The Problem of Peace

6 Network Review Winter 2015 The Problem of Peace Nobel Lecture November 4, 1954 Dr Albert Schweitzer articles In his native Kaysersberg in Alsace there is a statue of Albert Schweitzer with the simple inscription: Prix Nobel de la Paix, summing up the humanitarian ideals by which he lived his life and that are reflected in his lecture below, delivered sixty years ago. In the light of recent events, his ethical message is as relevant as ever, as is his contention of the continuing inhumanity of war with even more sophisticated weapons than he mentions. It is also worth noting that Schweitzer was speaking before the creation of the EU, itself conceived as a means of bringing Europe together. Next year is the 5oth anniversary of Schweitzer’s death and we are planning a one-day conference on his life and work. As I write this I am listening to his 1950 recording of Bach’s organ fugue in A minor. For the subject of my lecture, a redoubtable honour imposed In the East and Southeast, on the other hand, the evolution by the award of the Nobel Peace Prize, I have chosen the did not reach this stage; it stopped with the coexistence problem of peace as it is today. In so doing, I believe that of nationalities which failed to merge. Each could lay some I have acted in the spirit of the founder of this prize who claim to rightful ownership of the land. One might claim devoted himself to the study of the problem as it existed territorial rights by virtue of longer possession or superiority in his own day and age, and who expected his Foundation of numbers, while another might point to its contribution to encourage consideration of ways to serve the cause in developing the land. The only practical solution would of peace. have been for the two groups to agree to live together in the same territory and in a single political society, in I shall begin with an account of the situation at the end of accordance with a compromise acceptable to both. It would the two wars through which we have recently passed. have been necessary, however, for this state of affairs to The statesmen who were responsible for shaping the world have been reached before the second third of the nineteenth of today through the negotiations that followed each of these century. For, from then on, there was increasingly vigorous two wars found the cards stacked against them. Their aim development of national consciousness which brought with it was not so much to create situations that might give rise serious consequences. This development no longer allowed to widespread and prosperous development as it was to peoples to be guided by historical realities and by reason. establish the results of victory on a permanent basis. Even The First World War, then, had its origins in the conditions if their judgment had been unerring, they could not have prevailing in eastern and southeastern Europe. The new used it as a guide. They were obliged to regard themselves order created after both world wars bears in its turn the as the executors of the will of the conquering peoples. They seeds of a future conflict. could not aspire to establishing relations between peoples on a just and proper basis; all their efforts were taken up Any new postwar structure is bound to contain the by the necessity of preventing the most unreasonable of seeds of conflict unless it takes account of historical fact the demands made by the victors from becoming reality; and is designed to provide a just and objective solution to they had, moreover, to convince the conquering nations to problems in the light of that fact. Only such a solution can compromise with each other whenever their respective views be really permanent. and interests conflicted. Historical reality is trampled underfoot if, when two peoples The true source of what is untenable in our present situation have rival historical claims to the same country, the claims - and the victors are beginning to suffer from it as well as of only one are recognised. The titles which two nations hold to disputed parts of Europe never have more than a relative the vanquished - lies in the fact that not enough thought was value since the peoples of both are, in effect, immigrants. given to the realities of historical fact and, consequently, to what is just and beneficial. Similarly, we are guilty of contempt for history if, in establishing a new order, we fail to take economic realities Historical Background into consideration. Such is the case if we draw a boundary so as to deprive a port of its natural hinterland or raise a The historical problem of Europe is conditioned by the fact barrier between a region rich in raw materials and another that in past centuries, particularly in the so-called era of particularly suited to exploiting them. By such measures do the great invasions, the peoples from the East penetrated we create states which cannot survive economically. farther and farther into the West and Southwest, taking possession of the land 1. So it came about that the later The most flagrant violation of historical rights, and indeed immigrants intermingled with the earlier already established of human rights, consists in depriving certain peoples of immigrants. their right to the land on which they live, thus forcing them to move to other territories. At the end of the Second World A partial fusion of these peoples took place during this War, the victorious powers decided to impose this fate on time, and new relatively homogeneous political societies hundreds of thousands of people, and under the harshest were formed within the new frontiers. In western and central conditions 2; from this we can judge how little aware they Europe, this evolution led to a situation that may be said to were of any mission to work toward a reorganisation which have crystallized and become definitive in its main features would be reasonably equitable and which would guarantee a in the course of the nineteenth century. prosperous future. www.scimednet.org Network Review Winter 2015 7 Our situation ever since the Second World War has been inhumane way. In contrast to the war of 1870 4 the duel was articles characterised essentially by the fact that no peace treaty not between two isolated nations, but between two great has yet been signed 3. It was only through agreements of groups of nations, so that a large share of mankind became a truce-like nature that the war came to an end; and it is embroiled, thus compounding the tragedy. indeed because of our inability to effect a reorganisation, however elemental, that we are obliged to be content with Since we now know what a terrible evil war is, we must spare these truces which, dictated by the needs of the moment, no effort to prevent its recurrence. To this reason must also can have no foreseeable future. be added an ethical one: in the course of the last two wars, we have been guilty of acts of inhumanity which make one The Problem of War and Peace Now shudder, and in any future war we would certainly be guilty of even worse. This must not happen! This then is the present situation. How do we perceive the problem of peace now? The Inhuman Superman In quite a new light - different to the same extent that modern Let us dare to face the situation. Man has become war is different from war in the past. War now employs superman. He is a superman because he not only has at weapons of death and destruction incomparably more his disposal innate physical forces, but also commands, effective than those of the past and is consequently a worse thanks to scientific and technological advances, the latent evil than ever before. Heretofore war could be regarded as forces of nature, which he can now put to his own use. To an evil to which men must resign themselves because it kill at a distance, man used to rely solely on his own physical served progress and was even necessary to it. One could argue that thanks to war the peoples with the strongest strength; he used it to bend the bow and to release the virtues survived; thus determining the course of history. arrow. The superman has progressed to the stage where, thanks to a device designed for the purpose, he can use the It could be claimed, for example, that the victory of Cyrus energy released by the combustion of a given combination over the Babylonians created an empire in the Near East of chemical products. This enables him to employ a with a civilisation higher than that which it supplanted, and much more effective projectile and to propel it over far that Alexander the Great’s victory in its turn opened the greater distances. way, from the Nile to the Indus, for Greek civilization. The reverse, however, sometimes occurred when war led to the However, the superman suffers from a fatal flaw. He has replacement of a superior civilisation by an inferior one, as it failed to rise to the level of superhuman reason which to did, for instance, in the seventh century and at the beginning match that of his superhuman strength. He requires such of the eighth when the Arabs gained mastery over Persia, reason to put this vast power to solely reasonable and useful Asia Minor, Palestine, North Africa, and Spain, countries that ends and not to destructive and murderous ones.

Load more