travers- ing the enemy’s outposts or skirting around them. Three “One knows how important to the Russians is the Trans- . series of reconnoissance patrols managed to return their Siberian Railway which carries them provisions and reinforce- horses and then continue their march on foot ; the majority ments; let it be cut and all would be lost. The Japanese of them did not return. The information obtained by have well understood this; they have also made every effort patrols sent out on long distance reconnoissance would be to destroy the railway by organizing bands of Khounkhouses. obtained by the staff only in about two weeks, and was con- However, with the exception of some slight damage, the sequently not of the least value. efforts of the Japanese have remained unfruitful. To whom “Only the patrols sent out for short distances furnished is due the honor for these results? To the Frontier Guarcis. the staff with valuable information.” Day and night,during every hour and minute.every kilometer of this railway line has been obstinately defended by the brave and gallant soldiers wearing the green uniforms of the 688 REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. 689

Frontier Guards. These soldiers are the terrok of the Jap- During battle the scouts were at the disposal of the com- anese. with whom the order is : ‘Make no prisoners of green manding general, who made use of them to obtain informa- uniforms; kill them without mercy!’ * * * tion of the different events of the struggle; during the periods “The Frontier Guards are not satisfied with protecting of lull, the scouts made strategical explorations on the rear the railway io Manchuria and up into Siberia ; these are they and the flanks of the Japanese. The colors of the scouts were who, after every battle, are the last to leave the place of those which had been offered to General Kuropatkin by the combat and who cover the retreat of the army; they defend city of Moscow. the railroad until the last minute, for that is the order of During the battle of the Sha-Ho, General Kuropatkin or- their intelligent leader, General Tchitchagoff. dered Captain Drozdovski to proceed to a company of infan- *‘At Mukden. the Frontier Guards preserved a remarkable try which occupied an important position, vigorously can- ,attitude in the midst of the general rout; as always, they nonaeed by the Japanese. and to order its commander to hold were the last to leave the place.” the place at all cost. Captain Drozdovski went, accompan- ied by Captain Stenbok-Ferrnor and a small group of cavalry- The general nature of the theater of war determined the men. Having arrived at the position, Captain Drozdovski commanding general, in May, 1904, to create a body of found the company already retreating; he informed them mounted scouts consisting of two squadrons. This body, that they would be reinforced, and that the commanding gen- which was made up of the best officers and soldiers of the eral enjoined them to hold the position at any cost. The Manchurian cavalry, was placed under the command of Cap- company commander took no notice of the order and contin- tain Drozdovski (Thirty-ninth Regiment of Dragoons of Nar- ued his movement in retreat. “Very well,” said Drozdovski -va), and was particularly charged with strategical exploration. to him, “I am going to remain on this position; I am going Each squadron consisted of five officers and from I 50 to I 80 to pasture my horses here, and I will report to the General men. All the cavalry regiments were represented in this that I have been able to graze my horses upon a position that body; the Dragoons and the Don, the Ural, the Orenburg, you had abandoned under the pretext that it was impossible the Siberian. the Trans-Baikal, the Amur and the Oussouri to hold on account of the enemy’s fire.” The company com- Cossacks. The men who were assigned to it were all auda- mander immediately caused his company to return and oc- cious, intelligent and brave. As for the o5cers, the most of cupy the position again. them belonged to the cavalry regiments of the Guard; Cap- During the same battle, a Russian battery riddled the tain Stenbok-Fermor (Hussars of the Guard), the com- crest of an eminence upon which no enemy could be seen. e mander of the First Squadron, had taken part in an expedi- Several cavalrymen of the scout corps received orders to go tion to Abyssinia in 1902 at his own expense; Lieutenant see if this height was occupied by the enemy. In ten min- Kadziville had taken part in the Anglo-Boer War as a volun- utes they returned and reported that it was not occupied, but teer; Captain Count Velepoloski, the commander of the Sec- that strong columns of the enemy were assembling in rear ond Squadron, had accompanied Captain Stenbok Fermor to of it. The battery mentioned immediately began firing over Abyssinia; Lieutenant Shatiloff (Cossacks of the Guard) had the heights and delivered an effective fire on those columns. left the Staff Academy to take part in the campaign; Second By these two examples we see what kind of service the Captain Grevs (Hussars of the Guard) had accompanied body of scouts rendered during battle. Grand Duke Cyrille Vladimirovitch during his travels in the Far E&t. One sees that the body of mounted scouts was composed of choice elements. 690 REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TlOiVS. REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. 691 In the month of June, rgo5. Captain Krasnoff, military ‘&Thisis the kind of service to which the Cossacks from correspondent for the Rvuiarr Imlid. wrote this article which the Trans-Baikal, the Orenburg, the Ural and the Don were gives ’CIS same information on the employment of Russian tied down during the first period of the war; they were , cavalry during the war : limited to the service of security and reconnoissance. Our “One hears it often asked: .What has our cavalry done? Cossack troops were consequently subjected to no fewer losses than the infantry, but those losses passed unseen be- mete was it during the war? Why do we not hear some- thing said about it? Why is it that up to the present it has cause they occurred daily and only a very few every day. nowhere played a decisive rde? “While the infantry would lose a great many men at a “There are people who go so far as to say that the r61e of single stroke, the Cossacks would lose one or two men every the cavalry is finished, that it has had its day and that little day. And there were many such days for the Cossacks. by little it mast be replaced by mounted infantry. ’‘ Ambuscaded day and night, frequently going whole I‘Is that right? Let us first see if we had enouah cavalry weeks without being relieved. constantly patrolling, the Cos- to throw into these rather hazardous undertakings on the sacks exhHusted their strength and their nerves, wore out The public rear. their horses, and but rarely received any praise. enemy’s ‘A certain patrol “Normally one must have a division of cavalry with a was accustomed to read news of this kind : pupof horse artillery to every two divisions of infantry. has had a skirmish at such a place ; it repulsed the Japanese Such is the proportion of cavalry in all our armies of Euro at such a village; but, afterwards, it had to fall back before Due to the news of this kind, the pean Russia. Under these conditions a corps commander the Japanese infantry.’ has su5cient cavalry to operate along his front and even to public has found it tiresome in the end and has given it no further attention. charge it with independent missions. At the present time It was we do not have in Manchuria a cavalry reserve that can be “Where, then, was our cavalry? asks the public. employed in independent missions’; the army corps have engaged in the slozu and unnoticed service of security and ex- none at all. and cavalry divisions have been broken up to in- ploration. sure their service. Our adversary possesses still fewer squad- “Several times, imposing masses of Russian cavalry would rons than we; we have three times more cavalry than he, execute raids on the enemy’s rear. The three most impor- and this is why we could withdraw from one to two cavalry tant of these raids were those carried out by General hfit- regiments from every corps to form four detachments of in. shenko; in Korea, during the months of February and March, dependent cavalry : that of General Lioubaine (formerly 1904;upon Inkou in January, 1905 ; and on the Mongolian commanded by General Rennenkampf), on our left flank; side in May, 1905. These raids yielded no appreciable re- that of General Baumgarten (General Samsonoffs old com- sults. mand). in the center; that of General Mitshenko, an inde- “The raid into Korea was undertaken with three regi- pendent command ; and, finally, that of General Grekoff (of ments of the Trans-Baikal Cossacks ; only one-third of their Vladimir) which is on our right flank. The effective strength effective strength was composed of young men, and the of these commands has varied a great deal during the dif- horses, which had lacked forage, were thin. The column ferent phases of the campaign. marched, without maps, across a new and almost unknown “Where there is no decisive offensive, no pursuit, no region, and along a single road. General Mitshenko wished charges to be made against strong bodies of infantry, no to press as far forward as Seoul-which would have been carefully planned out raids, the service in the cavalry, is possible at that time, that is, in the middle of February- ‘slow ’ and passes unnoticed. F

699 REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. 693

P bat, at sixty versts from that city they received the order to alarmed the Japanese upon their rear and burned several of not uselessly expose the ohy cavalry at disposal at the time, their trains. and they returned to the Yalu. When Mitshenko had re- During this raid on Inkou, some of the Caucasian Cos- turned. he received new orders to advance to the front, and sack troops bravely captured, with their side arms, several he proceeded by the same route as far as the Tchin-Tchan- Chinese villages occupied by the Japanese. Later, near han River. He was able to go no farther ; the Japanese in- Gountchjouline, at the battle of Sandepou. January 26, rgo5. fantry and artillery were advancing already, and arranging during the Japanese attack, the Don and the Caucasian Cos- his small forces, he returned toward the north in order not sacks and the mounted troops of the Frontier Guards charged to be cat offby the Yalu. which could no longer be crossed the cavalry and the infantry troops of the enemy with saber on the ice. and lance. “After this raid in Korea, the Cossacks were coostantly “Finally, the 17th of May, rgo5, the mixed Caucasian employed either on small reconnoissances or to cover the re. division and the Trans-Baikal Cossacks carried away several treat of the army by Occupying intreachments which they Japanese machine guns and captured an entire company. would defend with their carbines. If the Russian cavalry remained inactive during the “The Inkou raid did not permit the Russian cavalry to battle of Mukden. it was because they had not been assem- gather the laurels for which they had hoped. Ordinarily, bled with the view to an autonomous mission. and also be- the object and the itinerary of raids of this kind are kept cause its glorious leader, General Mitshenko, who had not secret; when they must take place on an enemy’s rear, they recovered from the wound which he had received at Sande- are executed in an unexpected manner and constitute the pou, could not ride his horse. * * *” ’. first or the last act in a general battle. As the Russian army was talking about the Inkou raid from the month of Septem- Independently of the Cossacks, Dragoons and Frontier ber. the Japanese ought to have certainly been advised of it. Guards, the Russian staff ha3 likewise employed mounted “Consequently. they had all the villages on the route from infantry for additional exploration duty in front of the ad- Mukden to Inkou lightly but energetically garrisoned. The vance guard. troops taking part in this raid were composed of Cossacks from the Trans-Baikal, Orenburg, Ural, Siberia and the Don, as well as dragoons. Unfortanately this mass of cavalry Rolc of thc Rzrssiczn Cm~~ilryFroijr thr coJ~i?~z€ii‘~~i~lciltof flit was weighted down by a heavy train. c miipazgu Uutil thc Fight at Turcnfchcn ( Kiiilicii- chrng) May I. 1904. ‘I Instead of advancing fan-shaped, as foragers, this cav- alry force was divided into three massive columns that The Russian cavalry came into serious contact with the marched slowly, making no more than forty versts a day, Japanese for the first time on the agd of March, 1904,in the every halt being a grand halt to await the arrival of the con- neighborhood of Paktchin, situated in the northern part of voy, etc Having arrived within sight of the railway station Korea, about thirty kilometers west of An- Ju. General at Inkou, they dismounted to make the attack, but were not Mitshenko, commanding the Trans-Baikal Cossack Brigade snccessful. (three regiments of six sotnias each) had, in fact, crossed the “Briefly, the Russian cavalry was employed in operations Korean frontier about the 20th of February with two regi- that overtaxed its strength instead of in operations demand- ments (twelve sotnias) and a battery of horse artillery of six ing lightness and mobility. In spite of it all, the Cossacks pieces to march on PingYang through An-Ju. The third regiment of this brigade had been sent to the Kwang-tung. REPRINTS AND TRANSLA T/O,VS. REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. 695 il General Mibhenko retired before the advance guards of was this body which was operating against the rear of the Kuroki’s army and withdrew toward the west. Japanese army? Where did it come from? It was known On the 28th of March, this small body of Russian cavalry later that it was a raiding party commanded by Lieutenant had an engagement with the Japanese at Chung-ju. situated Colonel Madritoff, of the staff. One of the o5cers attached about forty kilometers west of An-Ju. Mitshenko had five to the staff of the Manchurian Army, Captain Eletse, has troops successively dismount and take position on an emi- given us the following account of it : nence about 500 meters from Chung-ju and opened fire upon this locality, which was occupied by a few Japanese dragoons. “The present war has already proved how difficult it is to After a fight which lasted one and a half hours, General fight the Japanese. This is because the latter combine the Mitshenko having been informed that a battalion of the knowledge of modern and technical sciences with fanaticism, enemy was coming to the assistance of the Japanese cavalry- obstinancy and artifice. It was consequently necessary that men, gave the order to retreat. There were very few losses we oppose our adversaries with these same qualities in order on either side. to attempt to attain any advantageous results. On April 4th the heads of the Japanese advance guards “One of the means of striking our enemy, who possesses arrived at the Yalu in the shelter of which Kuroki’s army an astonishing amount of tenacity and energy, was to carry deployed. This latter army had in its front a Russian cov- out raids against his trains and communications, raids which ering detachment consisting of about I 100 men under Gen- always presented great difficulties and many risks. One of eral ZaYoulitch, as well as Mitshenko’s Cossack brigade. the most brilliant of these raids was executed by Lieutenant On account of the wooded and mountainous nature of the Colonel Madritoff in Korea. region the service of security extending along the Russian “The principal object of this raid was, in a general way, side of the Yalu was entrusted. not to the Cossacks, but to the to reconnoiter the northeastern part of Korea. In order to covering detachment of mounted infantry, the okhotniti (hunt- effect this result it was necessary to advance on the trains of ers), as they were called. the Japanese army commanded by Kuroki, who was concen- Then the battle of Kieuliencheng (May 1st) took place trating on the Yalu River, to penetrate as far as possible into in which no part of Mitshenko’s brigade took part. This southern Korea, to reconnoiter the lines of defense chosen latter was at that time located on the extreme right of Gen- and fortified by the enemy and to do him as much harm eral Zasoulitch and overlooked the seacoast. After the pas- as possible by attacklng his convoys and destroying his pro- sage of the Yalu, Kuroki’s army was directed toward the visions.

northwest without energetically following up the Russian “ Lieutenant Colonel Jladritoff’s detachment was com- retreat. posed only of mounted troops, viz: The Sixth Sotnia of the Oussouri Cossacks; one sotnia of volunteer Caucas- Lirutenant Colonel Madritofs Raid Upoti the Re07 of Kurokz’s ian Cossacks; two groups of mounted infantry, one from Army ( April-May, 1904). His Jlajestg’s First Regiment East Siberian Rifles and one from the Fifteenth Sharpshooter Regiment; finally, fifty When Kuroki’s army had crossed the Yalu and fought the mounted Khounkhouses, who were charged exclusively with battle at Kieulien-cheng there was a great deal of astonish- transmitting information to headquarters; say in all jOO ment upon learning that the Russian cavalry was still in cavalrymen. Korea and was capturing different places occupied, in some “The train was composed only of pack animals. The de- places by Korean, and in others by Japanese troops. What tachment, including its commander, had thirteen officers, all ‘4

696 REPRINTS AND TRANSLA nom. REPRINTS A .VD TRRNSLA TZONS. 69‘;

chosen with the greatest care, with one surgeon, two assist- structors. and that these garrisons had altogether about 5000 ant surgeons and a few hospital attendants. Korean volunteers who were prepared to resist the Russian “At the end of the month of March, 1904. the detachment invasion. left Makden. after participating in divine service, en route *’It was likewise learned that the headquarters of the for Kouanjensian, where it remained three days. Having Korean partisans was at Kangkia. In fact, the Caucasian learned that there were no Japanese on the road they were Cossack troop sent to Wiwon was fired upon by Korean to follow, the raiding party started to ford the Yalu, which troops in ambush there. The latter were dispersed with it crossed without opposition at Vanzygooumyn, and entered great loss. The Cossacks had only one killed and five Korea. wounded. Madritoff, astonished at the attitude of the popu- “ From there, Second Captain Bobroff. commanding the lation to whom no harm had been done, hesitated a moment mounted group of the Fifteenth Sharpshooter Regiment, as to the line of conduct that he should follow ; on one hand, started with the latter and the Oussouri troop in the direc- in order to carry out his mission, it was necessary to push as tisn of Pyanghchang to reconnoiter. The enemy had al- rapidly as possible to the south ; on the other hand, he wished ready passed through Pyanghchang. going toward the Yalu. to chastise the Koreans as they deserved. He decided to set Bobruff succeeded in capturing ISOO pounds of rice, which the latter aside for the time being. to leave their chastise- he barn ed . ment until his return, and to carry out his principal object. “The same day, the Caucasian sotnia, commanded by As Pyanghcbang was in the zone of Japanese activity, the Lieutenant Girs, was sent toward Wiwon for the same pur- detachment marched due east, from Chungsung to Kangkia, pose. Lieutenant Colonel Madritoffs detachment was well and from there toward Boudjii. received by the Korean population and by the municipality “In the meantime, the Japanese had learned that Rus- of Tchkhosan, which it entered after crossing the Yalu. sian patrols had made their appearance on their rear. Con- “The garrison of the town consisted of 100 seldiers. who sequently, Madritoff left the road and struck into the moun- were under the command of a colonel. As the latter and tains and followed the narrow and almost imperceptible the mayor of the town had received them well. Colonel trails in Indian file. Madntoff offered them a banquet. These two functionaries “After a long and difficult march, the detachment reached ate a great deal, drank still more and, the repast at an end, a road that crossed the Cheng-chen-gang River not far from fled from the town. Boudjii, and started south toward the town of Kai-chen. A “The same night the bivouac of the detachment was at- patrol explored the above mentioned river, which was noted tacked by the Korean troops, who were received by volleys as being the second line of defense for the Japanese (the fired by the main guard. The Korean soldiers fled, throa- first being the Yalu). This patrol reported that the river ing away their arms and ammunition. Not contented with mentioned was not definitely prepared for defense at the these perfidous proceedings, the Koreans directed their fire time, and that there were no Japanese on its banks. upon several points of the town. ‘* Kai-chen was no longer occupied by the Japanese, but Madritoff, having disarmed the garrison. continued on it contained a large amount of supplies for men and horses. his way’toward Kangkia. The Korean soldiers and several These supplies had been collected upon the order of the incendiaries captured by the Cossacks, declared that the hos- commander of the Kai-chen district. tile attitude of the authorities toward the Russians was due “The detachment seized all the supplies, distributed part to the influence of the Japanese ; that all the garrisons of the of them among the destitute inhabitants, and the remainder northern regions of the country had Japanese o5cers for in- . was burned or thrown into the river. 6S8 REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TfONS. REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TfOLVS. 699

“Other reconnoisanas showed that the Japanese line of cided to advance toward the southeast over the mountains communication to the rear was open and undefended. and through Tak-chen and Kai-chen. that all of their troops were directed toward the Yalu. **Thedetachment arrived at Kai-chen on the 9th of May ‘*Evidently a division of Russian cavalry would have one hour before sundown, and after a rest of four hours they been enough to cause much harm and embarrassment to the continued their march on An-ju. While en route they learned Japanese. that this town had received quite important reinforcements ‘*The inhabitants informed Madritoff that a large battle the day before. This caused Madritoff to renounce his first had been fought on the Yalu (that of Kiulien cheng) snd plan of attacking the town at once ; he wished to assure him- that more than 2000 Japanese had been killed. In support self beforehand that the garrison had really been reinforced. of this assertion the inhabitants declared that Koreans had “During this night march the advance guard was formed been bired to transport boxes containing the heads of Japa- of Caucasian Cossacks, who destroyed the military and State nese soldiers who had been killed, and that the said boxes telegraph lines over an extent of six versts. Madritoff had had been despatched to Japan. The inhabitants added that to act with the greatest circumspection because he had re- the number of Japanese wounded was at least 6ooo. ceived orders to not engage in a serious combat, in order a6Profitingby this circumstance, that the rear of the Jap- that he might not be embarrassed by the wounded. For anese army was absolutely open, Madritoff resolved to ad- this reason, when within five versts of the town, Madritoff vance on their principal line of communications, that of Wi. sent Second Captain Bobroff and a mounted infantry detach- ju, An-ju. Pyangyang. These towns, as well as Suk-chen, ment ahead to reconnoiter the town. Yong-ben, Pak-chen. Sak-chu, Piengsan and others were for- ‘‘ Bobroff’s instructions were to gallop across an exposed tilied by small forces varying from 200 to 600 soldiers strip in sight of the town and occupy a crest 800 paces from Some points even had artillery, but never more than two the walls and draw the fire of the garrison which. on the un- pieces. expected appearance of the Russian troops, would not fail to “The reconnoitering patrols likewise learned that the show its entire strength. Japanese would no longer debark their troops in Korea, but “Bobroff carried out the first part of his instructions per- at Tatoungoou. Dagouchan and Pi-Tse Vo. fectly; he crossed the exposed strip rapidly without any “The Korean population continued to show themselves losses under the lively but badly directed fire of the Jap- hostile toward the Russians. They would give only vague anese, dismounted, occupied the crest and opened fire. From information concerning the Japanese, and made it difficult, if the appearance of the enemy’s fire Bobroff conciuded too not impossible, to obtain rations or forage. In fact, the in- hastily that there were no more than 200 men, and that his habitants buried their provisions in the ground, chased their own small detachment could very easily finish them. He cattle into the mountains or hid them in gorges surrounded brought up all his reserves and said to his men : ‘ Brothers, by virgin forests, at great distances from the roads. * * * you see how badly the enemy are shooting. Make the sign “As there were no Japanese at Kai-chen, it was possible of the cross and follow me.’ to advance still further, and bladritoff resolved to make a “The whole party, preceded by its three officers, ad- reconnaissance in force on the town of An-ju, which was one vanced to the assault, cheering. The Japanese received the of the points on the enemy’s line of communications. charge by a disordered fire, which soon became inefficacious. **Insteadof following the road leading directly from Kai- But when they arrived within about 200 paces from the walls chen to An-ju. which would have permitted his detachment they were received by volleys. The gallant Captain Bobroff to be discovered and its line of retreat cut off, Madiitoff de- 700 REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. 701 was mortally wounded, his.two officers were badly wounded, 16Aboutg:30 a company of Japanese preceded by a and the party had thirty men hors de combat. A. M. cavalry patrol was seen on the other side of the river approach- ’.The Russians were obliged to stop ; they retreated in ing a bridge. A part of the Oussouri Cossack troop galloped rear of the crest, lay down, and in their turn opened fire on toward this bridge and opened fire upon it. Nevertheless, the the enemy. While the soup of mounted infantry attacked Japanese rushed forward in a body toward this bridge. The one front the Cossack sotnia was sent to another side, dis- on Cossacks fired volleys into them, put them to flight, and they mounted at 150 meters from the walls An-ju and also of did not appear again that day. They continued to exchange opened fire, getting ready to make a charge in concert with shots with the An-ju garrison until 3 P. M. At this moment the detachment of mounted infantry. But, having been in- the detachment was reinforced by Sub-Lieutenant Eilers who formed of the failure of the latter, and estimating the had been sent with a patrol on the Ping-Yang road and had strength of the garrison as 500 men, Madritoff decided to destroyed the telegraph distance twelve versts. beat a retreat. wire for a of This officer reported that a column of about 600 Japanese ‘&Thissenior ordered Lieutenant Piounovski to officer go foot soldiers were approaching from the direction of Ping- and command of the mounted detachment, to bring in take Yang. fact, two companies appeared, one of which their dead and wounded. and then withdraw. In soon was directed An.ju while the other advanced the left *‘Piounovski sent eight men to bring in the dead and on on flank of Midritoff’s detachment. Lieutenant Linevitch, who wounded, but at the moment they got to them they were al- was on the extreme left flank, had not more than seventeen most all killed by the murderous fire the Japanese. Mad- of men on the firing line; the situation was becoming critical. ritoff then ordered Lieutenant Linevitch (son of General “Having made a change of front, Linevitch opened fire Linevitch) to take with him a platoon of the mounted infan- on the enemy’s company, which advanced by successive try detachment of the First Rifles, as well as a part of the rushes, and. shortly afterwards, Captain Bodisko took posi- Caucasian Cossack troop, and to take position on the left of tion behind him with the mounted detachment of the First another part the same troop commanded by Lieutenant of Rifles. Linevitch was then able to carry away the dead and Girs. Lieutenant Linevitch was ordered to execute a well wounded, and he began to withdraw. directed fire and draw the attention of the garrison upon “Bodisko allowed the Japanese to approach within a very himself. short distance, and then fired several volleys into them when “In fact, the Japanese did reply to his fire, and the not more that sixty paces away, so close that the commands men of the mounted infantry detachment took advantage of of the officers could be distinctly heard. Our volley firing it to approach toward the wounded, but they were almost all mowed down the first lines of Japanese who, with great struck down themselves. losses, gained the walls the fortress. ‘*Ascertaining that every effort made to carry the of off Our losses were wounded would result only in occasioning more losses, Mad- “The fusillade continued until nightfall. as follows: One officer killed and two wounded; nineteen ritoff ordered everybody to hold their positions until night- i fall, when, under the cover of the darkness, they might gain men killed and forty-three wounded. “At o’clock in the morning the detachment withdrew. the spot where the dead and the wounded lay and carry z After going fifteen versts, Madritoff allowed the detachment them off. some repose. Our soldiers, exhausted by the long and spir- ‘.Such wa.. the situation at 9:oo A. M. The detachment ited fighting, had not finished installing themselves in biv- therefore had the prospect of laying in position for at least ouac before the vedettes arrived at a gallop and reported twelve hours. that they had seen the Japanese, who were evidently pursu- 709 REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. REPKIjZTTS AA’D TRANSLA TIONS. 703 ing the detachment. Immediately all of the wounded were front with half a sotnia to the village of Tchoumack-Kori started out under the protection of a half troop of Cossacks, with orders to hold the place at any price until the arrival of I and the detachment took up a position in a defile. After de- the column. ducting litter bearers, escorts for the wounded and horse “Madritoff had taken this measure because a road led holders, there were not more than 180 men available for from this river northwest to the Yalu, and the Koreans might fighting. have been able to block it with important forces. Linevitch, ‘*Two companies of Japanese made their appearance having been fired upon, rushed to the attack, chased the about noon and occupied a position about 200 paces from Koreans from the village and held until the arrival of the ours. Friends and enemies remained thus face to face for column. He had only one Cossack wounded and three horses two hours without firing; then the Japanese withdrew. The killed. latter probably mistook our detachment for the advance “Madritoff, who had come up rapidly, dislodged the wrd of a strong column. They could not have supposed Koreans from a new position which they had occupied on that such a weak detachment would have the audacity to the heights and pushed them in the direction of Kangkia. venture alone upon the rear of an entire army. “There was no further reason for attacking this latter After having destroyed all of the train that would have place, since Madritoff had gained all the information that delayed the march of the detachment, Madritoff withdrew was necessary. He consequently fell back toward the Yalu toward Tok-chen via Kai chen. after having burned forty-eight Korean villages whose in- “The wounded were carried by requisitioned Korean habitants had gratuitously attacked him. bearers. While en route, a sotnia was sent out under the “On June 1st the detachment recrossed the Yalu; it was command of Lieutenant Girs to reconnoiter the east coast ceaselessly harassed by the Korean garrison at Kangia, which between Gensan and Ham hung. had fired at it unintermittingly, even while it was crossing “At sixty versts from Gensan,Girs learned that this town the latter stream. was occupied by 2000 Japanese having artillery; and that “After crossing the river the detachment marched in the the third line of the enemy’s defense, Gensan-Pinghang, was direction of Kounjensian, where it learned that there were not entrenched. Japanese infantry and cavalry with four guns. Lieutenant “Girs then marched toward Hamhung, which was gar- Colonel Madritoffs detachment, including all the wounded, risoned by 600 Korean soldiers. who received him by firing then joined the left wing of the Russian army. The raid volleys on him, In order to punish the inhabitants, Girs had lasted two months.” fired the town, and in three hours it was completely destroyed. “Girs’ detachment then proceeded, in the light of the flames toward Tchentchjine and joined Madritoff at the vil- Front &fay rsi iojune 11th. lage of Bemouri just at the moment when he was having quite a lively skirmish with the Koreans, who had occupied After the fight at Kulien-chen, the Second Japanese a defile with the view of cutting off the Russian retreat. Army, under General Oku, and the First Cavalry Brigade were After dispersing these Koreans, the column, on May 23d, disembarked at Pi-Ste-Vo. The Russian cavalry did nothing passed through Tchentchjine, which had been abandoned by to prevent this disembarkation. From the line Pi-Ste-Vo- its inhabitants and by its Korean garrison, which had with- Port Adams. the Japanese pushed the heads of their coIumns drawn to the fortress of Koui. northward. Small detachments of Russian cavalry then had “On May 27th Lieutenant Linevitch was sent to the many encounters with the Japanese squadrons, but they

J REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. 705 704 REPRLNTS AND TRANSLA TlONS. mixed advance guards of the Japanese Second Army Corps, were obliged to'fall back before the Japanese in- afterwards as mentioned fantry that followed after its cavalry. above. Mitshenko's brigade performed the reconnoitering duty May the Second Japanese Army, under General On 26th to the west of the Hai-chenSiu-yenroad as far as the Liao- captured the position at Kinchau, defended by the Oku, while the Trans-Baikal Cossack Fourth Division of Rifles and. from that time Port Yang-Fengwang-chengroad, on Division, under General Rennenkampf, performed the same was cut by the rest the Russian army and Arthur off of service from this latter road to the Russian's left wing. Gen- blockaded by land and sea. The nature of the terrain pre- eral Rennenkampfs cavalry was supported in the mountain- vented the cavalry taking part in the battle of Kinchau. The region of this wing, where there are many defiles, by the First Cavalry Brigade belonging to the Second Japanese ous infantry stationed in the neighborhood of the defile at Fen- Army (Okn) was at Vafangow. and the three regiments of di- chouling. Strong fractions of this general's detachment visional cavalry of this same army had been divided into a occupied Saimatse and the defile at Motienling. number of detachments which were sent north to insure the It goes without saying that the Japanese cavalry were service of security. These were the detachments with which not able to penetrate the heavy screen formed by the Cos- the Russian cavalry had the numerous skirmishes mentioned sacks. In spite of that, the Japanese staff, thanks to the above. Chinese spies and Khounkhouses, was already exactly in - for the First Japanese Army (Kuroki), it remained at As formed as to the positions, movements and intentions of the Feng-wang-cheng from the 6th of May until the middle of Russians. June. Heavy Japanese reconnoissance detachments turned the second half of May, Russia's Southern Manchurian the strong Russian position near Fenchoulieng and pushed In Army, which had received reinforcements from Siberia, forward to within thirty kilometers of Liao-yang. Other numbered about I@,OOO men. But these troops were not Japanese reconnoissance parties went as far as Chinmuchen concentrated; they were scattered about in the following man- (about eighteen kilometers southeast of Haichen) and as- ner: One part occupied all the roads coming from the certained the location of important Russian forces. south, southeast and the east leading to the line Kaiping- At the same time the Japanese debarked the Fourth Army Liao-Yang; the other part watched the seacoast. Kuropatkin at Takushan (the army which invested Port Arthur was consequently had only a small reserve at hand. Besides, after known as the Third Army). The Fourth Army advanced on the news of the defeat at Kinchau, General Stackleberg un- Siu-yen. dertook his unfortunate raid toward the south. This at- After the crossing of the Yalu by Kuroki. the Cossack tempt to raise the siege at Port Arthur would have had no Brigade under General Mitshenko was charged solely until chance to succeed as long as Stackleberg did not have a the middle May with reconnoissance duty dong the front of greatly superior numerical force to that of the Japanese. of the First Japanese Army, which had gradually been ex- This general could not with 36,000 men, including twenty tended for more than kilometers. io0 In the second half of squadrons and ninety-four cannon, successfully fight the May the Russian cavalry operating along the first line were Second Japanese Army numbering Q,OOO men. nineteen strongly reinforced. On the right wing, on the Kaiping. squadrons and 200 cannon. Siu-yen line, was the Oussouri Cavalry Brigade and the Si- After several small skirmishes with the heads of the ad- Cossack Division under General Samsonoff. From berian vance guards of the Second Japanese Army, the Russian these forces patrols were out far the Liao-Tong sent as as cavalry came into conflict with the Japanese squadrons at Peniasula. These patrols had many skirmishes with the Vafangow. 706 REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TfONS. REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. 707

General Samsonoff, with thirteen squadrons, one mounted the enemy’s rear, and to keep in touch with General Rennen- infantry detachment and a Cossack battery, repulsed the First kampf’s Cossack division on the left, that is to say, to the east Japanese Cavalry Brigade consisting of eight squadrons. In of Mitshenko’s brigade. Besides, there were cases when.this this fight of cavalry against cavalry, the Cossack lance played general sent entire sotnias, and even his whole brigade on an important part. After this success, Samsonoff was obliged reconnoissance. to retire before two battalions of Japanese infantry sup- Here we will quote Captain Olginski, the military cor- ported by six or eight machine guns. respondent of the ~Voz,aV7utnya, who was attached to the After a second fight on the 4th of June, the heads of the staff of the Manchurian armies : Japanese advance guards were forced to the south of Vafan- “At the outset I consider it my duty to say a few words tien. where Stackleberg’s advance guard arrived on June regarding the eight officers who penetrated the Japanese I Ith, while the main body of his troops remained six kilo- meters to the south of Vafangou. lines with the mission of endeavoring to push forward to the following localities : SCliouthjan, Feng-wang-cheng, Pia- Before continuing these general descriptions of the oper- ations a whole, it appears to be useful to study the suc- myne and Tonsantchentse. as ‘‘ These brave men were: Second Captain Potatski. Cor- cessive details of it : net Tokmatov, First Lieutenants Sierikov and Saraev, Lieu- 1st. The r6le of Mitshenko’s brigade from the 18th to tenant Sviatopolsk.hlirski, Second Captains Braunschwig and the 28th of May. Jjevski. of the cavalry, and Cornet Fitschev. The first two 2d. - The operations of Rennenkampf‘s Cossack division of these officers, accompanied by eighteen Cossacks, suc- from the first of May to the 2d of June. ceeded in gaining Piamyne. penetrating a continuous line of guards and sentinels. Sierkov, Saraev and Mirski sent back TAC RSre of Mirskmko’s Brifade From rhe r8rh to rke 28th their Cossacks and horses and then continued on foot. Sierkov was able to get within three kilometers of Feng-wang-cheng. of May, ‘904. Saraev and Mirski were not able to penetrate the third line We have said above that General Mitshenko had to in- of Japanese outposts, and were obliged to turn back, bring- sure the service of reconnoissance between the Hai-cheng- ing back more or less important information, nevertheless. Siu-yen road and the Liao-yang-Fengwang-cheng road. They were constantly exposed to danger, and had to proceed This was a heavy task considering that Mitshenko had at through the mountains without food and without shelter. his disposal at that time only the Trans-Baikal Cossack “These officers’ patrols were sent out to the front on May Brigade (the First Verkhneoudine and the First Tchita reg- I 8th, while General Mitshenko’s brigade was bivouacked iments). Nevertheless, by May 28th Mitshenko had accom- near the village of Pouatzihe. The general situation on this plished this mission, thanks to the information that he had day was as follows: The Third Sotnia of the Tchita Regi- been able to gain by causing incessant reconnoissances to be ment was charged with the mobile telegraph station between made for six consecutive days. the passes at Daline and Padzahe; the Second and Sixth In order to obtain this information, Mitshenko sent a Sotnias of the Verkhneoudine Regiment were 100 kilometers large number of small patrols and eight officers’ patrols from away, at the village of Sandaoline, marching to join the de- forty to sixty kiJometers in advance of the main body of his tachment; the Second Sotnia of the Tchita Regiment had brigade. The officers’patrols had orders to penetrate the been pushed forward in reconnoissance toward Khabaline ; Japanese lines, to endeavor to see what was taking place at the Fourth Sotnia had been sent for the like purpose toward ma REPRINTS AN” TRANSLA TfONS. REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. 709

Selizai; the Sixth Sotnia was advanced to Aoutchitan to re- ready to make tea, when the vedettes at the rear reported connoiter the Selizai-Fenirwangcheog road ; the Third Sot- that three Japanese squadrons were advancing on the village nia bf the Verkhneoudine Regiment had been’ sent in the of Dzioudianouzou. Again they had to mount their horses. direction of Laounmaio, Handouhan and Dagouchan. Just at this moment the Sixth Sotnia of the Tchita Regiment “General Mitshenko had directly under his command dashed out of the Hot Springs valley in the direction of the only the First and Fifth Sotnias of the Tchita Regiment. firing. Covering themselves by patrols, the two sotnias ad- The patrols of the Second Sotnia of the Tchita Regiment (at vanced on Toinzou, where, on the following morning they Khabaline) reported that the pass at Khouantchi (two kilo- joined Colonel Pavlov, who had traversed the Todagoou and meters from Khabaline) was occupied by the Japanese in- Toukhogoou valleys. fantry and by one squadron. This sotnia was located in the “At 5 o’clock in the evening, upon the order of General Hot Springs Valley, and had to reconnoiter the Pynouza road Mitshenko, who wished to concentrate upon our left a force on the 19th; at this time the Fourth Sotnia of the same strong enough to suddenly envelop the enemy’s flank, the regiment was Occupying the village of Selizai. Sixth Sotnia of the Tchita Regiment joined Colonel Pavlov. “Early on the morning of the igth, the First and Fifth Between 4 and 5 o’clock in the evening, the commander of Sotnias of the Tchita Regiment left under command of the Fourth Sotnia reported that a Japanese squadron. sup- Colonel Pavlov to support the Second Sotnia just at the time ported by infantry, was approaching him from the direction when the latter, without waiting for reinforcements, was of Khabaline toward Selizai. setting out ; it encountered a reconnoitering party consist- “Late events had indicated sufficiently well that there ing of about fifty Japanese cavalrymen at about two or three was bivouacked in the vicinity of Khabaline-Khouantchi the kilometers from the village of Pynouza. The Japanese entire infantry division of the Guard (with a regiment of halted for the purpose of utilizing the cover offered by the cavalry, likewise of the Guard), which had left the Feng- terrain, which was mountainous and badly cut up, but as wang-cheng road with the probable purpose of reorganizing soon as they saw that two platoons of the Cossacks were itself after the battle of Nay xst, and at the same time of . turning their left flank, they turned and rode back at a gal- covering the train (the Chinese estimated that this division lop. Being excited by the pursuit, the Cossacks did not had been reduced in action from 12.000 to g,ooo). General notice that the Japanese cavalry, by falling back,were drawing Mitshenko therefore resolved to reinforce the Fourth Sotnia them upon the infantry which was in ambush on the wooded by sending to it the First and Fifth Sotnias of the Verkhne- slopes and the irregularities of the mountains. A volley of oudine Regiment under the command of Colonel Matsievski. musketry obliged the Cossacks to halt and withdraw a ways. Having on his left flank the four sotnias of Colonel Pav- To dismount and take cover behind the rocks on the opposite lov’s regiment and with himself the Second and Sixth mountain was but the matter of a moment, and three platoons Sotnias of the Verkhneoudine Regiment, the General de- of the Cossacks opened fire upon the Japanese. Seeing that termined to accept the fight. reckoning on pulverizing and night was approaching, the sotnia ceased firing and com- dispersing the enemy by suddenly hurling Pavlov’s sotnias menced to withdraw upon Dzioudianouzou. In this skirmish upon his flank. L we had two killed and one wounded. The Japanese lost “ In accordance with this decision, the Third Sotnia. of nine kilbd and one wounded. the Verkhneoudine Regiment, received orders to start im- “They had just driven their picket pins where their tired mediately for Padzihe. Closely pressed by the Japanese in- horses could graze, the bivouac fires of dry holing were fantry, and also fearing for its left flank, the Fourth Sotnia crackling, and the Cossacks were squatting around getting began to retire under the heavy but badly aimed fire of the

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ruiani ..:.I. .... 710 REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TI0,VS. 71 1 Japanese, but was joined by Colonel hlatsievski. who had crackled a rolling fire of musketry. One of the first volleys bivouacked during the night near the village of Maouhe, in mortally wounded Second Captain Beklemishev, the com- the immediate vicinity of the enemy. While pushing for- mander of the sotnia. In falling, this officer gathered all his ward on Selizai, the Jabese were at the same time march- strength and shouted to his men, Brothers, push forward ing through the mountains in such a way as to outflank the on the right.’ On account of the obstacle that had thrown left of Colonel Matsievski, who, for this reason also, had their ranks into disorder, the Cossacks dispersed. Some suc- fears for this flank. In reality, this turning movement was ceeded in getting through the enemy in spite of their mur- most desirable, for the Japanese were exposing their flank derous fire. The Japanese were so stunned by this rash and to Colonel Pavlov; this was all that General Mitshenko audacious charge that, in their confusion, they fired into one asked. another. 6‘Itwas learned late at night that the Third Sotnia of “The courage of the Cossacks in this moment of danger the Verkheoadine Regiment had received orders to join the was demonstrated by the following particular: Although detachment ; the commander of this sotnia had resolved receiving shots from nearly all directions, the Cossacks made while en route to reconnoiter Dagouchan and the Siu-yen three attempts to reach the spot where Beklemishev’s body road. It must have been that the commander of this sotnia lay, but being received each time with a murderous fire, . did not reckon on an encounter with a detachment of more they were forced to retrace their steps. Nevertheless, the than seventy men, based upon information given by the greater part of the Cossacks were able to get past the Chinese. But this was just at the time of the debarkation Japanese and gain the mountain, where they assembled in at Dagouchan when the infantry and cavalry were camped small groups and rejoined the regiment. Many of them who in the woods and villages a short distance from Senkhout- had lost their horses returned on foot, without maps, across chenty. About g o’clock in the evening, when it was al- rocky mountains that were devoid of roads. They did not ready almost black dark, this sotnia was marching along the know the language of the country and had no guides to lead road near this village observing every requirement of the them through a region where Japanese patrols were travel- service of security, that is to say, it had an advance guard, ing in all directions, and they were consequently obliged to covering patrols and flankers. On account of the darkness be hiding in holes and ravines. Some of them, betrayed by it did not observe a Japanese sentinel who was hidden in the the Chinese, held out in short struggles against the Japanese underbrush. The sotnia quietly continued its march with patrols. They were famished and exhaused, but in this con- its two officers at the head of the column. Suddenly, in the dition they managed to make over 70 kilometers; not a midst of the profound stillness of the night there resounded single man abandoned his carbine or saber. Many of them the rifle shot of a sentinel at the rear of the column. There still found means to gather quite valuable information con- was a moment of hesitation, then came a point blank volley cerning the enemy. from fifty paces in front of the’sotnia. “The sotnia lost twenty-six men (seven killed and nine- **Withoutlosing his presence of mind, the commander of teen wounded) and its three officers (one killed and two the sotnia commanded : ‘ Draw saber! Charge! ’ and then wounded). The others rejoined the regiment. led the charge, followed by his Cossacks. * * * But those “T%e news of the repulse of the Third Sotnia arrived at faithful companions of the Cossacks, the small Trans. Baikal a late hour at night. At dawn, the General ordered one-half horses, found themselves in a marshy rice paddy, stumbling, of a sotnia forward on the Senkhoutchenzy road to protect falling on their knees and rolling on the ground. * * * the Cossacks who were seeking to rejoin the regiment. But Another volley resounded; then from three sides there just at this time the Japanese made an energetic attack after

1 .

718 REPRtNTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. . REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. 713 deploying a heavy line of skirmishers. It was then 6:30 upon the infantry which was hidden in the woods our o’clock A. M. on “One pa&, commanded by First Lieutenant Tcheslav- left flank, and, having dispersed it, obliged it to withdraw to ski, disulosed a movement of the Japanese. This officer had the right bank. The detachment having crossed and having six wounded in an encounter with a battalion of Japanese had time to withdraw on the Siu-yen road, the Cossacks of infantry. The losses of the Japanese were not known. Col- the Second Sotnia commenced to withdraw slowly, leaving onel Matsievski’s sotnias commenced to withdraw slowly posts of observation on the crests of the mountains. About without replying to the volley firing and the murderous 10 o’clock in the evening they. joined the detachment which rapid fire of the Japanese skirmishers. Colonel Matsievski bivouacked near the village of Sendzian. followed the valley of the Daniho River, which is nothing “This affair, although insignificant in itself, still made it but the dry bed of a small tortuous water course with very necessary for the enemy to deploy two battalions and con- wide and gently sloping sandy banks. until he came in sight firmed the supposition that units of the Japanese Guard were of the village of Paoutzihe, about 8 o’clock in the morning. on the line Khabaline-Khouantchi-Selizai. Instead of advancing on Talenkhou, according to the Gen- Unfortunately, the plan elaborated by the chicf of the eral’s previous instructions, Colonel Pavlov received orders detachment, a simple but very ingenious and audacious plan, to wait at the village of Paoutzihe. And, in order to cover which, in case of success, might have wholly defeated the him as he would debouch from the valley, a half sotnia was enemy, could not be carried out. due to the reasons given immediately deployed on foot along the Daniho River. above. “Toward I I o’clock the heights east of Paoutzihe, on the “The next day, after having sent patrols to the southeast left bank of the water course, were occupied by the Japanese, of Siu-yen, the detachment commander decided to allow a who at once opened fire with well directed volleys. day of rest, and to take advantage of it to send all of the “After having sent the pack animals and the sick and wounded and the men and the horses that were tired out wounded forward on the Siu-yen road, General Mitshenko through the Dialine Pass. Late in the afternoon information ordered Colonel Matsievski’s sotnias, which were in reserve began to come in concerning the enemy. In spite of the in rear of the village, to also move forward OD this road. General’s great desire to allow his horses to rest it was dan- They were followed by Colonel Pavlov, who was somewhat gerous to keep the men at Sendzian, because this village is delayed while the Fifth Sotnia was assembling its patrols. situated in a wide but short ravine, enclosed on all sides by In order to cover this movement the Second Sotnia of the mountains and having only two passes as means of egress ; Verkheoudine Regiment was deployed along the stream. one, on the Sedschohe side, that is to say, at the rear of the This was a little past z o’clock. * * * The Second Sot- detachment, where patrols of the enemy had already been nia of the Tchita Regiment arrived at the -trot. dismounted seen (in the village of Paoutzihe. which was occupied by us and took position on our left flank. the evening before), and the other toward Siu-yen. “The Japanese made a feeble attempt to crow to the ‘‘ If this defile had been occupied by only a small body of right bank with a patrol of cavalry and a platoon of infan- the enemy, the detachment would have been able to get out try. But beiug received by a heavy fire these units had of this sack only by the perilous and difficult mountain trails. to withdsaw with considerable loss. Their attempt to turn Consequently the prudent commander decided to advance in our left flank was consequently not crowned with suc- the direction of Siu-yen and bivouac on the Daline road on cess. Acting under the order of the chief of the detachment, the other side of the first pass leading out of Siu yen. No a half sotnia of the Tchita Regiment make a skillful attack more favorable spot could have been selected; for from there the detachment could easily reconnoiter the two roads 714 REPRINTS A.VD TRANSLA TZONS. REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. 715 >. *‘ by means of patrols, the Selizai road and the Dagouchan and will end by having nothing for their own use. While road. In case it became necessary he,could leave with all of operating in mountainous regions the situation is still more his brigade or only a part of it. difficult. for the inhabitants themselves have nothing to eat. “The detachment set out at a late hour in the evening 6‘The patrols sent toward Ooulaasou (on the Dagouchan and maintained the greatest silence in order that its move- road) having reported the presence of the enemy’s patrols ments might not be betrayed. A half sotnia of the Verkh- near that village, General Xlitshenko resolved to make a re- neoudine Regiment had to act as a flank guard ; *thedetach- connoissance with his entire brigade as far as Ooulaasou with ment followed a trail to the right of the main road. The a view of gaining immediate contact with the enemy. On the rear guard was composed of the Second and Sixth Sotnias of I I /24 of May the brigade was set in march, leaving at the the Verkhneoudine Regiment. The route was very difficult. bivouac the sick, the non-effectives and three sotnias to cover The trails were almost perpendicular where they passed over its rear. abutting rocks. In places, the route was enclosed on two “A long halt was made at the village of Schitosan, where sides by abrupt precipices. * * * seven officers’ patrols were sent out to the, right and left. ‘* It was far past midnight when the rear of the column be- We started at 5 o’clock on the morning of the 16th. Upon gan to arrive in bivouac. Fires were at once lighted and the arriving at the village of Ooulaasou the column halted, and men. tired and numbed by the dampness of the night, has- just at this moment a Cossack came in at a gallop and reported tened to make the tea which a Trans-Balkan Cossack cannot that one of our patrols had been fired upon. The Cossacks do without, and which, for him, takes the place of dinner and advanced at a trot in the direction of the firing and a half hour supper. The horses were picketed, but there was no forage later they came to 3 narrow gorge, at the other end of which for them. as it was impossible to find it in the darkness of two ravines debouched at right angles. At the intersection the night. Generally speaking, the question of forage and of the two ravines and on the bank of a stream was a large ,ofprovisions is a very grave one here ; it is complicated by inn, which was occupied by the Japanese and from which they the fact that the Tifangouan of Siu-yen is very hostile to the maintained a well-directed fire on the first ravine. In spite of Russians and has closed all the store houses of the town and this fusillade, the Cossacks of the Sixth Sotnia of the Verkh- forbidden anything being sold to us whatever. The General, neoudine Regiment pushed to the front under the command who is very patient and humane, did not wish to use force in of their audacious chief, Second Captain Semenov. After this matter ; but when the Tifangouan began to incite the approaching quite closely the Sixth Sotnia dismounted two population against us the General was obliged to have him platoons and opened a well directed volley fire at 2000 paces. arrested and sent to Liao Yang. It is said that the Tifan- After the first volley there was great confusion in the ranks of paan was greatly frightened by the Japanese, who had the Japanese squadron, which ceased firing and fled in the already ordered him to prepare a certain amount of forage greatest disorder. It was dangerous to pursue ; for in half and provisions. an hour a line of Japanese skirmishers appeared in the direc- “Another reason is that on account of the continual move. tion in which the Japanese had fled. After resting for a ments of the column the ictendancy is not able to supply short time, and gaining some very valuable information from forage and provisions, so that one is obliged to have recourse the inhabitants, the brave Sixth Sotnia returned through the to requisitions. Now this method of re-supply presents diffi- pass and joined the brigade at 3 P. hl. At 4 P. M. the brigade culties, although the detachment pays a good price for every- returned to its bivouac. The brigade marched through the thing that it requisitions. The inhabitants sell us their pro. town of Siu-yen to the music of the band of the Tchita Reg- visions quite against their will, because they have very little iment. ,‘

717 . 716 REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS.

‘‘On the 27th, the troops rested in honor of the anniver- concentrating at Liao-Yang, the skirmishes and engagements sary of the coronation of the Czar.” began with the Japanese in Korea and on the Yalu. Our heavy losses in officers proved to us that the Japanese were good marksmen and that their best shots had orders to shoot TAa Oprratwns of Rennm&am$f’s Cossack Divrjion From the exclusively at those whom they recognized at a distance as 1st of May to the zd ofJune. officersby their uniforms. Consequently in the Trans-Baikal Cossack Division the shoulder belts and cartridge boxes were The r6le played by General Rennenkampf’s division from abandoned. They were good looking, but they were too May 1st to June 2d, was a very important one, and cannot be unsubstantial for field service. The varnished leather belts passed over in silence. Captain Eletse, attached to the Gen- were replaced by others of fair leather, and the officers, as eral SW,sent the Noua Vrmya a detailed account of this well as the Cossacks, were reuniformed with gray blouses, part of the operations, which we reproduce here in full : which were less visible than the light colored ones. “After General Kuroki’s army had crossed the Yalu it ‘*Equipage was reduced to the barest necessities. Gen- was natural t6.k what it w& going to do. * * * eral Rennenkampf forbade his officers their field cots, and “It was evident that the problem of discovering the plans they had to get along with the bourka (the Cossack cloak). of the enemy, while at the same time hiding our own, could “At early dawn of May xst (new style) the regiments be solved only by the cavalry. The commander of our army started out singing. They had the honor of being escorted intrusted this very important and very difficult mission to by the commander of the army, accompanied by his staff, General Rennenkampf, who had three regiments at his dis- who wished General Rennenkampf and his command suc- posal. The complement of officers in these regiments was cess in their operations. b filled by volunteers from the cavalry regiments of the Guard. ‘I The column first followed the Feng-wang.cheng road * * As for the Cossack officers of these regiments, they and, having arrived at Lanshaigouan, it changed its direction left nothing to be desired in whatever concerns professional for Sai-ma-tse, where it arrived on May 5th. knowledge and devotion to duty. They had General Ren- “This locality was chosen as a base of operations; for, nenkarnpf at their head. He had showed his capacity in the being midway between the Liao-yang-Feng-wang-cheng late campaign in China; he knew the country as well as the road and the Mukden-Feng- wang-cheng road, the column Japanese did, and combined exceptional bravery with cool- could observe both routes simultaneously. ness in fighting. The detachment remained at Sai-ma-tseuntil May 10th. “The men composing these regiments were good ; many General Rennenkampf made a reconnoissance in force along of them had already been under fire. and, if they were not an extended front. By this reconnoissance, General Ren- as well disciplined as their comrades in the other Cos- nenkampf ascertained that the main body of the Japanese sack regiments, it was due to their different manner of life. forces were concentrating at Feng-wang-cheng, where they However, one could feel assured that by appealing to their were busily throwing up works with the probable intention hearts, one might confront any enemy whatever with them. of making that locality the principal point of support for its “The horses left much to be desired; they were small, intermediate base, which appeared to be the Yalu. poorly ked Siberian horses, many of which had just been “After convincing himself that this was the state of taken from the plow, and they did not promise much in the things, General Rennenkampf resolved to go to Kouan- way of endurance. densian. with the purpose of gaining the enemy’s right flank Just before the departure of the regiments which were or the rear if this locality were not occupied by him. 7l8 REpRIlvTS AND TRRNSLA TIONS. KEPR1NT.S AiVD TRANSLA TIONS. 719

“According to information given by the Chinese, Kouan- “The remainder of the detachment advanced in the same densian was occupied by the Japanese. direction in order to draw the Japanese their way. But the “Cornet Baron Vrangel, of the Argoun Cossack Regiment, latter halted at Konandensian and did not go any further, received orders to reconnoiter Kouandensian. This officer Our detachment concentrated at Ayan-yamine. We penetrated the town and ascertained that, until then, no im- had only one Cossack wounded and two horses killed in this portant forces had been there, except a few exploring patrols. &air. The Japanese losses were likewise insignificant, al- Baron Vrangel came and reported this information to Gen- though somewhat higher than our own. eral Rennenkampf, who had reached Sydzoamine Pass with ’‘ General Rennenkampf having learned what he wanted his division, by passing through Ayan-yamine. From there to know, that the disposition of the enemy’s forces also in- the General detached five sotnias. which advanced toward cluded Kouandensian, left Ayan-yamine and returned to Kousndensian with an advance guard of two sotnias of the Sai-ma-tse, where he remained until May 24th. Argoun Regiment and one of the Nertchine Regiment, ‘*On May 12th. three sotnias of the Oussouri and Argoun under the command of Captain Prince Karageorgevitch Regiments were sent under command of Colonel Kartsev (brother of the king of Servia). This detachment left on into the Tsao-ho valley where they passed the night five May 11th. at 5 o’clock A. M., and arrived at Kouandensian versts beyond a mill. Having learned from the Chinese of about I o’clock in the afternoon. Upon entering this town the presence of large forces of the Japanese, Colonel Kartsev they learned from the inhabitants that a Cossack of the returned to Sai-ma-tse where he left the Cossacks of the Argoun Regiment had been killed by a Japanese patrol and Argoun Regiment and started with the Oussouri Cossacks buried near the city wall. for Lanshaigouan to assure himself that the enemy was not * “The corpse was exhumed in order that it might be in- making any demonstration at the rear of our detachment. terred according to the orthodox ceremonial. Upon examin- On May 14th the Argoun Regiment was sent southward into ing the body, the surgeons ascertained that the wounds that the valley of the Tsao-ho. On May 16th, General Rennen- covered it had been made after death. kampf started southward, through the Badao-ho valley, with “The obsequies were fixed for 4 o’clock in the afternoon the other regiments. He sent two sotnias of the Nertchine in order that the General, who arrived in the afternoon, Regiment into the Ai ho valley. In this way General Ren- might assist in them. But the funeral services had hardly nenkampf began to keep in touch with the enemy in the di- begun than they were intempted by volleys fired from out- rection of Feng-wang cheng. side the town. It was necessary to abandon the unfortunate “The two sotnias of the Nertchine Regiment traversed Cossack. mount and gallop away. the Ai.ho valley without incident and joined the detachment “The Cossack vedettes returned at a gallop and reported five versts north of Vendziatoun. Upon arriving near this the approach of Japanese foot soldiers and cavalrymen, who place, our cavalry were received by shots fired from behind seemed desirous of enveloping our right flank. the walls of the town. One sotnia of the Nertchine Regi- “There were about one battalion and one-half a squadron ment (Captain Melikov), one sotnia of the Argoun Regi- of the enemy. ment (Captain Vlasov), and another of the same regiment “One sotnia of the Argoun Regiment was immediately (Captain Pieskov) quickly dismounted. These three sotnias dismounted and deployed as skirmishers. Another sotnia advanced to the attack under the command of Prince Kara- remained mounted and was ordered to ford the Daopou georgevitch. The Japanese were driven from Vendziatoun River and take position beyond some hills which rose two and withdrew two versts to the southward. Our battery did versts west of the town. not fire upon them. u 790 REPRINTS AND TRRNSLA TIONS. REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. 791 “The enemy took up another position and again opened certained that the village of Dalou (Darou) was occupied by The Third Fourth Sotnias of the Argoun Regi- fire. and one battalion’ and one battery, that two companies were . ment immediately disniounted, while the Fifth Sotnia of the posted in a pass, and confirmed the information brought by same regiment set out on horseback to turn the left flank of the Chinaman concerning the presence of a mounted patrol the Japanese. at Shitaoutchen. Besides, he discovered that the Japanese I‘Thefight short duration. The Japanese again was of were intending to advance that same day upon Shitaouchen. withdrew. We had nine Cossacks killed. Baron Vrangel carried all this information to the village “But onf cavalry had to beat a retreat in its turn, of soon Shidziapoutsa, where General Rennenkampf had already ar- for the enemy was reinforced by a battalion and a battery, rived. Upon learning this news, the latter started for Shi- at took up a strong position. Rennenkampf’s divi- and once taoutchen. while Colonel Kartsev started with two sotnias to sion returned to Sai-ma-tse where it remained till May 18th turn the Japanese. Unfortunately, this officer arrived too to allow the horses to rest. It may be stated that the latter late and thus permitted the latter to withdraw toward Darou. did not have enough forage; they had nothing to eat but the holing (straw) with which the houses in the Chinese vil- adourcavalry, which followed the Japanese, were fired lages are thatched. upon by volleys from the village of Shidziapoutsa; First “In spite of the difficulties they had in feeding the Lieutenant Oulagoi was grievously wounded in the breast, as horses, General Rennenkampf retained possession of Said well as two Cossacks, one of whom died shortly afterwards. ma-tse because that town, as I mentioned at the commence- “The fight at Shidziapoutsa lasted about three hours, and ment of this article, was a very important strategical point then, as the Japanese were reinforced by two and one-half for us. battalions, our troops were obliged to withdraw. The divi- I1 Five sotnias commanded by General Lioubavine were sion passed the night near Laoubayangoou. once @n sent in the direction of Daoziandtse and Shiaout- “The next day the division made a forced march of thir- chen via Ayan-yamine. Their mission was to see if the teen hours, through the rain, in order that it might gain the enemy had changed his dispositions. This column was right flank of the Japanese, at Shaogoou (not far from Kouan- covered by a sotnia of the Argoun Regiment commanded by denzian); men and horses were excessively fatigued. A half First Lieutenant Prina-Magalov. When this sotnia arrived sotnia of the Argoun Regiment was fired upon while on the at the above mentioned village at 6 o’clock in the evening a way to relieve an outpost. Cornet Barbash was wounded. wood fite and a signal station were seen upon a hill near by. ‘‘ The rifle shots made a garland of fire against the dark A platoon of cossacks was immediately sent to the summit background, and the mountains reverberated the noise of the of this hill. Upon closely examining the imprints left in fusillade. the sand by the shoes the chief of the platoon became con- “General Rennenkampf led the attack at the head of a vinced that the Japanese had just recently left the place, and platoon, and taking a Cossack’s carbine, fired sixty shots with that there must have been about a dozen of them. Two it. The sotnias galloped up in succession to their places in sotnias of the Argoun Regiment, under command of Lieu- the fight and deployed as skirmishers. The fire became very tenant Colonel Khroulev, were sent toward Shidziapoutsa, strong; it seemed as though an elf had suddenly prepared an and Cornet Baron Vrangel went forward to the Ai-ho. illumination amidst the mysterious valleys. This fusillade “A Chinaman was sent to Shitaoutchen and he returned lasted for three quarters of an hour; then it came time to with the news that this village was occupied by only a load the pack animals. The sotnias began to withdraw mounted patrol of thirty men. Baron Vrangel likewise as- under a hailstorm of bullets, while the trumpets sounded and 708 REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. 793

all the cossacks sang Bqk TsuriO Rhrania (God shield the who immediately left for the purpose of personally taking Czar). command. The General rode 13%kilometers in twenty-four #&r losses were as follows: Comet Barbash and two hours, going by the way of Siaosyr. Com3acks wounded; two horses wounded. In addition, five *‘The regiments under the command of General Liouba- other horses fell from exhaustion. vine advanced from Tsaishan toward Sai-ma-tse. Having “May 23d, Rennenkampf‘s division entered Ayan. yamine arrived at the Fenshouiline Pass, the Cossacks halted and and remained there the 24th. bivouacked beneath the crest, which was occupied by one “On the 25th, the outposts signaled the approach of the sotnia. Japanese. Six platoons of the Argoun Regiment deployed On June 1st General Lioubavine’s column advanced as skirmishers and opened fire upon the assailants. Cap- through this unlucky pass toward Sai-ma-tse. The advance tain Shoundiev, who commanded these six platoons, was guard, commanded by Colonel Baron Dellingshausen, of the wounded almost at once in the leg and was relieved by Sec- Guards Dragoons, comprised two sotnias of the Nertchine ond Captain Gregory. Regiment and one of the Argoun Regiment. This com- d6F’itstLieutenant Toulzakov was seriously wounded in manding o5cer was so prudent that he detached dismounted the abdomen. scouts on the flanks, who followed the summits of the moun- “Baron Vrangel, who had been sent to the right to avoid tains. When the scouts became tired they were relieved by a turning movement by the enemy, surprised a mounted others. Japanese patrol and placed several of their men hws de com- “In this part of southern Manchuria where one meets boc, while the rest fled at a gallop. The Japanese infantry with nothing but mountains, ravines and passes, and where immediately began firing volleys at 2000 yards. it may be said, there are no roads, the cavalry were only able “Our sotnia then began to withdraw under the protection to march in column of files. Furthermore. during the third of the half sotnia commanded by Baron Vrangel, who dis- and even the greater part of the way, they had to lead their mounted his men. horses by the bridle up and down the- slopes. Wehad two Cossacks killed and eleven wounded. “It was impossible to procure rations for the men and “Having returned to !bi-ma tse, General Reaneakampf forage for the horses at any price whatever. The officers remained there three days; lack of forage obliged him to lived largely on rice cakes and took their tea without sugar. withdraw to Tsiantchan (sixty kilometers north of Sai-ma- The Cossacks suhsisted upon roots and upon grain which tse), where he found everything he needed for his men and they crushed with stones, and instead of tea they drank hot homes. But the Cossacks had hardly prepared a bivouac water. that they might take a well earned rest after a month of “Before me I have a letter that I received an hour ago marching and skirmishing, than General Shiekhert arrived from Siaosyr; I will cite a few extracts from it which depict at dawn of the 3rst of May with orders from the Command- clearly all the difficulties in the cavalry service : manding General to drive out of si-ma-tse the 3000 Japa. ‘“1 write you from the most picturesque spot that exists nem that were understood to be assembling there. between Liao-yang and Sai-ma-tse, not far from the Sagoou- *‘GeneralCount Keller, commanding the Column of the line Pass. East, was also ordered to advance upon the $ai-ma-tse. set- “‘Rocks heaved up in the greatest variety of forms, some ting out from Liaushai-Gouan with strong forces of infantry. rose colored, some green, and accessible only to the eagles, “The flank guard under Colonel Kartsev, mentioned border a narrow ravine through which runs a noisy mountain above, wsa placed under the orders of Generd Rennenkampf,

h 725 794 REP’NTS AND TRANSLA TZONS. REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS.

‘4 * torrent. The flora presents every possible variety ; Chinese From June rzth to 3.0 r6tL. lilies, vine clad aaks. orchids, acacias and jasmines. June I 2 th General Oku’s army left Port Arthur for Port a14Beforeme is a small pass at the top of which is posted On I Adams in three columns, advancing northward. Although I . a sentinel with his carbine. In the pass winds a road shaded Samsonov’s cavalry brigade reconnoitered on Stackelberg’s by birch, poplars, liband hawthornes. The evening at- mosphere is impregnated with perfumes that lull one like right wing, this general was not informed of the vast turn- ing movement that the left Japanese column was executing opium. It is fresh during the day in spite of the heat. The horses are resting in the shade of the trees and the Cossacks, to the westward. On June I 3th Oku deployed his center and right columns who have been on outpost or patrolling duty during the night, are stretched out upon the ground. * * * against Stackelberg’s advance guard at Vafangou, but with- ‘“1 will now describe to you the typical young Cossack out attacking,- his purpose being to give his left column time 05cer, waging war in the midst of the Manchurian deserts ; to execute its turning movement. he wears the fur cap or the helmet, according to circam- On June 14th Stackelberg’s advance guard finding itself stances, but not according to the seasons; a blouse that is in the presence of numerically superior forces, withdrew on the main there was an engagement between Oku’s rather new ; trousefs of some dark color ; fair leather boots ; body; center and right columns Stackelberg’s left wing and neither shoulder belt nor cartridge box ; a fair leather strap and serves for a belt, and to it are hung the meal bag, the tobacco center, the Russians maintaining their positions. June 15th Stackelberg’s left wing attacked Oku’s pouch and the field‘glasses. In the rear hangs the revolver On in its dirty holster. The pipe is thrust into a boot leg. right wing. The Japanese general having refused this right Finally, a tattered map is camed in the blouse over the wing, the attack of the Russians, instead of being a flank at- breast. tack as they had expected, was in reality but a frontal attack. “‘Add to this the rruguih (a small Cossack whip) and Stackelberg ordered an infantry brigade to execute a wide tom gloves that have more holes than fingers, and you have turning movement so as to outflank the Japanese right, but this brigade was stopped. by the fire of the First Japanese the portrait of an officer serving at the front in our army.’ Cavalry Brigade, which had dismounted. This Japanese “Such are the conditions under which General Rennen- kampf‘s division is operating ; the General sets an example to cavalry brigade was, it is true, immediately obliged to with- his o&ers in everything ; he rises at 5 o’clock in the morn- draw, but it had nevertheless accomplished its mission. for it ing, is always on the firing line during the fighting, and is had discovered the movement of the Russians and had been accompanied bya flag that draws upon him the whole fire of able to check it for awhile by its fire. the enemy. The Russian cavalry, although numerically superior to “In studying the operations of Rennenkampf‘s division, the Japanese cavalry, did not take part in this struggle. It it must be remembered that it has wholly accomplished its is possible that Samsonov’s sotnias, which were on the Rus- mission; it did not permit a single Japanese patrol to ap- sian right, might have been prevented from entering the proach Liao-yang, and it hid the disposition and concentra- struggle on account of the obstacles of the terrain. But then the Russian cavalry ought to have been on the left wing tion of our forces from the enemy. At the same time. Ren- nenkompfs division was able to report that the Japanese had where it would have been able to act against the First Japa- no intention of advancing upon Mukden and Liao-yang with nese Cavalry Brigade which had been weakened by the en- any important forces, which was the important thing for us gagements of May 30th and June 5th. The Russian cavalry to know.” must also be reproached for not noticing the turning move- ment executed by the left column of the Japanese. REPmNTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. 787 The unexpected arrival of this ooltlrnn upon the battle. field and the superiority of the Japanese artillery obliged of operations. were on the Russian right wing. These Stackelberg's troops to withdraw in spite of their bravery. last two cavalry divisions performed nothing sttiking, al- This general was able to beat a retreat without being har- though the terrain gave them the opportunity to act more assed by the Japanese, and he rejoined the main body of the >.efficaciously than they did against the Second Japanese Russian forces. Army (Oku). As for Samsonov's brigade, it was with Stack- During these events. the Fourth Japanese Army, which elberg's corps. was concentrating around Siu-yen. was placed in march on Mitshenk0.s Cossack brigade, which was in the Russian center, maneuvered very June 16th, toward the Haicheog-Tashitchao line. It was well; in spite of the mountainous divided into four columns directed respectively on the Da- region that it occupied, it often stopped the Japanese and in- line, tbe Fenshouiline, the Tchipanline and the Vatseline flicted serious losses upon them by its tire. Passes. These passes were occupied by troops belonging to Rennenkampf's Cossack division was, as our readers the Second and Fourth Siberian Armies and by General know, on the Russian left wing. This division numbered Mitshenko's Cossack brigade. twenty four sotnias. but General Rennenkampf had only six On June 25th the First Japanese Army (Kuroki) began or eight of them directly under his orders; all the others were to advance in three columns with the following objectives : scattered and employed on reconnoissances. Under such The right upon Fenshouiline Pass; the center upon the conditions this general could not undertake any serious op- Modouline Pass; the left upon Haicheng. erations. He had received strict orders to not advance in The Russian detachment, commanded by General Keller, any case beyond Sai-ma-tse, which was only about thirty kil- and the fractions of General Rennenkamp's Cossack divi- ometers from General Keller's main position. sion, occupied the Fenshouiline and the Modouline Passes; As for the reconnoissance service performed by the Cos- while at the extreme left, the main body of Rennenkampf's sacks in the mountainous regions occupied by General Keller, division, reinforced by infantry, guarded the Anping- it was absolutely without results. General Keller, on account Sai-ma-tse road, the AnpingMukden road and the Kiant- of faulty information, entered into several useless and mur- Chmg-Sai-U-tse road. derous combats, like that of July 13th, in which the sotnias The Second Japanese Army (Oku), which had slowly under Rennenkampf's orders took part, and in which Gen- followed Stackelberg's forces, had these troops in front eral Rennenkampf was seriously wounded, and like that of of it at Tasbitcho, where they had joined the main body July 16th. of the Russian forces, as was stated above. Kuropatkin being really disturbed by Stackelberg's retreat, had ad- From July 16th to August r#h, 2904. vanced the troops which remained at his disposal from the region north of Liao-Yang southward to the neighborhood During the second half of July, the three Japanese armies, then under command of Marshal Oyama, continued of Antchaotchouan. We pass over in silence the series of combats which ended with the Japanese holding all the their offensive concentric march against the advanced de- passes on July 1st which were previously occupied by the tachments of the Manchurian Army, the main forces of which Russians. were south of Liao-Yang. the fights which took place during the second half of July, As we have said above, Samsonov's cavalry brigade, In Simonov's Siberian Cossack Division, aad the Orenburg the advanced detachments just mentioned covered the retreat of the main body of the Russian forces and of the adminis- Cossack Division, which had recently arrived on the theater trative, sanitary and other services, upon Liao-Yang. In ! 729 198 REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TZONS. spite of the few partial mccesses to the credit of the Rus- march in order that the First Army,that is to say. the right sians, the Japanese did not continue their offensive march wiig, might be permitted to turn the Russian left and cut their main line of retreat on Mukden. Until August 24th. any less methodically. The heads of the advance guards of the three Japanese armies were already enveloping the de- MaFshal Oyama was solely occupied with preparing the con- tachments of Russian cavalry cbarged with the service of tinuation of the concentric march of his forces upon Liao- secar&p,and the Japanese front was reduced from 200 to io0 Yang. kilometers. This cootraction of the Japanese front prevented The principal Russian outposts were, ou the southern Kmmpatkin from smccessfully taking the offensive against one front. at Anchantjouan; in the center, at Tangoyen; and, of Oyama's corps. Bensihou, a point of crossing of the Tai- on the eastern front, at Anping behind the Lan-ho. tse-ho, situated fifty kilometers east of Liao-Yang, was al- Kuropatkin's main forces were bivouacked, with the ready uccupied by a mixed Japanese detachment, including a greatest portion of the cavalry. at and to the south of Liao- large number of cavalry. The Russian line of retreat on Yang. Mukden was menaced, bat Rennenkampf s Cossack division Kuropatkin had been able to concentrate I 80,000 men for could do nothing about it; its commander was wounded, and the battle of Liao-Yang, including the Fifth Siberian Corps, its few sotnias which still remained together were withdrawn which arrived at blukden a short time before the beginning to the west after the evacuation of Fenshouiline Pass by of the battle, and which was sent toward the Yentai mines .&netal Keller. to protect the left flank. The Seventeenth Corps and the Kuropatkin, fearing that he wouldLhave his left wing main body of the cavalry had been kept at Liao-Yang, north turned, reinforced the eastern line of his outposts. Then of the Tai-tse-bo, to apparently also protect this flank. followed the tmportant actions of July 3ist. and August xst, Kuropatkin wished to await the Japanese at his strongly respectively, in the Yanseline and Yanshouline Passes, situ- intrenched positions. and he hoped to then pass to the of- ated about forty kilometers east of Liao-Yang. fensive. On account of the unfavorable nature of the terrain, the Marshal Oyama did not resume his march against these Russian cavalry again found that there was no possibility of positions until August 2 5th. taking part in those fights. The Russian cavalry should have been able to profit by The Japanese contented themselves with slowly follow- these three weeks check of the Japanese armies to carry on ing their retreating adversary to the Lan-ho. reconnoissances, or to undertake enterprises against their and their rear, or to annoy their reserves. It did On the south front, the outposts of the two sides were in flanks such close proximity after the middle of July tbat the Rus. nothing of the kind. siancavalry was withdrawn behind the right wing. Although the Russian cavalry was in great numerical superiority, it During the Battle of Liao- Yang (from August 24fR lo September was not able to profit by the favorable field of action of- 7th '904). fered it by the Liao-ho valley. The reconnoissance service w& performed by detachments of mounted infantry. When the Japanese resumed their offensive march on On July 25th. the First Japanese Cavalry Brigade occu- August 24th, with the intention of enveloping the two wings pied Inkou, where at the end of the same month, the trans- of their adversary, the Russian outposts were driven in only ports debarked troops and suppfies. The numerous Russian on the east front. On the 26th. the Japanese advanced cavalry did nothing to prevent the landing of these troops. along the entire front and the Russian outposts withdrew The Fourth Japanese Army still continued its offensive during the night of the 26th and 27th to the principal en- qao 781 REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TfONS. REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. trenched position ; numerous fights with the rear guard took Kvantoun. The Trans-Baikal Coswck Division (Rennen- place. This time, the Japanese kept in touch everywhere with the retreating Russians. kampf's, who was in an ambulance), which was about fifteen On the evening of August 27th the Japanese trFps, kilometers from the point of crossing, did nothing to prevent whose mission was to turn the Russian right, reached the it. This division reported the crossing of the Tai. tse-ho by the enemy only when his columns were not more than seven Sha-bnand bivouacked in the valley of this stream. Gen- kilometers from the Russian reserves. Note that the first eral QBrnsonov's Siberian Cossack division, which was on this wing, was, unfortunately, too weak (nineteen sotnias information regarding the crossing of the Tai-tse-bo by Kuroki at Sakan and Kvantoun arrived at headquarters only and six cannon). It is true that it informed the command- ' ing general in opportune time of the approach of the Jap- on the 3tst. On the 31st the tactical situation was almost similar to anese columns charged with the turning movement, but it that of the joth, and the large masses of Russian cavalry still . could not prevent the latter crossing the Sha-ho. On the remained inactive. 2gth, this same division of Samsonov's considerably retarded Kuropatkin, upon receiving the information mentioned the advance of the Japanese column just mentioned, and ob- above, realized the danger which menaced his left wing and tained also this result, at least, that the appearance of the his line of retreat Mukden; he consequently gave the said column was not a surprise to the Russian st&. on order on the night of August 31st-September 1st to those It is evident that a considerable body of cavalry, supplied trogps which were, until then, successfully defending them- with sufficient artillery and machine guns, ought to have selves, to evacuate their positions and withdraw upon the been able to have supported the right wing. But the Ous- souri Cossack Brigade, commanded by General Grekov permanent works of the Liao-Yang defenses. These works had to be protected in a passive manner by (fourteen sotniaP and six pieces), was on the north bank of Tai tse-ho; it consequently could not join Samsonov's di- the Second and Fourth Siberian Corps against the Second and Third Japanese Armies; while the units available from vision and take in the struggle. part the First and Third Siberian Corps, well as those from the During the day of August 29th the Japanese made their as last dispositions for the great struggle; they began to en- Tenth and the Fifth Siberian Corps, which had recently ar- velop the Russian left wing at the same time that they were rived upon the theater of operations, had to cross the Tai-tse- ho upstream and hold themselves in readiness, under Kuro- maneuvering to turn the right, as we have mentioned above. We are obliged to state that the Russian cavalry did not patkin's directions, to take the offensive against Kuroki. The Seventeenth Corps was charged with covering these notice any of these movements. con- certed movements with the Trans-Baikal Cossack Division. On August 30th the Japanese infantry made a general General Orloff advanced toward the Yentai mines with an attack along the entire front. This general attack was pre- infantry division to outflank Kuroki's extreme right and pared the artillery. The Japanese were repulsed, and the by compel him to halt. Russian center even took the offensive. The Russian right September 1st the Russians evacuated the above men. wing, which was vigorously attacked the turning column On by tioned positions without molestation. There was no heavy of the Japanese, was able to resist only when strongly rein- fighting except by the rear guard the right wing, around forced from the general reserve, which was held at Liao- of Maietoun. This time again the Russian cavalry, although Yang. for the Russian it did not even intervene. As cavalry finding itself in a level country, did nothing to facilitate the Daring these events, a considerable part of the First Jap- retreat of the infantry withdrawn under Kuropatkin's orders. anese Army had crossed the Tai-tw-ho at Sakan and at The Russians, in order to excuse the inaction of their cav- 78s REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TlONS. REPRINTS AND TRANSLA T.0N.S. 733 dry at this time, said that this arm was hindered in its The Russian cavalry again formed a wide net in front of movements by the fields of holing which covered the plain, the army; the Oussouri Brigade guarded the Mukden-Liao- Daring these events, General Kuroki advanced in a men- Yang road; Mjfshenko's brigade the Mukden-Yentrri road; acing manuet ou the north bank of the Tai-tse-ho, repulsed Samsonov's division the Mukden-Pianioupoutsa road; and the troops of the Seventeenth Corps. and then occupied the Rennenkampf's division the Fouchon-Pianioupoutsa road. heights of the Yentai mines by echeloning his reserves be- The main body of the cavalry remained in rear of the front. hind the extreme right. Some very strong infantry detachments and groups of On September ad, the Russians again attempted to re- mounted infantry acted as supports to the cavalry. pulse Kuroki; it was then that Orloff's division was dis- persed, as one knows, causing Kuropatkin's plans to mis- From Septembn 7th to October rd, carry. This division was collected by Samsonov's Cossack 1904. division (nineteen sotnias and six guns), which, having taken From September 2d to October Sth, the date upon position on the heights, retarded the march of the Japanese which the Russian army took the offensive, there was by its musketry and artillery fire. an almost complete calm which the two sides took advan- The defeat sufFered by Orloffs division determined Gen- tage of to reorganize themselves. This calm was broken eral Kuropatkin to order the retreat Septem- on Mukden on only by a reconnoissance in force carried out by Sam- ber 2d. sonov's and Rennenkampf's Cossack divisions. This recon- . . General Mitshenko's Cossack brigade was established on noissance was met near Pianioupoutsa by strong Japanese a very good position and maintained communications be- forces and had to withdraw to the north. tween the Second and Fourth Siberian Corps and the Seven- During this month the Russian cavalry made no attempt teenth Corps, and for two days it prevented the Japanese to act against the rear of the Japanese armies and destroy breaking through this of the Russian line, which from part their lines of communication. was but feebly occupied. This brigade withdrew only when The Russian cavalry was reinforced by the Cossack Divis- it received the formal order to do so. ion of the Don 660f the second tour" (quotation marks sup- Reonenkampfs division, wbich was in position north of plied by the translator; meaning not clear. H. T.) and by the Yentai mines, checked the Japanese with the fire of its two horse batteries, which brought the number of General artillery and its cavalry, which had dismounted, and thus Kuropatkin's sotnias and squadrons up to 207. permitted the Russian right wing to withdraw to the north. Kafopatkin ordered Liao-Yang to be abandoned on the night of September 3-4. After those supplies which could Dvriwg the Battle of the Shz-ho (October 10th to 18th, 1904). not be carried away had +n burned, the rear guard left the town at g A. M. without being disturbed by the Japanese. It On October 2d the Russian Commander-in-Chief pub- is ewidemt that if the of cavalry on the right wing had lished his famous order of the day announcing to the troops acted vigorously, the victory of the Japanese would have that they were going to take the offensive, but it was only been turned into a defeat. on October 6th that the heads of the westcrn Russian col- On the evening of September 7th, the main body of the umns pushed the Japanese outposts back upon their main RtrsaiaO army was concentrated south of Mukden. As for bodies. the rear guard, it remaiaed south of Hun-ho and occupied As the attitude of the Chinese was rather dubious, the one of the rear banks of the Sha-bo. extreme Russian right was covered by a detachment sent to 7a4 REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. REPRIiVTS ANI) TRANSLA TZONS. 735

the Liao-ho Valley toward Sinmintine. Another detach- The breaking up and scattering of the Russian cavalry ment advanced upon Tchantan on the right bank of the prevented it from profiting by its numerical superiority. Hun-luo. Without considering the independent cavalry under com- The principal Russian forces were divided into four mand of Generals Mitshenko and Rennenkampf, 143 squad- group: rons or sotnias remained available to Kuropatkin as a strong 1st. The west group (General Bilderling) comprising reserve. But out of these 143 squadrons, ninety-one had three-fourths of the Tenth and Seventeenth Army Corps been distributed among the different groups, and the fifty-two and one division of cavalry composed of twenty-two sotnias others had been assigned to the army corps (at least seven to or squadrons, were to march along the railroad and the each corps). Now these fifty-two squadrons were not avail- Mandarin road. able for fighting, as they furnished platoons as escorts to the 2d. The central group, comprising General Maou’s de- staff, were used as mounted orderlies, etc. * * * tachment, units of the Thirty-first Division of Infantry and No better explanation for the inactivity of the cavalry can a brigade of cavalry, consisting of sixteen squadrons or sot- be given, considering that the army corps had groups of nias, were to advance on the Yentai mines, marching east of mounted infantry at their disposal. the Mandarin road, and insuring communications between In spite of a four weeks’ calm, the Russian cavalry had the west group and the east group, acting in concert with not succeeded in furnishing the commander-in-chief with Mitshenko’s Cossack brigade, which covered the front. any exact information concerning the disposition of the 3d. The east group (General Stackelberg), comprising principal Japanese forces. All information having any value the First and Third Corps and fractions of the Second, Fourth was received by Kuropatkin from emissaries; this was so far and Fifth Siberian Corps, plus one brigade of cavalry fifteen the case that, upon the morning of the day upon which he squadrons strong, as well as Generals Samsonov’s and Ren- commenced his offensive march, he learned of the disposition nenkampf’s divisions, were to outflank the Japanese right, of the principal forces, intelligence which upset all the plans which was supposed to be between the Mandarin road and he had made. the Mukden-Pianioupoutsa road. Marshal Oyama had very ably concentrated his three 4th. The reserve (under the cavalry General Myen- armies on the Tschantaitse-Yentai Mincs-Bensihou-Pianiou- dorf), comprising units from the Second and Fifth Corps, poutsa line. His flanks were protected by the troops of the three-fourthsof the Fourth and Sixth Siberian Corps and transportation and of the supply departments.* the remainder of the cavalry (thirty-eight squadrons or sot- The Three Russian groups marching on a front of sixty nias). were to follow the groups of the first line between the kilometers, opened up three fights, which lasted several days. Mandarin road and the Mukden-Pianioupoutsa road. On the 8th and 9th of October, the cavalry of the west The extreme Russian left was covered by detachments group drove back Oku’s outposts. But this cavalry, not be- sent in the direction of Kiautshang and Sinkine. ing followed up by the main body, was in its turn repulsed on When it was learned that Kuropatkin was taking the the 12th by Oku, who had taken the offensive. offensive, it was generally thought that his cavalry, numer- On October I ith, and during the night of October I ith ically superior to that of the Japanese, was finally going to and 12th. the west group repulsed Oku’s stubborn attacks. play important all the more as the plain upon An part, so But on the morning of the 12th. Bilderling asked for imme- which the right Russian wing maneuvered offered a vast diate reinforcements. In this case again a large body of field of operations for this arm. This hope was again shat- tered. *As given by the translator.-[ EDITOK.] .

7ai1 REPRINTS AND TXANSLAT’ONS. REPR’NTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. 737 cavalry would have been very useful. In spite of the amval heights rising to the north of the Shili-ho, while Mitshenko’s of the Sixth Army Corps from the reserve, Bilderling’s right cavalry division was continuing to perform its mission. This wing had to withdraw. In the evening this general’s center cavalry struggled with Kuroki’s troops on the 12th of Octo- and hie .left wing were obliged to conform to this retreating ber and succeeded in preventing them from carrying out movemeat. their turning movement against Zaroubaeff’s left wing. Bilderling’s defeat on the 12th made it necessary for Although Zaroubaeff was attacked in front on the 12th Karopatkin, on the one hand, to withdraw the center group by numerically superior forces and had his two wings men- and the east group, which was already pushed well to the aced, he nevertheless succeeded in holding the entire line. south, and, on the other hand, to charge Bilderling with de- On the evening of the 12th. Zaroubaeff received the news fendingas energetically as possible the line of the Sha-ho, so of Bilderling’s repulse and of Kuropatkin’s order to with- that these groups cotrld evacuate the mountains and assemble draw to a position situated further north. in rear OC it. Bilderling carried out his mission ; he remained On the evening of the r3th, as we mentioned above, the mth of the Sha-ho on the 12th. and on the 13th he vigor- center group having been reinforced, took position to the odycannonaded Oka, who was advancing. rear, on a line with Bilderling, and repulsed the attack of On the 14th. Bilderling lost twenty-four cannon. and the Japanese on the 14th. During the day of the 13th. Shahopou, the center of his position, was taken by the Jap Mitshenko’s cavalry, which had dismounted, likewise checked aaese. The efforts of the Japanese to obtam full possession the Japanese. of the right bank of the Sha-bo were finally shattered by the On October 14th, Stackelberg’s principal forces regstab- Russians, but without their cavalry being brought into the lished their communications with the other forces. In this action, aa it should have been. east group the First Siberian Corps was advanced from .On Bilderling’s right wing the Japanese were likewise Fouline, situated eight kilometers east of Mukden, toward driven back. However, they remained masters of Linshin- the south, on Pianioupoutsa; the Third Siberian Corps and poa, situated on the north bank of the Sha-ho. fractions of the Second, Fourth and Fifth Siberian Corps On the night of the 14th and 15th, Kuropatkin caused the were directed from Fouchoun toward the Houaline Pass via village of Shahopou, retaken by the Russians, to be evacu- the Gaoukouline Pass. Samsonov’s Cossack division was ated; he was satisfied to hold the part of the south bank east northwest of Pianioupoutsa and Rennenkampf’s division was of this village, leaving troops on what is called Lone Tree at the Vanfouline Pass. Hill. Rennenkampf received orders to cross the Tai-tse-ho Kumpatkin had also reinforced the center group by add- above Bensihou and to attempt to cut the communications ing to it three-fourths of the Fourth Siberian Corps and had in Kuroki’s rear, between this locality and the southern placed it under the command of General Zaroubaeff. region. At the same time Rennenkampf’s mission was to On October loth, this group had reached the heights that coaperate directly in the attack carried out by Stackelberg rose to the east of Panlisantse. Mitsenko’s Cossack Brigade against the east wing of the Japanese. had to maintain communications with Stackelberg and cover To this end, there was sent him a detachment composed Zaroubaeffs left flank. of troops of the Second, Fourth and Fifth Siberian Corps. On October rrth Zaroubaeff was attacked in front and This detachment had, until then, remained at the Daline medon his,right wing by the Japanese forces under Pass. Nodzu and Kuroki. General Zaroubaeff was obliged to General Rennenkampf executed his task remarkably withdraw during the night of the 11th and 12th to the well. On October gth, he had already crossed the Taiatse-ho '%' . -'- I

na REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. 7 39 witb his cavalry and his horse artillery and had effectually to withdraw, under orders from higher authority, toward the cut the communications in rear of Kuroki for several days ; northeast, and halted in front of Kiautschang. his Cossaclr division was advanced along the south bank of The Japanese, being exhausted, did not pursue ; they the Tai-tse-ho to Bensihou, but it was not able to force the were satisfied to occupy Pianioupoutsa. L passage of this water course in the presence of large num- The great battles that took place between the 15th and bers of Japanese inCantry. As for Rennenkampf's infantry, 18th of October were purely frontal, and the cavalry took no it was advanced along the north bank of the Tai-tse ho and part in them notwithstanding the plains upon which the likewise won a few victories. troops of the Russian right wing were acting ought to have Let us now see what Stackelberg's troops had been do- allowed this arm to operate successfully. ing. The Third Siberian Corps had arrived at Kaoutaitse Unfortunately, Rennenkampf and Sarnsonov, two of the on October 8th and had deployed in front of Houaline Pass, most energetic cavalry chiefs, were in the mountains with while the First Siberian Corps arrived at Pianioupoutsa only their divisions, and Mitshenko had been withdrawn in rear on the 9th and deployed in front of Tschansaline Pass. of the front on the 14th. On October 10th the Russians were not able to win any After the battle of the Sha-ho on the 18th of October, the success against the Japanese positions. The attack executed two sides remained in complete inactivity for a long period. by Rennenkampf's detachment against Bensihou was like- wise unfruitful and a new attack which was attempted on The Inkou Raid (/attuary 8th to 18111,190j.) the south bank of the water course by his Cossack division was repulsed. The retaking of the offensive by the Russians was On October I xth Stackelberg continued his attacks. Ren- marked by a cavalry raid by General Mitshenko upon the nenkampf had some success with his detachment, which had left flank and the rear of the Japanese forces in the region been again reinforced by a division of the Third Siberian between-the railroad and the Liao-ho River. The objective Corps. The day of the 12th passed under nearly the same of the raid was Inkou, where the Japanese had established conditions as the 11th; Rennenkampf's infantry made an important supply depots. unsuccessful attempt to gain the north bank of the Tai- The troops placed at Mitshenko's disposal comprised tse-ho. about seventy sotnias and squadrons, twenty-two pieces of Stackelberg's intention was to renew his attacks along horse artillery, two sections of machine guns and four de- the front during the night of the 12th-13th; but on the tachments of mounted infantry, in all about 10,000 mounted evening of the 12th he received Kuropatkin's order to with- men. draw his left wing to the rear. This measure was made The regular cavalry was represented by fifteen squadrons necessary by the retrograde movement that the center force of dragoons. We will add that this imposing &ass of cav- had to make following Bilderling's defeat. alry was unfortunately encumbered with a convoy of I 500 Stackelberg was forced to arrest his offensive movement pack animals. This raid gave results worth mentioning. The col- and, on Kuropatkin's new order, he withdrew to the north no umns (three), weighed down by the convoy, marched ex with the main body of his forces. We have stated above ceedingly slow. It is true that the Kussians destroyed the that this withdrawal re&tablished communications with the railroad and the telegraph line at several places, even put to r. I other groups on the evening of the 24th. Rennenkampfs Cossack division had likewise been obliged flight several Japanese convoys and came into contact with their screening forces, but nothing more. 740 REPNNTS AND TRQNSU TZONS. I REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. 741 In general, the Russian cavalry did not, except on Janu- I General Mitshenko's Raid (May 17th io zqth, r905). ary ~oth,encounter any serious obstacle; they traversed Niou-Chonang without striking a blow, and amved within After the battle of Mukden, the only military event in eight of the railway station at Inkou on the evening of Jan- Manchuria worthy of notice was the second raid carried out uary 12th. by General Mitshenko. After a cannonade of short duration, the result of which On May I 7th General Mitshenko's cavalry detachment was to set fire to a few supply depots, several sotnias were was placed in march; it comprised the Ural and Trans- dismounted to assault the railway station, but they had to baikal Cossack Division, and the mixed Caucasus Division, withdzaw under the order of General Mitshenko, who was in- with six field pieces. formed of the approach of important reinforcements for the The Japanese outposts were driven southward and an enemy. advance was made on the village of Sin-loun-tchjouan, sit- The three columns beat a retreat to join the main body uated about twenty-five kilometers north of Tchan-tou-fou. of the Russian army. While one part of the detachment made a demonstration be- During this ret& they were surprised and attacked on fore Sin-loun-tchjouan, the other part turned the Japanese the 14th by a Japanese detachment composed of all three arms, positions on their left flank and continued its raid toward but they succeeded in continuing their retreat without the south. further obstacle and r&ntered the Russian lines on Janu- On the 18th the sotnias of the advance guard of the de- ary 18th. tachment succeeded in destroying quite a long stretch of the This raid cost the Russians seven of6.cers killed and enemy's telegraph line and burned a depot of supplies. On thirty-two wounded; seventyone cavalrymen killed and 2 57 the same day the other sotnias fought and dispersed several wmnded. strong bands composed of Khounkhounzes and Japanese, Awng the ofzicers killed was Lieutenant Burtin,a French- who attempted to surround Mitshenko's detachment. man, who had entered the service in a Cossack regiment. Continuing his turning movement on the 19th of May, Such was the substance of the Inkou raid. the detachment took the road leading from Fakoumye to Shi. While General Mitshenko was making this raid, General fou-tse, a village situated on the left bank of the Liao-ho, on Rennenkampf's cavalry was resting on the Russian left flank the Fakoumyne-Mukden road, at about forty-five kilometers in the mountains. Small detachments of Cossacks patrolled northeast of Sinmintine. On the heights which rose south of northern Korea on the east coast, but obtained no appre- Fakoumyne the Japanese had posted a detachment, and, ciable results. along the Shi-fou-tse road they had established strong out- We will mention the battle of Sandepou (January 25th to posts furnished with machine guns. 2gth), in which General Grippenberg sacrificed a part of his General Mitshenko. after having cannonaded the strongly cavalry in order to avoid a disaster. On January 27th and intrenched position, assaulted it. The Japanese withdrew in 28th the Russian cavalry made a successful charge upon the disorder without having made much resistance. Japanese north of Landoungo. Two Japanese companies were sabered, and a third were We will pass over in silence the r61e of the Russian cav- all made prisoners. In one of the points evacuated by the alry during the battle of Mukden (February 19th to March enemy more than one hundred Japanese corpses were found. ~qth,1go5). which was a negative one, and we will termi- Marching in trace of the assailing units. several sotnias of L r nate this study by the brief recital of a new raid carried out the Tchita Regiment succeeded in gaining the road which by General Mitshenko in May, 195. leads to Sinmintine, skirting the right bank of the Liao-ho. I

748 REPRINTS AND TAANSLA TfONS. REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. 743 While one portion of the .sotnias made a reconnoissance in the direction of Sinmintine and destroyed the telegraph line, another portion pursued and destroyed a Jap- strong MODERN CAVALRY.* anese supply convoy seven kilometers long, not far from Shi-fou-tse. On this occasion the Cossacks took several pris- oners and captured a hundred horses. BY GENERALJAMES H. WILSOS. Upon its return, General Mitshenko's detachment again dispersed several composed of Khounkhounzes and bands ENERAL VOX BERNHARDI'S '*Cavalry in Future Japanese, and returned to its old position on the 24th of May, G War$'* transtated by Charles Sidney Goldman, with an bringing with it 234 Japanese prisoners, of which number introduction by Lieutenant-General Sir John French, and five were officers, several machine and quite a number guns published by E. P. Dutton & Co., New York, is a most inter- of horses. esting and useful book. While it is written from the Ger- This raid cost the Russians three officers killed and ten man point of view, it is thoroughly up to date, and might wounded; thirty-five Cossacks killed and 141 wounded. From well be used as the basis for a more practical treatise giving this time until the end of hostilities nothing occurred but a our own experience and pointing out our needs. It is all the few skirmishes which were of too little importance be to more valuable because the author is a practical soldier, who , mentioned. is not only a good cavalryman himself, but an organizer and In closing this study, we believe it our duty to say that if strategist as well. He appears to have the gift of close and the Russian cavalry had to fight in a European war where it searching analysis, and presents his views in a simple and would not encounter the same ditticulties of terrain as in practical form. He makes it clear that the greatest use for Manchuria, it is certain that when commanded by such ener- cavalry can be had only when that arm is properly organized getic chiefs as Rennenkampf, Mitsheako and Samsonov, it and technically perfected in its details. He also makes it would be able to cover itself with glory and render valuable clear that mounted troops devoid of real cavalry training are services to the commander-in-chief. lamentably expensive and inefficient. (Signed.) CAPTAINSERGE NIDOINE. While his views on the uses of cavalry are generally sound, they are not infallible. There is much talk in this * book about the "cavalry spirit," by which is understood a +* survival of the view held by cavalry officers in the past that the right use of that arm is with the troopers mounted and . TransZator's Comweats. charging the enemy with sword or lance. This was the It appears from Captain Serge Nidoine's articles that the theory of Murat and his admirers down to the beginning of Japanese found it advantageous to employ strong infantry the war between the States, but the experience of modern patrols in cdperation with the supports and contact troops warfare seems to be decidedly against it. General YOU Bern- of their cavalry screen. hardi is sagacious enough to see that the old ideas must be discarded and that cavalry, using the term in its broadest sense, must be made to fight on foot as well as to charge in mounted masses. *By the courtesy of Tke New York Suv. Published in The Sur: Feb- ruary z-). 1907.

.I 744 REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TZONS. 745

- I. measures taken by the Cavalry Bureau to procure better and stronger horses. It is worthy note, however, that ef- The experience of both the Federal and Confederate of no fective system of breaking horses in and preparing them for authmities during the war between the States contains field service was ever adopted by either side. Horses, when many lessons learned by Von Bernhardi, but also some im- bought, were sent at once.to the field, green and untrained, portant ones which he seems to have overlooked. The first from the farm and unaccustomed to hard work. The conse- , great lesson is that cavalry cannot be made in a day, but re- long and patient training, not only for the men, but quence was that they were used up pretty nearly as fast as quires they could be supplied, and neither side ever had an ade- specially and partioolarly for the horses. Young, green and quate supply. At first neither used mares, but finally both inexperienced horses from the farm cannot do the work of sides came to use them, and found that they were quite as active campaigning. The loss of horses not inured to con- efficient as geldings. stant work is so great as not only to overtax the resources of General von Bernhardi lays down the rule that the first the country but to keep the command to which they belong duty of cavalry is to dispose of the opposing cavalry. This constantly inefficient. The great consideration, therefore, conclusion may well be questioned. It is evident that if in organizing cavalry troops is to provide for a constant sup- this rule could be applied always it would be advantageous, ply of remounts and to see that tbey are properly trained as it would leave the-victorious cavalry free to operate the before issue and properly hardened before entering into a on campaign, that they are used with care until they are re- flanks and rear of the enemy's lines. and The author calls attention to the fact that war has under- quired to strike an effective blow. In the earlier days of the war between the States both sides were slow in organizing gone a momentous change, that arms of precision have reached such a degree of perfection that the direct frontal cavalry, and the Union side particularly so. Both sides were attack of intrenched positions can rarely ever be expected to also extravagant and wasteful in the use of cavalry. Infantry picket lines were generally guarded by cavalry pickets still succeed, that it has ceased to be possible to ride straight at the front of an unshaken enemy, and that cavalry is there- further out. Every division of infantry and every army corps had detachments of cavalry, and each headquarters fore compelled to work around the enemy's flanks, and thus exercise pressure upon his commnnications. He concludes had a cavalry escort and a large number of couriers. The consequence was that the cavalry was badly scattered, over- rightly enough that all these conditions taken together must worked and ondertrained, and when the time came for of necessity increase the importance of strategy in the wars of the future, and especially in the use of cavalry, which action was generally worn out and inefficient. It lacked co- alone remains a specialized service. He recognizes the fact herence and knowledge of its real purposes. As the war progressed the evils growing out of this system were grad- that even in the older countries and larger armies of Eutope ually ameliorated, but the need and consumption of horses cavalry can scarcely count "on having the wastage of war made good by equally well trained men and horses." He was always far in excess of the e5cient supply. The Con- federate cavalry was finally pretty well used up before the points out that the proportion cavalry bears in Europe to the tnd of the war by overwork and lack of horses, while the ever increasing numerical proportion of the other arms has Federal cavalry became more and more e5cient in organi- steadily receded, until cavalry in a mobilized army is numer- ically an almost insignificant factor. He recognizes the zation and equipment as well as in respect to remounts. The reason for this is found, first, in the development of sounder great results achieved by the mounted troops alternately on ideas in regard to the use of cavalry, and secondly, in the both sides during the American Civil War, but seems to .I -

740 REPRlNTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. 747

think that such opportunities can no longer be anticipated. strategical handling of cavalry that by far the greatest pos- In this he is evidently wrong. sibilities lie. His chapter on the distribution of this arm is While he holds that the cavalry should be increased pro- in the main sound, for it lays down the sound principle that pordonately rather than decreased. he does not seem to grasp as much cavalry as possible should be held for strategical in- the fact that the nation which first increases its mounted dependence, while as little as is expedient should be retained troops to a great preponderance over those of its enemy, puts for close operations with infantry. He fails to point out, them into effective condition and uses them in accordance however, the great mistakes made by Grant in dividing his with the true principles of strategy on the flanks and rear of cavalry and causing it to operate on eccentric lines while his its enemy, is sure to gain great victory. While he strongly army was in front of Petersburg. He thinks that a full use favors such use of cavalry, he fails to point out that in should be made of the bicycle for conveying orders and in- modern times no country has any special advantage in arms, telligence, but fails to recognize the fact that in such a coun- equipment, organization or mobility ; that infantry on the try as ours the bicycle would be of but little value. He average will march about as fast in one army as in another ; justly lays great emphasis on the fact that as little cavalry that the small arms and field artillery have &out the same as possible should be used in the duties of security, while range. and that the only factor which is capable of great vari- the use of infantry in that direction should be increased as ation in movements is the cavalry, and‘that therefore this is much as possible. This is manifestly for the purpose of the arm in which each should strive to have the preponder- minimizing the useless and unnecessary work of the most ance in numbers and e5ciency. Good cavalry will march expensive arm. He seems, however, not to have grasped from forty to fifty miles a day for eight or ten days, enabling the fact that the difficulty of feeding large numbers of cav- . it in a country fairly furnished with forage, to strike where alry in actual operations is not so great as it was formerly it pleases. supposed to be. He speaks of the ease with which 5000 or Von Bernhardi seems to still hold to the idea that the more men were kept in full mobility during the Civil War. lance in the hands of cavalry is an efficient weapon, either in but omits to notice that masses of as many as 15,000 vb- pursuit or in actual fight itself. This, according to expe- sisted themselves for sixty days in the enemy’s country. rience in this country as well as in Europe, is an exploded He admits that Europe has outgrown the general con- idea, as the lance merely increases the cavalryman’s load ception that the cavalry should make use of the carbine for without increasing his efficiency. defense only, and that its employment in the attack must be now recognized as of the utmost importance. He gives special praise to Sheridan’s cavalry for its operations against 11. Lee’s lines of communication and for its influence in bring- ing about the capitulation at Appomattox, but he fails to The author’s ideas of the use of cavalry in campaign are dwell upon the fact that the cavalry was quite as efficient in generally sound, and what he says this subject might be on the capture of the fortifications at Five Forks as the infantry, very readily converted into handbook for the use of cav- a and that without the co6peration of that arm at Winchester, alry &cers, and especially cavalry generals. In this por- first in taking possession of the ground on which the battle tion ob his work he insists that the “chief task of cavalry was fought. and secondly in turning the enemy’s flank, Sher- consists in obtaining a victory over the enemy’s cavalry,” idan would not have gained that important victory. He which is a generalization not sustained by experience. He might have strengthened his argument by pointing out the emphasizes with far greater soundness that it is in the important part played by the cavalry in turning Hood’sflank 748 REPRZNTS AND TRANSLA TfONS. REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. 749 and attacking his line in the rear at Nashville, in capturing the forrified position of' Selma, and in many other inde- morning. Rightly enough he points out that the true time pendent operations in which the true use of cavalry was sig- for cavalry action is when the infantry, exhausted by hours nally exemplified. of fighting and heavy losses, bivouacs on the victorious bat- It is curious to note, however, that this astute officer has tlefield as the day is drawing to its close and the enemy is in discowered that there are decidedly fewer skulkers in the full retreat. This is the time for the real work of the cav- mounted anus than with the others. He attributes this fact alry to begin. The correctness of this principle was shown to their longer period of service and the closer supervision by the Federal cavalry in pursuit of Hood by night after the of the officers, aided by the desire of the soldier not to be- battle of Nashville. come separated from his horse. While this is all true, he The duties of cavalry in dismounted actron, the position seem8 to overlook the more important fact that the more of led horses and of the mounted reserves, the attack and rapid operations of cavalry not only stimulate the trooper to defense of villages and the tactical use of artillery in connec- individual activity but make him afraid of being left behind tion with cavalry are all discussed with admirable clearness and captured. It is interesting also to note his belief that and good judgment, but it is interesting to note that the the German cavalry can safely engage the best existing Con- author does not seem to have grasped the importance of tinental infantry with reasonable prospects of success, and night marches and especially of night attacks by cavalry against inferior foot soldiers may always preserve its sense forces. In this respect he would have found notable ex- of superiority. This was the experience of our cavalry in amples in the operations of the Federal cavalry through Ala- the closing days of the war, for it will be remembered that bama and Georgia in the closing campaign of the late war. they did not fail to attack intrenchments successfully, as at He lays special stress upon the importance of the cavalry Five Forks and Nashville, and even fortifications of the leader keeping himself constantly informed as to the general strongest character, as at Selma and Columbus, after they situation of the units under his control, and of the equal im- had been armed with the Spencer magazine carbine. portance that those units should be kept informed as to what In considering the place of the cavalry leader, Von Bern- is happening to each other. He emphasizes the importance hardi lays down the proposition that the chief commander of every cavalry leader's being inspired by the determind- should never personally take part in the charge until he puts tion to keep the initiative under all circumstances, but while in his last reserve, and even then only when he is clear of all he seems to have studied the American campaigns to good responsibility or finds it necessary to set a personal example advantage, he fails to recall the fact that the greatest of the to his wavering troops. He might have added that this duty Confederate leaders, Forrest, laid special stress upon the becomes imperative when he must win or lose all. application of this principle. It will be recalled that that He enters a particular protest against the opinion that enterprising leader laid down the fundamental principle the phce of every cavalry leader in the charge is always in of his own practice when he declared that he made it front of his command, and points out that a position on the a rule "to gct there first with the most men. and that he flank or rear is frequently much better than one in front. would give more for fifteen minutes of bulge on the enemy Wenote also that he insists upon restricting the bugle than for three days of tactics." To the clear-headed cav- call as much as possible, but a closer study on his part of our alryman this sententious declaration of principles will need official records would have shown that occasionally all the no elaboration. bugles of a division should sound the charge, as for instance, at the capture of Front Royal in the early dawn of a foggy 760 REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. REPRINTS AND TRANSLA TIONS. 751

* 111. Increase in the amount of ammunition carried both in The work under consideration contains a most impor- peace and war. tant section devoted to the organization and training of cav- Improvement in the whole equipment of man and horse. alry, but the space at our disposal will not admit of a compre- Formation of horse batteries, limited to four guns, with hensive resume of its substance. It touches upon cavalry an increasing number of batteries for cavalry masses, as was experience, conditions of mobility. difficulties of caring for done in the Western cavalry toward the end of our war. supply trains, emergency horse rations, pioneer detachments, Supply of rapid-fire guns to the cavalry. long range weapons. consumption of ammunition and the new Improvement in the method of training horses and men. , German ideals. It is distinctly against Anglomania in cav- Complete reform in the employment of masses to meet alry. It dwells upon tbe necessity of careful and long con- new strategic requirements. tinued training of masses, and upon the all important duty Increase in the price to be paid for remounts. of the commander, whether in peace or war, “to keep his Simplification in many details of the regulations. horses fresh on their legs and ready to turn out in good con- And finally, a practical, more systematic and better gem . dition at whatever hour the call may sound.” Indeed, it era1 education for cavalry officers. touches upon all branches of the cavalry service, both From the foregoing brief statement it will be seen that mounted and dismoun~c:l,upon the necessity for the higher the work under consideration is the latest word from Europe education of the officers and for excellence in horsemanship, on the subject of cavalry. It might well be made a guide both for ofticers and men. The work ends with a chapter for a board of American officers in laying down a system of giving the conclusions of the author, which may be briefly organization, armament and equipment of cavalry, for a summarized as follows : specific plan for mounting and remounting the same, and I. That the importance of cavalry in relation to the for a set of rules for the general administration and use of other arms has risen materially as a consequence of the that arm both in times of peace and in times of war. commend the book unreservedly to the attention of changes introduced by modern war. This has not been gen- We erally recognized by other writers. American officers. 2. That mounted and dismounted action have now be- come functions of equal importance. 3. That the changing conditions of war demand in- creased mobility and increased efficiency. organic, strategic and tactical. 4. That the difficulties of cavalry leadership have in- creased materially. 5. That cavalry has remained in the European armies relatively behind the other arms in every respect. 6. mat Germany stands face to face with a long list of new requirements, of which the following are the most im- portant : Increase in numerical strength. Rearmament with a six millimeter carbine.

d PRIZE PROBLEMS. 753

No problem appears in this issue, as the new map could not be prepared in time. The JOURNAL has gone to consider- able expense in getting the map that is to be used in con- nection with our next problems. This map is the new one made under the direction of the Military Art Department PRIZE PROBLEMS. of the Infantry and Cavalry School, and will be a very useful map for the readers of the JOURNAL, It is the map that will be used extensively at the Infantry and Cavalry School during U. S. STAFFCOLLEGE, the coming year. Due to its cost it will appear in the JOUR- FORTLEAVENWORTH, KANSAS, NAL but once, in the July 1907 issue, and competitors March 23, 1907. should keep this map for use with the three succeeding Edirm CavaZry Jhmtal: problems. Should any competitor desire, an extra map will SIR: We have the honor to inform you that of the solu- be furnished by the JOURNAL on request. tions of Problem No. 2, submitted for our examination, Prize It will be impossible to secure these maps from the Sec- the one sigaed “Dragoon’* is deserving of the prize offered. retary of the Infantry and Cavalry School, as the funds of respectfully, Very the institution do not warrant supplying the army with D. BOUGHTON, H. them. They can be obtained from the publishers, the Major Eleventh Cazfalry. Franklin Hudson Company, Kansas City, Mo., but the price M. F. STEELE, has not yet been determined. . Captain Sixth Cavalry. CHAS.CRAWFORD, Captain Twentieth Infantry. SUCCESSFUL COMPETITORS. JOHN P. RYAN, Problem No. I. First Lieutenant Andrew J. Dougherty, Capfain Sixfh Cavalry. Twenty-eighth Infantry. E. E. BOOTH, Problem No. 2. First Lieutenant Samuel R. Gleaves. Captab Seventh Cavalry. First Cavalry. *** Prize awarded in accordaoce with above recommendation to First Lieutenant Samuel R. Gleaves, First Cavalry. *+* It is the intention of the JOURNAL to publish the solu- tions, but heretofore they have been, in the main, too long for publication. For this reason directions were given in the last issue to limit the solutions to 2000 words. For directioas regarding solutions see April :go6 issue, page 702, and January 1907 issue, pages 521-522.

! RUN WITHOUT RECORDS. '111

Then, scarce an instant later, a war-whoop fierce and trembly, (Were you ever chased upthe plains by Kiowas or Sioux?) Rang out 'bove shouts and cat-calls of the badly mixed assembly. And straight as poisoned arrow down the course the pinto flew. 'Twas the tonic that she needed, redling days of freedom. Of Llano Estacado. of brush and cham; Her Canaan lay before her, for@ tten was her Edom: RUN WITHOUT RECORDS.* Her rider knew the magic of the whoop that wrought the spell. They sailed above the hurdles like larks o'er fields of clover. Unheeding crippled thoroughbreds and jockeys left behind; And as they reached the bamers they gracefully went over, She did not look a hunter, nor would one have thought her clever, Creating great confusion in each sportsman's book and mind. As she stood there in the paddock with the clean-cut thoroughbreds; Now an obstacle confronts them, six bars with barbed wire trimming. She was too low and &.a+, and the jockeys said they never And a watered ditch beyond it-a teaser without doubt; Could take a hurdle on her without landing on their heads. In default of whip and spur, he resolved upon unlimbing, Her forehed was too oarrow, and her eyes too closely stationed- And quickly from his blouse's sleeve his patent arm jerks out. She had a way of rolling these and showing just the whites; The thousands of spectators beheld this act with wonder, She looked as ifon mesquit beans and sage-brnsh she'd been rationed, With amazement. consternation, and perchance no little awe; And her off ear was severed-a Comanche's by all rights. That a tender-footed jockey should his left arm tear asunder. Her head siet like a hammer on a neck that seemed to quarrel And therewith urge his racer is outside the common law. With her witheas for pteeminenca in ugliuess of mold; But he did it! The excitement this marvel had arrested She was marred and blotched aad branded, her colors white and sortel; Broke into dea'ening chorus as the novel whip he raised. That she was outright bronco it were needless to be told. And whispered in the severed ear: **TheBrazos you have breasted, Her owner. a big fellow in brad, light felt sombrero. Was ever pinto bronco by a common saky* phased?" Had booked her far the steeple chase and backed her 'gainst the field; The arch they made was perfect. like the silver moon in Maytime. But no mydd he pnrchase, no boy nor bold vaquero Or the rainbow o'er the valley when from mountam top 'tis seen; Would list to his durances though nobly he appealed. Not a semblance of exertion. far more like merry play time, When a &der man, pnst thirty, with scars that spoke of battle, Was the crossing of that Rubicon'which left the track serene. . Limped up to the big fellow and said : ul?l see you through; "By George, it is some Centaur!" "'Tis Tancred on his filly!" I don? go in for pigskips and kimmel's on such cattle, "'Tis the ghost of 'Derby' Archer!" "'Tis Ha- of Navarre!" A Whitman tree and deseems to me had ought to do." Comparisons so flattering, though pardonably silly, This greatly pleased the jockeys and the sports, who *wed their pleasure Arose from stand and benches amid maddening hurrah. By giving voice to epithets and slurs quite hard to bear; Not a follower behind them as pinto and her rider But the omer grasped the stranger as though a priceless treabure, Swept down the home-stretch freely and as winners past the stand; And led him to the pool room for a secret session there. Then rushed the frantic multitude to gain a place beside her, Then when the beU was ringing, and they lined up for the starting, And grasped her peerless rider by his one remaining hand. The pinto took to bucking. and the vast crowd guyed the mount; They bore him on their shoulders to the judge's lofty station He rat her like a Gaucho, though with every fiber smarting 'Mid cheers that still are rinpng in the ears of all who heard; He showed no outward evidence he took the least accouot. But those who deemed him Archer desired some explanation, '"was a thrUling sight to see them. the banner-shirtea riders. Till from pinto's modest rider they at last wrung forth this word:- And the graceful, high-strung action of the noble beasts they w-d; "L came upon this race-course without any show or bluster; But by far the chief attraction to the jubilant outsiders I have no jockey record. tho' at times I've ridden hard; Was the "duffer" whom they fanded by the pinto would be t-. I was bugler in the Seventh. and orderly for Custer. I Just as the -Go" was given, and the jockeys bent in order, That day on Little Big Horn when our track with Sioux was barred." The pirrr0 had a bucking 6t before the filled grandstaod; Acequia. the same old buck-jump business common on the border, But ridicnlously foreign to the hurdles close at hand. *Tbgs -were wrlttes by B. L. Keyas, a former cavalry omcar. They . Peared fa a WkCem Mgnrine Wvernf Year. ago. They are deemed clever enough to wuraat re-pubhtion in the JOUXMAL k MILITA R Y NO TES. 757 ganization and inefficiency. Organization and progress go hand in hand. Can any one compare the past five years' brilliant record of peace-time achievements of our artillery with the lethargy that pervaded that arm of the service be- fore its energy was aroused by a chief, and honektly recom- mend a return to the old order of things? What the artillery corps has accomplished with a chief at its head to coardinate the efforts of its officers, likewise can be accomplished in the cavalry and infantry under a similar organization. We are not familiar with the wants and shortcomings peculiar to our infantry service, but we do know that there is just as great necessity to-day for injecting new life into our cavalry as there was five years ago for infusing new spirit into the artillery. This is said without criticism of individuals and without undervaluing the present efficiency of the cavalry service ; but that efficiency has been obtained in spite of, and not because of our present headless system. CHIEF OF CAVALRY. In so far as the broad principle of. organization is con- cerned, the fundamental reasons why a chief of coast artil- Olgoukrim und Efiakncy vs. Dljwgnnizarwn and Ineficiency. lery is essential to the efficiency of that branch of the service apply with equal force to the proposition that a chief of cav- ERE it suggested that we abolish the positions of alry is necessary for the highest development of efficiency in w regimentaI and squadron commanders, leaving each the cavalry. More than this, passing beyond the mere argu- one of troop commanders to follow his inclinations our own ment of the principle involved, great and powerful as it may executing the orders of higher authority, with no other ia be, there appears to be good reason for the existence guarantee for uniformity of instruction and for a high stand- no of the first mentioned chief that is not equally as good an argu- ard of efficiency than might be secured by hasty inspections ment for the creation of the second. In making this state- from time to time, could any one be found to advocate such ment we do not lose sight of the very complex technical an absurd proposition ? Or, in other words, if our one hun- character of the artillery service, nor, on the other hand, do dred and eighty troops were not organized into squadrons we forget that artillery officers are doubt as well trained and regiments, it be conceived that we would drift along no can individually in the technique of their arm of the service as from day to day and tolerate the continuance of such a state are cavalry officers in the duties of the mounted service. disorganization? And yet the same elementary principle of The first, in the particular sphere of work for which they are organization that combines men into troops, troops into . of trained, are confronted with greater obstacles to the most sqdrone, and squadrons into regiments, if pursued to its no efficient development of the coast artillery than are those logical end, demands that our fifteen regiments be combined that meet the second a similar development the cavalry. under a chief. in of The truth is, no branch of the service, however great the This entire matter of a chief of cavalry may be reduced efforts and abilities of its officers, hope reach the to the proposition of organization and efficiency versus disor. can to highest plane of efficiency as a unit, unless the energy of I

ma MZLITAR Y NOTES. MILITAR Y NOTES. 759 tboee 05cen co6rdinated and directed along systematic is more important lines that the chief would find his broadest lines. As well expect a rudderless ship to reach port because field for improving the efficiency of the cavalry. It is not of some whim of the elements. our intention at this time to enter upon a discussion of the It is team work that we want-team work in peace ; for duties of a chief of cavalry; suffice it to say. that so long as we how can w;? hope to have team work in war if the team be are willing to admit that we have not reached that pinnacle of in time of peace? Team work means organiza- not trained perfection from whence all paths lead backward, just so long tion, and above all, an organization with a head ; it means a will there be an abundance of work for a chief of cavalry.X. perfect and uniform system of training; it means that our whole force shall be applied in the same direction ; that es- * sentials in the soldier’s education shall be separated from non- Y* essentials, and the former not neglected because of time wasted on the latter ; that all members of the team (the reg- Wanted: A Head io the Cavalry Service. iments) mast trained under the same coach (the chief) ; be &‘TheLord helps them that help themselves,” and our that all plays shall be studied and only those that promise arm will be left without a chief just so long as we continue victory be learned; that the opinion of every man, be he to trust in divine aid without striking a lick to help our- ’varsity or scrub, not is listened to, but is invited, and is only selves. given the consideration it de.serves. There is little, if any, difference of opinion in the cavalry The captain’s influence is felt strongest in his own troop ; service as to the desirability of a chief for our arm. The in it you will find uniformity of instruction-it may uni- be trouble with us is that we don‘t vote our opinions in the formly good and it may be ttniformly bad. Similarly, but to ballot box of the CAVALRYJOURNAL. Our case is very much less degree, the major stamps his personality the squad- a on like that of our persistent presidential candidate, who was in training it. his own experience and observation ron; informed from the peanut gallery, in a lull between cheers, are Mnforced by what he finds goad in that of his troop “They all holler like -for you. Bill, but they don’t vote commanders. The colonel, if he is so fortunate as to have for you.” There is every reason to believe that by an ear- his entire regiment with him, adds to the teachings of a stiIl nest and sustained effort we can so state our case as to obtain riper experience what he finds of value in his observation of relief. three squadron and twelve troop commanders. But here the The detail of a good, live colonel necessitates no legisla- interchanging of ideas practically ceases ; above and beyond tion, and would prove the opening wedge. Properly sup- the colonel there is no one person who feels the full weight ported, he would be, his success would be certain and so of responsibility for the efficiency of the personnel and as manifest as to furnish to Congress practical demonstration, materiel of the fifteen regiments of cavalry; no one to cull if such be necessary, that the cavalry service needs a chief from the experience and observation of the entire cavalry as much as does the artillery; it follows, as a matter of that which is bad, and discover that which is good ; no one to place within reach of the worst troop in the service the course, that he should be given rank commensurate with the responsibility and importance of his office. experience of the best. This work and responsibility prop- The necessity for this office is so evident that argument erly pertain to the office of the chief of cavalry. seems almost superfluous ; team work, the fundamental prin- Great as would be the beneficial results to the cavalry ciple organization, is so plainly involved that we springing from such an economical and organized employ- of of the cavalry see it without straining our ‘eyes. Nor will the ment of the abilities of its officers,yet it is along other and powers that be need their telescopes to see our need if we 760 MfUTARY NOTES, MILITARY NOTES. 761 n( will farcefully point out to them the location of that need; it is there and in considerable size. attention to distances and intervals. wheels and turns. with now and then an occasional charge. They take the practice “Silence gives consent,” and we An expect nothing un- less we ask for it. marches, sometimes placing an advance guard the prescribed Y. number of yards in advance on the same road, all other +** roads being neglected. During maneuver periods there is very little opportunity to instruct in the details, but the lack One Reason Why We Shkt Have a Chief of Cavalry. of this instruction is woefully apparent. At one of the If there is any one thing fully impressed upon the mind Eastern maneuver camps last year, a screening problem for of the military student, it is the bare fact that the first duty cavalry was arranged and carried out, acd many of the grey of cavalry, during a war of any magnitude, would be to haired officers who participated remarked that this was tEe first opportunity they had ever had of observing or partici- BC~the mobilization and forward marches of our own forces and to gain information of the enemy and prevent his pating in such a movement. At one large cavalry post, during the whole year in- concentration if possible. To accomplish these tasks it is of also unanimously agreed that all cavalry must be carefully struction. carefully mapped out, but one problem in screen- trained, in time of peace, to perform these duties. ing was given, and that of only four hours duration. In Then, to solve the problems that will surely fall to the addition to this about five problems in scouting, restricted lot of our cavalry forces, all cavalrymen must be familiarized to very limited terrain, and one lecture on scouting, consti- with the details of their important duties ; they must be able tuted the year’s practical work in cavalry’s most important , to scout, to rapidly orient themselves, to map roads and duties. The balance of the year was devoted to an endless country covered, to carefully observe and intelligently report chain of drills, principally fours right and left, with occa- all that is seen. being able to segregate non-important from sional charges. and arm combat maneuvers. important military information. In addition to the fore- If all officcrs of experience and learning are right in going, they must, of course, be able to ride and shoot and theoretically outlining the work of cavalry, why should take case of themselves and horses. present conditions exist ? Lack of a uniform system of From the youngest shave-tail to the oldest colonel the The answer appears simple : foregoing is generally accepted as being the result that all instruction in scouting and screening for the cavalry pre- cavalrymen hope to attain. scribed by authorities competent to see that it is followed. We have lectures, theses, talks by commanding o5cers At present the coiirse of instruction followed is practi- and others and the instructors at all service schools reiter- cally that prescribed by the various commanding officers, and is regulated by their interest in the work or lack of it, ate interminably how necessary these attainments are. We solve map and kriegspiel problems where our cavalry is and generally follows along lines conforming to their par- ticular ideas or hobbies. It is quite true that, here and handled pursuant to the instruction as outlined above. But here it ends, and how many troops in our army are really there, energetic organization commanders attempt to per- the proficient in this duty. If we set the standard at a high de- fect their organizations along lines here proposed, but gree of excellence very few would be found. the results are anything but satisfactory for many reasons, Year in and year out troops are drearily marched to the which are obvious. drill ground and conscientiously maneuver in close and ex- Screening and scouting work of any importance during ” tended order, the organization commanders paying careful actual warfare will always be carried on in countries more or less populated and covered with roads. Cavalry, in nearly I 76% HILITA R Y NOTES. MILITAR Y NOTES. 763 I. all case$,must confine their work to the roads, and there is akolutqly no reason why at least fifty days of each year ahodd not be devoted to work of the nature here explained, THE CAVALRY PACK. by troops stationed at the various posts. There is no end to tbe detyand extent to which such problems could ex- BY CAPTAINALONZO GRAY, FOURTEENTHCAVALRY. tend. Particular attention could be paid to concentrating the forces at given points and to the conduct of contact T is my understanding that troops must use during the patrols, which should be handled by commissioned officers, I coming spring and summer the pack provided for by the whose duty should be to instruct the men under their com- Military Secretary's OffiGe, February 23, 1907. amending par- mand in the numerons important duties connected there- graphs 287-9 Cavalry Drill Regulations. with. Reports and maps shonld be carefully scrutinized and The following is the distribution of weights required.

mewed by oficers competent to do so. Actual instruction RIGHT SIDE. L.Bs. LEFT SIDE LBS. 02. 02. in the care of and beast could be carried along with 6 Tin cup ...... 8 . man Lariat and pin...... 3 this work; men to prepare their own meals; horses' shoes Curry comb ...... IO Nose bag (canvas) ...... I3 replaced, etc., etc. Horsebrush...... I1 Canteen. filled...... 3 1 Two horseshoes...... I 24 Knife, fork and spoon...... 6 No matter bow small the reservation, the real work of Rifle...... g 6 Meat can (tin) ...... 15 - cavalry need not be hampered. Numerous problems, nearly Riflescabbard ...... a 8 Tent poles...... Ia approaching reality, that isas far as cavalry is concerned, Watering bridle ...... I 6 Saber, knot and straps...... ) I Two emergency iron rations. a I2 can be prepared and the cavalry kept constantly at work Total ...... -19 13 -- I - snch as will accustom the men to the duties actual warfare 13 IO Total...... IO will demand, by operating on the country roads in the vicin- Preponderance on left side , . 6 3 .IS ity of their stations. If the canteen is not filled and the emergency rations not An energetic chief of cavalry would at once set to work carried, then the preponderance is much greater. This ar- to remedy present conditions, and would work out the de- rangement of load can not do otherwise than make sore tails of a system of instruction, which, while not hampering backs. commanding oficers with too many details, would provide It is a fact that saddle sores, after being healed, reoccur. that the greater part of the open season be devoted to the So that when a lot of horses have been given saddle sores, no work cavalry is really expected to do. 2. care on the part of the troop commander can prevent his horses' backs going sore. In the shifting of horses to different organizations, officers will be unjustly blamed for what was the fault of their pred- ecessors, or probably the fault of the recent order which will compel us to put sore backs on our horses. I am in hopes the matter may be modified to some extent. After the mischief is done, no amount of care will ever re- store our horses' backs. Again, everybody should protest at once against carrying the cup in the nose bag. The nose bag is always covered with slobber and mucous . from the horse's nose, and often infected with glanders. 1

MILITARY NOTES. 765 704 HILI TAR Y NOTES. strap lengthened and nose bag changed to off side. Tin cup No tin cup can be safely used after being in the nose bag, without having been first boiled in water, and even then the put in saddle pocket with meat can, where it does not shine idea is disgusting to the average man. or rattle. Roll is not long enough to flop when horse trots. The slapping of the rifle butt against the horse’s neck may I have experimented all winter with a pack which has proven very satisfactory. be stopped by a strap, made up like a link strap about thirty or thirty-one inches long, attached to the off spider ring. A It is as follows: Bbkef.- Fold bed blanket once lengthwise and roll in small ring is attached to the lower end of the rifle scabbard and the strap snapped in after saddling the horse. shelter tent as usual. This makes.a roll thirty-six inches The advantages claimed for this arrangement are: A long. snug pack lying close in to the horse ; weights equally dis- Nose Bag.-Nose bag buckled over roll as usual, except tributed ; no glitter, rattle or flop. that it is on off side. Break roll well in middle and strap down so that ends of roll lie close to horse, center of roll strapped well up. Poles.-Short poles in nose bag, long poles strapped across roll in rear. Calrzem -Canteen as usual. CANTE ENS AS LI F E - PR ES E RV E RS. Cup.-Place cup in bottom of near saddle pocket well down. Put meat can in after cup. BY TRUMPETER LEONARD F. MATLACK. TROOP H, EIGHTHCAVALkY. Larior.-Lariat as usual. Extra horseshoes, ammunition, emergency rations in off HE following test I have found to be very useful, es- saddle pocket to counter-balance weight rifle. of T pecially to a soldier, both as a life bouy and as a help in Blanket roll is known as Vidmer roll, and straps of nose’ learning to swim. The accompanying photos show the po- are lengthened about a foot. bag sition of the canteen as it should be used. Cut No. I should distribution of weight is follows: The as be used as an instructor or in crossing streams without equipment. The canteen strap is snapped in the belt buckle LEFT SIDE LBs. RIGHT SIDE. L8s. oz. Riflekabbard...... J I and placed on the breast, then held in place by a string or Rifle ...... I 6 handkerchief which is fastened in the side rings and passed Lariat and pin...... 3 6 Curryc&band brush ...... I 5 Meat can (tin)...... 15 around the neck, thus preventing the device from shiftlng. Nose bag (canvas bottom). . r3 Cup (tin ) ...... 8 Canteen filled...... 3 7 To obtain the best results this should be up as close to the Knife. fork and Bpoon...... 6 Tent poles (3 pieces) ...... ra chin as possible, but not interfering with the free movement Total ...... x, Horseshas ...... 1 14 of the neck. No. 2 is an excellent support to any one with I6 Two emergency iron rations. 2 XI equipment and is used very much as KO. I; the canteen Pmpondenmce ...... XI Total ...... ,x6 6 straps are snapped in the belt buckle and then fastened to- gether by the inside side rings to hold them close together, then pass a string or handkerchief around the neck and make fast to the inside side rings. If used in a swift CUT- rent these should be fastened by passing a cord around the body just below the arm pits and fastening it in the outside

i :.

.A. ... 1

766 MILITA R Y NOTES. MILITARY NOTES. 700 aide this keeps the buoy in place, and if put properly rings; on Another thing I have found very useful is a barge or cannot give to either side, nor up or down. This appeals 50 float, which is very easily and quickly put together, which strongly to me, because every soldier in any branch of the absolutely assures the crossing of streams in safety, and aervice has everything right at hand and requires no extra which can be used for many different things-for moving

attachment. The canteen the last things that a is one of wounded transporting ammunition or canned rations. soldier would throw away even if pressed severely, and at men, or in fact anything that a man swimming would be likely to all times if not supplied with a handkerchief he could use a lose. Four shelter-tent joined hat-cord, leggin-string, shoe-string or anything that would poles are and laid on the ground in a square, the ends lapping about inches. answer the purpose. two Lash the ends securely with the shelter-tent ropes; the 768 MZLZTAR Y NOTES. MILITARY NOTES. 769 shelter-tent is made fast to tbis frame, then take the com- pany or troop canteens and put an equal number at each GENERAL CONDXTIONS. corner so the pull will be equal on all sides. You now have The horses must betong to the regiments or officers of your barge, which is very effective though not very large, different armies; in the latter case there must be a certificate baing about three feet six inches square. This will not signed by the colonel of the regiment, to the effect that the keep its burden out of the water and dry, but will land its horse is regularly mounted. in the riding schQo1 or in contents on the other side if handled with any consideration. evolutions, and that he is the bona fide property of the A man wounded, but able to sit up or hold his head up, can officer who enters him. cross in safety, although he will be partly submerged. This All the contests of the military will be judged by an inter- can be palled over by ropes or by good swimmers. One national jury composed of delegates of the powers repre- canteen has a buoyancy of five and one-half pounds, and as sented. This jury will settle all unforseen litigious ques- maay can be used as the cargo requires. tions; its decisions will be without appeal. - Each horseman shall mount but one horse and must pilot Nm-~,--copCain G. E. Stockle, Eighth Cavalry, informs the JOURNAL that him in all the contests. Trumpeter bhtldc's id- have been submitted to the Cavalry Board. Only officers in the active army will be allowed to engage or mount in the contestgof the military. Officers are invited to present themselves for the differ- ent contests under the stipulated conditions. All the equip- ROYAL EQUINE SOCIETY BELGIUM, ment must be absolutely regulation, including the packing. OF Officers carrying side-arms may dispense with wearing them. The horses of foreign offcers taking part in the Inter- AEMY HORSE INTEUNATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIP. TO BB CONTESTED FOR AT TlIE HORSE mow IN BPVOLTUS. Bemiurn. YAY. 1907. national Military will be quartered and fed free in the stables of the Cinquantenaire biarkct. N. B.-Fifty per cent. reductions will be asked for the TRANSLATEDBY €I. E. FLEISCHNER. M. 1. D. transportation of the horses on the principal railway lines.

PROGRAM AND REGULATIONS. FIRST COSTEST.

HE purpose of this horse show is to encourage the Undress. English saddle'and bridle. Minimum weight, So kilos (176.35 lbs.). T rational training of war horses and the true principles of equitation, without requiring exceptional qualities on the part of the horses that will be presented there which would Course of fifty kilometers (3I .06 miles) to be covered by be of such a nature as to bar horses furnished by govern- each competitor within four (4) hours. No account will be ment remounting services or to diminish their chances of taken of the greatest speed; the competitors consuming the , b;ocoe%8. longest periods will lose a certain number of points. This With this in view, the show will consist of a series of course will be partly along roads and partly across country. trials of different sorts, designed to show off the condition of After this test the horses will be examined at a trot by the horse, his willingness and the finish of his training. the entire jury, which will limit itself to eliminating the lame or those found to be unable to take part in 770 MILITAR Y NOTES. MZLZTARY NOTES. 771

(b), Steek Chse, 4000 Mefen (4374.4 Yar&). THIRD CONTEST. 1’ Same BBme weight. dresg Undress. English saddle and bridle. Minimum weight, 80 kilos. Contest in jumping obstacles. This contest will take place on a race course near Brus. eels. The terminal point of the endurance test will coin- This test is designed to show whether the horses entered cide with the race course. The competitors will have two have the facility of action indispensable to an army horse. hotq rest between tbe endurance test and the steeple chase. With this in view, the course will present certain difficulties; There will be individual courses; the minimum speed the obligation of jumping between two (2) flags very near must be equivalent to 8 gallop of 550 meters (590.46 yards) together or at different points, according to whether the a minute; no account will be taken of the greatest speeds, same obstacle is passed for the first, second or third time, but speds not reaching 550 meters will be penalized. sudden stops, half turns, etc. This test is designed to show the intrepid and vigorous To a certain extent, account will be taken of the speed. outdoor horsernansbip of the riders. The maximum dimensions of obstacles will be I m. 15 Only gross faults will be noticed by the jury; falls, re- (45 27+ in-) fasala, and attempts by the horse to slip from under his GrazingY will not count ; the only things counted as faults rider. The standing will be reckoned according to the time will be mistakes in the course, exceeding the time limits, limits exceeded the mistakes made. and stumbling on the fore or hind quarters, falls and attempts to slip from under the rider. Besides these three (3) tests the jury will institute cer- SECOND CONTEST. tain others to determine lkarcbfng order with arms and packing of eqaiprneat Minimum weight,, 80 -;s- conma ( iRU+ miles) to be covered in I hour 40 minutea No account will be taken of speeds greater than those TRAINING PROPERLY SO-CALLED. corresponding to those above mentioned; but on the other Undress. English saddle. Any weigbt. hand, the competitors employing longer periods will lose a certain number of points. Each rider regulates his own individual task, knowing Esch competitor will cover the course by himself; during that less account will be taken of the diversity or difficulty of the movements than of the finish of the work. Complete this there will be - agreement between rider and mount. finesse of aids and Campaip Covrse in tAc CinquanfenaireMarkef. equestrian tact must be translated into an- easy bearing pleasant to look upon. No account will be taken of artificial This mast be accomplished within a time limit announced gaits such as the “passage” (a sort of trot well marked and at the time of the race and equivalent to a speed of 400 well cadenced), the “piaffer ” (in which the diagonal bipals meters (43744 yards) per minute. are alternately raised and lowered without advancing or In this contest the obstacles met will be as nearly as pos- .backing), the Spanish walk, etc.. but change of the leading sible like those met in the field; they will be nearly station- foot in galloping will be required. ary and wilt be about I m. IO high (3 feet IOinches). Only tumbling on the forequarters, refusals, falls and attempts to dip from under the rider, will count as faults.

I 773 779 MILITAR Y NOTES. MILITAR Y NOTES.

POINTS IN THE DIFFERENT' CONTESTS IN THE MILITARY. First contest ...... 30 per cent. Second ante& ...... 25 per cent. REUNION DINNER OF WEST POINT GKADUATES, Third conteat...... 30 per cent. MARCH 16, 1907. Training properly so-dled...... 15 per cent. -- Total ...... IO~per cent. N. B.-The order of the contest may be changed accord- HE nineteenth annual reunion dinner in Chicago of hg to need. T West Point graduates, was held at the Grand Pacific NOTE.-cOmpetitOrS will receive when entering their Hotel on the evening of &larch 16th, in honor of the 105th names general instructions regarding the different penalties birthday of the U. S. Military Academy at West Point. connected with faults committed. exceeding time limits. etc. There were twenty-eight graduates present. The senior graduate present, who presided at the table, was C. E. L. B. Davis, of the class of '66, colonel U. S. Engineer Corps. FIFTEEN THOUSAND FRANCS IN PRIZES ($3000). The meeting was purely social, and the only speeches made were of the five-minute variety. General Charles King acted Fzrst Bzse.-Object of art. value 5000 francs($rooo) and a gold medal offered by His Majesty. the King of Belgium. as toastmaster, and short addresses were made by General Scond Plzke.-Object of art, value 3000 francs ($600). Carter, Colonel Robinson, Colonel Blunt, commanding 'the Arsenal at Rock Island. and General Young, of Chlcagd ; the Tkrrd A-zse.-Object of art. value I 500 francs ($300). latter, being in the midst of a political campaign, had to Fourth Prize.-Object of art, value 1250 francs ($250). Fifth P*ise.-object of art. value 800 francs ($160). leave early ; the meeting forestalled the action of the voters of Chicago by unanimously electing him treasurer of the Sixth F+ist.-Object of art, value 600 francs ($120). city. General Young was the class and is a briga- Seventh Plzse.-Object of art, value 500 francs ($100). of of '87. dier general in the Illinois National Guard. Ten prizes valued at 250 francs each ($50) will be given A resolution was passed permitting ex-West Pointers the jury to the next ten (IO) contestants qualified. who had been at the Academy not less than one year. to par- *** ticipate in future meetings, on nomination by a graduate and approval by the committee of arrangements. For all information address. Monsieur A. Dupuich, Sec- Several graduates who were expected had to send regrets retary of the. Royal Belgian Equine Society. 33 rue des on account of pressing engagements elsewhere, among them Deux-figliaes, Brussels. Belgium. being General Smith, of Chicago, class of '53; Generals The general program of the horse show for 1907 will Horace Porter and James H. Wilson, class of '60; Senator appear at the end of March. Dupont of Maryland, '6 I ; General F.V.Greene of '70; Senator- elect F. 0. Briggs, of New Jersey, class of '72. Gov. Upham, '66, of Wisconsin, who always attends these meethgs, was seriously ill at his home in Marshfield. Telegrams of greet- ing were sent to a similar meeting of graduates held at the University Club in Boston at the same hour, and to the superintendent of the Military Academy. TI1 MZLITA R Y NO TES. MILITARY NOTES. 775

The were preselit : following 9. Rapidity with accuracy; target 6x2 feet, range 100 1 Ikvie, C E. L,. B.;'66. Liggetf Hunter. '79. feet. The number of shots fired to be 18. Revolver fired Hem, €I.B. '66. Burf c. s., '80. from hand. Time and number of hits to be noted in each gios, chark'66. Morgan, G. H., '80. case. Hillst, F. L.. '66. Fish, Wdllston, '81. if Baum. G. R.. '69. Johnson. F. 0..'81. To be conducted by representative of the inventor, Robhmon, W. W.. '@ Weigel. Wm..'87. present. Firing to begin with chamber and cylinder empty, Blank S E., '72 Young, E. C., '87. and cartridges arranged as desired by the firer. Abbot+ Wm.. '7a Adams, H. R., '87. IO. Rapidity at will. Same as preceding test, except Ha& Joeeph, '7a. Harrison, Ralph. '8g. Birby. W. H, '73. Jarvis. M. S.. '91. that the revolver will be fired without aim into a butt at certsr W. H, '73. Grote. W.F.. '91. short range, and hits will not be considered. Otis, H. G.. '74. Nesbit. '98. W. F., I I. Endurance. Revolver will then be fired deliberately Paddock, J. V. S, '77. Jmes,J. S.. '03. omoe, t. D., '78. Niles, E. W.;o5. 500 rounds, cooling after each 50 shots. 12. Velocity. Same as paragraph 7, above. 13. Excessive charges. Revolver to be fired five times with cartridges in which the charge of powder is increased to produce a pressure in the chamber 25 per cent. greater PROGRAM FOR TESTS OF REVOLVERS. than the regular pressure. 14. Pierced primers. Revolver will be fired once with a cartridge in which the primer has been thinned so as to in- I. Examination of revolver, as to design, appearance, sure piercing. Two rounds will then be fired to observe balance, etc. act ion. 2. Special examination will be made as to safety features. I 5. Dust. Both ends of barrel will be tightly corked 3. Dismounting and assembling. The times required and the revolver will be exposed, in a box prepared for that to totally dismount and assemble, except removal of the purpose, to a blast of fine sand for one minute. The sur- barrel. plus sand may then be removed by blowing thereon, jarring + The number of- of the piece, or wiping with the bare hand only. (a) Pins and screws. The cylinder should be- (S) Small springs. (u) Empty when exposed to dust. (c) Other parts. (6) Loaded when exposed to dust 5. The number and kind of tools required to dismount In "b" the cartridges may be removed and wiped, then and assemble. reloaded. 6. Twenty rounds (IO single and IO double action) to be 16. Rust. The mechanism will be thoroughly cleaned fired into butt to observe working of revolver. of grease, by boiling in a solution of soda. both ends of the The above tests will be made with the revolver in the barrel tightly corked ; the revolver then placed in a saturate hands of and operated by the inventor or his representative solution of sal-ammoniac for five minutes, After exposure if present. to the open air for twenty-four hours, five shots will be fired 7. Velocity at 37.5 feet, mean of 5 shots. into a sand butt. 8. Accuracy and penetration at 75 feet ; IO shots. I 7. Supplementary tests. Any piece which successfully passes the foregoing tests may be subjected to such supple- 776 MILITARY NOTES. MILITAR Y NOTES. 777

mentary tests. or repetitions of previous ones, to further de- 6. Twenty rounds to be fired into butt to observe work- termine its endurance or other qualities, as may be prescribed ing of pistol. by the Chief of Ordnance or by the Board. The above tests will be made with the pistol in the hands Genrraf Rrmads.-During the above tests the revolver of and operated by the inventor or his representative, if will be entirely in the hands of the Board, except when present. specially stated otherwise, and no alterations or repairs other 7. Velocity at 37.j feet, mean of 5 shots. than those possible on the ground will be allowed, except by 8. Accuracy and penetration at 75 feet; IO shots. special permission of the Board. If the revolver fails in any 9. Rapidity with'accuracy; target 6x2 feet, range 100 test the remainder of the program may be discontinued in feet. Number of shots fired to be three times the capacity the discretion of the Board. of clip. Pistol fired from hand. Time and number of hits In case of misfires, cartridges will be opened to determine to be noted in each case. To be conducted by representative the cause, and if due to ammunition, the test will be re- of company, if present. Firing to begin with chamber and peated. magazine empty, and clips or holders arranged as desired by firer. SPRXNG~LDAnnonu, January 15,1907. Board Wmened by S. 0.305. W.D., December 28. I@. IO. Rapidity at will. Same as preceding test. except that the piSto1 will be fired without aim into B butt at short range, and hits will not be considered. I I. Endurance. Pistol will then be fired deliberately 500 rounds as a self loader, cooling after each 50 rounds. PROGRAM OF TESTS OF AUTOMATIC PISTOLS. 12. Velocity. Same as Paragraph 7, above. 13. Mounted test. Pistol will be fired by a mounted man such number of times as may seem necessary to deter- I. Examination of pistol as to design, appearance, bal- mine its ease of loading, manipulation and safety. ance, suitability for mounted troops. etc. 14. Decreased charges. Pistol to be fired 12 rounds as 2. Special examination will be made as to safety features. a self-loader with cartridges in which the powder charge has 3. Dismounting and assembling. The time required for been decreased so that the first four will give pressure of 25 each of the following operations : per cent. less, the second four 15 per cent. less, and the last (0) To dismount the breech and magazine mechan- four IOper cent. less than the service pressure. ism with the exception of the magazine catch. I j. Excessive charges. Pistol to be fired five times as a (b) To complete dismounting. single loader, with cartridges in which the charge of powder (c) To assemble, except the breech and magazine is increased to produce a pressure in the chamber 25 per mechanism. cent. greater than the regular pressure. (d) To complete assembling. 16. Pierced primers. Pistol will be fired once with a ' 4. Thenumber of- cartridge in which the primer has been thinned so as to insure (0) Pins and screw. piercing. Two rounds will then be fired to observe action. (b) Small springs. 17. Dust. With the mechanism closed and both ends (c) Other parts. of the barrel tightly corked, pistol will be exposed, in a box 5. The number and kind of tools required to dismount prepared for that purpose, to a blast of fine sand for one and assemble. minute. The surplus sand may then be removed by blowing 778 HILITA R Y NO TES. thereon, jarring of the piece, or wiping with the bare hand only. The magazine should be- (8) Empty when exposed to dust. (b) Loaded when exposed to dust. In both cases pistol should be used as a self-loader, and in the second the cartridges may be removed and wiped, then re- IEdltor’s Uable. i loaded. In case of self-loading failures to work in either case the piece will be tried by operating by hand. 18. Rust. The mechanism will be thoroughly cleansed of grew, by boiling in a solution of soda, the ends of the THE PISTOL VOTE. barrel tightly corked, and the pistol then placed in a satu- rated solution of sal-ammoniac for five minutes. After the For the first time in the history of the American cavalry exposure to the open air for twenty-four hours, five shots we are to fin9 out what the cavalry wants as to the pistol will be fired into a sand butt, using pistol as a self-loader. eqaipment. ‘We have individual views from “the time In case the self-loading mechanism fails to work, the pistol whereof the memory of man runneth not to the contrary.” will then be tried by operating by hand. but what the service desired has never been known. And . 19. Supplementary tests. Any piece which successfully we are not cognizant that any determined attempt has passes the foregoing tests may be subjected to such supple- ever been made to ascertain the composite view of the mentary tests, or repetitions of previous ones, to further service. determine its endurance or other qualities as may be pre- It has been the fashion heretofore when an important scribed by the Chief of Ordnance or by the Board. subject arose to refer the matter to a board. Sometimes this General Rmurks.-During the above tests the pistol will worked well, especially when the board was composed of be entirely in the hands of the Board, except when specifi- “safe and sane” men. But frequently our boards have cally stated otherwise, and no alterations or repairs other been composed partly of men with no more than ordinary than those possible on the ground will be allowed, except by interest in the subject referred, and the other part of cranks special permission of the Board. If the pistol fails in any on the subject. We are conversant with the saying that test the remainder of the program may be discontinued in a crank is the only one in the world that makes improve- the discretion of the Board. ments. This is true when we get the right crank. But In case of misfires the cartridges will be opened to deter- for every crank that is right there are thousands,. if not mine cause, and if due to the ammunition, the test will be millions, that are the flattest of failures. But of these thou- repeated. sands and millions we never hear. We sometimes have to SRUNGFJXLDARYO~Y. Jan- 15. 1907. suffer from their effects, however, for witness our struggling Board convened by S. 0.305. W. D, December 18. I*. along during the past years with the present abomination of the service bit and also the .38 caliber pistol. . The danger of special board recommendations” must be

It is of course understood that in these remarks we are not referring to the permanent organization known as the Cavalry Board. The work done by this board is of too great a value to even be questioned. Quietly but with considerable acumen this board has made its recommendation and we are glad 0 780 EDITOR'S TABLE. EDITOR'S TABLE. 781 obvious to any serious thinker. We get one or two cranks on the board,-and the rest of the bo&d is composed of of- AL'TOYATIC ficers whose inclinations and special study have been along bnk Num.ber Favon.ng For the For the Voting Retention .45 .w For Against /Undecided lines other than those referred to the board. These latter, ------having no expert knowledge or even little careful detailed Colonels...... 8 I 5 2 3 51...... Lieut..Cols. .. Q ...... 6 3 3 6 ...... knowledge of the subject, are apt to be led by the cranks Majors...... 32 ...... 15 7 15 17 ...... who profess to know more about the matter than any one Captains ...... 144 4 123 I7 41 91 6 First Lieuts.. .. 121 ...... 111.1 I1 20 94 7 elee in the army, and the result-well, you get what you get. Second Lieuts. 107 I2 16 90 I At the time of the chaage from the old large caliber pis- ToUl ...... 421 8 I 396: I 52 10.8 303 14 tol to the present .38 there were signals of warning and cries of distress offered by the service individually, but all to no avail. We direct the reader's attention to an article by First Lieutenant Eben Swift, published at that time in the CAVALRYJOURNAL against the proposed change. (See the March hue, 1893.) The only trouble was that this was an individual protest. Had this protest been at the rate of 413 to 8 from the entire service the change would probably have never been made. Individual opinions, however good, how- ever correct. will not carry the weight of the concentrated opinion of the entire cavalry service. In order to obtain the ideas of the service upon the sub- ject of the pistol the JOURNAL some two months ago sent out &tarn postals to every active officer in the American cavalry. The following was the postal : DO you advocate the retention of the present pistol ? ...... Do yoa advocate the adoption of a larger caliber?...... If so. which caliber do you desire, 45 or 407...... Do you advocate the adoption of an automatic pistol; if so, what caliber?. .. to seo that these recommendations are being followed. It must also he under- stood that in the above we msh no inferences drawn as to the present pistol board. We could hardly be so inconsiderate and impolite as to remark about the personnel of the preaent pistol board, sitting at the very tune our re- marksasebeingpublished. Ourregard for the individual members of that board mats us of the opinion that their work will be well and faithfully done. And we wish the members of that board to feel thst the above remarks apply to tha action of many boards of the past, and of course cannot apply to the action of a board which has not yet become known. 1’

788 EDITOR’S TABLE. EDITOR’S TABLE. 783

We call attention especially in the above table to the vote Of course it is understood the above remarks as to the for a larger caliber and the ietention of the present .38. It jacketed bullet do not app:y to the ammunition for an auto- stands 413 to 8 in favor of a larger caliber. We had ex. matic It seems to be a prevalent opinion that ammunition pected even a greater percentage than 98 in favor of the for an automatic must be jacketed. larger caliber. As for the comparison of the .45 and .so, 87 per cent. are for the .45 and 13 per cent. for the .so. The percentage on the automatic is 72 against, 25 for, and 3 undetermined. In view of the fact that the present pistol boara has had THE PANAMA CANAL. the ammunition fixed, it may seem that the above vote as to the size of caliber is too late to be of any use. We are not .Some eighteen months ago THEJOURNAL hinted that if aware that the matter of the caliber has been so definitely the question of the building and finishing of the canal ever determined that it might not be changed. Of course in this really became serious, the one thing to do was to turn the en- we may be mistaken. But we are under the impression tire matter over to the army. That the army must finally tbat had every officer voted in favor of the .so caliber take hold of the canal bas been patent for the last six this vote would have had much to do with increasing the months. ‘ But we wish to recall the remarks of THEJOUR- caliber above that referred to the board. We hope such NAL of October, 1905,just after the Wallace defection : would have been found to be the case, for we do not believe For there is this to remember, that even by the non- that the determination to have the one submitted to the success of the present commission, the government has one board to be so strong that it could not under any possible department that can put a canal across the isthmus, through circumstances be changed. Nicaragua or anywhere else, once the word is given. We One other matter in regard to the ammunition for which refer, of course, to the War Department, working through he board w&q to select the proper firing weapon : Is it at its corps of engineers. In all the vast work accomplished all wise to have a jacketed bullet? Some time ago we re- by the government through this corps, we believe there has ceived from the Ordnance Department a large blue print of been but one serious defection. And when we consider the the projectile adopted. It is caliber .45. But strange to number of years that this corps has been handling large say. it is jacketed with a cupro nickel jacket. Is this government work, the vast sums of money disbursed, there wise? TQ the JOURNAL’S idea it is folly, but we are not is no reason to expect the failure of any canal once the army going to set up the individual opinion of the JOURNAL . takes hold of it. It is somewhat historical how the country against the recommendation that selected the present pro- turns to the army in times of distress and need. Army of- jectile. But we did make an error in not submitting this ficers are always the ones detailed to handle the distribution proposition also to the cavalry officers in our postal vote. of money and supplies to stricken districts, like the sufferers To tell the truth, the fact that the projectile. was jacketed of the Mississippi flooded lands. And in all those cases slipped our notice. The only excuse we can give for such there has been one long unbroken record of ability and prob- . negligent inspection of the blue print is that such a propo- ity. Moreover, our engineers are not rich men, and their sition was so absurd to our minds that it never entered our contact with the world has rarely been such as to make them bead at all in the inspection of the drawings. We herewith covet wealth. Their lives are not given to making money, enter the protest of the THECAVALRY JOURNAL against the and their ambition in the past shows itself to have been one adoption of a jacketed bullet. of duty well performed, and an honorable name in their pro- ..-

784 SDJTOR’S TABLE. EDITOR’J TABLE. 785 . fedon, adnot one of amassiag fortunes. As Agassiz, who said, ‘I have not time to make money.”’ have, therefore, only twenty regiments of regular infantry available for general war service. Raising these regiments plain to those who are familiar with army officers It is to their full war footing we should have 3 I ,440 men. This and with the spirit of the army that the matter of the Pan- with the other arms of the service would give us a good army ama Canal is now but a question of a few years. Against corps and a cavalry division ; but we should need to reinforce the intelligent and unapproachable men now charge, the in it at once by at least 45,000 militia. This number of organ- machinations of the waterway enemies will avail. be of no ized militia will not be available in the United States after And should the tools fall from the nerveless hands of those providing for the heavy demands upon the militia of our now in charge there are plenty of others in the army fully seaboard States for the land defenses of our seacoast. The competent to take their places and carry the work with- on situation deserves serious consideration. Our militia is out interruption. avowedly for use as a second line. Our regular infantry is Here’s to the present men in charge, and here’s to the the only force of foot troops available for our first line, and army, and here’s to the canal, all subjects of equal congratu- it is 45,000 short of the requisite number. lation, and we tarn from the subject as from one where * * * * * * * all is over but the shouting. a161tis perhaps idle to hope that we shall ever have a sufficient number of regular infantry for a satisfactory first line, but the committee deem it a matter of duty to state that whether we regard our regular infantry as the only WANTED-AN ARMY. troops available for the first line or as a nucleus for troops The following is taken from the editorial pages of our that take the field later, the national interest would at the esteemed contemporary, TAr Infantry /otrrrral. We con- outbreak of war be seriously jeopardized if we were unable sider it one of the best articles we have ever read, and we to put into the field immediately at least one army corps of republish it in full for the benefit of our readers who are not regular troops. To eEect this. our existing infantry regi- subscribers to Tk Infpnfrylournal. and also for those who ments, if increased to the full strength to which the President are subscribers, as a re-reading will do one good : is empowered to raise them, would be barely sufficient. We have not a single infantryman* to spare.* ”In a report of a special committee of the General Staff * * * * * on the proper proportion of the artillery in our army, pub- “‘Xn view of the foregoing the committee recommends lisbed in theJournul for July, 1905. there appears the follow- the following measures : * * ing : * * * * * .“As a nucleus for our mobile army we should be able to That the General Staff be directed to consider the place in the field at once at least a complete army corps. If means necessary for obtaining promptly a force of infantry our entire force of regular infantry were in the United States, sufficient in numbers and satisfactory in efficiency for our twenty-seven regiments would give us the exact number re- immediate needs in time of war.’ quired ; but m we have already seen, ten of these regiments “The study of this committee was thorough ; their report. are in the Philippines and Alaska, are likely to remain there within the limits of their problem, full ; their recommenda- will available in war, indehitely, not be elsewhere case of tions conservative. Wherever they touched upon the subject and must, accordingly. be left out of consideration. We of increase in any arm’ of the service it was not to show what increase was desirable, not even what from a military view-

..L ... , ’ - 786 EDITOR'S TABLE. EDITOR'S TABLE. 787 I ,

poiot waa necessary, but onIy'what from any possible point "It is nearly two years since the report indicated and the was absolutely essential ; and essential not to insure safety recommendations accompanying it were submitted. What but to avoid disaster, not because academic discussion was has happened? A law has been enacted increasing the Ord- desired, but because otherwise the problem was impossible nance Department. A bill is now before the Congress for of solution. the increase of the artillery, another for the increase of the "Baldly stated, their problem was this: Without in- medical department. Under all of these the Jourtraf has been crease in total enlisted strength, what is the proper propor. silent. The necessity for each of them is recognized. But tion of artillery in our army? The personnel of the com- now come rumors of other bills, of hopes in other cocps. mittee was of the best; their ability, their honesty, their Their needs are also recognized, but a greater need is known fairness of mind are unquestioned. Yet in any body what- and no rumors come. The Journaf would be untrue to the soever how could this be interpreted, provided any solution cause it represents if it did not speak now. It is not through were to be attempted, except as a proposition to increase.the envy or selfishness that it proposes to break the policy of artillery without increasing the army, or in other words, to in. silence which it has heretofore observed. It is, it honestly crease the artillery by decreasing the other arms? In all fair. believes, through a higher principle and the only sound ness this was the question ; and it to the credit of the com- is principle, a recognition of a greater need than that of any mittee that, practically, they found an answer impossibIe. corps, or any arm of the service ; the need of all the service, They indeed that there insufficient artillery, but they found is of all the country-an efficient army; an army not large. admitted that it was impossible to better conditions by adding but large enough to serve as the first line at home or abroad, to it at the expense of the other arms. But they fouad more large enough not only to defend itself, but to save the coast who follows this report carefully it is than this. To one defenses, and to save them not from the sea. from which plain that whatever way they turned one thing was apparent, they are safe, but from the land before which they lie abso- always and almost pathetically apparent. It was not that lutely helpless. there is iasu5cient cavalry, but that there is insufficient in- "The journal does not expect to accomplish this alone, was fantry. It not that increase is needed in the coast does not hope for great results immediately ; but it does be- defenses to protect them from the sea, but that increaset in lieve that it has put briefly a truth that not only every officer, the infantry essential to protect those defenses from the is regardless of his faith, but that every student of military land. More coast artillery was necessary'indeed, but from history must in simple honesty recognize as absolute and where could it come? Not from the infantry, because infan- fundamental. It believes, moreover, that sooner or later the try is more even than artillerymen to defend coast necessary country will be brought to a realization of the same truth, works. Not from the cavalry, because, though the cavalry and it prays that this may come of broader knowledge rather arm is already too small to serve the purposes of cavalry, it than bitter experience. And it believes finally that this last always possible to it infantry to strengthen the arm is use as condition will be the sooner achieved when the army itself which and everywhere is needed most. Try as the commit. presents a unity of purpose and a steadfastness of principle tee would, there was no escape from these facts. Try as we unclouded by selfishness of motive or the private interest of 'may-as anyone may, if only he tries honestly-there is no any part or arm. esqe from them. What we need, what we are fatally defi. "So far then as lies in its power the journal will work to aent in-is not artillery; it is not cavalry ; it is not ordnance this end, but it will work honestly; it will work not to the 05cers nor surgeons, nor this nor that-it is simply and only injury of any, but to the good of all ; not to the aggrandize- army. an ment of part, but to the upbuilding of the whole; not alone c’

ma EDlTOR’S TABLE. EDITOR’S TABLE. 789

for the regular forces, but for the national army of which and works of the Japanese from July 31st to the close of the the regular forces can never be more than the first line ; and siege. not for army merely, but for country. Alone it can do little, There are also two fair plates giving the plan and two united we may do much. The JorrrrruC asks then for the sup- sections of each of the forts, North Keikwansan and Nirusan, port not only of the Association and of the infantry, but of (these forts being spelled in the orthography adopted by every association and of every arm, of every soldier and our War Department as follows : Tungchikuanshan and every guardsman, and of every loyal citizen.” Erhlungshan). There is also a small sketch of Royusan. as the combined 203 and 210 Meter Peaks are called. This little sketch shows the advancing saps and the direction of the frontal attack from Akasakayama. BOOKS ON THE RUSSO JAPANESE WAR. The style of the book is clear, forcible and interesting, and no one will have one dull page to get over in order to We direct the attention of our readers to a late work on reach some interesting part of the siege. It seems the au- the recent conflict, “Port Arthur, the Siege and Capitulation,” thor enjoyed quite a little freedom during the siege, possibly by Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett. This work may not contain not more than was enjoyed by any other of the corres- much technical information for the cavalryman. but intelli- pondents, but he made good use of his opportunities when gent omto-day of any branch of the service must be well they came. We understand from those who were at Port versed in the details of their profession, whether in their Arthur during the siege with whom we have talked that own particular branch or not. this work bears the impress of truth and depicts matters as * We are free to say that we are d impressed with this they appeared at the time. As the purpose of a carefully book that we unhesitatingly place it in our recommended written book can be best-determined from the preface, we list, and we give below the name of the publisher. When quote from the introductory remarks : it was first brought to our attention we had some prejudice against it, as one of our military attach&, who was with the “It has been my endeavor in the following pages to de. Japs at Port Arthur, on picking up this work remarked, ‘* This scribe the . I joined the Third Army won’t amount to much.” It seems he knew the author in the at the commencement of August, 1904, just before the first East. But the attach6 after spending a day on the book com- assault, remained attached to General Nogi’s headquarters pletely changed his mind, and recommended it in strong until January 17, I~S,and entered the fortress with the vic- terms. torious Japanese. An account written by an eye-witness From the minute we struck the first chapter our prejudice who has not had access to official documents can hardly was overcome and we were convinced we were reading a be considered complete or final. Whether these will ever book worth while. It is accompanied by two of the best be given to the world is a matter of great doubt, be- maps we have yet seen of the Liaotong Peninsula and the cause the story of Port Arthur is such a tragedy to Japanese environs of Port Arthur. The first gives the changing po- arms from beginning to end that the Headquarters Staff are sition of both Russians and Japanise from the battle at not likely-at least, until the present generation has passed Nanshan and around Kinchau to-the grst of July, and the away-to admit the faulty tactics which an official history other is a map of Port Arthur, scale three inches to the mile, of the siege would disclose. and gives in accuracy the positions of the forts and works of “With regard to tbe campaign in Manchuria, some time the fo-ss and represents the advancing saps and mines must necessarily elapse before an accurate history can be 790 EDITOR’S TABLE. EDITOR’S TABLE. 791 written. The arena was &large and the events so compli- the drama. The low Suishen Valley, at the foot of the cated that they can hardly yet be viewed in the right per- chain of forts, enabled onlookers to gaze up, as it were, from spective. Nor will it ever be possible for a spectator to give the stalls to the footlights. It would have been impossible a satisfactory account of those great battles. to occupy a position in close proximity to the scene of hos- “The tactical intention and entire sequence of a sus- tilities without some protection from rifle, machine-gun, and tained engagement depends on the orders issued by the artillery. Shelter was provided by the network of trenches Headquarters StaB to the army corps’ commanders, and by which, like the stalls in a theatre, allowed those present to the latter to the commanders of divisions and brigades. All choose their own distance from which to watch the combat. such orders, and the reasons which dictated them, remain “As we have probably witnessed old-fashioned assaults secrets in the archives of the War Office in Tokio. Until and close order formations for the last time, it has been one some impartial Japanese critic weighs the evidence and of my chief objects to place on record the obsolete method writes a true history of the campaign, the world is not likely of fighting which characterized the siege. I have tried to to know the why and the wherefore of many decisions and present an accurate picture of how men meet in masses to settle events which are at present inexplicable. the disputes of their governments with bayonet, clubbed rifle “These objections, which apply so forcibly to an attempt and hand grenade; their behavior in action and in the mo- to write a history of the campaign in Manchuria. only in a ments preceding an attack; the way in which they advance small measure exist when an eye-witness essays to write the and retire, and are seized with sudden panics ; what a modern story of the siege of Port Arthur. The work of the artil- bombardment means when 500 guns are engaged ; the effect lery and engineers, which played such an important part in of an explosion of 2000 pounds of dynamite under a fort ; and the siege, could be easily watched; but beyond that, there how famous generals, whose names are household words, act was no opportunity for a display of grand strategy or the amid the scenes of their exploits.” high art of war before the Russian stronghold. Both were limited to the placing of thousands of men in as close prox- A study of the work will make one feel quite wall ac- imity as possible to the enemy’s works, and at periodical in- quainted with the siege of Port Arthur. More information tervals calling upon them to attack. can be gathered from it than from any book we have yet “The only mystery involved is the motive for the de- discovered. We systematically approach from Kinchau with cision which caused the Japanese to make the immense .sac- the Japanese army, clearly understanding the advance from rifice of life which was bound to result from frontal attacks on the excellent map above referred to. We close in upon the impregnable positions. Although we have no access to the fortress after some weeks and then settle down to the plain correspondence which passed between Tokio, Manchuria and work of the siege in close touch with the intrepid besiegers. General Nogi’s headquarters before the fortress, any one of We are horrified at the massacres of August, October and avetage intelligence who takes the trouble to consider the November, and almost hear our own Banzais as 203 Meter strategical situation on land and sea might compose a fairly Hill is carried at last. accurate dsud of the dispatches which guided the policy Evidently the author is English. The chapter devoted adopted. to the Russian officer is scorching, and all we can say is that “The great assaults on Port Arthur could not.havt been our personal experiences with the Russians a few years be- better witnessed had they been mounted at Drury Lane. fore gave us not such idea5 as possessed by Mr. Bartlett. We The configuration of the ground on which the Russian works are quite willing to agree with him that Stoessel might have were cmstructed provided an ideal stage for the actors in held out longer, but we dare say it would simply have meant EDITOR’S TABLE. 793 70% EDITOR’S TABLE. 1 We received the reply that the editor had never seen a copy the mere postponing of ;he action at Mukden. Still we himself and that his editorials had been made up from As- should never forget the Wizard of the Rail, Prince Khilkoff, sociated Press dispatches. So we are at present unable to who was performing such wonders in rapidly throwing fresh give our readers any information on the subject of General men into the far East. A two months longer detaining of Kuropatkin’s book on the war. We.have heard it rumored Nogi at Port Arthur should have given Kuropatkin quite a that the book was suppressed in Russia when it appeared, preponderance of force at Mukden. but we are unable to give that credence. One of our lead- Fortunes of war frequently depend upon such small mat- ing papers made the remark that “had the Russian generals ters that the one great lesson to learn from Port Arthur is displayed half as much avidity to attack the Japanese as they Never Surrender. It should be remembered that when war did to attack Kuropatkin the war might have had a different is on, mea were born to die, and a heavy death rate is no history.” excuse for giving up any struggle. This is something we Americans should understand. The future American hero We have been a friend of General Kuropatkin at all will be the one who is not afraid to sacrifice his men when times, and even “The Battle of Mukden” by the German it appears necessary to do so. True it is that the American General Staff has not succeeded in crushing our admiration people are not educated up to this point, and many a valuable for the belabored general. general officer will go down to oblivion in our future wars simply on account of the howl of an uninstructed populace *** against what appears to the layman a needless loss. But the i time will come when the people will realize this fact, as they The JOURNAL’Slist of books and magazine articles upon did when Grant plunged on to Richmond regardless of the the war now stands as follows: cost. In those final days 10,000 men were considered cheap On the causes : even for nothing more than an advanced line of the enemy’s The Russo-Japanese Conflict. ( Asakawa.) intrenchments. We publish in our review section a review of this work On the war: Captain Stuart Heintzleman, Sixth Cavalry. Captain From the Yalu to Port Arthur. (Wood.) by (The Military Correspond- Heinteleman buys all works on this war as they appear, and The War in the Far East. we have had frequent cause to thank him for his kindness in ent of the Timrs.) A Staff Officer’s Scrap Book. (Hamilton.) giving the JOURNAL his ideas as to some of the books. As he has quoted at some length from the work we consider Lessons on the Russo Japanese War. (De Negri&.) further notice here needless. The Battle of Mukden. (The German General Staff.) Considerable amount of comment has lately been taking Port Arthur, the Siege and Capitulation. (Ashmead- place in our daily press as to the book of General Kuropat- Bartlett. kin. We took it from what we gathered from the press that Articles in the Outlook. (Kennan.) the General had brought out a book on the war. As it For Comparison :’ seemed impossible for us to procure a copy. or even find one The Chinese-Japanese War. (Vladimir.) who had ever seen copy, we wrote to one daily that person a All of the above have been carefully reviewed in the t had published editorials on the book asking if the paper JOURNAL. could put us in the way of getting a copy, or, if not. would I they lend us their copy until we could review it ourselves. .tv, >--," - " I

EDITOR'S TABLE. EDITOR'S TABLE. 795

The OwtlooA hiw not yet. published Kennan's articles in BXPEN DITUU%S. book form. Ketcheson Printing Co...... $2.01.$ 66 Eograviog Company...... Asakawa's be purchased from Houghton, 352 88 book can Mifflin Editor and assistant...... 883 37 & Co. for 82.00; Wood's and Vladimir's from the Hudson Postage ...... 188 13 Press, for $1.50 each ; The War in the Far East, from E. P. Post office box rent ...... 3 LO ...... Dntton t Co., $5.00; Hamilton's from Longman, Green & Freight, express. 6 70 Copyrights ...... 7 00 Co., New York, $4.50; De NegriBr's from Hugh Rees, Lmtd. Commissions on advertising...... 68 87 London, 62%~;The Battle of Mukden, from Hugh Rees, Duty on books for review ...... 65 $1.50; Bartlett's Port Arthur, William Blackwood & Sons, Telephone (tolls) ...... I 35 London and Edinburgh, purchased through the Typewriter ...... 50 00 can be Printing cards, etc...... 400 Secretary of the Infantry and Cavalry School for $5.45. Prize essays and problems...... I IO 00 Check returned ...... 4-J Back numbtrs ...... 20 00 Miscellaneous, paper, envelopes, telegrams, etc...... 42 60 Total ...... 93.757 41

SECRETARY'S ANNUAL REPORT, UNITED STATES It may be remembered that one year ago I expressed the CAVALRY ASSOCIATION, 1906. opinion that the end of 1906 might find us with $1000in the treasury. Had I kept the expenses down by furnishing LEAVENWORTH, Jan. I, 1907. FORT KAN., 2 less material for the issues, a smaller number of illustrations, Unittd States Cavalry Association: ._ Th and otherwise exercised the economy necessary and advis- GENTLEMEN:-In accordance with the second clause of able when the Association was in debt. it is possible that the Article the Constitution of the Association. I herewith XI of figure might have shown near that amount. But the JOUR- submit to you, at this regular annual meeting, a report show- NAL has kept growing and has passed far beyond the ing the financial condition of the Association.

I. . JOURNAL of the past, so I found myself in the position ~ollhandJan.x,x~(seereportx9og.)...... $ 98 35 where I could not stop its growth. I could not let go. But Sub8aiptions and sale of Jo~lus,I@...... 2.386 77 I am happy to state as my belief that the growth has been a fi. Advertisb& 1006...... 1.762 27 healthy one. There is little reason for not believing that the Total...... be247 39 past year is a good one to judge from as to the orlinary 1'.,. Expenditures I@ (tab9lated below.)...... 3,757 41 profits of the JOURNAL. Five hundred dollars should be Cash op hand Jan. I, 1907...... $ 489 98 about what the JOURNAL makes above all running expenses, p 00 Liabilities on Jan. I. 1907...... 000 and even then we can include in these ordinary running $ 489 98 expenses a large postage expense, such as is occasionally Liabilities Jan. I, 1906...... $ I35 61 Cash on band Jan. I, I@...... 98 35 called for in return postals, when the wishes of the cavalry Liabilities exceeded cash...... $ 37 26 are necessary for some good reason. I believe that at least half of this profit should be ex- .$ 527 24 pended by paying for articles. I recommend that $250 be expended in July, 1907. by paying for articles that have appeared in the JOURNAL from July 1906 to July 1907...... I”.., . rc 1

, 796 EDITOR’S TABLE. EDZTOR’S TABLE. 797 stated one year ago would done, but I ask the This I be ALRY JOURNAL is practically a service journal. It has de- authority of the Executive Council, as it is considered better parted quite a considerable from a technical publication. so to have this authority in a departure radical from the But the JOURNAL to-day is what the officers make it. Good usage of the past. material is published as we receive it from time to time. If The growth of the subscription list is shown as follows : the members of the association desire to retain the technical h by death, withdrawals. etc...... 61 features of the JOURNAL more technical matter must be sub- New aubacriptions ...... ’...... -2% mitted to the editor. It seems that the present trend of Gain...... a08 study among our cavalry officers is a reaching out and as- similating of the duties of other branches, and then a.cobrdi- this increase is due to the club arrangements Most of nation of the whole. The JOURNAL, it is believed, has made with the Injastry Jonrnal. We are now printing 2000 always reflected quite faithfully, the prevailing subjects of copies per issue, and the copies are being used. investigation and study in the cavalry at any one time. The Of the 758 cavalry officers in the service, 598 are-mem- editor is not unconscious of the statement that many officers bers of the association, a per centage of seventy-six. This would wish to see more “ HORSE ” in the CAVALRYJOURNAL. is about as great a percentage of the cavalry officers as we We should only be glad to respond to that idea if the wishes can expect to retain. When brigadier generals on the re- of the service ware so strongly expressed that valuable ma- tired list, who gained their stars through their work in the terial upon this subject was not so small in amount upon the cavalry ask to have their names stricken from the lists of editor’s desk. members we can see that what was formerly known as the Some few matters of minor importance will be laid be- cavalry spirit exists in about twenty-five per cent. of the fore the Executive Council for consideration. cavalry officers only for what can be personally gained out Very respectfully, of such spirit and nothing else. It is pleasing to notice, however, that the remaining seventy-five per cent. remain the HERBERTA. WHITE, devoted champions of the cavalry service, ready to support Captain Eleventh Cavalry, Secretary and Treasurer. -their contentions in any way. The editor of the JOURNAL has from time to time re- ceived letters from members asking for certain things, such as the abolition of the colored advertisement pages. The reply is simple ; the JOURNAL is a business proposition and intends to furnish the best material for reading that can be done for our service. This means expense which must be met. When all cavalry officers are subscribers to the JOUR- NAL, pay their dues in advance, are willing to meet occasional calls besides the two dollar dues, then perhaps the business .acumen of the editors and managers may be critised ; but any criticism until this is accomplished will receive but scant consideration. A more important criticism is the wish to return to an absolutely technical journal. As published to-day, the CAV- .iP, .. i’. .

BOOK RE VIEWS. 799

would induce them to leave the shelter of the trenches of Banrhusan West and the dead ground behind that work. In vain did the veterans of the Seventh and Thirty-fifth sacri-

Port Artbur: In his preface Mr. Bartlett says: “1 TLe meand joined the Third Army at the commence- hgnulatien.* ment of August, 1904. just before the first assault, remained attached to Gen- eral Nogi’s headquarters until January, 17, 1905, and en- tered the fortress with the victorious Japanese.” The book describes all the land operations of the Japanese against Port Arthur from the landing of General Oku’s army to the departure of the Russian prisoners of war. This complete- ness, together with the two large maps, make it the best of the six books on Port Arthur that we have read. Those by James, Smith, Norregaard, Villiers and parry, rank in the order named. Mr. Bartlett. while in general most enthusi- astic oPer the Japanese, is not blind to their faults, as the following extracts bear evidence. Pages 100-IOI : “Just at the critical moment when the Sixth Brigade were being driven back, the Eighth Regiment should have advanced to their support by attacking the New Banrhusan Fort. They were ordered to advance, but nothing

*“Pon~Ait~trm: Tim SlSGI AND CAPITULATION.”By Ellis Ashmead- BaNet+ Willhm Bkkwood and Sons, London and Edinburgh, I@. $6.5~. 800 BOOK RE VIE WS. BOOK RE VIEWS. 801 regiments were constantly camped on the other side of the to himself, for it seemed to me the Russians were more than little stream which supplied us with drinking-water, and no able to hold their own at such close quarters.” effort wns made to preserve this supply from pollution. A From an’ account of the assault made against the North little spring had been found in the river bed, and this had Keikwansan Fort on November 26th. been Carefully dammed off from the main stream to serve The two most interesting chapters are entitled ‘I Sapping exclusively as drinking-water. It was therefore very dis- and Mining,” and “The Assault and Capture of 203 Metre couraging to find soldiers coming down to the stream and Hill.” washing their canteens in our drinking-water ;and finally we The first describes the underground fighting for the were obliged to apply to have a sentry put on guard over it. of North Keikwansan, Nirusan (Erhlung) and Sho- I am naming this particular instance, but there are many jusan (Sungshuh) and, with the assistance of plans of the others which came under my notice while at the front. Frag- first two forts, the description is readily understood. ments of food and rice were allowed to remain lying around The second chapter tells the story of the capture of 203 in all directions ; no arrangements were made for washing- Metre Hill. The account is thus prefaced : places ; in fact, I have never seen anything to equal the con- Pages 307-308: “Marshal Oyama’s chief of the staff, dition of the ground in the immediate vicinity of some of General Baron Kodama, and General Fukashima, had come the camps. Any other army would have suffered from this down from Manchuria previous to the assault of November neglect by having a terrible outbreak of enteric; but that 26th to see for themselves the true state of affairs before the complaint was rare amongst the Japanese, although the in- fortress. On the morning of November 27th General Nogi sanitary conditions prevailing were doubtless responsible to and these two officers realized that the assault on the east- a certain extent for dysentery and beri beri.” ern section of the fortifications was an utter failure. * * * Page 148 : “The companies followed, not in long lines After the heavy loss entailed, it must have required men of of straggling skirmishers, but each maintaining its close iron determination to turn from this scene of carnage in the formation, two deep, bayonets at the charge, their captains east and on the very next day give orders which were to lead with drawn sword a few yards in advance.” to a still worse scene of carnage in the west. The manner This is from an account of the attack made by the First in which the Japanese looked immediately to another quarter of the field to retrieve their fortunes when the assault in the Regiment on September 20, 1904, against Namakoyama. east had failed, must always command the admiration of Pages 295-296 : “The Russians, when they discovered the critics. It proves how desperately in earnest they were, and Japanese had succeeded in obtaining a lodgment on the es- the importance they attached to the destruction of the Rus- carpment, disdained all further cover and stood up to meet sian squadron in the harbor. It seldom happens in warfare their. opponents with the bayonet. It was a splendid sight, that a general is prepared to lose the lives of thousands of and worthy of the best traditions of Russia, to see these his soldiers for the mere purpose of capturing a single hill I bearded giants suddenly rise up on the skyline and confront which is not ZOO yards long on the top, but this was the is- the Mikado’s soldiers, who looked like dwarfs beside the sue that confronted the Japanese officers on November 27th. Siberian peasants. The fight immediately resolved itself When the generals turned their faces to the west the into of individual combats between men, only sep- on a wries morning of November 27th. they realized that the result of arated from one another by rows of sand-bags. A small the operations against 203 Metre Hill would be fraught with singling out some Russian champion, would have at figure, the most momentous consequences. If success crowned their him with the bayonet, but generally with disastrous results efforts, and 203 Metre Hill was captured, the Russian fleet I

809 BOOK RE VfEWS. BOOK RE VIEWS. 808 ddbe immediately driven out of the harbor, or else In his conclusions Mr. Bartlett brings out the following sunk at \ita ancharage. If the attack was a failure, the siege point, which seems to be not only worth noting, but worth would be brought to a standstill, and there would be no al- cultivating in our own service : ternativle but to sit down and starve the garrison out, a pro. Page 487 : "Cheerfulness is one of the most remarkable ceae which might take months, and which might allow the I traits of the Japanese character, and is one of the greatest Baltic Squadron sujiicient time to arrive on the scene of hos- assets he possesses." tilitiea General Nogi determined to throw every available It is interesting to note that Mr. Bartlett is a member of man at hL disposal into this attack, and, no matter at what Parliament and a brother-in-law of the late Baroness CQBt, to capture 203 Metre Hill. The struggle which raged Burdette-Couttes. HEINTZLEMAN. on the dopes of that hill for the next ten days will ever be

regarded as one of the most memorable incidents of warfare. I It was of such a Homeric character, that surely if it had Mr. Norregaard, as correspondent for the The taken place two thousand yeam ago, the traditions and leg. London Daily Mail, observed the opera- ends atmching to the ground and to the combatants would Siege.* tions from the first general assault in -have oome down to us in verse and song." August until the capitulation. In one In thie connection the following paragraph on page 139 chapter a brief account is given of the Japanese advance is. of interest : "From Nanshan to Port Arthur." Once in front of the fortress the account of the siege is given in detail to the " Up to this time (September 19, 1904) the Japanese had end. The book is interesting and well worth reading. not tealized the peculiar value of 203 Metre Hill in the de- The folhwing paragraphs indicate how the Japanese fense Arthur. of Port I do not think they were certain that could dig once they had learned the necessity : it commanded such an extensive survey of the harbor, and Pages 187-188: "We every now and again turn our in fact was the only pokition from which a view of the fleet glasses on to the two small clusters of men under the Erh- could They had not grasped the importance be obtained. lung trenches, but for some time we could see no change in of capturing this hill at all costs, and sacrificing every other the situation here. They remained in the same place. After considemtion to this dominating factor in the situation. As a while, at moments when the cloud of smoke was less far ccmld gathered, their main reason for attacking as be 203 opaque, we thought that they had sat down, but on looking Metre Hill in September was because its summit commanded more intently the actual state of affairs 'suddenly dawned view the railroad built by the Russians from Port Ar- a ab upon us. They were digging trenches. As we watched, thur to Laoteshan, along which, it was reported, the Rus- the figures gradually grew smaller, and smaller, until pres- could daily conveying stores and munitions of sians be seen ently we lost sight of them altogether ; it was as 'if the earth war. It was generally thought that Stoessel, on account of had swallowed them up. But instead of the men, we now said that he would die in the last ditch, would dig hie having saw two parallel black lines leading transversely up towards that ditch somewhere the of mighty Laoteshan. last on slopes the gray glacis. We understood it all now. The Russian The Japanese were particularly anxious to prevent him from trenches had been taken at the first assault, and the Jap- carrying out this intention, and they felt that if-they cap- anese had at once set to work to connect them with their last tured 203 Metre Hill they would be able by their artillery parallel by a double line of approaches. Between eighty fire to prevent a concentration at Laoteshan." *"THE GRKATSIZGB: THBINVl3STUBNT AND FALL OF PoBT ARTHUR." By B W. Norregan*. Methuen & Company. London. 1906. $3.50. 4 BOOK RE VIEWS. BOOK RE VIEWS. 805 anda hundred yards of saps were dug within less than an existing circumstances I do not think that the fortress would hoar, and under the enemy’s fire-a splendid piece of have surrendered if General Kondratienko had not been Work.- killed by an eleven-inch shell in North Kikuan Fort on Page 204: “The Russian ‘assiduousobstructions ’ against December 15th. For the name that will go down to history the ampping operations toward North Kikuan Fort were of a coupled with the defense of Port Arthur will not be Stoes- more determined charzcter than at any other place. The sel’s.” distance from the first parallel to the fort was some 800 From the above it will be seen that the author considers yards, and to cover this distance approaches of more than General Stoessel’s best excuse to be that he could not hold 3000 yards in length, and leading in forty-six windings had out into the spring, and until that time the severe winter to be dug, not counting the six parallels which they had weather ordinarily prevailing in Manchuria would prevent had to construct-in order to defend the advance. The Rus- any active operations in which General Nogi’s army could sian surprise partiesand sorties, their continuous shelling and turn the balance against the Russians. sniping, had been most harassing ; the saps had to be made This is one more example of the well known fact that very and elaborilte, and-thus, though the soil was allu- you cannot depend upon the weather. strong 1 vial and easy to work, nearly G(Ro months elapsed before the However, from all accounts the winter was as severe as Japanese had worked their way so near to the fort that they usual, and, notwithstanding its severity, the Russians under- could build their last parallel-the sixth-at a distance of took the offensive in January, and the Japanese in Febru- BOme forty yards from the counterscarp.” ary, 1905. Perhaps the most interesting part of the book is the The great objection to this book and most others on Port author’s fair-minded discussion of the reasons for and against Arthur, is the lack of good maps. HEINTZLEMAS. surrender. He concludes as follows: Pages 290-292: “I think the verdict will come to be that the capitulation of Port Arthur on January 1st was not nec- OfRcer’s Manual.* We are glad to state for the benefit of our essary and scarcely justifiable, but that General Stoessel’s de- readers that Captain Moss’s book has ap- cision to a certain degree wasexcusable, because circumstances peared from the press. We are only sorry it did not appear over which he had no control, and which it was impossible years ago, for its value is beyond all question. It is a source to foresee-for the weather was cold enough during the of regret that we did not have it on our introduction to the the whole month of December-made fatal a step that under service. It truly fills a long felt want, and we wonder how ordinary circumstances could have in no degree influenced we got along without it. We trust to be able to get along the strategical situation in Manchnria. But the real reason far better now that we have this handy little reminder at our of surrender was neither lack of men, ammunition and pro. elbow. visions, nor the state of the hospitals, nor the difficulty of The author dedicates the book to the subalterns of the dealing with the civilian population. The more information army, who will some day be our colonels and generals. And I have beem able to glean from all sources, especially from truly no subaltern can afford to be without it. There is now convemtions with officers and men and civilians in Port Ar- no use in a subaltern going to some older officer to learn how thur, the more I feel convinced that the cause of the sur- to do this and that. Let him read his Officer’s Manual, and render is to be found in the deep discouragement which had if not a dummy he can be sure of doing things as they should taken hold of the garrison, especially the private soldiers, *‘*OFPICEP’EMANUAL.’’ By Captain James A. Moss, Twenty-fourth In- during the last few weeks of the siege. Still, even under the fantry. For sale by the West Point Exchange ; price, $1.50. I 008 .ROOK RE VIE W.$ BOOK- REVIEWS. 807 bo he. I Ita value to sabalterns is so palpable that we shall terial ; a durable, attractive binding ; an artistic, sensible add *g farther as tu this feature. It is also valuable as typographical display that is most agreeable to the eye ; a amrefresher to older officers. The little ticklers aa handy 'businesslike visible double index possessed by no the .otbat styles them for troop commanders and for ad@. other book, all go to make the book an unqualified success tanto, arelalone worth many times the value of the book. as a mechanical production. Should we attempt, however, to give an account of all the valuable features of this work we should simply be reprint- ing the atire book. We give the titles of the chapters as Windage and This is a score book designed for use with aa indidon of what the book contains. Elevation Charts the U. S. magazine rifle, cal. .30, model CbapWr I. Suggestions to OflGcers Just Appointed. and Score Book.* of 1903. with rear sight model of 1903, Chapter 2. How to Succeed in the Army. (Containing and ammunition of 2200 F. S. velocity. A Messag~to Garcia.) It is designed by Lieutenant W. D. Smith for the use of the Chapter 3. Remarks on the Organiation of the Army, Cadets at the Military Academy. Chapter 4 The Militia of the United States. The first three pages are given to an illustration of the choptr 5. Relation of the Military to the Civil. use of tpe charts, and one page is given to windage and eleva- Chapter 6. The Adjutant. (Containing all the blanks, tion tables. There are seventy pages of charts, each page Lm tbeymhoold be made out, to whom sent or when sub- givinga chance for a record of thirty shots. The author a-1 states that this book is the only one on the market in which Chaptor 7. The Quartermaster. the positions of the horizontal lines on the targets have been Chapter 8. The Commissary. accurately determined by ballistic tables. These positions Chapter 9. The Recruiting Officer. have also been verified by actual firing on the range. The . chap IO. The Post Exchange Officer. pages for plotting shots at rapid fire and skirmish show Chap& 11. The Prison Officer. graphically the correction to be made in windage and eleva- Cbapter 12. The Ordnance Dfficer. tion for the next score or run. Chapter 13. The Engineer OfEcer. This book has been adopted for the use of the U. S. Mil- Chapter 14. The Signal mcer. . itary Academy cadets. The book can be purchased from Cbapter I 5. The Company. the West Point Exchange at twenty-five cents per copy when Chapter 16. Discipline. ordered in lots of twenty-five or more. In lots of less the Chapter 17. Aids-de-Camp. price is thirty cents. Chapter 18. Post Administration. Chapter 19 Paper Work. Chapter 30. Customs of the Service. Soldier's Score Captain Stodter has presented a score Chapter z I. Field Service. Book.? book to the army that for simplicity is In shott the Manual contains in convenient handy form the best we have yet seen. On congratu- much infarmation of worth knowing nature and many valu- lating him on his having prepared a score sheet that could able mg$estions about various matters. We wonder how easily be understood by anyone, he remarked that he was ukem ge4 along without it. As reglarde the mechanical features of the book neither By First Lieutenant W.D. Smith, Fourteenth Cavalry. t''%LDIPB'S &ORB BOOK FOR u. s. MAGAZINSRIPLX, MODBL OF IWJ, Wlll labor nor expense were spared in the use of first-class ma- 1-5 SIGHT."By Captain Charles E. Stodter, Ninth Cavalry.

.>.'.*, :..,.*., , .. i 808 BOOK RE VIEWS.- BOOK RE VIEws. 809 making a deet for a colored.trooper and wanted one that We believe that nothing more is needed for an individual could be uqderstood without the use of anything except or- record. But this much is needed, and good work can not be dinary brains. He certainly has accomplished his pbrpose. accomplished easily without this stimulus to individual in- Weare glad to ~eethe book bound in flexible paper so terest. The book contains seventy-eight pages of records that it will conform to the blouse pocket. There will be divided according to the ranges. We recommend the trial nothing to prevent the enlisted man carrying this book with , of this book to troop and company commanders for one him during the entire target season. That each individual season, the cost price to be defrayed out of the troop fund. should keep a personal record of his firing and have this rec- In fact, THEJOURNAL is so strongly impressed with the ord with him to refer to at times when he wishes is now one idea that the keeping of individual records is the surest way of the acknowledged requisites of learning how to shoot. In- to secure good work in the army, that it has taken up the dividual interest is now assured, and the moderate price set publication of Captain Stodter's book. No money will be by Captain Stodter places the individual records within the made by THEJOURNAL in doing this, the scheme being one reach of every enlisted man in the army. But this is not of improvement for the service. THEJOURNAL will send on our idea aa to the furnishing the enlisted men with these copies on receipt of price, ten cents per copy, postage to be cards. "his should be done by the troop commander from paid by purchaser. the trmp fund. The price of this book is ten cents, and with eirtpfive men in a troop the output will be $6.50. This amount can be spent in no better way. and we dare The Battle of The story of the Western Gettysburg is say this expenditure will meet with the approval of inspect- Westport.* very well told by Mr. Paul B. Jenkins in ing officers a little book of 'go pages. It is replete The directions for use of the book occupy thirteen lines. with good things for the military student and the interested Then comes a couple of clever suggestions and instruction reader of our Civil War will find a readable and accurate as to shooting. We then find one page given to corrections description of one phase of the conflict that is usually passed &responding to a change of one point of windage and over by the historians. We quote as follows from the au- twenty-five yards elevation; one page to decimal part of a thor's preface : point of windage necessary to counteract deviation of a one- mile wind, and one page to dimensions of targets. '' The student of military and political history will readily Now methe record sheets. We find the plate of a tar- note a marked resemblance between the engagements fought on July 1st to 3d, 1863, before Gettysburg, in the State of get divided into squares, the target being drawn to scale. ' The vertical lines represent the change caused by moving Pennsylvania, and that of October 21st to 23d. 1864,near the rear sight one or more points right or left from the Kansas City, in the State of Missouri. Barring only the proper pition for the range. The horizontal lines repre- numbers engaged and the corresponding losses, the battles sent the change caused by moving the sight up or down of Gettysburg and of Westport had much in common. Each from the correct position. Then follows the table, and on was the result of a campaign of invasion planned by the Confederate War Department for the purpose severing the the same page with a place for the number of the rifle, the of ammunitiop, the range, the practice and the date. The table Union territory at the point of attack, the one in the East, contains place for the record of ten shots, the score eleva- the other in the West. Each such campaign was intended seriously to embarrass the Federal defense by necessitating tion. windage, wind direction, flags, light, and a column for remarka *From the Franklin Hudson Press, Kansas City. Mo. Price, $1.50.

i BOOK REV.. BOOK RE VIEWS. 811 the sumpaning of distant forces to resist the invasion, thus While the abolition of regimental promotion has possibly mtting &her’Confederate forces free to conduct their own I taken some of the esprit de regiment away from the army, linea od don. Each Oerionsly threatened the principal ! yet there is an attachment still existing. Too much cannot atiee in1 the invaded tedtory, and in each case that temtory I be done to foster the pride in ‘*our regiment,” and we can was chdsen for the reason that it contained such places of only wish that regimental histories were more in number importabce-Washington, Baltimore and Philadelphia in the upon our library shelves. Eesternicampaign; St. Louis, Kansas City and the important In &*OldArmy Sketches” General. Carter has collected dlitaql po& &Fort Leavenworth in the Western. The en- the little tales of individual heroism of the Sixth Cavalry gagement in which each campaign culminated occupied three during the period after the Civil War. Jn his preface he days of in-t fighting, and the defeat to the Confederate speaks of how after every war the active presence of new arm8 vilth which each cldput an end forever to further leaders of heroic mold tend alike to mark a distinct line be- attempt. at curping the war northward in their respective tween the old and new armies. In those troublous days of portions of the Union. Each such defeat established one of 1798 when Washington, Knox and Hamilton met in Phila- the twoIhigh-tide marks of the Confederacy, .the one in the delphia to canvass the relative merits of the veterans of the Rmt, the other in the West. And, finally, each period of Revolution for appointment in the new army authorized by three drlys’ conflict composed, in numbers and importance of Congress for the impending conflict with France, the diffi- results attained, the largest and most de,cisive land battle of culty of fusing the old and new was made clearly apparent. the Civil War in ita respective portion of the two great natural The War of 1812 hewed a sharp line of demarkation be- divisiom of the United States, the territories lying respec- tween the old Continentals and the new levies. Then. with tively eist and west of the Mississippi River. the exception of a few o5cers and men, rare characters *sin spite, however, of the importance that may be thus many of them, the army disappears for a time from view. jayclaimed for the series of actions known as the Battle A partial awakening comes in I 82 I, followed a few years of Westport, those actions and their results have received later by the Black Hawk and Florida Wars, marking distinct but scant attention from the historians of the ‘Great changes in the personnel. Next follows the Mexican War, hostilities, has Conflict.’ ” with a new generation, which, at the close of Webave received new ideas of the times, men and man- an official standing which leads to preferment when the dark ners of the closing days of the struggle in the West from and soul wrenching days of the Civil War period arrive. this bodk. We are glad it has been written, and are glad it Four years of conflict, the rise of new leaders and the has be& brought to our notice. It is worth the reading and breaking of old ideals mark a new era, and the “Old Army owning. of Before the War ” passes into history. Some of the older generations survive and tell in garrison clubs the tales of self-sacrifice, courage and character which leave an impress 0111Army It would be well if every regiment in the ou the new generation. composed principally of young men, -.* service could have a chronicler such as some mere boys, who had won preferment upon a score of I the Sixth Cavalry has had in General W. the historic battlefields of the Civil War. H. Carttr. Some years ago he compiled a history of that The close of the Civil War brings in a period of peace to ngimedt, carrying it from its organization to Santiago. the nation, but the army goes upon the frontier, carving out an empire from the Rockies and the Great American Desert. **dABMY S-” By Brigadier General Wm. H. Carter. U. S. m. 0)rOm tbs ad ~.ltinrore Baltimore, MIL It is of this period that the little stories in “Old Army

I I 819 BOOK RE VIEWS. BOOK RE VIEWS. 818 Skedw” deal. And as ‘stated by that readable historian, too many, though we are aware it must be labor of love on the awor of ‘’ Five Years a Dragoon,” the stories here told the part of the chronicler, for the incidents related are of too and incidents referred to will never be repeated. The great . narrow a sphere to he of more than passing interest to the ploina have been converted into cultivated fields producing civilian. food fm millions and sending to the markets of the world the 6nest animals known to the meat consuming nations of the ah. The wild herds and savage men have all passed The PerOect The publishers have done a great amount wy.never to return. The frontier garrison has passed Tribute.* of good in putting this magazine story into history, but the men and women that enlivened the into book form. And army people es- dreary plains of bygone days serve as beautiful examples of pecially will find this an agreeable means for preserving courage and duty to the New Khaki army of to-day. And the great speech of Lincoln at Gettysburg. The settings of these little heart touching anecdotes as told by General the .story. all surrounding the speech, are most beautiful Carte# keep alive the remembrance of beautiful examples of and told in language, that seldom is equalled to-day. The the past. authoress is to be congratulated in her success at handling a These stones are but chronicles of fact, and we see in our situation so full of pathos and sadness. * mind tu we read the first story the quiet grace and gentle- The dying Southern soldier, his young brother reading manly dignity of that accomplished and polished officer, the great speech, and Lincoln listening with a waking sense Captain L. A. Craig, now resting in Arlington after the work of what the terrible stillness meant that followed the close . in the Philippines. lsOilr Bayard” was of course none other of his words on the historic field, produce an impression tharh Emmet Crawford, while in the “Force of Discipline” that will fade only when the interest of people in the great we can even now see Krorner taking his flying leap over the American struggle becomes dim in a misty past. torn up bridge. “The Brand From the Burning” is founded Army people will soon have this book in their homes upon an investigation conducted by the General himself and turn to it frequently to renew their belief that in every some years ago. “The Old Dragoon” was a Sixth Cavalry- crisis some mighty character will arise that, like Lincoln, man, bat be had many counterparts. l‘Courage” is an ab- will have the love of humanity breathing in his every utter- solutely true occurrence and the two principal characters are, ance. The influence of men like Lincoln for good can never we bdeve, still living. “A Cavalryman’s Ride” of course be estimated. But such a character shines before any people refemto Mellen, who died recently on the retired list. This to show them the right in times of trial and to sweep away emunple of fortitude and heroism was a frequent story whkn their discordant passions so that their actions shall be at we jded the Sixth Cavalry some years ago, and the stately such times governed by justice to all. -of Mellen, even on his wooden legs, used to cause us to wonder if had in our makeup the same strains of char- *“The PE~PECTTRIBUT~”By Mary Raymond Shipman Andrews. Charles we Scribner’s Sons. New York. Pnce so cents. acter that- would make us as great heroes should the test ewer oome. It wouldseem no Sixth Cavalryman should be without thm little chronicles of the men of his regiment, and every cam&cer in the service should own a copy for his own plea6Ure in reading and them in thinking over the deeds osy “The Old Army.“ Of mch little histories we cannot have I 1 814 BOOK RE VIEWS. BOOK RE VIEWS. 81 5 1 way This is a capital story of a young sol- contests with Yale and Annapolis, in which he plays an im- t, -,* dier’s experience during the campaign in portant part, will appeal to every lover of the sport. * ‘ -I the Philippines, from the outbreak of the The plotting and treachery of a classmate, who is an old- insarrectr‘on to the complete overthrow of the Revolutionary time enemy from the ranks, lend an air of mystery and government in 1900. anxiety to the theme, hold the attention firmly, and keep the Tbe story actually follows historic events and faithfully issue in doubt to the very last chapter. portrap the conditions which the American soldiers en- countered in the great campaib against Aguinaldo. The chapters relating to Vincent Prado (Masinquen Loak) will prove of thrilling interest to every reader, but A West Point The third story of the West Point series. - eapchlly to the men who carried a rifle in Luzon. yearling.* As president of the Yearling class Cadet Thre narrative opens on the night of February 4. 1899, at Corporal Douglas Atwell becomes the the bridge acfoss the San Juan River, where Douglas Atwell, central figure in a series of historic events that result in the a recruit eighteen years old, witnesses the first hostile shots of breaking up of hazing at the Military Academy at West the Filipino war. In company with “Klondyke” Jones, Point. “Skaguay *’ McFadden, Bill Smathers (the Queer Fellow), Atwell, believing the practice of hazing to be wrong, and ptea Rtrssell, Atwell serves throughout the campaign makes a strong stand against it, and in spite of class senti- with such conspicuousgallantry as to win a Presidential ap- ment, which is almost unanimously in favor of hazing, finally pointment to the U. S. Military Academy at West Point, wins out. In this process he is forced into a personal en- N. Y. counter with the class bully. and the climax is reached when, for the honor of his class, he is obliged to fight his closest friend. A Plhat Wed This is the second of the West Point No less interesting than the actual plot are the chapters mat. t series, and is a thrilling story of cadet describing the army and navy football game, Atwell’s first life at the great Military Academy at experience as a “dragger” at the annual hop, and the thrill- West Point during the days wheo hazing was still in vogue. ing midnight rescue of his chum from the icy waters of the Cadet Douglas Atwell, the hero, is a “plebe” who won his Hudson. These and other incidents, combined with the his- way to West Point by gallant services in the ranks of the U. toric value of the plot, make a story that stands almost alone S. Army during the campaign in the Philippines. in current juvenile fiction. Tbe life of the “plebe” in camp, the drills, the hardships, Each of the Malone books is profusely illustrated and the fights with the upper classmen, keep the reader con- handsomely bound. Cloth binding, $1.25. Sold by all atant17 on the alert. dealers or sent prepaid to any address upon receipt of price. In the Academic Departments the hero is a “goat,” but The Penn Publishing Co., 923 Arch St., Philadelphia. his athletic prowess wins for him a place on the Academy WEST POINTYPAELING.’’ Captain Pad Malone, Army. foot-ball team. The chapters relating to the great annual *“A By B. u. S.

*a Wirm He WAT TO Werr POIST.” Captain Paul B. Malone. U. S. hY. +“APus. AT Wrrr Pow.” By Captain Paul B. Malone. U. S. Army.

i - -- ..“ .. .I .. ,.- 7L- “I -7 I . BOOK REVZE WS. BOOK RE VIEWS. 817 -lrlrr. Cureat d*Knowledgeis of two kinds: one to RECEIVED FOR REVIEW. know a thing; the other know wke & to ‘‘ Military Law and Procedure.” Colonel Edgar S. Dud. tewir.” You have this latter knowl- ley, Judge Advocate General’s Department. John Wiley I edge now current military literature. on & Son. Caswultl thh index. It tells you out of 120 English. French, I‘ Text-Book of Constitutional Law.” First Lieutenant Gelma*, Spanish, Russian and American current periodicals Edwin G. Davis, Artillery Corps. The Franklin Hudson and mqgarcines *‘where to find” the latest. and only the best Press. articles the subjects given below, in addition to on a book ‘,A Short History of the American Navy.” John R. review notice of the newest military One and book books. Spears. Charles Scribner’s Sons. or mor@of these subjects touches every oflicer in the army. ‘’ Military Panorama Drawings.” Captain R. F. Pear- September-October, I+, edition : sons of “The Buffs.” Gale & Polden, Lmtd. Aldershot. Artillery Material, fifty-two references. Automobiles, Aerostation. fourteen references. Ballistics, Range Finding and Pointing, fifteen ref: erences. Chemistry, Photography, four references. Drill Regulations, Maneuvers and Practice, fifty-two references. Electricity, thirty-four references. Engines, Boilers, Mechanism, forty-six references. Engineering, Fortifications, sixty-one references. Metallurgy, twenty-two references. Military Geography, eleven references. Military History, fifty-five references. Military Sehools, nine references. Organization and Administration, ninety references. Small Arms, Equipments, twenty-six references. Strategy, Tactics, twenty-three references. , Boats, , eighty-three references. Miscellaneous Subjects, thirteen references. HUGHES. *-I~DR TO Culanr ~LrrmrLITEMTUBL“ Published every two with the Jocupsl U. S. Adllery. Fat Xoaroe. Virginia Artillery BcbodPmss. CowIllOmLD 1902 .~UcrumUreclAna INDEX TO VOLUME XVIII. JOURNAL OF THE U. S. CAVALRY ASSOCIATION. . JULY I, 1907, TO JUNE 30, 1908. Numbers 65 to 68 inclusive.

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7( I/- 2 .+-c nmx TO VOLUME xvm iii 5- 122.2 Book Bevlero- P Boldierb Baore Book ...... The Campalgn Or &mtlapo de CU b...... The C~pslKclOf 8entiago de CUbS ...... The Cavalry in the Bu-Japan- War ...... The Ute of Napoleon I ...... The Tragedy nl hMi8In Peeiflo Asle ...... War and World’s Life ...... Books on the RuuoJap~neeaW.ar . (Ed1 ble) ...... Buzzer-The CavnIry . (Mllltary Notes) ...... C. Xch-. 8aUznnn . Oavalry Armament ofVarious Nations. latlon) ...... Cavalry Arm. Is the Rllle a ...... Jawa N . Munro. Cavalry. A Bong or the ...... i;tone, &rt& Cavalry Asaociatiou, Annoal Meeting...... Cavalry Buzzer. The . (Military Notes ..... C. McX . &&-n . Cavalry. Ohlef of . (Mllimry Notes) ...... Q.R.X. Omvalry.Ohlef of . (Military Notes)...... Cavalry. Chief of . (Ylllmry Notes)) ...... 8. Cavalry, Chief of . (Milimry Notes) ...... B . P . mque . Cavalry .Chiel or . (Mlllterp Notes) ...... R CaValry.Chlef of .Report Of COdlmiLLW Annual Meeting. (Editor’s Table) .... Cerslry Equlpment, Notee on. (Ylllmry Notes) ...... W.C. Brown . Oavalry .Flre Action ot . (Translation) ...... Cavalry Eorses. Sore Beck* On ...... Wm .P . Hill . Oavalry In Modern War. (Rep ...... Cavalry In Fbolllngaountry, Marching of ...... J. T. D.ekman . Cavalrs In the East Aslatlc Campaign. The ...... Owlaw WrongeL Cavalry Maneuvers- An Expert Critldsm. (Reprint) ...... Cavalry OdlCers 111 Germany. Rldlngm Hounds Wltb. (Part I)..... 0. Johnaton. Cavalry Omcers In Germany. Riding to Hounds WIth . (Part 11)... Q. Johnuton. Cavalry OUlcers, Their Aptitude and Beleation . (Mllltary Notes) ...... Cavalry Peek .A Proposed New ...... R C. Wiiikn~. Cavalry Peck,The . (Military Notes) ...... W .C . Brown . Cavalry Remounts. (Military Notes) ...... Cavalry, Reorganize The. (Mllltary Notes)...... D. H .B~hfm wpmmt Made Ezuy ...... Cavalry, Russian .at Mukden. (Translation)...... Oavalry-RlUe Practice In Oompeticlon Wo ..... Wm .H . C@&n, Jr. o(theAamrlmmRa~.L ...... Cavalry Screen. The . (TMn ...... Harry &U. Cavalry, The Saber and The ...... John I)bc&q J+. Cavalry. The PasMae of Btreems by . (Translation) ...... F .R .McC~ ...... Cavalry, The Beaond Dlvlslon, Army of the Potomee. in the Gettysburg Cam- ...... mlgn...... ho(d M .Qmg ...... Cavalry, The strategic use or ...... 8. R .Qkvu . Cavalry, Wanted: A System for Furnlshinp Remounta for the . .J. W. Fur- . OrvalrYmsnb JoQrnal-tThe Lsat Campalgn ...... E. N .atpi n. Change In PrlCe to Forelnn Sub.cribern. (Editor’s Table) ...... Chanr or OtBcers . (Editor's Table) ...... Chart, Wlndage. (Mllltary Notes)...... u. c. &WU ...... Chief of Cavalry. (YtIimry Notes) ...... 4* R- X ...... Ohlerof Oavalry . (YiIiulry Notes) ...... H R .RWCOL ...... ,...... Chief of Cavalry. (M111mry Notes) ...... 8 ...... Chler or Cavalry. (Military Notes) ...... wm...... Ohief of Cav8lry.A. (Military Notes)...... Chief ofOavalry . Report of Commltfee. Annual Meeting . (Editor’s Table) ...... Chute Suitable lor Trsinlng Hornen and Rldem in Jumping Ordinary ObsLaclee., ...... bortption 0th (hlllim~Note4 ...... Clmulating Llbrary for Cavalry and Infantry Omcers ...... W m. T. U(Ucbm mf...... Leet Battle of ...... Tluo. F . All en...... Clothln .The Issue of...... Copaim WoLh Bheldon. Rso- ...... mmbfnedwr Journal for the Mounted Services. (Editorb Table) ...... Comb-) Library. (Military Not-) ...... p. Con=lidaLad Service Maeaaine . ( Editorb T ...... *...... Co~Stebnl8ry,The Pennsylvania ...... ,.hold a. INDEX TO VOLUME XVI'I. V

rutnrllrnHormmfw(he ...... W.C.Brornr PA8%I mtol vae, The. we)...... 18 hh @OggUuOP. for (YlUwNot..)...... -.e problem6 mblem.The Saddle...... J- ne,mmLL,m~4

hbuo u-9 ROm ChurnIn bdDUV0cud Of. (MlU- N0t.r)...... w.c.Bcour...... w*xnuQu. 44 haon.The 0Mi.Ou. Bpmoieat for a oood xw ...... 8-~ cwarnorr 4) Bation, The Omriron. Suffloirnt !or a Oooa (MiUwN~potea\. ... ) ...... w.c.Jzhlom. 18. Mew -~ ...... IRO ...... ~1.A. n- 18 R.orpltlnu.. y- Yfllmry Notm). Was.Hugh., Jr...... o.orgsa. * Bed 0- Th-n mn,Tha (Editom Table)...... m Redoubt, The BtleY. (MWta?YNOW@...... ,,ws dt. Iowmor. (I) Remounts...... ~obmD. whh m to. (Edltm%TUbh)...... ail Bemoan@,aatlCmnt.. oavalry...... ( MIUW Not- ) 30- B. AM-. _.! ...... C.&.P#od(rr. In ...... m Bemounta-Eado-ment by Chlef of era...... pn Bemount Bymtem, the Brltllh ...... Co-n N-. 88 Remount. for the oavalrl, A amtern for For~i.hl118,Wanted: ...... Jo,, W. hpbng. Raor8anlse The Oavalrp. ( MU1 No-) ...... ,D.R. Bovonrorr la Beport Of COmmltt& St dnnlurl MWthg-Chhf O! Cavalry. ( EdltOr'q mbls ) M IUdina Bsddle. The Improvement of the. t Tran8hUon p ...... W. D. c-. ~1 L) ...... 749 Rldln8 to Hound#Wlth Oavalry Onloera in Oe-4. ( Psr( I ) oordar Job- 0 ...... w. c. BAorL 'IOD md-8 Hound. rlth Orvalrp ofll~e~in Osrmanj. (psn 11) ...... )...... E-Bell. SS4 ...... (WaJOAwtma. we Wea Cavalry Am,h UIa...... Jo- N. Muwa 91 WePrsotloe 1n Competltlon Work for the Cavalry., ...... WWLE. Cbp(0n. Jr. e Riley Bedoubt, The. ( IUlUtSW NO9otcM 1...... Wm.M. -% BoasIan Oevalw 8t Yokdea ( Trsrralstlon ...... Eo- BCU ?(11 B-0-J.psn-e War, Bookt~on the. ( Edltorb Table ) ...... rn BUapsnew War, Wbth8OM Omthe 08Valry DCSW From the. (Tmw Iatlon )...... rn Brber .nd the Cavalry. The...... Job mh.Jr. 80 8.ber. The ...... Q.B.-d. Wdl0 Pmblem. The...... Vordorr Jdmlorr M %lutea By Guard While Memhlnq. ( MUttacy Nobe )...... E. E. Boocrr 114 Bort30n. The Cavalry. 4 Tmulsuon )...... Eo- Bsu mndOaVaW mpt.lOn. ATOf The Potomao. ln the Qettymbnrg Campatan. The...... DmoUrM.Qreg#. m Beoond Clan Hall Matter. ( 'hitorbhble )...... 79(

amoeEor9loe Joomsh. The.Com~idated ( Edmr%Table) ( ...... ) m=*m curd (TmmleUon)...... #be60- Top mc8alne-A Editorb TBO~...... BerPioe, One oi the r9-U- of the. (Hilitlug NO-)...... Ra Berpl@0Sdmob at FOn ~veavorth.Anas of the. (Mlllcary Notw) ...... Bhoelne Bind Fee+ Mllltsrp Noma) ...... m, Bl8IUbl Cornin McmeoveraThe...... w. N. EUO~.JT. n ample ~palrm6PleM (Mill w.m* Bu0&, JT. Bong or the 0e-h ...... m- 111 Bore 00 Os-lrJ wm EUL m ...... I1 eplrit*L. or mmi~iine,me. lo- ( RETAXBC ...... ). P. AVedd~r. 911 ...... )(o Btrcrtsalo Use ot Csvnby/fba...... %. a ekw. m ...... et* Ofof ~W-YLaw at the or^. Bohool Tha of the ( Line,Reurlnt The.. )...... EuW 1. @I ...... W.C...... #I @lroumor RO~WE. ( WD-8 ) ...... m au#o(ulo- For Bebanerr at Pola ( YlUtarl N- )...... am T8lemph Wlre, EO- FlWh 88...... d.C. X-k 110 Trrp.oort.uo~Trooper%Mtw.. The ...... lrptpre of. ( Editoh Tab10). ..E---, L. K~~,...... sn TroOkFeedln#,eaBwte. (YlUtary Nom)...... tn Wan-: A for mmi.hlng Lbmouat. ror the caw^...... J& 1p.hw.

LI PIOI i-) ...... pbrrrl m

...... ar 1I9-b ...... Q. C. Lso(r. 119 ...... 11

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