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© 2015 Caroline Marie Nappo © 2015 Caroline Marie Nappo LIBRARIES AND THE SYSTEM OF INFORMATION PROVISION IN THE 1930s’ UNITED STATES: THE TRANSFORMATION OF TECHNOLOGY, ACCESS, AND POLICY BY CAROLINE MARIE NAPPO DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Library and Information Science in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2015 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Emeritus Dan Schiller, Chair and Director of Research Professor Alistair Black Associate Professor Christine Jenkins Professor Emerita Joanne Passet, Indiana University East ABSTRACT Examination of developments in technology, access, and policy reveals that American librarianship and the wider system of information provision underwent profound and far- reaching changes—a transformation—during the 1930s. With regard to technology, the 1930s saw the widespread adoption of microfilm, heralded by its advocates as a revolutionary tool that would transform information preservation and dissemination. The number of outlets for library services increased markedly as information was brought to more people, often in creative ways, and on an enlarged scale. Finally, policymaking for libraries, and information provision more broadly, assumed greater prominence. New federal agencies were established, new statistical series offered, and existing information programs were expanded. Librarianship has a long history of critical engagement in times of crisis. Using archival, primary, and secondary sources, I examine the 1930s using the system of information provision as a lens. While the 1930s’ US has been well-traversed by many scholars, no one has foregrounded the system of information provision as a site of transformation. I consider the system in its entirety, using technology, access, and policy as the key vectors of evidence of this transformation. The role of librarians is consistently foregrounded. Many librarians of the 1930s eagerly embraced visionary approaches with regard to imagining the future of libraries, and they were not afraid to act boldly on a range of economic, political, and cultural issues. “Transformation” alludes to different things depending on the context: sometimes it meant redefinition, sometimes it meant expansion, and sometimes a bit of both. The “system of information provision” includes but is not limited to librarianship. Although deeply concerned with the pursuits of libraries and librarians, my dissertation research reveals how library work intersected with that of historians, archivists, documentalists, and with other activities involving ii access to and preservation of information resources. “Information provision” is intended to gesture at this wider range of associated precepts and practices. Historians make some room for the 1930s, but leave pressing questions: what were the relationships between changes in technology, access, and policy in librarianship during the 1930s; and how were librarians agents in this overall process? This dissertation is an attempt to engage directly with these questions. iii For Joe Cali iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I could not have completed this dissertation without the considerable support of family members, friends, and colleagues. There were many times when I felt unable to see this task through, and I am profoundly grateful to everyone who helped me along the way. I entered the Graduate School of Library and Information Science in the fall of 2006 with the sole intention of earning a master’s degree, yet here I sit on the other side of a dissertation. I had the good fortune of working with Dan Schiller throughout. Were I to describe all the ways that Dan excels at his job as a scholar—as a researcher, writer, instructor, and mentor—I would not have room for anyone else in the acknowledgments. We need more scholars of Dan’s caliber in higher education. My committee members Alistair Black, Christine Jenkins, and Joanne Passet are all formidable scholars whose research on the history of libraries and information has inspired and enhanced my work. I am thankful for their invaluable feedback and support. I am also grateful for the support of current and former GSLIS faculty, particularly Pauline Cochrane, Leigh Estabrook, Bonnie Mak, Kate McDowell, Rae-Anne Montague, and Linda Smith. The GSLIS support staff are essential to the School’s success, and were of great help to me. I especially want to thank Penny Ames, Sally Eakin, Candy Edwards, Linda Meccoli, Kathy Painter, and Julie Smith. I am very grateful for the generous financial support I received from GSLIS, including travel awards for research and conference attendance. I am honored to count myself amongst the inaugural cohort of the Information in Society specialization, funding for which came from the Institute of Museum and Library Services. I would like to thank the many librarians and archivists I have worked with throughout v the course of this project, including those at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Library of Congress, the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, the National Agricultural Library, and the National Archives. They made the research process infinitely more manageable and enjoyable. The doctoral dissertations of GSLIS alumnae Ellen Knutson, Joyce Latham, and Cindy Welch were instrumental in helping me model my dissertation. I also wish to thank Lucy Moynihan for sharing her seminar paper with me about 1930s’ libraries. I am grateful to and for the Graduate Employees Organization, the union for graduate employees at the University of Illinois. Having a union has made a positive difference in my life and the lives of thousands of other graduate students. Solidarity forever! To Carol Baxter, Laurie Gilbert, and Lisa Haake: thank you for helping me keep my spirits up. To the baristas of Espresso Royale (especially at Sixth and Daniel) and Café Kopi: you helped me keep my momentum going. One of Champaign-Urbana’s finest features is the Art Theater, as of this writing the only cooperatively owned movie theater in the country. Many thanks to Austin McCann for keeping the marquee bright, and interesting. I am lucky to have a vast network of friends. Some of you I see regularly, others far less than I like. Much gratitude to Julie “Dog” Adamo, Julie Allen, Doris Andrechak, Abby Anzalone, Dan Bassett, Emilie Bess, Beth Blauer, Doris Bonnett, Patrick Brennan, Christina Ceisel, Suzanne Chilcote, Corrie Crain, Matt Crain, Cope Cumpston, Christine D’Arpa, Sarah Davis, Kat Doherty-Chapman, Brian Dolber, Steven Doran, Tom Dousa, Caitlin Drake, Millán Figueroa, Joe Foti, Loretta Gaffney, Jess George, Charles Fogelman, Liz Flyntz, Randy Genau, Colleen Gibbons, David Gracon, Angie Heaton, Rachael Higgins, Elena Hillard, Karima Isberg, Julia Jamieson, Crystal Keldun, Kathleen Kuehn, Mary Madson, Dana Malan, Alaine Martaus, vi Stacey McKeever, Karen Medina, Molly Niesen, Tim Noble, Ros Paul, Rich Potter, Roxanne Sawhill, Jo Seidl, Rika Seidl, Kerry Sheehan, Derek Slagle, Mikki Smith, April “A.” Spisak, Valeda Stull, Sunah Suh, Aiko Takazawa, T.J. Tallie, Andrea Thomer, Ann Thottam, Paula Treichler, Rosemary Trippe, Richard Urban, Dora Valkanova, Maggie Weber-Striplin, Preston Wright, ShinJoung Yeo, and Desiree Yomtoob. Thank you ad infinitum. I am grateful to my mother Mary Nappo, my sister Meaghan Nappo, my brother Vinnie Nappo, and my future sister-in-law Jo Heinan. During graduate school I became an aunt twice over thanks to Jo and Vinnie, and my twin nephews Adrian and Jackson are purely delightful. My father Frank was a great source of intellectual inspiration whom I miss every day. My unfailingly sweet dog, Samson, has been my beloved companion for nearly a decade. I am also grateful for the love and support of my many aunts, uncles, and cousins in the McDonald and Nappo families. Alla famiglia! Tim Hayden: I love you. Thank you for your love, positivity, culinary dynamism, and being Pure Michigan. You’re number one, baby. I am so excited to see where we go next. Finally, the dedication page reads “For Joe Cali.” Joseph John Cali was a long-time librarian at Antioch College, working there for 50+ years until his death in 2007; Joe literally worked for the library until the day he died. His passion for librarianship and the humanities inspired generations of Antiochians to become librarians themselves, or at least to engage more deeply with libraries and librarians. I attended a special memorial service held by the College shortly after he died, and his sister closed the eulogy by saying: “My brother’s life was not a life of the headlines. His was a life of the heart.” Joe, here is to living a life of the heart. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 1 Methodology and Sources......................................................................................................... 10 Organization .............................................................................................................................. 14 CHAPTER TWO: THE SYSTEM OF INFORMATION PROVISION IN THE 1930s’ UNITED STATES ......................................................................................................................
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