College and Research Libraries

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THE LIBRARY OF THE JUL 19 1951 College andlvtRSll< ut Research Libraries • 3°

The Administration of Intelligence Archives

Yale Meets its Catalog Function and Color: Montana State College Library Remodel While You Work

Problems Confronting University Libraries Circulation in the Divisional Library International Unification of Cataloging? The Subject'Departmentalized Public Library College and University Library Buildings, 1929-49 Teaching the Use of Engineering Libraries

Federal Relations Policy of A.C.R.L. A.R.L. Brief of Minutes, Feb. 1, 1951

Vol. XII, No. 3, July, 1951 Association of College and Reference Libraries Association of College and Reference Libraries

Officers for 1950-51 '

PRESIDENT: Charles M. Adams, Librarian, Librarian, Graduate School of Business Ad- Woman's College, University of North Caro- ministration, Harvard University, Boston, lina, Greensboro, N.C. Mass.; Donald Coney, Librarian, University VICE PRESIDENT AND PRESIDENT-EI.ECT: of California, Berkeley, Calif.; J. Periam Ralph E. Ellsworth. Director of Libraries, Danton, Dean. School of Librarianship, Uni- State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. versitv of California, Berkeley, Calif.; Wil- EXECUTIVE SECRETARY: Arthur T. Hamlin, liam H. Hyde, Librarian, Illinois Institute of A.L.A. Headquarters, 50 E. Huron St., Chi- Technology, Chicago, 111.; Frances Kemp. cago. Librarian, Reed College, Portland, Ore.; TREASURER: Thomas S. Shaw, General Florence L. King, Librarian. Wellesley Col- Reference and Bibliography Division, Library lege, Wellesley, Mass.; Jean F. Macalister, of Congress, Washington, D.C. Reference Department, Columbia University PAST PRESIDENT: Wyllis E. Wright, Li- Libraries, New York, N.Y.; Arthur M. brarian, Williams College, Williamstown, McAnally, Assistant Director of Libraries, Mass. University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.; Robert A. * DIRECTORS: Mary R. Kinney, Associate Miller, Director of Libraries, Indiana Uni- Professor, School of Library Science, Simmons versity, Bloomington, Ind.; Foster E. Mohr- College, Boston, Mass.; Guv R. Lyle, Direc- hardt, Director, Library Service, U.S. Vet- tor of Libraries, Louisiana State University. erans Administration, Washington, D.C.; Baton Rouge, La.; Elizabeth Neal, Librarian. John H. Moriarty, Director of Libraries, Compton Junior College, Compton. Calif. Purdue' University, Lafayette, Ind.; Ger- A.C.R.L. REPRESENTATIVES OX A.L.A. hard B. Naeseth, Associate Director in COUNCIL: Scott Adams, Librarian, National Charge of Technical Services, University of Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.; Wisconsin Library, Madison, Wis.; Louis S. Johanna E. Allerding, Librarian, Engi- Shores, Dean, School of Library Training and neering Library, University of California, Service, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Los Angeles, Calif.; Mary N. Barton, Head, Fla.; Dorothy M. Sinclair, Head, History, General Reference Department, Enoch Pratt Travel, and Biography Departments, Enoch Free Library, Baltimore, Md.; Robert W. Pratt Free Library, Baltimore, Md.; Edwin Christ, Assistant Librarian, Duke University, E. Williams, Assistant to the Librarian, Har- Durham, N.C.; Donald T. Clark, Associate vard College Library, Cambridge, Mass.

Section Officers, 1950-51

Agricultural Libraries Section mann; Secretary, Lottie Skidmore; Director, C. Law Chairman: Whiton Powell, Librarian, New York rence Lynn. State College of Agriculture, Ithaca. New York; Sec- retary, June Rieur; Director, Louise O. Bercaw. Reference Librarians Section Chairman: Milton Russell. Head, Circulation and College Libraries Section Reference, Virginia State Library, Richmond, Vir- Chairman: Eileen Thornton, Librarian, Vassar Col- ginia; Vice chairman and chairman-elect, Elizabeth lege, Poughkeepsie, New York: Vice chairman and Findlv; Secretary, Elizabeth F. Selleck; Director, chairvmn-elTt. Marv Elizabeth Miller: Secretary, Winifred Ver Nooy. Donald B. Engley; Director, Louise F. Kampf. Libraries of Teacher Training Institutions Section Engineering School Libraries Section Chairman: Marion B. Grady, Librarian, Ball State Chairman: Mrs. Dorothy M. Crosland, Librarian, Teachers College. Muncie. Indiana; Secretary and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia; chairman-elect, Wendell W. Smiley; Director, Donna Secretary, Jeanette Poor; Director, William H. Hyde. E. Sullivan. Junior College Libraries Section University Libraries Section Chairman: Frank A. Lundy, Director of University Chairman: Lola R. Thompson. Librarian. John Tar- Libraries, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska; leton Agricultural College, Tarleton Station. Texas: Secretary, Mrs. Margaret K. Spangler; Director, Rob- Vice chairman and chairman-elect, Mary E. Kauff- err B. Downs.

* Also includes the directors listed under Section Officers and A.C.R.L. representatives on A.L.A. Council serving their last year (Mr. McAnally and Mr. Mohrhardt). College and Research Libraries

MAURICE F. TAUBER, Editor

EDITORIAL STAFF

Buildings . . RALPH E. ELLSWORTH Methods JENS NYHOLM News ... JOHN H. BERTHEL Personnel LAWRENCE S. THOMPSON Resources ROBERT B. DOWNS

College and Research Libraries is the official organ of the Association of College and Reference Libraries, a division of the American Library Association. It includes general articles, official reports, addresses of conference speakers, reviews of selected books, and news from the field of wide professional interest. Manuscripts of articles and addresses should be addressed to the Office of the Editor, Columbia University Library, New York City 27. Requests for reprints should be addressed to Editor, A.L.A. Bulletin, American Library Association, 50 E. Huron St., Chicago 11, at the time the notification is received of the issue in which the article is scheduled to appear. The scope of the journal does not permit inclusion of personal communications or exhaustive coverage by reviews of the literature of librarianship. To editors: Material in College and Research Libraries is not copyrighted. No comment or pronouncement can be cited as official endorsement of the Association of College and Reference Libraries or of the American Library Association. Such action can only be taken through a formal vote of the associations. The assumption of editorial responsibility is not to be construed necessarily as endorsement of opinions expressed by writers. Subscription price: to members of the Association of College and Reference Libraries, $3 Per year; to others, $4 in the U.S., Canada, and Latin America; in other countries, $4.25; single copy, $1.25. Payment for subscriptions should be made to the American Library Association, 50 E. Huron St., Chicago 11. Members of the American Library Association may become members of the Associa- tion of College and Reference Libraries by indicating this as the division of their choice when paying A.L.A. dues, without the payment of additional dues. A.L.A. members wishing to belong to more than one division must pay to the A.L.A. an additional 20 per cent of their A.L.A. dues for each additional division. College and Research Libraries is published quarterly, January, April, July, and October at 50 E. Huron St., Chicago 11, 111., by the American Library Association, and printed at 450 Ahnaip St., Menasha, Wis. Entered as second-class matter May 8, 1940, at the post office at Chicago, 111., under the Act of March 3, 1879, with an additional entry at Menasha, Wis.

Change of Address

It is important for subscribers ordering a change of address to give three weeks' notice, to provide both their old and new addresses, and to send the information to College and Re- search Libraries, Subscriptions Department, American Library Association, 50 E. Huron St., Chicago 11, 111. BACK NUMBER MAGAZINES OVER 2,000.000 COPIES ON FILE

We Specialize in Supplying SINGLE COPIES as well as Fast protection for pamphlets and paper- SETS, RUNS and VOLUMES covered periodicals up to % inch thick.

• Nothing to moisten, sew or drill. Duplicates Purchased • Staples penetrate special hinge strip easily. • Inexpensive—cuts costs in processing. • Available in all standard sizes. • See page 43—New No. 51 Catalog. Catalogues on request /^V ABRAHAMS MAGAZINE SERVICE LIBRARY SUPPLIES SYRACUSE • NEW YORK Dept. R • 56 £. 13th ST., NEVJ YORK 3, N. Y.

WlflSL JhoTL THREE QUARTERS OF A CENTURY EXPERIENCE IN SERVING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES REBINDING BOOKS and BINDING PERIODICALS f&M TfrMOv UxttA H^lMj TmMV) HERTZBERG ^ LIBRARY CRAFTSMEN BOOKBINDERS Des Moines, Iowa College and Research Libraries Contents

THE ADMINISTRATION OF INTELLIGENCE ARCHIVES. By Robert Finley Delaney 213 YALE MEETS ITS CATALOG. By Jennette E. Hitchcock and F. Bernice Field .... 220 FUNCTION AND COLOR : MONTANA STATE COLLEGE LIBRARY. By Lesley M. Heathcote 230 REMODEL WHILE YOU WORK. By Neal Harlow 233 PROBLEMS CONFRONTING UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES. By Frank A. Lundy and Kath- ryn R. Ren fro 237 CIRCULATION IN THE DIVISIONAL LIBRARY: THE NEW PLAN OF SERVICE. By Patricia Marvin 241 INTERNATIONAL UNIFICATION OF CATALOGING? By Sigmund von Frauendorfer 245 A PLAN FOR CENTRALIZED CATALOGING. By Carl Bjorkbom 253 THE SUBJECT-DEPARTMENTALIZED PUBLIC LIBRARY. By Robert E. Maizell 255 COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BUILDINGS, 1929-1949. By Robert H. Muller 261 THE PUBLICATION OF LIBRARY SCHOOL THESES. By Eileen Thornton 266 TEACHING THE USE OF ENGINEERING LIBRARIES. By William S. Budington . . . '268 FEDERAL RELATIONS POLICY OF A.C.R.L. By Eugene H. Wilson 273 NOTES FROM THE A.C.R.L. OFFICE. By Arthur T. Hamlin 276 BRIEF OF MINUTES, ASSOCIATION OF RESEARCH LIBRARIES, FEB. I, 1951, CHICAGO 279 NEWS FROM THE FIELD 285 PERSONNEL 290 APPOINTMENTS 292 FOREIGN LIBRARIES 293 RETIREMENT 293 NECROLOGY 293 REVIEW ARTICLES Public Opinion, Robert D. Leigh 294 Unusual Reference Manual, Oliver L. Lilley 295 German Publications, 1939-50, Icko I ben 297 Copyright and Librarians, Harry Bitner and Mortimer Schwartz 298 Educational Measurement, Irving A. V erschoor 299 The H. W. Wilson Company, Jesse H. Shera 299 College Fund-Raising, James A. Perkins 300 Texas A. & M. Survey, Maurice F. Tauber 30° The New Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, Lawrence S. Thompson 301 Subject Cataloging in Germany, Lawrence S.' Thompson 302 PROPOSAL FOR STUDY OF INCREASED COST OF SERIALS AND BINDING 303

July, 1951 Volume XII, Number 3 HOW TO SHRINK A NEWSPAPER FILE BY 96%

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LIBRARY SERVICES DEPARTMENT e!)C fork Simcs 1851 • HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY • 1951 Times Square, New York 18, N. Y. By ROBERT FINLEY DELANEY

The Administration of Intelligence Archives

Mr. Delaney is director of the Research however accomplished, are equal to so great Center of the Naval Intelligence School and a task. Hence, although the need for se- instructor in intelligence research and analy- crecy and security is still paramount, the sis. operation of a modern intelligence agency is no longer so romantic as it has been ORLD War II and its aftermath have pictured in fiction and the motion picture. Wresulted in the vast and continuing It is, in fact, organized and operated along expansion of strategic intelligence services the same or similar lines as any other within both the civil and the military com- governmental administrative agency. With ponents of our federal government. Since what is fundamentally a research job to an understanding of the term "strategic in- do, the intelligence service requires an effec- telligence" is fundamental to any discussion tive organization of an expert staff to pro- of the organization of intelligence archives, duce those orderly, factual and analytic a definition should be given at the outset. reports needed by our policy makers in their In its simplest terms, strategic intelligence efforts to choose those courses of action best is that knowledge which our top civilian calculated to insure the preservation of and military planners must have in order to world peace and develop that kind of inter- safeguard our national security. A strategic national harmony and accord essential to intelligence service, therefore, is the organi- the preservation of our civilization and its zation responsible for providing that knowl- ideals. edge. This paper is concerned with the research From this definition it is apparent that center of an intelligence organization, a key a conception of intelligence service in terms service section in an organization respon- of secret codes and beautiful lady spies, sible for the activities outlined above. In however intriguing, is overly simplified. some respects, the research center defies de- The technology and sociology of the pres- scription for no matter how the duties of a ent-day world are such that continuous center are defined, there are infinite rami- accurate evaluations of advances, attitudes fications to the use of the tools and materials and policies of all nations—potential foes housed therein. It may be said in general and friends alike—are vital to the formula- that an intelligence research center combines tion of our own foreign policies and our the features of a library, archives, labora- military preparedness for defense. With- tory and study. Its primary functions in- out an adequate and efficient intelligence or- clude collecting, processing, housing and ganization geared to furnish these evalua- servicing the accumulated information tions, the United States might well face which forms the primary source material political or military defeat—or both. for finished intelligence. In addition, it must Neither the codes nor the feminine spies, provide space for intelligence specialists to

213 collate, digest and write up the results of agency. The six divisions of the research their research. Its operations must be center and archives might be constituted geared to provide maximum service and as- as follows: sistance to the intelligence staff, and all of Incoming Division: This unit handles its activities and efforts must be unified and incoming and outgoing mail; arranges for directed toward that end. routing and proper distribution of material; A sound and workable organization is assigns security classifications to material basic to the unified and efficient operation whenever needed. necessary. Chart A presents in graphic Ordering Division: The order unit is form the bare outline of an intelligence responsible for selecting and acquiring agency. Chart B shows schematically the through purchase, requisition, etc., the ma- outline of a research center and archives terials required for the center's activities,

Chart A Intelligence Agency

Personnel

within the agency. Proper subdivision of including intelligence reports, periodicals, duties within the research center are es- newspapers, ephemeral materials, texts, etc. sential to its smooth operation and effective- The division also maintains appropriate ness. The suggested breakdown includes order and accession records and works in six divisions, each with its own division close cooperation with the agency's fiscal chief and all directly responsible to the officer in allocating and controlling expendi- director of the research center and his ex- tures. ecutive officer. The chief (director) in Technical Processes Division: Effective turn would rank equally with the depart- operation of the center depends in large ment heads of the other units within the measure upon the abilities of this group to

214 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES classify, catalog, arrange and prepare ma- Divisions, however. terials for use. A suitable standardized cata- Map Library: The need for and the use loging code rigidly applied but flexible of maps and charts in an intelligence organ- enough to take care of the wide variety of ization is very great. In addition to standard materials coming into the center is essential. maps of the world's regions, the center must An added problem of this division is the make available newly charted and special development of a suitable intelligence classi- maps (e.g. physical or administrative maps) fication scheme which will bring both classi- for which there is heavy demand. Proper fied and unclassified materials into workable maintenance of a constantly changing collec- relationships. tion involves a special classification scheme, Foreign Language Library: Since foreign adequate and appropriately designed storage languages introduce a difficult problem into space, special problems of acquisition, and intelligence service, special arrangements an orderly replacement schedule for used

Chart B Research Center and Archives

must be made to accommodate the language maps. The special problems presented by and area specialists who deal mainly in ori- a sizeable and heavily used map collection ginal research, translation and in the teach- suggest the need for a separate division. ing of foreign languages. This problem Reference and Bibliographic Service: can be most effectively solved through the The most evident result of efficient library establishment of a separate language li- service is the effectiveness of a research brary which will include both the personnel center's reference and bibliographic serv- and collections necessary to spot promptly ices. A great deal of emphasis should be and evaluate the latest developments in placed on "getting answers." Otherwise, foreign periodicals, news and reporting ac- the mission of the center will not be ful- tivities. Acquisition and processing activi- filled completely. Reference service de- ties for the language library will be cen- mands top-notch performance, so adequate tralized in the center's Order and Catalog provision must be made for specialists who

JULY, 1951 215 understand the mission of the organization tion today. They are by no means unique. and understand the technique of reference Both private and governmental agencies practice. Such service is provided most must give serious thought to the amount of effectively by a separate reference division money available and how it is to be ap- as the practice of most libraries indicates. portioned. Discussion here will be con- The administrative problems of an in- fined not to the regular outline of fiscal telligence archives and research center fall structure, but rather to those problems of into four groups, each of which is discussed budget which stem from the nature of in- below. These groups are (i) line-staff rela- telligence work. There are two major tionships; (2) fiscal considerations; (3) ones: sufficient freedom of use for the funds span of control; and (4) personnel. allocated to the research center, and the In order to avoid confusion in the usage establishment of necessary clandestine of terms, the following definitions are set "cover" funds. Freedom of fiscal disburse- forth: ment and "cover" funds go hand in hand. Research Center: The department in If restrictions are placed on book funds, which the various processes relative to book- on the type of material to be purchased, collecting, processing, servicing and research or on maximum figures above which pur- are carried on. chase is forbidden, the research mission of Archives: That part of the research the agency is hampered in that research may center which administers and services those be reduced to a .reliance on secondary classified documents which must be set apart sources, some possibly inferior or inade- and handled under strict security regula- quate. "Cover" funds are essential for pro- tions. curing materials through neutral or inno- cent sources when it is desirable to prevent Line-Staff Relationships public (or private) knowledge of the kind or type of material the agency is desirous of The line-staff relationships are particu- obtaining. larly interesting in the case of a service such as a research center offers. Internal administration demands authority of a line Span of Control nature where specialists (catalogers, trans- The internal administration of a high- lators, etc.) and administrators are grouped tension research center demands a clear-cut together in one functional unit. Actually span of control and a hierarchy of com- the director of each activity must wear two mand. To burden the director with minor hats, in that he exercises the power of a and mechanical problems involves him line officer within his own organization at hopelessly in petty detail and interferes the same moment that he serves in an ad- with his planning and directing of the whole visory staff capacity to his superiors in the activity. However, he must be sufficiently hierarchy of command. For the most part, familiar with detail so that he may exercise the director's subordinates are people who his lineal authority intelligently and effec- perform service functions almost entirely. tively. Experience has determined that a Any problem of line administration is either system of division chiefs best supervises the settled by recourse to codified regulations details of service and technique within their or ultimate reference to the director's office. divisions. It is assumed that a suitable staff manual will have been prepared for Fiscal Considerations their guidance. Information needed by the Budgetary problems haunt any organiza- director or problems which he must settle

216 • COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES are funneled from each division to his ad- compromise must be accepted. Ideally- ministrative assistant and finally, if neces- trained people are difficult or even impos- sary, to him. Thus a direct line of com- sible to find; instead, area specialists, li- munications up and down the ladder is brarians, intelligence officers, etc. must be maintained and access to the director is pro- employed and molded and trained into an vided for when necessary. ordered, workable staff. When such distinct professional groups are banded to- Personnel gether to accomplish a specific goal, personal No organization can function without and professional rivalries must be sub- good people. The problem of obtaining ordinated to the common effort if the center and training suitable personnel is, there- is to operate smoothly and efficiently. This fore, a vital one in the efficient operation requires skilled personnel administration of a research center. In an intelligence by the director, for legislation or rule-mak- agency personnel is customarily handled ing can aid in eliminating the rivalries and for the entire agency, including the re- the problems. In the final analysis, the search center, by a services section. (See personality and professional ability of the Chart A) Close liaison between the per- director will determine how successful this sonnel officer and the director of the re- mixed marriage will be. search center is, therefore, of major im- Some of the more pressing problems of portance. Ideally, the director will estab- an intelligence archives deserve particular lish the standards for hiring librarians, attention. Although no dogmatic solution specialists and other needed help. can be offered, some of the ways in which The director of an intelligence research these problems have been solved will be in- center should be a combination of profes- dicated. sional librarian, experienced intelligence specialist and trained administrator. With- Security out these qualifications he will be handi- Perhaps the most constant and ever re- capped in understanding the mission of his stricting problem confronted in a research organization and relating its operations center is that of security. The nature of and techniques to those of the intelligence any intelligence operation demands that the agency. Ideally, the division chiefs should secrecy of many projects and activities be have similar qualifications, but such com- insured. But, security, which involves binations of experience are rare indeed. loyalty checks of staff members and con- Therefore, carefully devised job descrip- stant vigilance over the custody, use and tions, which describe duties and responsi- location of classified material, works re- bilities accurately and emphasize the func- strictively against the free flow of information to be performed, are necessary in tion and data in and out of the research establishing and filling positions. For ex- center. There is no alternative; responsi-

ample, it will be more desirable for the bility placed must be accepted andf upheld. center to employ an experienced cataloger However, classified materials are loaned to with no or limited experience in intelligence people who have been cleared for intelli- work than an intelligence officer with gence work (and it is assumed analysts and knowledge of cataloging. Considered researchers, and even the janitors, are "good opinion stemming from the lessons of"nine security risks") on the basis of signed years of strategic intelligence operations custody receipts which transfer the responsi- points out that in matters of personnel a bility for protection from the research center

JULY, 1951 217 to the interested staff member. This offset some of this selection, the center method is essentially the same as a public endeavors to publicize more of its acquisi- library charging system. tions. This publicity may be of several kinds: indexes, abstracts, annotated bibliog- Maps raphies, departmental records or reading Maps are an increasing source of diffi- "logs." In these ways the center makes culty. For some unknown reason, intel- available a summary of the most important ligence workers treat maps carelessly. To and valuable archival acquisitions during be sure, they use quantities of them at all a given period. Such publicized notices times, but they do not treat a chart or a presuppose an intimate knowledge of the map with the same care as a book or a major projects and long-term goals of the periodical. When research men have com- research and language staffs. Through pleted a project or finished with the maps, these devices highlighted materials are made they usually mutilate them, destroy them, known to the people who must know about forget them, or simply ignore them. Na- them or use them. turally this cavalier treatment of maps brings the analysts into open conflict with Subject Analysis the library, and the library with various One of the inherent difficulties in operat- governmental mapping agencies, all of ing an intelligence organization results which are interested in eliminating waste. from the division of work between units Unquestionably a certain amount of over- organized along geographical lines and lay work and grease-pencil work is neces- those organized on functional lines. Briefly, sary on maps used for research. But with an organization of intelligence activities is the map supply short and the demand high, confounded by the lack of agreement on it is necessary to prescribe rigid rules gov- whether world coverage of information erning expendable use of maps, to estab- should be divided by geographical area or lish good liaison relationships which make by subject, e.g. should sociologists, econ- possible the procurement of both old and omists, etc. be responsible for intelligence new well in advance of deadline dates, and on all of the world's sociological problems to build reference collection of maps—com- without regard for geographic boundaries, plete, current, carefully selected to meet or should units responsible for intelligence the average needs of the staff. Maps in on given world areas maintain a sociologi- this collection are classified and cataloged cal or economic section. Both systems have and loaned like material in the center sub- been tried, separately and simultaneously, ject, of course, to security classification and and no attempted recommendations will be the needs of other workers. suggested here. But as opinions and systems change, the research center must con- Publicity tinue to function. These two organiza- The fntelligence archives handles thou- tional patterns affect directly the policy sands of documents each week. They must which the center must adopt in its subject be accessioned, routed, called to the atten- analysis of materials. Shall a subject be tion of interested parties and filed for future divided geographically or a country by sub- use. Naturally, routing must be done ject? Since no final answer can be given, selectively for it is impossible to distribute subject headings must be chosen which will several hundred documents per day. To be flexible enough to handle intelligence

218 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES either geographically or by subject. A the research center and the library's order- parallel problem exists in classification, par- ing and cataloging activities are centralized ticularly for the archival (i.e. secret) main the technical processes division. This terial. Ordinarily, the regular book collec- departmental arrangement is a convenient tion can be organized according to some service arrangement only. existing classification scheme. However, restricted material intended solely for in- Liaison telligence use cannot be processed accord- Because a strategic intelligence acquisi- ing to regular methods. A system which tion program is world wide in scope, it is will provide adequate cross indexing and necessary to have overseas contacts. Such referencing but which is flexible enough to agents must not only be trustworthy, they stand up under great expansion is neces- must also be in positions to know what in- sary. There is ample room here for the formation to pick up and what to reject. application of new ideas and techniques. A simple system of fiscal accounting to Ultimately such ideas may aid in the de- handle overseas acquisitions and easy com- velopment of general library service since munications is desirable. Effective use of they question and re-evaluate traditional li- American overseas representatives offers: the brary habits and techniques. best method of obtaining material to date. It is equally important that there be com- Reproduction plete understanding of the research center's Reproduction and graphics, two con- relations to the intelligence agency and to siderations which deserve mention, are out- other government offices so that all con- side the scope of research center administra- tacts for obtaining materials and data may tion in a typical intelligence agency be exploited. Without cooperation no organization. Since much of the center's amount of organization can make the move- work is distributed and posted, agreements ment successful. must be made to insure the prompt completion of displays, publicity and printing Training assignments. This is a matter of some ad- The research center is, of course, di- ministrative concern when reproduction rectly concerned with on-the-job training facilities are not available. Hence, careful for both professional and subprofessional planning and advance preparation can pre- personnel. Such training is absolutely es- vent needless worry and delay. sential when people of such varying interests, education and experience are em- Language Library ployed in a common enterprise. No specific In order to satisfy the needs of language program is outlined here, but the need for specialists most effectively, a separate de- effective on-the-job training programs can- partmental library seems to be the best not be too strongly emphasized. solution, even though it adds administrative problems. Such a library reduces the Space work load on the general center and Some note should be made here of the archives and places the language specialist need for adequate working and storage in more immediate contact with the ma- space. Two points must be kept in mind. terials with which he works. Such special Space in which classified material is stored libraries come under the administration of (Continued on page 232)

JULY, 1951 219 By JENNETTE E. HITCHCOCK and F. BERNICE FIELD

Yale Meets Its Catalog

Miss Field is assistant head cataloger in then in use. This list was abandoned al- charge of the Serial Department, and wrote most immediately because the policy of fol- the section on the interfiling project; Miss lowing Library of Congress headings was Hitchcock is senior cataloger and research inaugurated. In the next two decades there assistant, Yale University Library. was a mass conversion to Library of Con- gress headings while the 2" x 5" cards of HE Yale staff has recently worked the old catalog were being replaced by Tthrough its public catalog from A to Z standard size cards and while books were on three projects. The Yale catalog is large being reclassed from the old numbered —four thousand trays, four million cards. shelves. During this period and there- Often it is felt that a large catalog is too after, the Library of Congress list was used big to change or manipulate. Sometimes as authority for headings although it was immutability is enshrined as the essential never systematically annotated for Yale quality of a large or old catalog. Yale's practice. It was used in conjunction with recent projects offer evidence that size is the catalog and small desk files were built not an insurmountable obstacle, that chang- up by individuals for convenient operation ing conditions necessitate new decisions, in the work of their special subject fields. and that systematic work on the whole This arrangement was tenable until 1930 catalog can be a vitalizing experience. when the library moved into a new build- In 1947-48 the Catalog Department read ing where the catalogers are a block away through the public catalog and listed the from the public catalog. In the follow- subject headings. In 1948 the Serial De- ing years there was a growing awareness partment interfiled the public serial cata- not only that a complete list of headings log with the main public catalog. In 1948- was desirable in the Catalog Department, 49 the professional staff from various de- but also that the only way to record head- partments selected entries to be filmed for ings and subdivisions not enumerated in the National Union Catalog of the Library the Library of Congress list and to gather of Congress. up Yale headings—remnants of pre-1907 subjects and conscious deviations from Li- SUBJECT PROJECT brary of Congress practice—was to read through the Yale catalog. Evolution of the Subject File In 1947 simultaneous recommendations An official subject list was not a new for an official subject list were made to the idea at Yale in 1947, but in that year the librarian in a report on a survey of techni- idea was reshaped and translated into cal processes at Yale by Wyllis E. Wright, action. librarian of Williams College, and in the In 1907 when Yale changed from an second annual report of the new head of alphabetical-classed to a dictionary catalog, the Catalog Department. Work started a list was made of the subject headings in July, and in the following April a

220 • COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES subject file of some 71,500 cards was a log. There was a little vagueness about reality. which subject headings had gone in the official catalog as potential authors, and Complementary Work—Authority soon came the poignant query "What is a Cards for Official Catalog subject?" When the library moved into the new The exhumed 1930 dexigraphing rules building, an official catalog of author en- stated that expeditions, abbeys, ships, gods, tries was made1 for the convenience of the streets, monuments, shrines and runic in- processing departments. This was placed scriptions were included in the official cata- in the Catalog Department. Author entries log. A little more exploration and discus- for serials were included only if the author sion disclosed that independent judgments, heading was not represented in the official lapses of memory and the intervening years catalog by another publication, since an had taken their toll in consistency. Super- official serial catalog was made for the imposed on this unsettled situation was Serial Department at the same time. Sub- the problem of dealing with a gamut of ject entries were not reproduced as it was statues, houses, manors, castles, cathedrals, considered too expensive, both in cost of theaters, railroads, canals and parks, which dexigraphing and in space for housing; but generally are not authors or potential au- any potential author heading (e.g., the thors but which in a pedantic person's imagi- name of a biographee not yet used as an nation conceivably could be. There were author in the catalog) was represented by also fictitious and mythological characters, dexigraphing one of the cards under the animals and deities which, judged by the heading. words in the headings (e.g., Bunyan, Paul; Thereafter, whenever a new author head- Bucephalus; Diana), would seem to be ing was established in serial or subject authors to the less literate. On the border- work, it was recorded in the official catalog line of the subject side were names of by means of a unit card from the set being families, royal houses, tribes, peoples, treaties, made on that occasion. Authorities and alliances, battles and events. references were traced on the catalog card The problem of debatable subject head- involved. This procedure was used to ings resulted in two major decisions not build up and maintain the official catalog contemplated in the recommendations for a as the single tool for checking author head- subject file. One was to list geographical ings rather than the customary authority names and quasi-authors (even though card routine. actually subjects) in the official catalog. The system of recording, in the official The other was to do such listing on colored catalog, subject entries that were potential card stock. author headings brought the subject file and Place names used only as subjects had official catalog into juxtaposition as com- not been dexigraphed for the official cata- plementary authority files. In the initial log in 1930; and the listing of names of foray on reading the public catalog for the places and geographical features was a subject project, the general directive was desideratum, twin to the listing of pure to select all headings used as subjects ex- subjects, of the subject project as originally cept those represented in the official cata- conceived. Consideration of geographical

1 Monrad, Anna M. "The Use of the Dexigraph in names and quasi-authors as a common prob- Making an Official Catalog." Library Journal 57:218-22, March 1932. lem made it seem more reasonable, how-

JULY, 1951 221 ever, to have all headings allied to author large files even a quarter-century. headings in the official catalog. Similarly, dates specific to the content of Names of families, royal houses, etc., the book which had been used under the remained the property of the subject file. subdivisions For. rel., Hist., Military hist., The subject subdivisions of author headings Naval hist., and Pol. & govt, were abolished also are in the subject file. or changed to the conventional historical The necessity of keeping both files intact period dates that have been established by in the future by making for any new sub- the Library of Congress. ject either a subject file card or an author- The subdivision Maps under Descr. & ity card for the official catalog introduced trav. was changed to a direct subdivision the idea of authority cards for author head- under locality. ings. In the new routine authority cards Subdivisions under place names with less are not made for all author headings but than five subject cards were usually only when it is necessary to trace references abolished. or represent in the official catalog a head- Army and Navy headings were referred ing established for use as an entry in some to the military science cataloger for change other catalog. to the vernacular in accordance with the The authority card routine, which came new Library of Congress practice. along as a natural complement to the sub- These and other minor changes were ject file, stands as an achievement almost as handled in the daily routine of the project desirable as the subject file itself. Its ap- and provided a dramatic example of edi- pearance illustrates the repercussion on old torial work that can be done in the future. routines which can follow the introduction Routine and Statistics of the Project of a new routine. Accuracy demanded direct copying from Coordinated Work—Place Name Editing the public catalog trays. Removing trays The subject project provided an un- from the public catalog was felt by the excelled opportunity to do editorial work Reference Department to be too much of a on subdivisions under names of countries handicap during the busy afternoon period, and states that had never been changed to so a procedure was built up that would re- Library of Congress form or modernized volve through its complete cycle within the since 1907. It was obviously desirable to morning hours each day. do such editing before the headings were The personnel was divided into three copied, and the need for changes had been corps: clippers, carders and editors. The considered several times. clippers were catalogers, of all levels of The responsibility for the work fell on experience, who read the trays for subject the catalogers in the history and geography headings and inserted paper clips on the classes. Bulk work was done by assistants cards to be copied—on the top for cards in the geography class on date subdivisions for the subject file, and on the side for under the subdivision Descr. & trav. Dates cards for the official catalog. Their work specific to the content of the book were started at the beginning of each morning cancelled if there were less than 25 cards and was followed by the place-name editing. under the subdivision; if more, they were The carders were typists who copied the changed to broad period dates, usually a headings from the clipped cards in the man- century, or half-century, but for some very ner designated by the clippers—on waste 278 • COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES cards for the subject file or on colored Yale has always considered it desirable to stock for the official catalog, with a card maintain in the public catalog a record of for each heading and subdivision or several its holdings in serial sets. Up to 1918 this subdivisions on one card. The editors were was done by pencilled notations on the catalogers who did the proofreading of the main entry for each serial. In that year copying, added descriptive phrases to in- the library decided to use check cards for dicate the nature of unfamiliar terms, and listing holdings and to file these with the recorded the class numbers of subjects main entries in a separate serial catalog, which appeared to have specific classes. which was established in order to have a The few figures tabulated here give an working tool for the staff and to make the idea of the expense of the project in hours, finding of serial entries easier for the pub- the relation of the hours to the number of lic. Cards in the main public catalog be- trays in the Yale catalog and the number came skeleton entries, without holdings or of cards made: notes, referring readers to the serial catalog Hours Trays for full information. Both the serial and Large subjects and main catalogs contained all main entries, countries 572.9 396 added entries and references for serials; but Preliminary procedures 582.3 248 subject cards were filed only in the main Final routine: 3,120.0 3,247 catalog. Clipping 698.5 It should be made clear at this point Carding 1,134.0 that, when the separate serial catalog was Editing 796.8 set up, the Serial Department ceased mak- Supervision 490.7 ing any record of serial holdings in the shelf list. Since Yale has never used acces- Total 4,275.2 3,891 sion numbers, these did not have to be re- Cards made: corded ; and the serial catalog, therefore, Headings and references became the only detailed record of serial for subject file 71,425 holdings in the library. Headings for official catalog: 12,720 With the transfer to the new library Geographical names 9,000 building in 1930 it became necessary, be- Quasi-authors 3,720 cause of the distance of the Serial Depart- References for official catalog 4,600 ment from the public catalog, to develop an official serial catalog for the use of the Total 88,745 staff. This was accomplished by dexigraph- The peak production weeks ran at a ing the separate public serial catalog in its speed of 40-odd trays a morning with nine entirety, and at this point the traveling card clippers, two place name editors, 13 card- system was inaugurated to keep the record of holdings in the public catalog up to date. ers and four editors. The average production rate for all processes of the entire proj- The system of two separate serial cata- ect was 21 cards per hour. logs, plus cards in the public catalog referring to the serial catalog, was maintained INTERFILING PROJECT until 1948. Early in that year the new The interfiling of the separate public head of the Serial Department proposed serial catalog with the main public catalog to the library administration that the pub- was another major project undertaken. lic serial catalog be interfiled with the

JULY, 1951 223 main public catalog. The chief reasons by the survey of technical processes made for such a move were: by Mr. Wright, already referred to in this 1. The advantage to the public of paper, in which he had also recommended being able to find all publications in the li- this move. The proposal was discussed brary in one alphabetical file. with the department heads and with the 2. The advantage to the public of University Library Committee, composed being able to find the fullest information of faculty and administrative officers, be- about all serials in the catalog first con- fore the decision was made to proceed with sulted. Since readers could not always the interfiling. know that what they were seeking was a In August 1948 the Serial Department serial, they wasted much time by not know- started the interfiling, which meant sub- ing in which catalog to look first. Also, stituting the main entries with holdings and Yale's practice in cataloging monograph notes and the added entries from the serial series, whether classified separately or to- catalog for the equivalent skeleton cards in gether, was to give the fullest information the public catalog that referred readers to in the main public catalog, since the analyti- the serial catalog. Certain types of en- cal cards and the series added entries were tries which were duplicated exactly in the filed there. The result again was that one public catalog (e.g., closed entries, see could not tell in which catalog to look first. references from one author heading to an- 3. The elimination of thousands of other, etc.) were first removed by clerical duplicate cards both at that time and in the assistants in the department in order to future. The immediate reduction would save the interfilers the time of handling give the library much needed space for ex- them. The serial catalogers worked in pansion of its public catalog. The time shifts on the interfiling, withdrawing any required for typing and filing all of these cards which showed discrepancies between duplicate cards would be saved in the the two catalogs for later attention. The future. interfiling took just over seven weeks, and 4. Fewer cards to withdraw and cor- in the process slightly more than 187,000 rect in recataloging. cards were discarded. 5. The congestion in the alcove where ALonograph Series the public serial catalog was housed. This was a situation that could be relieved only The interfiling itself did not finish the by spreading out the catalog. work for the Serial Department. There 6. With only one public catalog the remained the problem of changing the form Serial Department could initiate brief cata- used for recording classed-together mono- loging and form cards for minor serials; graph series. Yale had followed the prac- this had been held up for years because of tice used in many libraries of making a the complications involved in having to series added entry for each volume of the refer back and forth between two catalogs. series. These were filed in the main public 7. The Serial Department now had its catalog. In the public serial catalog there working tool in its own official serial cata- had been holdings cards showing which log and did not need a separate public serial volumes had been received; and, since the catalog for this purpose. volumes had been added to these cards at This analysis of the situation by the the time they came into the library, they Serial Department was further borne out had been recorded in the public serial cata-

224 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES log long before the analytics and series cards were removed from this catalog, added entries for them had been filed in the which eliminated approximately 65,000 main public catalog. The Serial Depart- cards more, making a total reduction of ment recommended that the monograph 82,500 cards from the catalogs of the li- type of holdings card (Fig. i) be sub- brary. stituted for these series added entries in This entire project of interfiling and the public catalog. changing the form for monograph series resulted, therefore,, in the elimination of NIC Columbia University. Faculty of Political Science. C7 Studies in hletory, economics and public law. 270,000 cards from the catalogs of the library. The saving in cards needed for the Mo. Date Author and title 556 iq/,9 public catalog in the new setup and the contemporary economic thought. »7 -1949— simpler typing forms that the Serial De- Pirty, 1911,-1 o?l, —Ma- lQ/,9 partment was enabled to put into effect ikMimH— 4n ftma^y, Italy and because of having only one catalog for the 1950 public reduced the amount of time required for typing sets of serial cards to the extent of one full-time typist, and there was no FIG. I. Monograph holdings card substituted longer a separate public serial catalog re- for series added entries in public catalog. This quiring filing and maintenance by the de- type of card was planned and put into use in the early i94o's by the former head of the partment. Serial Department, Grace P. Fuller. The interfiling also accomplished the original objectives of making it possible for The proposal was limited to changing readers to find all publications in one cata- the form for current sets only. Although log and of dispersing the congestion at the changing all monograph series, including public serial catalog. those which had ceased publication and The chief difficulty experienced since the those of which Yale had only scattered interfiling has seemed to be the inability of files, would have made the system uniform some readers to find such periodicals as and would have resulted in the elimination Time, Life or Education, which are now of a much larger number of cards from the filed after subjects and before other titles public catalog, this task seemed an impos- beginning with the same word. The in- sible one for the department to undertake. sertion of additional guide cards is ex- This tremendous project was started pected to obviate this difficulty. shortly after the interfiling was finished. It went much more slowly than the inter- Subsidiary Benefits filing, since it had to be done along with There were several subsidiary benefits current work; but it was finally finished in derived from the reworking of the classed- January 1950. Since, on the average, one together monograph series. It was inevi- holdings card was substituted for every five table that the serial catalogers should dis- series added entries, the public catalog was cover that many volumes which were sup- reduced by about 17,500 cards. posed to be analyzed never had been done. Series added entries for classed-together The Catalog Department cooperated to monograph series had been filed in the offi- the fullest extent in clearing up these cial catalog in the Catalog Department as arrears in analyzing so that, by the time well as in the public catalog. All such the Serial Department had completed its

JULY, 1951 225 work on this project, the catalog was up The rules for selecting the titles for this to date in this respect. particular project were drawn up by the Furthermore, there were many analyzed chief of the Union Catalog Division and series which, in the light of present-day by the head of the Catalog Department of policies, would not be analyzed at all. Yale. They worked together during a Some of these were de-analyzed, and for visit of the former to Yale and through others the decision was made not to analyze correspondence verified tentative decisions in the future. The Reference Department by checking the results as the cards selected was consulted frequently in deciding about in trial runs were filed into the National these series and was very helpful in this re- Union Catalog. spect. Naturally enough, titles were not selected Another gain was that, in going over for cards already sent to the National the entire serial catalog from A to Z, the Union Catalog. There were some 162,000 serial catalogers found and straightened out of these, since Yale had been contributing many inconsistencies between serial and cards from current cataloging for many monograph cataloging that had crept in dur- years and had sent down also an extra shelf- ing the years. With only one public cata- list of titles in the Rare Book Room and log now, the likelihood of these going un- a card file of material in the Russian lan- discovered in the future will be much less. guage, both of which files had been dis- continued. In anticipation of the project UNION CATALOG PROJECT and after the scope of cards contributed to In the winter of 1947-48 the chief of the Union Catalog on a current basis had the Union Catalog Division of the Library been enlarged in 1943, the main entry cards of Congress and the librarian of Yale de- in the public catalog had been stamped cided that the time had finally come when "CDU made." These cards were omitted it would be possible to record in the Na- easily enough in the selection process, tional Union Catalog titles held by Yale. granted sufficient concentration, as were L.' A new method of microfilm reproduction C. cards for which Yale had supplied copy was available which did not require manual for printing. Recognition of entries sent copying by a W.P.A. or other nonexistent before 1943 was the trickiest part of the corps. The chief of the Union Catalog selection process. In general, all mimeo- Division, after having inspected the Yale graphed cards were omitted, because since catalog, was convinced that a properly se- 1939 an extra card had been run off for lected half-million titles would adequately the Union Catalog for any mimeographed represent Yale's holdings for the purposes set of cards; and this method of duplication of the National Union Catalog and felt had been installed at Yale only a few years that his staff, somewhat increased after the prior to 1939. depression years which fell on the heels of The other categories of material not se- the golden Project B days, could integrate lected were titles believed to be already in that number of cards into the Union Cata- the National Union Catalog with locations log. The librarian of Yale was willing to from a sufficient number of libraries or let the Yale staff do the selection part of titles that could be located through other the project in order to contribute to the finding lists. These categories were : Amer- National Union Catalog the listing of ican copyright imprints after 1899; Amer- Yale's vast research materials. ican imprints 1800-1899 on L.C. printed

226 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES cards; L.C. printed cards for foreign hooks filed according to older rules. Coopera- in a series; serials; page analytics and re- tion with the serial interfiling project was prints except dissertations; single maps; extended by crossing out stamps on subject sheet music; incunabula; documents of the cards containing the now obsolete phrase United States, all states except Connecti- "See Serial Catalogue." Alert eyes also cut, and all cities except New Haven, and accumulated 10^" of temporary slips which documents of large foreign countries; con- had not been pulled by the filers for one gressional speeches; law reports; material reason or another when the permanent cards being allocated to Yale's possible storage were filed. collection; unimportant pamphlets; and The selection of entries to be filmed for variant editions when place, publisher and the National Union Catalog and the remov- pagination were alike. ing or editing of cards in the Yale catalog The selection process required profes- for Yale's own benefit was done by 24 of sional people who would understand the the professional staff from all departments reasoning behind the bases for selection, in the library. The cards to be filmed were who could read the cards in the Yale cata- turned up in place in each tray; and the log quickly and recognize the kind of ma- trays were placed on a truck at the filming terial represented by them. Although Yale machine, which was set up by the public was willing to donate the time of profes- catalog so that the trays were never un- sional staff to promote the value and use available to the public. The filming was of the National Union Catalog, neverthe- done by high school assistants, student and less, it was recognized that this would be clerical help. Since the filming went much expensive. To make the most of the time faster than the selecting, there was a pre- spent thumbing through cards, various other ponderance of professional staff used. pieces of work were included from which The microfilm camera was provided by Yale would realize profit for itself. the Library of Congress and was a Rem- Titles of books in the stacks that would ington Rand, 16 millimeter. The rolls of be candidates for the Rare Book Room ac- film were mailed to Remington Rand who cording to recently accepted dates for po- developed them. The enlargement prints tential rarity were noted on slips, and the were made by the Library of Congress slips (about 1800) were sent to the librar- Photoduplication Service, and these when ian of the Rare Book Room. Cards for cut and punched by the Union Catalog maps and manuscripts were removed from Division staff produced 3" x 5" card size the catalog, because although for several stock. years they had been filed only in separate The number of titles selected totaled catalogs for maps and manuscripts, there about 600,000. This was a formidable had been no systematic gleaning of cards amount to be absorbed by the National made for the public catalog before the Union Catalog staff; but the combination separate catalogs were started. Some 9400 of mechanical copying and judicious selec- cards for A.L.A. page analytics, no longer tion of entries made it an easy task for useful, were removed from the catalog. them compared to their previous arduous Certain changes in filing were uniformly labor on the Philadelphia and Cleveland put in force, which otherwise would have union catalogs, which had been sent to been left for the filers to change whenever, Washington tray by tray and literally com- and if ever, they encountered the cards pared and copied by typewriter.

JULY, 1951 227 A study made during one of the trial It is interesting and perhaps significant runs with about 1400 cards showed that 32 to note that the thousands of hours spent per cent were titles new to the Union on the catalog in the three Yale projects Catalog, 25 per cent were second locations did not overburden the staff or bog down and only 8 per cent were already there with other work. On the contrary, the annual six or more locations. A later sample with a statistics for output of regular cataloging much larger number of cards (13,OCX)) and in those years showed an increase. This a definition of a "new" title as one not rep- may have been because of new routines and resented by any edition showed but 7 per personnel; but it might well have resulted cent of new titles. A third test was made entirely, or partially, from an additional which helps comparison of the 32 per cent surge of energy springing from the spirit figure of the first test, which included other of accomplishment in pushing through the editions, with the 7 per cent figure of the projects. second test. In the third test (with about Certainly there is something exciting 1600 cards), there were 19.4 per cent new about a piece of work which moves titles exclusive of other editions and 10.5 rhythmically through a catalog from A to Z. per cent of new editions, which make a Progress is tangible. Z will be the end, total of 29.9 per cent to compare with the and M the halfway point. This produces 32 per cent of the first test. a dynamic mood, in retrospect at least, not The 600,000 titles filmed in the project induced by the cataloger's ordinary desk and the 162,000 entries previously sent view of endless uncataloged books, with a down have contributed to the National void as the only concrete manifestation of Union Catalog a total of 750,000 selected completed work. The catalog is seen as a titles of important books possessed by Yale. whole, which again is an invigorating contrast to the erratic approach afforded by CONCLUSION: PERIODIC checking here and there in the normal CHANGES IN A LARGE day's work. The policies and technical CATALOG prowess of preceding librarians and cata- The common feature of the three projects logers can be absorbed as a whole picture. was the subordination of the size of the It is doubtful, however, if any project not catalog to other aspects of problems involv- accepted by the staff as a worthwhile ob- ing the catalog. The size of the catalog jective would leave a feeling of satisfaction as a factor in the amount of work to be and an urge to start on a new program of done could hardly be ignored, but it was concerted action. Nor would a poorlv a factor viewed dispassionately and then made catalog be an inspiration. treated by allocating many people to the In this connection may be pointed out work. a difference in effect, on staff and on the The physical handling of a large catalog catalog, between a casual decision and a is a matter of quantity. A thousand hours project decision. If a policy is instituted is a total of 100 hours from 10 people, or or changed without much discussion or 50 hours from 20 people. A large staff without consideration by all persons in- can work through a large catalog as easily volved, it is hard to put across the change as one or two persons can work through a in routine. A memorandum directive is small catalog if there is coordination and not always remembered and followed when mutual understanding. the points in question eventually appear in

228 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES the daily work; hence, changes may be ap- sonalities and purposes and the integration plied unevenly or lackadaisically. of a large staff with special talents and There is something insidious about casual duties. The physical size of the catalog is small changes in a large catalog. Minor not the major problem. alterations applied gingerly can do more These are a few observations and reflec- to deform a catalog than a clear cut master tions that have come from the projects on blow that strikes the entire catalog at once. the Yale catalog. It was an opportunist Unadvertised changes catch people un- imagination that seized the chance to edit awares, for the cards in the catalog do not the catalog while listing headings for the proclaim by whom and under which rules subject file and while selecting entries for they were made. This applies even more the National Union Catalog. The venture forcefully to altered policies in the produc- was so successful that it seems quite pos- tion of cards for the catalog. Cards not sible now as a normal course of action to made and information not put on cards build up consciously a list of desired never can be found in the catalog, and no changes to be put into effect at periodic editing of the catalog without the books in intervals instead of leaving change to hand can ever supply what was never done. chance. It seems better to let a catalog grow uni- Such a system would encourage the in- formly and then cut it back or trim it out dividual staff member to contribute isolated at periodic intervals according to a stated suggestions which, together with ideas library-wide policy after a long period of picked up at random or otherwise from deliberation than to maim and distort it readers, can be accumulated, coordinated with a blight of small economies or pseudo- and developed into a larger policy. Action brilliant ideas introduced intermittently on would not necessarily have to follow on tiny segments. the heels of decision but could wait along A project decision has the attention of with other approved changes for the next everybody at once. A sizeable expenditure editing project on the catalog. This would of time, blocked out as such, will not be provide time for retrospective confirmation granted until competent advice has ap- of decisions. The project pool for periodic proved it. The staff as a whole carries out editing of the catalog should be limited to the decision and is concentrating on all the changes requiring systematic A-Z work on attendant problems. This is important in the catalog, illustrated in the Yale projects a large library, for the problem of the size by the editing of place-name subdivisions of the catalog is not purely a matter of and the removal of cards for maps and quantity. The quality of the catalog manuscripts. The editing would be done springs from the intricacies of its design by as many people as possible and thereby for answering manifold questions for multi- quickly completed without undue interrup- farious purposes. It takes many people tion of normal work. with various points of view and active con- If there is a sound basis for desiring a tact with the catalog and all parts of the change, there seems to be no reason for not work of the library to pursue adequately making it. A catalog, even though large, the ramifications of the purposes and design is not impossible to handle. A change is of the catalog. The real difficulties in not too expensive if the result is future handling a large catalog are the analysis economy; or is it unnecessary if the out- of the needs of readers with diverse per- come is better service to readers.

JULY, 1951 229 By LESLEY M. HEATHCOTE

Function and Color: Montana State College Library

Miss Heathcote is librarian, Montana hard, especially with library committees, is State College. the idea of a large, lofty monumental main reading room. Having spent many years N 1947 the Montana State Legislature of my life in that librarians' nightmare, the I had a postwar building fund to divide University of Washington Library, I was among the six units of its higher educational determined against anything even vaguely system, and the State College was allotted resembling it. We went round and round $400,000 for the erection of a library build- on the reading room for awhile but as mat- ing. The library was then housed on the ters turned out, no decision had to be made second floor of the administration building at that time. We decided on the stem of in quarters that were dark, dirty, inade- the L only, with the hope that some day quate and thoroughly depressing. Even Montana would find the money to finish the though the trend of prices at that time building. made $400,000 look pretty small, and grow- Ground was broken in September 1948 ing smaller all the time, the prospect of and in spite of the severe winter which any kind of building seemed almost too closed down work for over two months, good to be true. we were able to move in during the Christ- Each time John Paul Jones, the consult- mas recess of 1949. Nine working days ing architect from Seattle, brought the saw the move completed and.we opened up plans over to Bozeman, the building was a for business in our new quarters on Jan. 9, little smaller. One day the librarian, then 1950. As all our furniture had not yet Mrs. Lois Payson, remarked to him that arrived, we made shift with what we had he must feel like one of those primitive for a while. tribes that shrinks the heads of its victims. The building measures 67' 1" by 132' 7" "Yes," said he, "and you must feel like and has a total area of 8894 square feet. It the head." Mrs. Payson resigned in June is built of concrete with brick facing. Its 1947 and the present librarian carried on outside more or less matches some of the from there. other architecture on the campus, and is not It soon became obvious that we did not especially inspiring to look at. We librar- have the money for a complete building, ians had nothing to say about that and in unless we were willing to accept one that any case we were more interested in the would be inadequate in every way right inside. The building faces north, which from the day we moved in. The plans is not the best aspect for this climate but called for an L-shaped, modular type build- so far we have not had trouble. Radiant ing, the stem of the L to contain the work heating under the front porch would prob- quarters, staff rooms and most of the stacks, ably have been helpful but we use rubber and the foot of the L to be the main read- matting instead to overcome the slipperiness ing room. One of the traditions that dies in frosty weather. The cost of the building

230 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES was approximately $370,000 or 9O0 a typing room also. On this floor there is cubic foot and the stacks, furniture and also a browsing area with easy chairs where equipment cost an additional $90,000. bulletin boards and display cases show our Ours is an open-stack library, but the wares. building arrangement is such that the stacks In all parts of the building except the could easily be closed. We do not contem- third floor, large, steel-framed windows plate doing this in the foreseeable future, offer fine views of our beautiful mountains however, for our students need the easy and valley. But the third floor has no access to books that we now give. Many windows. It was originally intended for of them come from communities without storage purposes only, but when it was de- libraries and homes without books and we cided that we could have only one wing of think that their college library should be the building, it was obvious that this area as open and as easy to use as possible. would have to help house our regular col- In the basement we have the restricted lection. A few tables and chairs brought stacks, which are not open to student use, from the old quarters make it possible for and which contain most of our government students to study up there. In all, we can documents, the early volumes of our gen- seat close to 400 of our normal student body eral periodicals and our newspapers. of 3000. Twenty-eight carrells for the use of grad- Most of the building is provided with uate students are housed here also. At one acoustical tile ceilings. The reading room end an area is blocked off for storage of lights are G.E. slimline fluorescents with our Agricultural Experiment Station publi- incandescents used in the stack areas. The cations. A door which is kept locked leads floors are covered with 1/8" linoleum in a into the lower hall where the machinery grey marbled effect with touches of salmon room and the public rest rooms are situated. pink in it. Full use has been made of color The latter are within a few steps of the throughout the building, including coral, front door. .various shades of green, chartreuse, pale The main floor contains the staff of- lavender and yellow. The furniture is fices, beginning in the northeast corner with Remington Rand Trend in white oak fin- the librarian's suite and extending along the ished in silver grey and the stacks are grey. east side of the building. The circulation The Venetian blinds, very necessary in our desk is facing you as you enter the front sunny climate, are silver grey aluminum. door, and to the right is the general refer- Our Montana students are not in general ence area. At the south end are a stack very much accustomed to libraries, and area and a reading room. those that they do know tend to be the The second floor contains a small stack Carnegie type building which has long since area housing the general books in our spe- lost any attractiveness that it might have cial fields, but it is mostly reading room, and had. Our task therefore is twofold: to the technical reference books in these same persuade the students to come into the li- fields of engineering, agriculture and home brary and to encourage them to read more economics are shelved here. In addition widely once they have come. Our attrac- there is a small rare book room and two tive building and simple arrangement of conference rooms which can be made into books are helping greatly to carry out the one by rolling back a folding plastic curtain. first task. For the second we are using One of the rooms does duty as a public eye-catching bulletin board displays, and

JULY, 1951 231 special displays of books in the browsing shall require all this space for special read- area and on the first floor. ing rooms, map room, rooms for reading By the time we can build the other machines, individual seminar or conference wing, library fashions may have changed rooms, a small auditorium for motion pic- completely, but nonetheless we have definite ture projection and a room for archives ideas as to what should go into it. The storage. In addition to this wing, provision original plans called only for a reading is made for extension toward the south, room—no basement, no second floor. But and if necessary in the distant future, the now we plan to ask for basement, first building could be completed in a hollow floor, second floor and attic, just as we have square. The simplicity of the present struc- in the present wing. We believe that we ture makes it very flexible.

The Administration of Intelligence Archives (Continued from page 2ig) constitutes a special problem, for govern- cataloging and classification. Inventive- ment regulations are demanding. Secondly, ness, clear thinking and the ability to work an intelligence research center grows under pressure are particular qualifications rapidly despite careful weeding. There- needed by people engaged in such profes- fore, due consideration for security and sional work. Since no final solution has growth should govern the allocation of been found for the multitude of problems space for the center when it is set up. presented, an open mind is essential. Most Poor working conditions, frayed nerves and important, an efficient research center de- crowded quarters are not conducive to ef- mands good organization; a strong ad- fective research which requires as much ministrator in whom is combined a knowl- quiet and academic environment as a gov- edge of librarianship and an appreciation ernment building will allow. of intelligence service; and a staff alert to In summary then, it may be said that the new ideas and ready to capitalize on them concept of a research center and intelligence in improving service, making materials archives is a relatively new extension of available promptly and facilitating the work library service. It is a testing ground for of other intelligence workers, thus further- new techniques of library administration, ing the mission of U.S. strategic intelli- new machines and new approaches to gence.

232 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES By NEAL HARLOW

Remodel While You Work

Mr. Harlow is assistant librarian, Uni- a new wing of the library building was an versity of California at Los Angeles. item to remodel the old structure to adjust it to the resulting changes. Fortunately, EMODELING offers building opportuni- construction and reconstruction were not R- ties and problems similar to those of concurrent as planned, but came in se- new construction, except that planning be- quence, or the disruption of library opera- gins with fixed outlines—and the planners tions would have been scandalously com- are inside. If the old building looks tacky, plete. Building the new wing required 18 if its facilities are 20 to 40 years old, or its months; remodeling, over seven, with a physical arrangement is outmoded by new year intervening for planning and bids—a developments in service or by recent struc- three-year interim of disturbance. Refer- tural additions, call in the best available ad- ence here to some of the experiences may visers on service, building and finance and not be amiss for members of a notoriously explore what a remodeling project can do. building-conscious profession. Unless the existing structure is too tight, Planning began back in the pre-World erratic or outgrown for satisfactory revision War II past, but changed as the library de- or expansion, it can be revamped to provide veloped under the stimulation of a postwar new arrangements and working conditions population surge and the energies of a new which more nearly comply with modern library administration. About 1948, plans standards. were cued into a 25-Year Building Program, Many aspects of beauty and utility are indicating not only what was immediately only skin deep. New paint, acoustical needed for sound library operation, but how treatment and floor covering are obvious these units of space, capacity and service surface features. New lighting may well fitted into future campus library needs. be, unless old wiring is overloaded or sub- The occupation of the new wing, and the standard. Nonbearing partitions can be re- gradual eviction of nonlibrary users of moved with little difficulty and new ones building space, led up to the Alterations erected. New air supplies can be built in. Project, intended to bring the whole library Surplus head room can be furred down, and plan up to present needs and standards. rooms, corridors, windows and doors can Remodeling procedures are hard to be added or taken away. Old finishings, codify, even in retrospect. They do not furnishings and furbishings may be readily start with a clean slate or a cleared plot restyled or renewed. Such miracles of but with so much enclosed area, and it rehabilitation will raise the spirits of the probably is not enough. "Library stand- staff, interest the public and benefit all the ards" for buildings ought to be kept con- operations of the library. veniently in mind, but they are more suit- Something of the sort has been done at able to new construction, library literature, the University of California at Los Angeles. 25-year plans, and promotional campaigns. Attached to a recent appropriation to erect Remodelers need to begin by looking search-

JULY, 1951 233 ingly into present conditions, current opera- an island or a police kiosk among traffic tions and existing services. lanes? Are the arrangement and appear- At U.C.L.A. planning was done by de- ance of inside departments orderly, func- partments, with a coordinator to adjust, tional and conducive to efficient, satisfactory unify, arbitrate or make decisions as condi- work? Systematically check all passages, tions indicated. Many persons participated, blocks, w»rk areas, service stations and and several sets of departmental studies parking spaces, but avoid getting sidetracked and layouts were abandoned as the proba- into diverting but endless studies, statistics bility of remodeling waxed and waned. So and surveys. much had circumstances altered cases in New Services the last two years before construction began that a full set of detailed drawings were Planned new services or extensions of fortunately canceled and a new set pre- existing facilities call for the rearrangement pared. By that time the general layout of of space and the shifting or acquisition of library use and of space had jelled, and the new equipment. Examples of such develop- plan seemed wholly logical and sound. ments are new undergraduate services; Essential planning should include (I) graduate and faculty desks or carrells; the study and evaluation of existing facili- inside space for professional staff in public ties, (2) provision for needed new services departments; provision for the care and use and (3) the general modernization of of rare books, music, government publica- equipment and utilities. One should not tions and bibliography; listening, smoking work too much in the abstract; the general and typing rooms; staff quarters; an in- pattern of construction is already set, and formation desk. The area of a former remodeling is concerned with making spe- reading room, vacated offices and class- cific adaptations. rooms, an abandoned storage area—whatever space can be reclaimed by substitution, Existing Facilities exchange or conversion—can be transmuted A good deal of information about exist- into virtually any use which is consistent ing dislocations and inadequacies is probably with the over-all traffic and service plan. already available or potential in the minds Attempt to take care of current needs, with of the staff. Hints of unsatisfactory condi- a possible margin for expansion, or at least tions and ideas for their improvement can with definite plans for future changes and often be obtained or checked by discussing additions. Alterations should be something existing problems. With staff aid, trace more than stopgaps; they should fit directly freight and passenger routes through the li- or eventually into a cumulative program of brary, for ease and convenience of flow. library development. Must books travel over devious paths and Modernization hurdles from the receiving room door to their roosts in the stack? Are there hitches Modernization of furnishings, finishings or complications in the delivery and return and utilities are periodically in order. New of books between shelves and borrowers? paint, using light colors, chosen imagina- Does the public become stranded at certain tively and with restraint, will bring about points or pile up in queues? Instead of the quickest miracle. Most lighting a being a convenient center of reference and decade old can be improved with new, ade- bibliography, does the reference desk become quate fixtures, giving higher intensities,

234 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES better diffusion, less glare and a generally tables, solving after many years of student more comfortable and stimulating visual criticism and candlelight parades a problem environment. Ample general illumination, as old as the building itself. instead of strictly local lighting, for reading, Window glare may be controlled by the work and stack areas should be investigated. common Venetian blind, inside or outside The control of outside glare is important louvres, screens of several types, colored to inside lighting, reducing the contrast glass or plastic filters (such as Plexiglass), between window brightness and interior or by one of the several kinds of glass which light levels. Likewise, inside extremes bend, absorb or shield light rays when should be brought close together. Good viewed from predetermined angles. The general illumination, with light colored and filter principle (with colors in the blues, evenly illuminated ceilings, ligftt walls, greens and browns) gives the most natural light but dull finished table tops, a medium appearance, avoiding the dark or opaque to light floor covering, and the screening of effects produced by most types of control. outside glare creates an over-all high scale Acoustical treatment of reading and visual pattern which is easy on the eyes, working areas gives the auditory system a pleasant to the senses and economic of opera- treat similar to that provided for the eyes tion, since fewer foot-candles of artificial by balanced lighting. Acoustical tile is illumination are needed under such condi- probably the easiest type to apply to existing tions. Well-designed and placed fluorescent space, and its effects are truly marvelous. units at U.C.L.A. are proving thoroughly Air conditioning units can be installed in satisfactory, in spite of preliminary doubts new "fan" rooms to correct specific situa- and fears. Suspended, not flush mounted, tions (forced air, warmed and filtered, is they light ceiling as well as floors. One the least expensive type, with humidity con- type with hinged Holophane lenses has trol and refrigeration additional). New proven particularly good for offices and floor coverings (asphalt tile, linoleum, rub- public reading room use. ber tile and cork, the most common ma- Not devoted to fluorescents for all condi- terials), new counter and table tops, tions, a different solution has been found for modernized plumbing, adequate electrical the library's one monumental reading room. service outlets and switching, intercom- Flush with the surface of its 38-foot munication systems, new furniture, unit vaulted ceiling are installed banks of mixed steel shelving and countless other latter day incandescent and mercury vapor globes, inventions offer unending possibilities. each light with its separate reflector, with New doors, walls, ceilings or mezzanine thin, light colored metal louvres beneath. construction should not be overlooked dur- Each of 40 panels contains one 450-watt ing planning. mercury vapor globe (Westinghouse Early in the initial study and planning EH-i) and two 750-watt incandescent period an architect and engineer should be bulbs. And in a central dome are em- brought into the program, since they can bedded a pattern of recessed spots (R-40) provide both preventative and curative as- which light without deforming this exist- sistance. In addition to their special tech- ing architectural feature. In another area nical knowledge, their knack, experience a floodlighted ceiling counteracts the glare and training can very often provide better of spots and adds to general illumination. solutions to problems recognized and pre- Thus a flood of light is provided on reading sented by the librarian than can the librar-

JULY, 1951 235 ian himself. And of course the finished an addendum of items to be bid upon as al- drawings, specifications and standards are ternates. That part of the total project prepared by them. But the plans, particu- which can be encompassed by the existing larly those showing the layout of space and budget can then be authorized without can- the location of electrical and mechanical celing all of the bids and starting again. features, should be gone over inch by inch Units of lighting, acoustical treatment, by a knowledgeable member of the library flooring, certain plumbing items or work on staff. He should investigate the adequacy some designated area of the building may of lighting to fit general or special require- comprise alternates. Bids may be aimed at ments; the presence of electrical outlets for a general contractor who sublets services reaching machines, erasers, playing equip- and materials and includes subcontractors' ment, clocks and typewriters; the conveni- bids in his total estimate; or the project may ence of switches for the control of light be divided into construction and materials (enclosed panel controls for most fluores- or into general construction, mechanical and cents) ; the existence of drinking fountains electrical work, or in other ways. A gen- and wash basins; and of telephones for staff eral contractor will find it necessary to add and public use; the proper linear space for a margin of cost for imponderables. If the standard shelving and furniture; the precise contract does not go to a general contractor, heights of counters and tables, with space the institution must face the responsibility below for knees or shelving; the placement for the delivery of materials and for the and swing of doors for best traffic use and integration of the several construction op- economy of wall space; the setting up of erations, and it will have to pay the penal- control points for library materials and of ties for delays and duplication. an adequate keying system; the provision With the beginning of construction, the of directional signs; and the omission of real period of travail sets in. A member nonessential items. The architect will be of the library staff, presumably the build- sure to provide proper stairways, public ing coordinator, should follow the project toilets, janitors' closets, mechanical areas closely, working intimately with the inspec- and other facilities essential for normal cir- tors provided by the institution and archi- culation, building maintenance and emer- tects. Errors and omissions in the original gencies. Fortunate is the librarian who has plans will appear, and he should point out (as at U.C.L.A.) a competent and coopera- his discoveries and have them corrected if tive Office of Architects & Engineers at his possible. He should make advance arrange- beck and call. ments for shifts of people and material and Specifications should incorporate stand- see them carried out on schedule. This ards for materials and construction, citing will likely be the cause of greatest discom- acceptable brands or equivalents, when they fort and confusion, and he will need a exist. Remodeling may need to be sched- limited amount of emergency authority uled in two or more successive stages, in over library operations in order to assure order not to disrupt library service too complete coordination of workmen and staff. seriously, and a statement of these limita- Detailed plans and maps of moves may be tions should be included. To guard against required for the guidance of workmen. having the low bid in excess of available Special attention should be given to pub- funds, the specifications may designate a licizing the remodeling project in advance basic unit of material and construction, with (Continued on page 252)

236 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES By FRANK LUNDY and KATHRYN R. RENFRO

Problems Confronting University Libraries1

Mr. Lundy is director of libraries, and last summer's meeting of the Association of Miss Renfro, technical service librarian, Research Libraries to the effect that the University of Nebraska. A.R.L. should divest itself of many of its numerous activities in favor of the A.C.R.L. AVING assumed the responsibility of The informal discussion from that point of H planning programs for the midwinter view was led by Dr. Ralph Ellsworth, long and summer conferences of A.C.R.L.'s Uni- a leader in A.R.L. undertakings, and now versity Libraries Section in 1951, your President-elect of the A.C.R.L. chairman felt the need of obtaining advice This report consists of two principal from university librarians in all sections of groups of ideas: first, those which concern the country. Accordingly, an inquiry was university librarianship on a national scale, sent to 72 librarians last October. The under the broad headings of bibliographical mailing list included the directors of large control, deposit libraries, interlibrary loans university libraries, the deans of several and microfilming or microcarding; and sec- library schools and the librarians of a num- ond, problems common to many but con- ber of research and governmental libraries. cerned with the operation of a single insti- Forty-two of the correspondents contributed tution, under the headings of general ad- specific suggestions. ministration, finance, personnel, technical The questionnaire solicited information services, readers' services and storage. and comment on current research projects Bibliographical Control and Organization in the area of university librarianship and on important problems in this field that Much interest is in evidence in both the ought to be explored. The replies ranged University of Chicago Institute of last sum- from high-level policy and government in mer and the recent Unesco Conference in university libraries to specific and immediate Paris on the improvement of bibliographical problems and in some cases to studies of services and controls. Several librarians local value only. Therefore, this report want a further development of points will make no attempt to list or classify all brought out at the Chicago Institute and a of the 150 projects or problems mentioned study of the pending bibliographical pro- by the correspondents, but rather to high- posals recently made by the Library of Con- light and summarize those which were re- gress, Unesco and other agencies. An peatedly emphasized or which seem to be of evaluation of the work of the various bib- widespread interest. liographical centers has also been suggested. Emphasis was given to cooperative bibliog- This report may have added usefulness at raphy in special subjects, with particular this time because of opinions expressed at mention of the social sciences currently 1 Report presented at the meeting of the University under exploration at the University of Chi- Libraries Section, A.C.R.L., Feb. 2, 1951, Chicago.

JULY, 1951 237 cago. The vast accretion of titles in card take greater corporate interest in microfilm catalogs points to the need for reference projects?" Another possibility is that the guides in the form of selective and an- section might undertake to determine what notated bibliographies in each of several important research journals and books subjects. Closer collaboration between li- should be reproduced by microcard, film or braries and bibliographical services will help offset printing. Although some such proj- control the tremendous and rapidly increas- ects may be under way, the need is felt for ing body of information available in print. sponsorship of a comprehensive over-all program. Need is also expressed for a report Deposit Libraries comparable to a consumers' research report Concern is expressed by university librar- on microfilm and microcard readers. Such ians over the size of university library book a report would evaluate the readers now collections. The problem of size must be available and recommend types for purchase. related to the aims of the institution, and Finally, there is the problem of educating also to the task of maintaining good re- the university faculty to the place where its search collections in all the areas in which members will use microreproductions as the institution has such an interest. Some readily as books in full-size print. individuals wish that the large libraries in the country could be more stirred up General Administration about cooperative deposit libraries as ap- In general administration, university li- pendages to groups of research libraries. brary relationships are conspicuously outlined as follows: the relation of the univer- Interlibrary Loans sity library to the teaching profession, to the The report of the A.C.R.L. Interlibrary university research program and to the uni- Loans Committee which is in preparation versity press; the relationship between the has evoked considerable interest. This com- general library and professional school li- mittee is working on the problem of simpli- braries ; and an appropriate relationship be- fying and standardizing the printed forms tween the chief librarian and the faculty in interlibrary lending. Other items men- library committee. A closely related topic tioned for consideration are detailed studies is democracy in library administration as it of the costs of interlibrary loan transactions, is practiced in the Library of Congress, the responsibility for reproduction of ma- and in several university libraries. terials to meet interlibrary loan requests and the question of borrowing for whom. Finance The problem of getting adequate finan- Microfilming and Microcarding cial support is closely related to that of Several problems are indicated for the maintaining strong research collections. area of facsimile materials. It is suggested This problem is becoming all the more seri- that an exposition of our present status in ous in view of the expansion of teaching microfilms and microcards should be made. and research and of present inflationary This would imply the development of a trends. Specific budgetary problems men- clearing house for microfilms located at the tioned range from the allocation of book Library of Congress, and the pulling to- funds to decisions as to where to cut serv- gether of records as to who has microfilmed ices and what materials to preserve in a what. As one librarian asks: "Should the time of economy budgets and with due rec- A.C.R.L.'s University Libraries Section ognition of the problem of preserving a

238 • COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES proper balance between expenditures for librarian, Keyes Metcalf, appearing in the books and for salaries. Harvard Library Bulletin. Studies of acquisition policy should be made in other Personnel university libraries. A re-examination of Many of today's most urgent problems the Farmington Plan appears to be in order. concern personnel, in the opinion of several Should librarians be working out alternative university librarians. One comments: "Be- means of attaining the plan's objectives? fore university libraries can hope to do their One librarian is urging a cooperative acqui- job adequately, university library service, sition plan on a regional scale for the ac- particularly at lower levels, has to be made quisition of certain types of American pub- more attractive to first-rate people. The lications, those, for example, of learned so- total problem involves recruitment, train- cieties and of American university presses. ing, salary and status among other things. In the field of cataloging, one administra- We have talked a great deal about these tor wants a book written on cataloging problems but very little has been accom- "short cuts" and suggests Mr. Low's work plished in solving them." at Oklahoma A. & M. as a point of de- Again it is the old story of getting more parture; while another suggests an admin- qualified people into the profession. With istrative look into the future of a five-mil- respect to professional education, one li- lion-card catalog. Should the catalog be brarian requests a panel of library school divided into three parts? Ralph Shaw's directors to explain to the University Librar- experiments with photo-clerical routines ies Section just what library schools are may have application here. Processing doing to train young people for work in problems worthy of examination include university libraries. Attention also needs to the handling of serials and representative be focused on present practices and possible cataloging of difficult materials such as improvements in selection techniques. It orientalia. is still too difficult to locate qualified person? At least one western university librarian for a specific job and to obtain adequate believes that exchanges merit more serious information about such candidates. Com- attention. In the handling of duplicate parison with selection techniques commonly periodicals, librarians might work out an employed in civil service and in business arrangement whereby different libraries might be helpful. Related topics include would accept the responsibility of preserv- the present tendency to cut down on the ing extra copies of all journals listed in size of the professional staff with all of its certain pages of the Union List of Serials. implications, full-time employees versus stu- This division of responsibility would elimi- dent assistants and other part-time help, the nate some problems in preserving an ade- organization of the staff for administrative quate supply of duplicates for bindery re- efficiency and the drive toward unionization. placements. This same western librarian asked for the establishment of a branch of Technical services the United States Book Exchange on the Dr. Felix Reichmann at Cornell Uni- West Coast, to facilitate the handling of versity has been studying the problem of co- gifts for Philippine and Japanese libraries, ordination between the acquisition and cata- for example. log departments. His observations would To sum up technical services, as one li- be of interest. Acquisition policy is the brarian wrote, we need "A continued but subject of a series of articl.es by Harvard's perhaps more fundamental discussion of

JULY, 1951 239 the internal operating problems of librar- Miscellaneous >> les. Four subjects are grouped together at the end of this report because they are new de- Readers' Services velopments in the library field, or otherwise An overwhelming interest was expressed timely. The first is the preservation of li- in new experiments in the organization of brary materials amid the hazards of war, books for more effective use. One example and further consideration of the role univer- is the divisional library as in operation at sity libraries should take in local defense Colorado and Nebraska. Several librarians planning. The present situation also sug- have asked for an investigation of variations gests a decentralization of intellectual re- in the application of the divisional princi- sources so that the bulk of our books will ple—specifically the pros and cons of all not be concentrated in a half dozen metro- types of divisional reading room arrange- politan centers. ments. Another important trend is the pro- Second is the improvement of interlibrary vision of separate physical quarters for un- communication with an example of one dergraduate service in the university library, means, the teletype, at Racine and of as exemplified at Harvard and Illinois, and another, telefacsimile, at Oak Ridge. In- still another is the Princeton plan of throw- vestigation should be made of the possi- ing open its collection to all users and intro- bilities of using ultrafax, teletype and simi- ducing "reading oases." Several corre- lar devices. In clarification, one librarian spondents requested an evaluation of these comments: "Could such mechanisms re- several types of undergraduate libraries place, for example, union catalogs, and bib- with critical observation of their shortcom- liographical centers as now organized, or by ings. In fact, the broad subject of service to tying the research libraries of the country the undergraduate in the university library together make the total library resources seems to deserve a full exploration. The of the country readily available every- departmental library, too, is offered for where?" study, with respect to such factors as opti- Third in this miscellaneous group is the mum size, effectiveness, cost, relationship to problem of accreditation. It is contended general library service, etc. that the A.L.A. should concern itself with accrediting libraries for the various regional Book Storage and professional accrediting associations and Questions raised over storage space for also that the A.L.A. should encourage the books involve not only criteria for discard- training of more librarians rather than con- ing versus storage, but also a formula for centrate its effort on restricting the number the type of material that should be placed of training agencies. in a storage library. Closely related is the Fourth is the program of the Board of problem of a divided catalog for books in Control for Southern Regional Education storage, as distinguished from books in use; and its implications for university libraries. also service to the research worker from the Accreditation as an activity of the A.L.A. storage area. Robert Orr's current study of and the southern regional program just the storage library plan at Iowa State Col- mentioned will be more fully considered lege will be of wide interest, as have Fre- in the two papers we are to hear this eve- mont Rider's several published studies on ning. problems of book storage. (Continued on page 272)

240 • COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES By PATRICIA MARVIN

Circulation in the Divisional Library: The New Plan of Service

Mrs. Marvin is assistant librarian, Cir- ices. The old ideas and methods of book culation Department, University of Ne- circulation and the old routines of the cir- braska Libraries. culation department cannot remain unaf- fected by these recent experiments in the N THE last two decades, the American organization of library service. In fact, the I university library has had to meet the successful functioning of the divisional li- challenge of changing intellectual and aca- brary depends in great part upon the method demic ideals on the campus. This has been of circulating books from the reading rooms made possible through the inauguration of and the services given the student and fac- the divisional library plan. The University ulty member at the circulation desk. of Nebraska's divisional library is an excellent example of what can be accomplished Pivotal Position by coordinating library service with the new The University of Nebraska, one of the teaching techniques of the university. three pioneers in planned divisional library Textbook teaching has yielded generally to service on a large scale, has recognized the independent reading assignments at Ne- essential importance of the circulation de- braska, as in other universities. The exten- partment as a guidance and directional sive open-shelf collections in the divisional center, and as a coordinating department reading rooms provide undergraduate stu- upon which the reading rooms depend for dents easy access to the many books and other help in giving efficient service. The main printed materials which they need to consult circulation desk is, therefore, the place and read. where any patron may come to receive aid Subject specialists in the divisional read- in locating books, to ask questions about the ing rooms give expert service to both un- use of the catalog and to be directed to the dergraduate and graduate students through reading room specialist for reference as- intimate knowledge of subject matter and sistance. The circulation department is, library collections. The ability of the furthermore, the central unit of all public subject specialist in bibliography and in re- service, the seat of many decisions on gen- search methods is increasingly relied upon eral policies of service pertaining to all by the faculty as an extension of actual reading rooms. classroom instruction. The circulation department's pivotal posi- This development has involved a changed tion at Nebraska is unique when contrasted concept in library service from the old refer- to the general notion that divisional libraries ence room, general reading room, and work most efficiently by decentralizing cir- periodical room arrangement. There are culation, requiring each reading room to also immediate ramifications among the cir- handle its separate book circulation. Such culation department's functions and serv- a notion stems, in part at least, from the

JULY, 1951 241 idea that a reading room is a separately ment policies. In no other place in the functioning unit. It has been emphasized library is the question asked as often or as again and again at Nebraska that the sub- audibly, "Where is this book?" ject divisions, the humanities, the social A beginning trial period pointed the way studies and the sciences are intimately co- for planning and experimentation. Ini- ordinated parts of one central library, tially, the circulation activities were divided rather than separate libraries conveniently between the reading rooms and the main collected under one roof. Even beyond this, desk. The central circulation desk on the the case for centralization of circulation second floor handled the book charges from records with general informational and the stack area only, utilizing the standard guidance services makes remarkable sense Newark system of charging, with a numeri- in terms of both the quality of service cal indicator file by Dewey numbers, and a rendered and the quantity which can be date due file of call slips. handled. Each of the four reading rooms (humanities, social studies, education, and science In the Beginning & technology) handled its own circulation Moving into a new divisional library with a two-card system, requiring student building can be the realization of a dream assistants in each room to check out books for librarians, the faculty and the student and discharge them on return, and to con- body. This was certainly true at the Uni- trol the doors. A separate closed-shelf versity of Nebraska in the fall of 1945, reserve room on the ground floor, and when the Love Memorial Library opened apart from the reading rooms on the sec- its doors for service. For the librarians it ond and third floors, handled a large meant a new and rapidly expanding concept volume of circulation each day. The cen- of service to be developed. For the student tral loan desk, therefore, with few other and faculty member it meant a new and time-consuming duties, could concentrate more convenient way of finding and using its efforts upon instruction in the use of the books and materials. public catalog which is adjacent, and in Newness affects each person in a different giving general directional service. way. New libraries are no exception. Why Centralization? Would the reticent and uncertain freshman or sophomore be bewildered in the The system described had much to first stages of his library initiation? Would recommend it. Students and faculty mem- the graduate student or faculty member, bers responded gratefully to the aid given disregarding the public catalog because "he them by loan desk attendants in using the knew where his books should be," and catalog. Wary freshmen and sophomores utilizing his stack privileges, be obstructed were guided and encouraged into a library in his research when he found library ma- consciousness that would prove invaluable terials divided between the stacks and the in their university careers. Researchers and reading rooms? Would the splitting up of graduate students working on a thesis or books from their general subject areas in dissertation found that the unlimited loan the reading rooms into the reserve room period for stack materials charged to car- seriously impair the student in assembling rells and fourth floor studies greatly facili- his materials? These questions were per- tated their work. Was there a need for tinent in determining circulation depart- more or better service?

242 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Certain aspects inherent in this plan, books in the same subject area. The heavy however, did hinder the attendant at the demand for books in a few lower division central loan desk. Patrons invariably re- courses in the field of the social studies was turned to this desk where they had first met by the installation of a small two-hour been given help, if they had difficulty in reserve desk in that area on the third floor. locating the books they wished. In all The effect of these changes on the cir- probability, the specific book was checked culation routines was anticipated. The out. That the main circulation desk was circulation records in the reading rooms the logical place to be told this may have immediately became complicated. Student seemed obvious to the patron. But in order assistants could not be held responsible for to determine if the book were checked out sending overdues, "call-ins," and develop- before a further search could be made, it ing a "hold" system that would insure ade- was necessary to send the patron back to quate distribution of the books. The the reading room where the file of charges burden of reading room circulation neces- was kept. A strong case could be made, sarily fell upon each reading room librarian. therefore, to centralize all circulation files Under this system, the fact that reading at the main desk and thereby eliminate this room librarians were subject specialists was inconvenience. of no consequence if they were forced to The reserve room on the floor below pre- spend their time doing the work of clerical sented a second and quite different prob- assistants, being bogged down with circula- lem. The filing and withdrawal of half- tion activities. They had no time for real cards in the public catalog for books in the reference work or advising the students, reserve room was a tedious and never-end- for book selection or faculty conferences. ing task. The volume of reserve book serv- Moreover, duplicate procedures of circula- ice increased to the point where the seating tion were taking up unwarranted time in capacity of the reserve room was inade- four reading rooms, procedures which could quate. Furthermore, experience had proved be more efficiently performed, in terms of that often the most "live" books in many both time and personnel, in one central de- fields were tied up in the reserve room, partment. Certainly no stronger reasons away from the reading room where the for centralizing circulation activities at the same demand for them existed and where main desk could be found. they could be used in conjunction with other materials. The Centralized Plan is Inaugurated This situation was easily and effectively The main loan desk took over circula- obviated. The separate reserve room was tion activities for the whole library with abolished and turned into an unsupervised little difficulty. Students brought books to study hall. The reserve system was re- the desk from the reading rooms and were organized into a plan of overnight, three- charged for them. Books were returned day, and one-week reserve books which are at the same place. This change in itself shelved on the open shelves in the respective was a distinct advantage for the student, reading rooms on the second and third who could charge and return books at the floors. This step alleviated the congestion same desk instead of having to remember of a reserve room, eliminated the need for which room or desk they came from. continual change of the half-cards in the Files were not altered. Bookcards from public catalog and brought together more stack books and reading room books were

JULY, 1951 243 filed together in the indicator file by filed in it on the day a shipment is sent out. Dewey number, call slips by the date due. A The master file card for a book shelved small file of second bookcards from reading in a reading room contains the author's last room books was established, from which name, the short title, call number and copy each room's separate circulation statistics and volume numbers. Each card is stamped were compiled. with the proper reading room and all cards Notwithstanding the ease of conversion, are filed in Dewey numerical order. The this experiment in centralized circulation file is therefore not a duplicate of the public required courage, foresight and even in- catalog on which a patron must depend for genuity. Greater responsibility for service locating his books by author or title or than is, perhaps, the goal of most circula- subject. tion departments, was accepted by the de- After the master file had been established, partment. cards for new books added to the reading Circulation routines of filing, charging rooms were typed by the cataloging depart- and discharging must be kept both efficient ment. A card is filed just before the new and simple so that these clerical tasks may book is shelved in the reading room. be handled by competent subprofessionals, At this stage in the development of leaving the supervision and coordinating routines any question of location could be processes between the department and the answered by desk attendants in a matter of reading rooms for the professional librar- seconds. The necessity for checking the ian. Handling a vastly increased circula- public catalog had been eliminated. While tion, also, must not interfere with the the master file worked independently, it guidance and directional assistance given was still necessary to check in the numeri- the patron at the desk. Since this service cal book-card file to determine if a book often required rechecking the catalog when were charged out. a patron asked help in locating a book, desk The final and most ingenious develop- attendants felt a dual demand on their ment in the system was the consolidation time: to be away from the loan desk as well of the date-due file of call slips with the as giving service at it. To meet this chal- master file. By filing the call slip directly lenge, the first step in rejuvenating circula- in front of the master file card for the book, tion procedures was the creation of a file it became possible to determine—by check- which would immediately provide the desk ing only once and in only one file—the attendants with the location of any book location of the book, whether or not it was in the library. charged out, to whom the book was All books shelved in reading rooms were charged and when it was due so that it listed in this master file of location. Those would be available for the person desiring not listed were automatically known to be it. stack books. Because the latest issues and The streamlining of the circulation rou- bound volumes of the last 10 years of a tines was completed with the installation of considerable number of periodicals are two Gaylord electric charging machines shelved in the reading rooms, a small which speeded the time of charging to a periodical file was appended to this file. few seconds per book, and the elimination The file not only answers questions of loca- of the two-card system of charging reading tion, but indicates what volumes are cur- room books. Only one card was now rently at the bindery. Bindery cards are (Continued on page 265)

244 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES By SIGMUND VON FRAUENDORFER1

International Unification of Cataloging?

Dr. Frauendorfer is director, Bibliotek to tackle such Utopian plans, if there ever der Hochschule fiir Bodenkultur, Vienna. should be any need to take up such problems at all.

HENEVER at special occasions the But not only the librarians of German- Wquestion of international unification speaking countries showed this skeptical at- of cataloging rules has arisen, professional titude toward international unification of librarians concerned with these problems cataloging rules. Even an organization have stated, almost unanimously, that a such as the International Federation of world-wide agreement in this field is prac- Library Associations charged specifically tically impossible. One of the special rea- with international relations in the library sons given is the basic difference between field and expected to encourage such de- the Anglo-American system and the prac- velopments, has treated this problem with a tice as prevailing in the German-speaking 'certain hesitation and resignation. Never- countries. Occasion for such discussions theless, the question formed a regularly was offered at the time when we were told recurring feature in the program of discus- about the successful unification of English sions. In the last prewar meeting of the and American cataloging rules, brought International Library Committee (Nether- about by the cooperation of the large library lands, July 1939) the reporting member of associations of the two countries in 1908, the Subcommittee on Uniform Catalogue and later again, when in connection with Rules, K. D. Metcalf, stated as main task the German Gesamtkatalog the problem of the committee for the time being to study of a uniform set of rules for German re- the cataloging rules of the various coun- search libraries entered the decisive state, tries, to make them accessible by transla- and finally when a uniform trade bibliog- tions, and to compare them. raphy in cooperation with the Deutsche This task was splendidly performed by Biicherei in Leipzig was contemplated. J. C. M. Hanson in his painstaking anal- Usually the discussions ended with the ysis of 19 different sets of rules which is skeptical statement, it would be premature the main contents of his book, A Compara- tive Study of Cataloging Rules Based on 1 This article was written in 1947 for the "Festschrift" the Anglo-American Code of igoS, Chi- in honor of the 25 years' jubilee of Dr. Josef Bick, director general of the Austrian National Library. The cago, 1939. As to the final goal, the crea- "Festschrift" is entitled Die Osterreichische Nationalbib- liothek and has been published by H. Bauer-Verlag, tion of uniform internationally acceptable Vienna 1948. The English version is reproduced with special permission of the publisher. The original text cataloging rules, Mr. Metcalf had made in has been thoroughly revised and in some parts modified and expanded, since in the immediate postwar period, 1939 the following rather conservative when this article was written, Austria was practically cut off from the world outside and the author had to statement: "It will, however, take many base his statements on very fragmentary sources of information. The English translation is due to Johannes years before such a goal can be looked on L. Dewton, of the Library of Congress, whose help is greatly appreciated by the author. as more than idealistic."

JULY, 1951 245 This suggests the question: What will peaceful international understanding? Cer- internationally uniform cataloging accom- tainly, these thoughts are "idealistic" ac- plish? One of the main objectives of the cording to Metcalf's expression, but of a supporters of uniform cataloging certainly type of—I might say—"practical idealism," is the international exchange and use of without which a successful activity of li- printed catalog cards, as practiced for brarians is unthinkable. many years within a national scope by the But where are the main difficulties which marvelous system of card distribution serv- must be overcome, if a solution acceptable ice of the Library of Congress in Washing- to all parts should be found for the prob- ton. Within German-speaking countries lem of unification? As far as catalog cards the cards of the Deutsche Biicherei in for works of personal authors are concerned, Leipzig had been a promising step in this interfiling of cards of foreign origin in- direction, taken shortly before the war. volves no particular problem. The situa- Add to this the greater ease for the creation is different in the case of so called tion of bibliographical central catalogs, "anonymous" writings. Here, indeed, lies union catalogs, etc., and the potentialities a great stumbling block which has been in case the book trade would join the in- recognized in its importance, but which has ternational norms of descriptive cataloging. not been removed yet. The great antago- Thus a world of fascinating prospects opens nism dividing this particular field of catalog- for the future. We will concede that all ing technique can be expressed as follows: this sounds rather Utopian if international on one side preference of "corporate" au- application is intended. One should real- thorship, combined with mechanical title ize, however, that the Anglo-Saxon librar- arrangement according to the first word not ians had to fight for unification against an being an article; on the other side prefer- overwhelming pessimism, and that the Prus- ence of title entries according to the catch- sian cataloging instructions had to over- word system (usually the first noun in the come enormous resistance and difficulties nominative case). before being more or less generally accepted That, schematically, is the main differ- in German-speaking countries. Thus one ence, so often discussed, between the Anglo- cannot deny the possibility that a unification American cataloging technique, as codified on a world-wide scale could be accomplished in the Catalog Rules of 1908 (abbreviated with patience and steadfastness. Even if C.R.) and the practice of the German- this goal would never be reached com- speaking countries, as expressed in a repre- pletely, partial progress toward it would sentative form in the Prussian Instructions mean much. Even within the linguistically (Pr. I.).2 homogeneous groups mentioned before a First some basic remarks concerning the complete integration has not taken place. question of corporate bodies. There is It may be conceded that the older genera- nothing to be said against the extension of tion of librarians can hardly hope to see the term authorship, already used in a the creation or the general acceptance of rather wide sense in the Pr. I., from physi- internationally uniform cataloging rules. cal individuals to legal persons. To do so But should that prevent us from trying is no contradiction to logic. And even if everything to lead the coming generation it would be against logic, it would not mat- on a way which will facilitate its profes- ter. One should not overestimate the im- sional work tremendously and will form a 2 The complete title reads: Instruktioncn fur die alpha- bypath, not quite unimportant, toward betischen Kataloge dcr preussischen Bibliotheken vom 10. Mai 1899. (Various editions)

246 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES portance of formal logic in judging on tered and filed under the first word of their problems of cataloging technique. The official name. practical aspect of the rule, especially from A fourth rather inhomogeneous group, the user's viewpoint, is alone deciding. called "miscellaneous bodies," are treated Even the Pr. I. recognized legal personality separately. They are a group made up of as principle of entry in one case: Section 60, bodies which do not belong to any of the dealing with sales catalogs and prospectuses groups mentioned above, as for example of commercial firms, provides entry under congresses, exhibitions, expeditions, firms, the name of the firm. etc. But the main point of criticism repeatedly Exceptions from these three rules are raised by German critics of the C.R. is hardly avoidable. To give an illustration: the complexity and diversity of the rules nobody would look for American private for corporate authorship. The basic prin- universities like Harvard or Yale under ciples are simple, easily learned and remem- the place name Cambridge or New Haven. bered, but there are too many exceptions On the other hand, the state universities, and special rules. And, indeed, one can the so-called land grant colleges, are gen- not always see compelling reason for the erally known so well under the name of individual rule, even considering the the state that the place name, which would peculiarities of Anglo-Saxon institutions be the entry required by the basic rule, is and of the English language. The leading of no significance. These exceptions con- idea behind the principle of corporate firm the principle, to choose the commonly authorship was evidently to find the one used and therefore generally remembered term on the "anonymous" title page most term as entry. There are also less suc- easily noticed and remembered by the user cessful solutions, as for example in the —certainly a reasonable and sound thought! rather difficult field of laws, foreign In the case of government documents one treaties and constitutions. In these cases will probably know the country and fre- the name of the country should be followed quently the government agency. In the by the governmental agency issuing. But case of smaller administrative agencies one frequently it is impossible to find out the might remember the geographical unit or agency. To keep this material together, the place name. Institutions connected the compilers of C. R. decided to disregard with a locality are probably remembered the basic rule and to use a method which is by the place. Societies, corporations, con- in fact alien to an author catalog and is ferences, international bodies, etc., are most borrowed from the principles which are easily remembered by their official names. followed in subject catalogs. All laws are These considerations make the C. R. formu- entered under the country, followed by the late three basic principles, which might standardized term: "Laws, statutes, etc." roughly be formulated as follows: This artificial grouping has its practical 1. Government publications are entered advantage, but it is arbitrary and must be under the country (province, city), fol- "learned." One cannot expect that the 3 lowed by the name of the agency. average user is prepared to keep such a 2. Institutions, i.e., entities clearly con- rule in mind. nected with a locality, are entered under Everybody who has worked with the place, followed by the name of the institu- C. R. finds the greatest difficulty in solv- tion. 3 Always under consideration of eventual international 3. Societies, in the widest sense, are en- application of cataloging rules.

JULY, 1951 247 ing the problem: "institution" or "society." nificant term? But in this case, too, it is In the individual case a decision is fre- very difficult to draw a clear and correct quently very difficult or cannot be made at distinguishing line which would be also all. First of all the names given in the intelligible for the user. An improvement original publications frequently designate could be found by distinguishing between the character and legal statute of the cor- periodicals with general designations as porate body involved in such a vague and "Mitteilungen," "Bulletin," "Comptes even misleading manner that detailed en- rendues," etc., in connection with the name quiries as to the true nature of the "so- of the issuing organization, and periodicals ciety" or "institution" are necessary. The with specific names whose titles include in- term "institute" is frequently used for en- formation as to the contents or some other tities which are, according to their nature, characteristical designation. societies. Consider the usage of the term The question is now whether it will be "academy." Learned societies, but also possible to remove these various weak spots schools, museums, etc., can be concealed of the C. R. without sacrificing the practi- under this term. There are also doubtful cal and useful principle of corporate author- cases whenever an organization shows the ship. Such a reform would involve the characteristics of both institution and so- removal of the artificial and impractical di- ciety at the same time. To make things viding line between institutions and societies. still worse, the organization might also One should consider entering local societies have the character of a government agency. in the same way as institutions, under the Such cases occur frequently among the place; national societies, like government many semiofficial organizations of authori- agencies, under country. Geographical tarian governments. There it is often designations are best remembered and least quite impossible to distinguish between complicated by synonyms. The question, to government agencies, institutions and so- be solved in an international set of rules, cieties. Certainly, cross references do help of which language to accept for the names in practice and are therefore used by the of countries and places, could be answered C. R. more frequently than European cata- best by choosing the vernacular of the re- logers are used to. gion concerned, as has been done in inter- The treatment of periodicals also causes national railroad time tables. Certainly, doubt. The entry under the first word of such a rule is not always comfortable. The the title except the article is the basic rule; official name of the country might be less but in certain cases the entry is under the well known, as for instance, Eire for Ire- corporate author. For example, the entry land, Suomi for Finland. But in the in- for the annual report of a government terest of international application this little agency takes this form: Canada. Forest inconvenience—easily repaired by cross Service. Annual report; or, the proceed- references—must be tolerated. ings of a society: Academy of Political A general exception from this rule seems Science. Proceedings. The reason for de- quite justified for all institutions and so- viation from the basic rule is obvious. cieties whose official names begin with a There are hundreds of annual reports and proper name (for example, as mentioned of proceedings, and one needs to know the before, the Harvard and Yale Universities, name of the issuing agency. Why not or the Senckenbergische Naturforschende make the best of it and emphasize the sig- Gesellschaft, etc.), because in these cases

248 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES the proper name, mnemonically, is stronger piece of German scholarly thoroughness, than the place name. The value of the but how about the practical result for the entry word as a help for the memory, after general public? Can anybody really claim all, is the deciding factor. that the governing noun (often referred to With these few sketchy rules the greater as "substantivum regens") is always the part of corporate entries would be dis- most significant word of the title? Not to posed of. Still, there remain the organiza- mention that the sequence of words, as ar- tions which cannot be very well connected ranged according to the Pr. I. rules, fre- with any locality: the Catholic Church, the quently turns out to be quite odd. To International Red Cross, and in general illustrate—in the catalog of a large library the majority of the world-wide organiza- you find as title heading the following se- tions and institutions. One is tempted to quence of words (in English) : Government follow the method of mnemonics and to Spanish axis. The nonlibrarian will be enter under the significant word. But the disturbed and believe it an error until he two organizations just mentioned demon- reads the full title, "The Spanish govern- strate already the difficulties in deciding ment and the axis." But even then the which is the significant word. Where layman will hardly understand how the would the layman user of the catalog look cataloger ever arrived at this peculiar first, under Catholic or Church, under Red sequence of words. or Cross or International? One recognizes Leaving aside the difficulty of disposing that we are lost in the ocean of subjective of a traditional habit in vogue for many conjecture. It seems advisable indeed to decades in many great libraries, there is no follow the Anglo-American system: entry real advantage in sticking to the "Ordnungs- under the first word (not being an article) wort" rules contained in Pr. I. If one of the best known name. considers the further complications involved This example leads us to a further great by the application of the Pr. I. principle— difficulty in international unification. How as evidenced by the long set of rules spe- should the genuinely anonymous writings cifically designed for treating "Sachtitel"— be treated, after the corporate authors are the balance of arguments is decidedly in disposed of? The Anglo-Saxons have the favor of the simple Anglo-American tech- single and simple rule to enter under the nique which implies a single, easily re- first word of the title, even if it is an ad- membered rule. The latter may be called jective or a preposition. In the German- a mechanical device and is certainly lack- speaking countries it is customary to enter ing a logical foundation, but it is the only under the first noun in the nominative case practical solution of the problem. followed by other catch words. A large Do these suggestions open the way for the set of special rules governs the selection and compilation of an internationally uniform correct order of these words. The Ger- set of cataloging rules based on the revised man librarian is completely familiar with C. R.f We can answer this question in these rules, by continuous usage. It is cer- the affirmative only when the librarians of tainly possible to learn these rules. The the German-speaking and some other Con- unbiased judge, however, will find them tinental European countries can be expected quite complicated and theoretical. We ad- to make the heavy sacrifice to give up their mit, they harmonize with subtle philo- treatment of anonymous writings and ac- logical principles and represent a master- cept both corporate authorship and me-

JULY, 1951 249 chanical title entries. This author realizes Bern is so far the only library which has the implications of such a step by many adopted them in Switzerland (in its new Continental European librarians. An unpublished rules). enormous amount of thinking and work ex- It is also quite important that a group pended in the creation and application of of international institutions in Europe the Pr. I. through many years would be (League of Nations, International Labor lost, the tradition of generations of librar- Office, International Institute of Agricul- ians would break off. The continuation of ture) has accepted the Anglo-American such great undertakings as the Gesarnt- rules long before the United Nations or katalog, just begun, would suffer under the Unesco existed. Even a venerable library split between old and new techniques of with a long tradition, the Vaticana, has cataloging. But we must not forget that accepted Anglo-American cataloging tech- all living matter tends toward renewal. nique in its principles and in many details Library work, too, is growing organically. in the Norrne per il catalogo degli stampati, Tradition should not prevent shedding an thus creating the most modern, compre- old, outworn garment and drawing a line hensive and detailed set of rules of recent to separate us from the outdated past. Is years. Most significant and—from the the time ripe for that? No general reply viewpoint of world politics—highly sur- is possible. Each library will have to find prising is the fact that Soviet Russia its own answer independently. In every remodeled its cataloging technique accord- library, however, there arrives eventually ing to Anglo-American principles. This the day when a new start is unavoidable. occurred within the authoritarian reorgani- And has not the day for a new start arrived zation of her cultural life, in spite of strong already among the ruins of Europe, where counter tendencies which, for some time, so many libraries are destroyed and have pointed in favor of the Pr. I. We must to start reconstruction ex fundamentis? admit that under these circumstances the It may be worth while to say a few stronghold formerly held by central Europe words on the geopolitical situation of the has also been lost in this nonpolitical field. library world, if I may use this expression. Is it dishonorable to join an overwhelming We talked of an Anglo-American cata- majority, if only practical things are con- loging technique. Accurately speaking, the cerned and no loss of ideological values is zone of influence of the C. R. surpasses the involved, and if finally a compromise will English-speaking world by far. We know bring advantages to all parties con- that Romance countries have introduced cerned ? corporate authorship many years ago (in- In considering the pros and cons of the dependent from the C. R.) so that a change radical change we propose one should be to the C. R. will come easily there. The careful not to be influenced by emotional same tendency is shown by the young, sentiments or by considerations of national promising libraries of Latin America. pride or prestige. Library service is simply American library influence is strongly felt a matter of practical utility. It is not the in Scandinavian countries, especially in law per se (in our case the cataloging rules) Denmark and Norway. that matters, but its usefulness and prac- As to corporate authorship there is now ticability for the average library user. even a tendency to favor it in German Therefore the librarian, as the politician, libraries, while the National Library of must accept a realistic, and that means in

250 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES our days to some extent, a cosmopolitan Hanson, shows, how in many individual point of view. cases the C. R. cause doubt and disorgani- The body which is in a position to ap- zation, drastically pointing out the diffi- proach the problems outlined above ex culties which result from the frequently officio is the International Federation of occurring changes of names of government Library Associations. One of its subcom- agencies, institutions and societies. Os- mittees is in charge of the unification of born is certainly right in saying, "We are cataloging rules. It is gratifying to find sure that the corporate entry is sound in in one of the recent reports on the activi- theory, but we are not so sure when it comes ties of this committee written by J. to individual cases." The practical con- Ansteinsson, librarian, Technical Institute clusion, drawn by the Americans from this Library, Trondheim, Norway, an evaluation situation, is that the C. R. needs a thorough of the international cataloging situation revision in the treatment of corporate which stresses the same points, hints at the authorship. A revised text of the rules same difficulties and intimates a similar ap- is planned and a preliminary draft was proach to a solution as the writer of this published in 1941. The decisive problems, article has done quite independently.4 however, were not touched upon, and, It is also pleasant to know clearly from therefore, the draft was rejected by many. a former report of the International Com- A final version of the new C. R. must be mittee of Libraries5 that everywhere, and preceded by a "thorough investigation of especially in the United States, the interest the corporate entry." This opens a valu- in cataloging problems has grown considerable and perhaps unique chance for coun- ably within recent years. A new healthy tries which do not use the C. R. to make self-criticism of methods has gained space. their influence felt in the final rules. How significant, that in a paper by J. C. Not only in the United States, but M. Hanson, the Nestor among American also in other countries voices are heard, cataloging experts, who himself has worked very different from the tired skepticism on the creation of the C. R. in an influential which prevailed in 1939 in the Hague, position, after a long experience and at the when the same committee discussed the end of his career, frankly confesses that he topic of uniform cataloging. So in France is in doubt whether the standard rules for a strong movement in favor of unification corporate authorship really constitute a of catalogs led to the publication of a na- perfect solution of this difficult problem. tional code of cataloging in 1945, which is, Hanson regrets—so we read in A. D. Os- however, rather vague as far as corporate born's report on Cataloging Developments entries are concerned (according to the in the United States 1940-IQ47 (Annex statement of Mr. Ansteinsson). Still more VI of the Proceedings)—that the problem receptive to international tendencies of uni- of corporate authorship never had been the fication are the librarians of Czechoslovakia. object of serious study, after the C. R. were They realize that they are in the focal established, and that nobody has clearly point of the struggle between the Pr. I. and worked out the "fundamental theory" of the C. Rthe latter basically accepted by corporate authorship. Osborn, following Russia. An anonymous reporter for Czechoslovakia, describing in the C. I. B. 4 Actes du Comite international des bibliotheques, i4me session, Londres 20-23 sept. 1948. La Haye, 1949. report of 1947 the library development of 5 Actes du Comite international des bibliotheques, i3me session, Oslo 20-22 mai 1947. La Haye, 1947. his country, calls the diversity of the Ger- 29 7 JULY, 1951 man and the American concept, historically considerable inconsistency and diversity be- represented by the influential personalities tween the different types of libraries and of Cutter and Dziatzko, the real core of sometimes between linguistic groups. But the international unification problem. The the progress in national codification may Czechoslovakian report recognizes fully the and should be accompanied by efforts to thoroughness and logical consistency of the promote international unification. It is up Pr. I., but emphasizes the usefulness of to the International Federation of Library corporate authorship, especially taking into Associations to attack the main problems consideration the enormous increase of which are sketchily outlined in this article "anonymous" publications. with energy and with the optimistic feel- It is clear that a fundamental prerequisite ing that in spite of all obstacles the final for an international code of cataloging target will be reached and will work out rules is national unification of cataloging to the benefit of all. practice. In many countries there is still

Remodel While You Work

(Continued from page 2j6)

and during operations in order to adjust revisions are to be very comprehensive, unit the minds of the public and staff to the costs may run higher than for new work. extraordinary conditions prevailing. In due Extensive alterations during occupancy are time, preparations to reoccupy the refinished disadvantageous both to contractor and li- building should be made in some detail, to brarians, and the most workable compromise proceed by department or section, perhaps should be made between normal library as construction work is completed. A cele- function and the complete abandonment of bration by staff, public and friends might the building to plasterers, painters and well signalize the termination of the altera- plumbers. tions work or of a particularly significant Remodeling calls for careful, creative portion of it (such as a rare book room or planning, adequate funding, meticulous co- an undergraduate library). It would mark ordination and limitless reserves of staff the cessation of a particularly difficult and good will and endurance. But if the old trying experience and might open a new era building is to continue as a modern library, in library history. an educational force and research center, It is difficult to anticipate the contingen- and as a workshop for an inspired library cies which may arise while revising and staff, it must be continuously reshaped in adding to existing construction. For this the image of that fleeting goal, ideal func- reason remodeling is less sought by building tion, and of that evanescent measure of contractors than is new construction, and if good and beauty, our hearts' desire.

252 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES By CARL BJORKBOM

A Plan for Centralized Cataloging

Mr. Bjorkbom is head librarian, Royal The unit cost data given by Rider are: Institute of Technology Library, Stock- acquisition, $0.95; binding, $0.40; and holm, Sweden. cataloging, $1.05. Of these three expenses cataloging costs Catalogs have a fundamental role in the are the only ones which could be reduced administration of a library and constitute by means of refinement of organization. a necessary tool for making its literary re- Much has already been achieved in this sources available to readers. Accordingly field. Clerical staff members—at least in much work goes into making the catalogs some libraries—are now assigned to copy- as complete and as exhaustive as possible. ing titles of books. On the other hand, cataloging must not Simplified cataloging has been tried in be considered as the librarian's chief task some libraries, but the saving in labor has and must not be cultivated with too many no relation to the reduced value of the refinements at the expense of other library catalogs. One must always remember that work, especially acquisition and reference catalogs are of value not only to the work. F. E. Fitzgerald is quite right in patrons but also the staff, and that the pointing out in Special Libraries for Febru- omission of certain data on the catalog ary 1946 that clerical work takes too much cards may mean more work to the librarians time in libraries. engaged in searching or bibliographical In recent years cataloging costs have work. been the object of some investigation in The only way of reducing the costs America, and the results of these studies would be to organize centralized catalog- have been surprising not only for librarians ing. It must seem irrational that as soon but even more for trustees and governing as a book has been published and acquired authorities. Fremont Rider has published by the libraries, hundreds of catalogers sit data regarding one Wesleyan University down to an absolutely identical job of Library in his remarkable book The transferring certain data from the title page Scholar and the Future of the Research Li- to the catalog card. brary (1944). He contends that catalog- A fundamental condition .for a central ing costs amount on the average to $1.05 cataloging service is, of course, that the per book. The average price for the book catalogs in the different libraries have the was $2.90 and the binding costs $1.50. same format and style. With regard to the The relative cataloging costs are still format, 3" x 5" (7,5 x 125mm) cards have more striking if one compares the total been standardized for most libraries. With costs divided by the number of books, since regard to the style of catalog codes, how- American university libraries generally ac- ever, we are still far from any standard, at quire a great many volumes as gifts or in least internationally. exchange, and many of these books are al- But the prospect for centralized catalog- ready bound when they enter the library. ing is not so dismal as it would seem at 29 7 JULY, 1951 the first sight. Cataloging consists of three that all publishers should give this service operations: copying of the title, collation to their customers. On the other hand, and selection of the heading. The basic even if only some of them could provide difference between the different cataloging cards which could be used by the majority codes revolves around the heading. At all of the libraries, this would mean a great events, the heading is the only part of the help and a reduction of cataloging costs. catalog card which is of fundamental im- There is one class of publishers which portance for an individual cataloging sys- could be said to have a special obligation tem. It should therefore be possible to in this matter. These are scientific societies make a unit card, containing the transcrip- and institutions. Their publications are tion of the title and the collation, to which distributed as exchanges or as gifts to li- different libraries could add the heading braries. As a rule, they have their own appropriate to their cataloging system. libraries and staffs competent to make the One must only remember that the title original cards. These institutions often must then be given in full, since the word spend a lot of money in order to publish used as heading or corporate heading is the results of their investigations, and it is. generally omitted in the transcription of reasonable that they should spend a bit more the title. in order to help the libraries bring their Centralized cataloging can be effected publications to the attention of readers. in two ways, either by having the cards It must be remembered that the cataloging made by a central institution which dupli- of serials published by societies and institu- cates the cards for distribution to other tions generally takes more time than the libraries, or by having the catalog cards cataloging of ordinary books. made by the producers of the books so that The Royal Institute of Technology, the cards could be delivered to the libraries Stockholm, has for some years been sending at the same time as the book. The first with each issue of its Handlingar (Trans- way is the only one as yet tried, but it has actions) a strip to be cut up into three cards, a very serious disadvantage, viz., the in- two of them to be used as entries for each evitable delay which results from the fact number in the author and the subject cata- that the cards must be ordered by the dif- logs respectively; the third to be used as a ferent libraries. series card. A similar program by other The other way would, of course, be institutions would be a great help to the ideal, but it is quite impossible to think libraries all over the world.

Correction The statistics published in the issue for April 1951 contain a serious error on p.185. In the salary statistics for "Group II Libraries" Denison University is listed as paying $I,200-$I,900 to all other professional assistants (10 months basis). Actually, these salaries should have been entered under "All Nonprofessional Assistants." Opposite "Low" at the foot of this page the column headed "All Other Professional As- sistants" should read $1,800 instead of $1,200. Apologies are due Denison for this calumny and appreciation for the good humor with which this error has been treated.—Arthur T. Hamlin.

254 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES By ROBERT E. MAIZELL

The Subject-Departmentalized Public Library

Mr. Maizell is librarian, Research Lab- survey it was possible to gain some idea of oratory, Mathieson Chemical Corpora- the historical development of subject de- tion, Niagara Falls. partmentation. It was also possible to con- struct a checklist of what appeared to be HERE is no doubt that subject depart- the major problems and principles involved Tmentation has become one of the most in subject departmentation. The checklist significant forms of public library organi- was submitted in the form of a rating sheet zation. Over seven million people live in to a group of librarians now working in the areas served by the nine public libraries departmentalized libraries in order to se- which are organized entirely on the basis cure their judgments as to the importance of subject departments. Many millions of the problems and the validity of the more live in the areas served by additional principles. A total of 53 replies was re- public libraries which have at least one sub- ceived from the top administrators and ject department each. Since 1924, with subject department heads in five depart- the notable exception of Philadelphia, mentalized libraries: Brooklyn, Cleveland, virtually every major public library build- Enoch Pratt of Baltimore, Los Angeles ing erected in this country has been very and Toledo. largely or entirely a subject-departmentalized library. The Meaning of Subject Depart?nentation

The purposes of this study are to clarify Before defining what is meant by subject the meaning of subject departmentation, to departmentation, it may be well to enum- summarize its historical development, to in- erate the several major kinds of public li- dicate the problems involved in the plan, brary organization which exist today. and to develop a body of principles for the Libraries with very few or no subject de- guidance of administrators of subject-departments and with a major distinction be- partmentalized libraries. Although it is tween circulating and reference materials. primarily concerned with public libraries, This is known as the functional type of organ- the discussion has relevance to the academic ization and is exemplified by the St. Louis library as well. In the preparation of this Public Library. 2. Libraries with several subject depart- study, the first step was to survey the litera- ments and with the distinction between circu- ture on the topic, including annual reports of departmentalized libraries. The writ- 218-33. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1943. ings of Barton, McDiarmid, Martin and McDiarmid, E. W., and McDiarmid, J. Th<> Ad- ministration of the American Public Library. Chicago, Phelps should be mentioned as being espe- American Library Association, 1943, p.69-143. Los Angeles, Bureau of Budget and Efficiency. Or- cially noteworthy.1 On the basis of this ganization . . . of the Los Angeles Public Library. Los Angeles, 1948-49. 6v. Phelps, R. B. "The Effects of Organizational Pat- 1 See the following: terns 011 Reference Work . . ." Ph.D. dissertation, Uni- Barton, M. "Administrative Problems in Reference versity of Chicago, Graduate Library School, 1943- Work." In The Reference Function of the Library, p. Typewritten. 29 7 JULY, 1951 lating and reference materials less clear than ter part of the nineteenth century. The in the first type mentioned. This is known as early growth of subject departmentation the partial or mixed type of departmental or- may be attributed to a variety of influences. ganization. An example is the Boston Public One of these was the development of col- Library. 3. Libraries with many subject departments lege and university libraries in the latter and with only a few fields of knowledge re- part of the last century. Another influence maining not departmentalized. This type of was the presence of previously existing library is in a stage of transition toward com- forms of public library departmentation, plete departmentation. An example is the De- such as reference and circulation depart- troit Public Library. (j^) Completely departmentalized libraries. ments and children's rooms. This meant This type is organized entirely on the basis of that libraries had by now grown sufficiently subject departments and is the only type cor- large and complex to warrant division of rectly referred to as the subject-departmen- labor and specialization. The presence of talized library. Examples are Brooklyn, certain special collections which could be Cleveland and Los Angeles. It is this type developed into subject departments was a with which this study is concerned. third factor. A fourth influence was the The distinctions made above, though emergence of clearly defined community in- clearly not of a hairline nature, are im- terest groups which seemed to need special portant and should be borne in mind. We services. Thus, the first subject depart- may now describe the subject-departmental- ments were usually in the areas of music, ized library more fully as one which con- art, business or technology. sists of a number of subject departments, William F. Poole, who is best remem- each of which covers a major segment of bered today for his index of nineteenth- the recorded knowledge of mankind; con- century periodical literature, is usually tains both circulating and reference ma- given credit for the origin of the idea of terials of all kinds within this segment of subject departmentation. His ideas on the knowledge; and is staffed, in an ideal situa- subject were first expressed in a very tenta- tion, by a group of librarians who are well tive form in 18 76,2 matured slowly over a versed in the literature of the subjects con- period of years,3 and ultimately found full tained in the department. It should be realization with the completion of the New- readily apparent that the plan is similar to berry Library building in Chicago in 1893. the departmentalized arrangement in many Perhaps the first individual subject de- university libraries. The major points of partments to appear in a large public li- difference are that in the public library there brary were in the Boston Public Library. are fewer departments (perhaps six or In its new building, which was occupied seven) and these are in a central building in 1895, Boston had introduced a special rather than being dispersed about a cam- libraries floor with a fine arts department pus. Nevertheless, many of the problems and an industrial arts department. Later and principles involved should be the same. in 1898, Librarian Herbert Putnam established a Department of Documents and The History of Subject Departmentation Statistics whose stated functions were very The roots of public library subject de- similar to those of the modern subject departmentation extend surprisingly far down 2 Poole, W. F. [Comments] Library Journal, 1:125, into American library history; in fact, its 1876. 3 . "The Construction of Library Buildings." origin may be traced as far back as the lat- Library Journal, 6:69-77, April 1881.

256 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES partment.4 In 1900 the Providence Public ard Brett and his staff began mapping out Library, under the guidance of William E. the departmentalized arrangement which Foster, also opened a special library floor went into effect when the library moved with an industrial library, an art library into its new temporary quarters in 1913. and a music library.5 It was evident almost from the beginning While all of the advances mentioned so that Brett, unlike others who had previously far are important, they represent relatively been interested in subject departmentation, immature forms of subject departmenta- saw clearly the essential nature of the plan tion. There is no evidence in the writings and was thus in a good position to take full of most of the founders of the early de- advantage of it. partmentalized libraries that they could Since then, the plan has been adopted foresee the development of many of the ac- with varying modifications by Los Angeles; tivities and advantages of subject depart- Baltimore; Rochester; Brooklyn ; Toledo; mentation, which appeared naturally after Worcester, Mass.; London, Ont., Can.; the opening of these libraries and which and most recently by Washington, D.C.7 began to be mentioned in the annual reports' Special mention should be made of Joseph and other publications. Such advantages in- L. Wheeler who helped introduce the pre- cluded the development of staff proficiency liminary stages of departmentation in the in limited subject areas, more effective book Los Angeles Public Library, and who later selection, easy detection of gaps in the col- helped develop the Enoch Pratt building. lection and facilitation of special services This building, incidentally, is believed to to groups. Instead, these early thinkers be very satisfactory for subject departmenta- were preoccupied with matters of physical tion, and its open-plan design has since convenience and arrangement; and so long been adopted by other libraries.8 as subject departmentation continued to be In addition, several other libraries are regarded as a mere grouping together of now moving toward complete departmenta- circulating and reference books on the tion. Carl Vitz has recently described Cin- same subject, further progress could not cinnati's proposed new building and its plan be expected. To put it more directly, sub- for departmentation.9 Detroit is also mov- ject departmentation could be exploited ing toward complete departmentation but fully only if its potentialities—particularly will apparently remain in its present build- the development of staff subject speciali- ing. It seems safe to predict that within zation—were realized, seized upon and de-. the next 25 years or so a number of other veloped. This is a generalization which large public libraries will have become com- remains true even for today's departmental- pletely departmentalized. The pressure of ized libraries. important community groups and interests'1 To the Cleveland Public Library falls and the inability to develop book collections the honor of first carrying the idea of sub- adequately under the older forms of or- ject departmentation through to its logical ganization would appear to be the primary conclusion, and thus of becoming the first factors impelling a move in this direction. completely departmentalized public library. 7 Peterson, H. N. "D. C. Reorganizes Divisions." 6 Library Journal, 75:78-81, 92, Jan. 15, 1950; "All Ap- As early as 1890 Librarian William How- plaud D.C. Change." Library Journal, 75:143-6, Feb. 1, 19S0. 4 Boston Public Library. Annual Report, 1898. p.40. 8 Githens, A. "The Complete Development of the Open 5 Foster, W. E. "The Providence Public Library." Plan in the Enoch Pratt Free Library in Baltimore." Library Journal, 25:228-32, May 1900. Library Journal, 58:381-5, May 1033. 0 Brett, W. H. "The Rearrangement of the Cleveland 9 Vitz, C. "Real Economy but No Sacrifice." Library Public Library." Library Journal, 15:136-7, May 1890. Journal, 74:1873-6, Dec. 15, 1949.

JULY, 1951 257 Problems Involved in Subject y libraries to the problems described in the Departmentation literature on the subject, the rating sheet mentioned at the beginning of this paper Like any other form of organization, sub- was submitted to the group of 53 librarians ject departmentation has distinct dis- in five libraries. The results indicate that advantages as well as advantages. In a the respondents feel that while those prob- review of the literature on the topic, certain lems which do occur are not overly serious, problems were found to occur with some subject departmentation has definite faults degree of regularity. These seemed to jwhich bear watching, especially in newly arise mainly from the splitting up of the (departmentalized libraries. A breakdown field of knowledge into separate physical of the replies of the five participating in- and administrative units. Difficulties may stitutions showed very few points of agree- also stem from the fact that a library, or- ment. The seriousness of the problems ganized on the basis of subject departments, fluctuated from library to library evidently may lose some of the advantages of other due to the large number of variables in- forms of organization. The problems en- volved. Both the literature and the replies countered will vary with the subject de- on the rating sheets give evidence that those partment and are often directly related to now working in departmentalized libraries the building layout or to the availability of have enthusiasm for and confidence in their funds. form of organization. It is obvious that subject departmentation should not be adopted merely because it Problems seems to be fashionable at the moment, but rather on the basis of such factors as a Below is a listing of the 12 problems clearly demonstrated need for this form of most commonly met in subject departmen- organization and feasibility in terms of tation as ranked in order of importance availability of personnel, financial resources according to the votes of the participating and suitable physical plant. This word of librarians. Problems ranked from one caution is directed particularly at smaller through nine were thought to be of mod- libraries which may be considering the plan, erate importance. The remaining three and to those larger libraries which may not problems were thought by most respondents have good financial prospects. It should to be of negligible importance, but should, be realized that subject departmentation nevertheless, not be disregarded since men- brings with it an increased number of serv- tion was made in the literature. A few ice stations and usually an increased volume interpretative comments are supplied in of service, both of which may place a strain parentheses. on the library's human and fiscal re- 1. The classification of books of interest to sources.10 In such cases it may be wise to several departments. introduce only such subject departments as 2. Personnel may lack knowledge of related material in other departments. (This is par- seem to be warranted by the needs of the ticularly true of newcomers.) community. 3. Recruiting of a properly qualified staff. In an attempt to determine the reactions (This is especially difficult for science depart- of those now working in departmentalized ments.) 4. Handling of reference questions which 10 For example, see Los Angeles. Bureau of Budget and Efficiency, op.cit., i 162. It is the contention of cut across the interests of several departments. that report that the Los Angeles Public Library taxed itself unduly by the introduction and retention of a large 5. Coordination of the activities of the sub- number of subject departments. ject departments.

258 CO LLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES 6. Departments may assume excessively was enthusiastic. One person commented self-sufficient attitude and hence will not use hopefully that "it would be Utopia if all related material elsewhere. (This means that these principles were followed." Further, departments may tend to become compart- ments.) there was considerable agreement among 7. Coordination of the work of the catalog the votes of the participating libraries. An department with the needs of the subject de- especially heavy affirmative vote was given partments. to those principles which tended to promote 8. Shunting of readers from department to unity and cooperation. department, especially when a difficult ref- The principles are listed below in the erence question is involved. 9. Subjects falling between departments order in which they were ranked by the may be slighted in book selection. votes of the respondents. Those principles 10. Undue variation of departments in poli- ranked from one through eleven can prob- cies and quality of service. ably be safely followed by any departmen- 11. Specialist may be favored at expense of talized library, at least as far as can be nonspecialist or layman. (While the literature frequently claimed that the layman was judged from the vote given these principles. placed at a disadvantage by subject depart- Principles ranked from twelve through six- mentation, most respondents thought that this teen received, on the whole, what were was not the case.)11 equivalent to negative or unfavorable votes. 12. Increased volume of public demand may However, mention in the literature, as result, thus placing a strain on the library. well as the presence of some favorable votes, (This applies particularly to smaller institutions.) seems to indicate that these principles are not without value and are at least worthy Principles of consideration.

Subject departmentation is not a self- 1. Strategically located information desk for operating, self-adjusting form of organiza- the guidance of readers. tion. In order to take full advantage of 2. Departments should be uniform in poli- the plan, most departmentalized libraries cies and in quality of service as far as pos- have found it desirable to follow certain sible. 3. Related departments located on the same basic operational and administrative princi- floor and adjacent to one another. ples. A study of the annual reports of sev- 4. Departmental catalogs with references to eral of the departmentalized libraries over a related material in other departments. period of years reveals an increasing realiza- 5. Person in charge of main building for tion of the need for coordination and co- coordinating purposes. 6. Frequent meetings of subject department operation among departments. This is in heads. contrast to the attitude of departmental 7. Staff knowledge of related material in self-sufficiency which frequently appears other departments. (This should lessen the shortly after subject departmentation has need for duplication of materials and should been first introduced in particular libraries. improve reference service.) 8. If staff has knowledge of the literature The search of the literature revealed 16 of the subjects in their departments, they need principles which are now in actual operation not necessarily be subject specialists. (Ideally, or which have been suggested as possible both qualities are needed.) future developments of value. The response 9. Grouping of related departments into of the 53 librarians to most of the principles larger divisions, such as Sciences, Social Sci- ences, etc., for improving coordination. (This 11 For a strong statement of the problem see: Stanley Jast. The Library and the Community. London, Nel- is similar to the divisional plan of some uni- son, 1939. p.84. versity libraries. Worcester is the only pub- 29 7 JULY, 1951 lie library known to be using the plan.) Conclusion 10. Occasional rotation of personnel among related departments. (Primarily desirable for It is hard to say whether subject depart- newcomers to the library.) mentation represents the ultimate in public 11. Use of the popular library to provide library organization, but it is noteworthy improved service to laymen. (The popular li- that no other important form of public brary consists of a carefully selected group of library organization has developed during fiction and nonfiction books covering all fields of knowledge and is somewhat akin to a col- the past 40 years. Departmentalized college browsing room.) lege and university libraries have much in 12. Choosing of subject department heads common with this form of organization; a for subject and bibliographical knowledge mutual exchange of ideas and experiences primarily and for administrative ability only might be helpful both in avoiding mistakes secondarily. (Many respondents felt both and in paving the way for future advances. qualities were needed.) 13. Five professional staff members for an Academic libraries would appear to be average department. (Too many variables equally as susceptible to most of the pitfalls entered into the picture to offer this as a listed in the section on "Problems" as are valid figure, but it may well represent a mini- public libraries; some of them, for example, mum for a larger library.) have already experienced the perils of an 14. Use of general reference department as excessively large number of independent de- a coordinating device. (The low vote here was due to the fact that Brooklyn and Los partmental libraries. The section on "Prin- Angeles have no such department at all but ciples" also seems to be applicable to the have absorbed its functions into one of the academic library. The divisional library subject departments. Cincinnati is planning to (Principle 9) is an example of an idea do the same in its proposed new building.) which seems to have been first hinted at by 15. Shelving books where of most value to readers rather than according to a formal the subject-departmentalized public library, classification scheme. (An example of this was then fully developed by a university idea is the so-called reader interest plan de- librarian,12 and is now being considered veloped by Ralph Ulveling at the Detroit Pub- again by some public librarians. This is an lic Library.) idea with numerous ramifications and possi- 16. Subject departments performing own bilities and would seem to be one of the cataloging under central supervision. (This is the concept of decentralized cataloging and most fruitful avenues for the process of was suggested here as a possible future devel- joint exploration suggested above. opment of value. It was frowned upon by the 12 Ellsworth, R. E. "Colorado University's Divisional respondents, most of whom were fearful of the Reading Room Plan ..." College and Research Li-j expense and work-load involved.) braries, 2:103-9, 192, March 1941. ^

260 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES By ROBERT H. MULLER

College and University Library Buildings, 1929-1949

Dr. Muller is director of libraries, South- the order of estimated effective floor area ern Illinois University, and chairman, for book storage and seats, from the largest A.C.R.L. Committee on College and Uni- (Columbia University) to the smallest versity Library Buildings. (Hardin College). The floor area was estimated o'n the basis of volume capacity HE accompanying statistical table com- plus seats, assuming that on the average 15 Tpletes a series of three compilations of active library volumes require one square college and university library buildings foot of floor area, and one library seat re- which were derived from the returns of a quires 25 square feet. questionnaire survey conducted in the fall The primary purpose of publishing the of 1949. The first compilation covered compilation is a practical one. It should en- buildings under construction, or in the con- able the planners of new library buildings x tract-drawing stage, in 1950 ; the second to locate buildings of similar size con- one supplied data about buildings expected structed in the past. It might be assumed 2 to be constructed during the next decade. that library building problems of institu- The present final statistical instalment tions of similar size more alike than covers library buildings erected since the problems of institutions of widely varying beginning of the depression through the sizes, everything else being equal. In a few prosperity period following World War II. instances where size is not considered of The compilation, although comprehensive, primary importance, it should not be too is not 100 per cent complete since it in- difficult to use the list for locating institu- cludes only accredited institutions listed in tions of simijar nature, such as technological American Colleges and Universities (A. J. schools, teachers' colleges, women's colleges, Brumbaugh, ed. 5th ed. Washington, southern colleges, liberal arts colleges, uni- American Council on Education, 1948), versities of complex organization, etc., even plus a few nonaccredited ones that were on though the buildings are not arranged ac- addressograph stencils used by the A.L.A. cording to such categories. Headquarters, and only those that re- One of the most frequent type of returned the questionnaires.3 quest addressed to the A.C.R.L. Commit- The 146 library buildings are listed in tee on College and University Library 1 Muller, Robert H. "Library Building Construction Buildings is for locations of library build- Among Colleges and Universities." College and Re- search Libraries, 11:259-61, July 1950. ings that might be visited with profit or 2 Muller, Robert H. "Future Library Building Trends Among Colleges and Universities." College and Re- otherwise contacted by the librarian, archi- search Libraries, 12:33-36, January 1951. 3 Of the 820 accredited institutions listed in American tect, or president of an institution engaged Colleges and Universities, 430 returned questionnaires (52 per cent). Since the questionnaire emphasized as- in planning a new library building. Such pects more pertinent to recent than to older buildings, it is reasonable to assume that most of the institutions fail- requests seem to occur to planners as the ing to return questionnaires had relatively old library buildings. natural first step in orienting themselves in 29 7 JULY, 1951 COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BUILDINGS CONSTRUCTED 1929-1949 (Arranged in the Order of Estimated Sise)

Building Seats Seats Year Total now plus Carrells Adeauate (Ad) Name of Institution Built Volume Filled in Main Ample (Am) Capacity (x for yes) Library Insufficient (In)

Columbia U„ New York, N. Y. 1934 1,608,579 X 2,377 (Ad) Princeton U„ Princeton, N. J. 1948 1,800,000 1,800 (Ad) U. of Colo., Boulder, Colo. 1939 1,000,000 1,250 (Ad) Duke U„ Durham, N. C. 1930 900,000 1,150 (Ad) U. of Ala., University, Ala. 1939 275,000 X 2,600 (Am) U. of Calif. (Los Angeles), Los Angeles, Calif. 1929 625,000 X 1,481 (In) U. of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y. 1930 977,393 502 (Am) Rice Inst., Houston, Tex. 1949 800,000 813 (Am) Northwestern U., Evanston, 111. 1932 600,000 X 1,084 (I") U. of Maine, Orono, Maine 1947 721,000 427 (In) U. of Mo., Columbia, Mo. 1936 450,000 X 1,300 (In) U. of N. C., Chapel Hill, N. C. 1929 500,000 X 1,162 (In) Vanderbilt U„ Nashville, Tenn. 1941 535,000 1,020 (Am) U. of Fla., Gainesville, Fla. 1930 450,000 1,134 (Ad) U. of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 1935 450,000 X 930 (Ad) U. of Southern Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. 1932 370,882 X 1,078 (In) Colo. St. Coll. of Ed., Greeley, Colo. 1940 400,000 900 (Ad) U. of Va., Charlottesville, Va. 1938 400,436 X 800 (Ad) U. of Oreg., Eugene, Oreg. 1937 385,253 X 806 (In) 111. St. Normal U., Normal, 111. 1940 295,000 876 (Ad) U. of N. Mex., Albuquerque, N. Mex. 1938 250,000 864 (In) Drew U., Madison, N. J. 1939 400,000 363 (Am) Howard U„ Washington, D. C. 1938 339,047 365 (In) Temple U., Philadelphia, Pa. 1935 254,213 X 591 (Am) Lehigh U., Bethlehem, Pa. 1929 320,000 X 387 (Ad) Fla. St. U., Tallahassee, Fla. 1930 195,578 X 716 (In) Ohio U., Athens, Ohio 1931 205,758 635 (In) U. of Conn., Storrs, Conn. 1939 220,000 592 (Ad) Drake U., Des Moines, Iowa 1938 303,000 370 (Am) U. of S. C„ Columbia, S. C. 1941 290,000 390 (Ad) Brooklyn Coll., Brooklyn, N. Y. 1938 131,032 X 800 (In) W. Va. U„ Morgantown, W. Va. 1931 221,916 X 539 (In) N. Tex. St. Coll., Denton, Tex. 1937 168,218 X 676 (Ad) Pa. St. Coll., State College, Pa. 1939 228,696 X 498 (In) Southern Methodist U„ Dallas, Tex. 1940 199,000 X 556 (In) U. of Tenn., Knoxville, Tenn. 1932 194,738 X 500 (Ad) Tex. Tech. Coll., Lubbock, Tex. 1938 87,500 X 767 (Ad) Tenn. Polytechnic Inst., Cookeville, Tenn. 1949 125,000 626 (Am) Washington & Lee U„ Lexington, Va. 1941 260,800 249 (Ad) Atlanta U„ Atlanta, Ga. 1931 181,000 X 460 (Am) San Jose St. Coll., San Jose, Calif. 1941 130,000 X 575 (In) Lincoln U„ Jefferson City, Mo. 1949 154,056 485 (Ad) George Washington U., Washington, D. C. 1939 135,000 X 528 (In) Mont. St. Coll., Bozeman, Mont. 1949 210,000 324 (In) Central Mo. Coll., Warrensburg, Mo. 1939 195,000 351 (Ad) U. of Md., College Park, Md. 1931 135,000 X 510 (In) Fla. A. & M. Coll. for Negroes, Tallahassee, Fla. 1948 126,484 506 (Ad) Southern U. and A. & M. Coll., Baton Rouge, La. 1941 90,000 601 (Am) Eastern Washington Coll. of Ed., Cheney, Wash. 1940 156,000 X 384 (Am) Milwaukee-Downer Coll., Milwaukee, Wis. 1937 176,249 329 (Am) E. Tex. St. Teachers Coll., Commerce, Tex. 1930 113,639 X 466 (Am) A. & M. Coll. of Tex., College Station, Tex. 1930 160,000 325 (In) Franklin & Marshall Coll., Lancaster, Pa. 1938 161,000 308 (Am) Fresno St. Coll., Fresno, Calif. 1933 93,000 X 474 (Ad) Fisk U„ Nashville, Tenn. 1930 148,566 316 (Ad) Kent St. U., Kent, Ohio 1929 94,000 X 450 (In) U. of Mass., Amherst, Mass. 1935 135,000 X 330 (In) Municipal U. of Wichita, Wichita, Kans. 1939 120,000 362 (Am) Southwestern La. Inst., Lafayette, La. 1939 74,893 X 482 (Am) Mary Washington Coll. of the U. of Va., Fredericksburg, Va. 1941 122,003 350 (Am) Southeast Mo. St. Coll., Cape Girardeau, Mo. 1939 105,000 365 (Am) Northwest Mo. St. Teachers Coll., Maryville, Mo. 1939 135,000 276 (Am) St. Teachers Coll., Bemidji, Minn. 1949 122,000 310 (Am) MacMurrav Coll. for Women, Jacksonville, 111. 1941 99,000 366 (Am) Albion Coll., Albion, Mich. 1938 130,365 267 (Ad) E. Central St. Coll., Ada, Okla. 1949 107,000 322 (Am) Immaculate Heart Coll., Los Angeles, Calif. 1947 145,000 220 (Ad) Skidmore Coll., Saratoga Springs, N. Y. 1940 100,000 337 (Ad) St. Bonaventure Coll. & Seminary, St. Bonaventure, N. Y. 1937 148,000 200 (Ad) Madison Coll., Harrisonburg, Va. 1939 89,001 350 (Am) Ga. Teachers Coll., Collegeboro, Ga. 1939 48,000 450 (Am) Western St. Coll. of Colo., Gunnison, Colo. 1939 111,000 281 (Am) Agnes Scott Coll., Decatur, Ga. 1936 106,000 294 (Am) Gettysburg Coll., Gettysburg, Pa. 1929 100,000 X 300 (Am) Denison U„ Granville, Ohio 1937 104,825 286 (In) St. Mary's Coll., Notre Dame, Holy Cross, Ind. 1942 122,751 232 (Am) American Int. Coll., Springfield, Mass. 1949 67,000 380 (Am) Gustavus Adolphus Coll., St. Peter, Minn. 1948 100,000 260 (In)

262 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Total Building Seats Seats Name of Institution Year Volume now plus Carrells Adequate 1 Built Capacity Filled in Main Ample (Am) (x for yes) Library Insufficient

U. of Kans. City, Kansas City, Mo. 1936 125,000 X 185 (In) Sweet Briar Coll., Sweet Briar, Va. 1929 81,603 X 300 (Ad) Carson-Newman Coll., Jefferson City, Tenn. 1949 100,000 244 (Ad) Westminster Coll., New Wilmington, Pa. 1938 112,934 209 (Ad) Carroll Coll., Waukesha, Wis. 1942 87,512 260 (Ad) Hood Coll., Frederick, Md. 1941 38,270 X 387 (Am) Southeastern La. Coll., Hammond, La. 1940 90,702 238 (In) Rockford Coll., Rockford, 111. 1940 90,000 228 (Am) Reed Coll., Portland, Oreg. 1929 90,000 X 225 (In) Manhattanville Coll. of the Sacred Heart, New York, N. Y. 1942 96,122 202 (Am) Xavier U., New Orleans, La. 1937 79,000 244 (Am) U. S. Coast Guard Academy, New London, Conn. 1943 131,300 100 (Am) Culver-Stockton Coll., Canton, Mo. 1949 100,000 177 (Am) U. of Tulsa, Tulsa, 0,da. 1930 65,000 X 270 (In) Muhlenberg Coll., Allentown, Pa. 1930 130,000 96 (Ad) Willamette U., Salem, Oreg. 1938 65,000 263 (Ad) Radford Coll., Radford, Va. 1931 101,000 160 (Ad) Rosemont Coll., Rosemont, Pa. 1936 89,000 190 (Am) Longwood Coll., Farmville, Va. 1939 51,566 X 284 (Ad) Davidson Coll., Davidson, N. C. 1941 75,000 218 (In) N. J. St. Teachers Coll., Trenton, N. J. 1930 75,000 216 (Am) Southwestern Inst, of Tech., Weatherford, Okla. 1929 90,000 172 (Am) St. Paul Seminary, St. Paul, Minn. 1949 103,000 137 (Am) Huntingdon Coll., Montgomery, Ala. 1930 75,000 204 (In) Talladega Coll., Talladega, Ala. 1939 41,000 294 (Am) Pacific Lutheran Coll., Parkland, Wash. 1948 70,000 214 (Am) Ala. A. & M. Coll., Normal, Ala. 1948 58,000 236 (Am) Paine Coll., Augusta, Ga. 1947 69,753 196 (Am) Albany St. Coll., Albany, Ga. 1935 15,000 X 96 (In) Northwestern St. Coll. of La., Natchitoches, La. 1936 53,946 X 225 (In) St. Teachers Coll., Winona, Minn. 1939 58,500 185 (Ad) Ark. St. Teachers Coll., Conway, Ark. 1930 34,000 X 242 (In) Bennett Coll., Greensboro, N. C. 1939 68,411 150 (Ad) Goshen Coll., Goshen, Ind. 1940 42,000 X 220 (In) Lenoir-Rhyne Coll., Hickorv, N. C. 1942 74,892 130 (Ad) Chico St. Coll., Chico, Calif. 1933 54,000 170 (In) Salem Coll., Winston-Salem, N. C. 1938 53,791 156 (Am) Coe Coll., Cedar Rapids, Iowa 1931 55,000 X 152 (Ad) Ripon Coll., Ripon, Wis. 1930 58,000 X 140 (Ad) St. Normal & Ind. Coll., Ellendale, N. D. 1931 70,618 105 (Ad) Va. St. Coll., Petersburg, Va. 1938 43,799 X 170 (In) Linfield Coll., McMinnville, Oreg. 1935 39,492 X 180 (Ad) Whittier Coll., Whittier, Calif. 1929 64,230 X 110 (In) Va. Union U., Richmond, Va. 1948 30,457 X * 200 (Ad) Emmanuel Missionary Coll., Berrien Springs, Mich. 1937 40,000 X 174 (In) St. Teachers Coll., Jacksonville, Ala. 1939 21,798 216 (Am) George Pepperdine Coll., Los Angeles, Calif. 1940 32,000 X 188 (In) Trinity U., San Antonio, Tex. 1946 44,900 X 150 (In) Keene Teachers Coll., Keene, N. H. 1929 41,050 150 (Am) Geneva Coll., Beaver Falls, Pa. 1931 38,000 X 158 (Ad) Union Coll., Barbourville, Ky. 1941 19,350 202 (Ad) Carthage Coll., Carthage, 111. 1941 35,000 X 158 (Am) Delta St. Teachers Coll., Cleveland, Miss. 1939 45,060 X 120 (Am) Principia Coll., Elsah, 111. 1935 42,000 X 125 (Am) Wilmington Coll., Wilmington, Ohio 1942 40,000 108 (Am) Ga. St. Woman's Coll., Valdosta, Ga. 1940 24,539 X 144 (Am) Nebr. St. Teachers Coll., Chadron, Nebr. 1929 31,500 X 124 (Ad) St. Teachers Coll., Slippery Rock, Pa. 1939 32,000 120 (Am) Limestone Coll., Gaffney, S. C. 1941 30,000 125 (Am) Glenville St. Coll., Glenville, W. Va. 1931 30,000 X 120 (Ad) Northwest Nazarene Coll., Nampa, Idaho 1944 25,000 120 (Ad) Claflin Coll., Orangeburg, S. C. 1948 14,075 X 132 (In) Bluefield St. Coll., Bluefield, W. Va. 1938 15,000 X 125 (In) Albright Coll., Reading, Pa. 1930 25,000 X 75 (Am) LaGrange Coll., LaGrange, Ga. 1949 14,680 X 77 (Am) Scripps Coll., Claremont, Calif. 1931 • 35,000 X (Am) Our Lady of the Lake Coll., San Antonio, Tex. 1947 (Ad) Hardin Coll., Wichita Falls, Tex. 1946 13,000 X (In) the complex and often controversial body knowledge about other library buildings of knowledge pertaining to modern library seems legitimate, a word of caution is in building design and construction. The order with regard to the tendency of some lists of recent and future library buildings administrators to copy the plans of other were compiled to meet this demand for buildings. Many examples could be cited of easy firsthand orientation more efficiently library buildings modeled after other than could be done in the past. library buildings with insufficient regard Although the desire to seek firsthand for the special conditions existing on a

JULY, 1951 263 given campus. In some few cases the fol- a trifle compared to the cost of construc- lowing of a model has produced functional tion or compared to architects' fees. First- results, but more often it has resulted in hand observation is, of course, not a panacea poorly designed library buildings. for all library planning problems. Never- The difficulties encountered by librarians theless, everything else being equal, the in selling the idea of modular design to col- librarian who has had an opportunity to lege administrators and boards up to 1946 familiarize himself with many contemporary sprang from the impossibility of pointing library buildings will probably do a better to any previously built modular library job of planning than one who has not. building that could be copied or used as a Even a study of the errors of the past may model.4 Only after some members of the be fruitful. original Cooperative Committee on Library The tabulation gives for each library Building Plans, such as Princeton Univer- building the following data: (i) The year sity and Iowa State University, had begun in which construction was completed, (2) to adopt modular design, did it become total volume capacity, (3) an indication of easy for others to break with the hallowed whether or not the building was filled to traditions of segregated multiple-tier stacks, capacity in 1949, (4) total number of seats, high-ceilinged reference halls, built-in wall including study carrells, in the new build- shelving and load-bearing partitions.5 In ing, and (5) an indication of whether the 1951 the situation is approaching the re- number of seats provided was ample, ade- verse of that of only five years ago, and quate, or insufficient in 1949. institutions not adopting modular design 6 for their library building seem now to Fluctuations exhibit apologetic tendencies. The amount of construction fluctuated greatly during the 21-year span. On the Once the library planner is determined average about seven new buildings a year to resist the tendency to copy existing pat- were constructed, thus adding about terns unthinkingly, he can profit much 154,000 square feet a year to the college through a study of library building plans and university facilities for the storage of of other institutions. By means of personal books and seating of readers. The volume inspection, correspondence, discussion and of construction during the depression was analysis, he can discover the weak and above average. It dropped considerably strong points of other plans. He can find during the recovery period 1933-37 and out what to avoid and what to recommend. rose sharply from 1938 until Pearl Harbor He should insist on being permitted to (14 buildings a year). The war and de- travel to distant points if necessary, since, mobilization periods were extremely lean, the most functional buildings are not always with only 1.6 buildings a year added. located nearby. The cost of such travel is Library building construction picked up 4 The application of flexible design to library build- again in 1948 and 1949. ings was first proposed by Angus S. Macdonald. See his "A Library of the Future." Library Journal, 58:971-75, 1023-25, 1933 and "New Possibilities in Library Planning." Library Journal, 70:1169-74, Total Construction 1945. See also Burchard, John E., [and others]. Planning the University Library Building. Princeton During 1929-49 new library buildings University Press, 1949, p.98-106, 136-37. 5 See Cooperative Committee on Library Building provided 3,300,000 square feet of floor area Plans. The Orange Conference, Oct. 26-2'8, 1945, Phila- delphia: Stephenson-Brothers, 1946; See also The Sec- 6 Assistance rendered the author by Dr. A. Mark, ond Princeton Conference, June 12-14, 1946, The North director, Statistical Service, Southern Illinois Univer- Carolina Conference, Mar. 18-19, 1947, The Chicago sity, in the calculation of the summary data, trends, and Conference, Jan. 27-28, 1948, The Michigan Conference, ratios presented in this and the next three paragraphs, Dec. 2-3, 1949. is gratefully acknowledged.

264 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES for the storage of 26,600,000 books and Life Expectancy 61,000 seats for readers. In the total scene, Of 145 library buildings erected be- for every 100 square feet of floor area for tween 1929 and 1949, 63 were filled to book storage there were 85 square feet for capacity by 1949. Over one half of the reader seating. (This ratio did not, of buildings built between 1929 and 1941 course, hold true for individual libraries.) were filled by 1949. On the basis of re- About 14 per cent of the libraries accounted ported growth plus extrapolated future for one half of the total book storage growth, among 122 buildings for which capacity, and 22 per cent accounted for one such data were available, the average half of reader seating, indicating that many library building had a life time or life more small libraries were constructed than expectancy of 21 years.7 In other words, large ones. the average building would require a building addition for book storage 21 years after Average Library original construction. The average building provided a book storage capacity of about 184,000 volumes 7 Life expectancy was computed on the basis of the average rate of increase for the period extending from and seats for 420 readers. At the time of the year of construction to the year 1948. The rate of increase was computed in the same fashion as compound construction, it possessed about 61,000 interest is computed. If A denotes the number of volumes at the time of construction and B the number volumes. The library buildings of Atlanta of volumes in 1948, then A dollars deposited in the year of construction would yield B dollars in 1948, University, A. & M. College of Texas and provided that the money accumulated only through interest compounded annually at the rate of increase char- Eastern Washington College of Education acteristic for a given library. The rate of increase was calculated only for those libraries for which the num- came close to this statistical average. bers A and B were available.

Circulation in the Divisional Library

(Continued from page 244) needed, that for the bookcard file kept by new concept of service to the patron. The date due, from which overdues were typed circulation department is in a pivotal posi- and circulation counted. In these two last tion in the library; it is the center of public steps, needless minutes formerly spent on service and coordination. Through the use bookcarding, filing and writing charges, of a master file of book location and stream- were saved for advising and guiding the lined techniques of filing and book charg- patron. ing, this circulation department has elevated the standards of service to patrons to a high Summary level of quality and efficiency, and has thus At Nebraska the centralization of all contributed substantially to the success of circulation activities in the divisional li- the divisional library at the University of brary at the central loan desk has meant a Nebraska.

JULY, 1951 265 By EILEEN THORNTON

The Publication of Library School Theses

Miss Thornton is librarian3 Vassar Col- they now receive. Each year students pro- lege. duce a large group of research reports; reports of current interest, on a wide variety HEN I examined the list of "Gradu- of topics and under the best direction we Wate Theses Accepted by Library have in the profession. And each year, Schools in the United States, 1949-50,I when the mountains have ceased their labor was fired with enthusiasm to study several pains, the resultant mice are quietly shelved papers which promised us help in our li- in triplicate, modestly hidden away from all brary. I have gone through this excitement but rare command appearances in Library every time comparable lists have appeared Literature or the Library Quarterly list- in the past, and I shall probably continue ings. to burn with good intentions as each annual Librarians, library schools and the stu- list appears. Unfortunately, so far this has dent-authors all lose by our failure to make been entirely a matter of enthusiastic excite- this material available. All of us would ment, totally unsupported by positive action benefit by even a moderate publication pro- on my part. When it comes right down to gram. it, I find that I am loath to go through the Librarians in the field have a double re- complex, costly and generally unsatisfactory sponsibility in regard to this reporting: they performance of borrowing theses on interli- should put it to the test of both practical brary loan. I find that I want the material and critical examination (which would, in to stay with me until I can study it thor- turn, benefit the library school and the au- oughly and discuss it with my colleagues thor), and they should extract from the who must also have time to study it. The mass that part which would improve them chances are we shall want to keep it so that as librarians and profit their institutions. we can refer to it again later. What I As a matter of hard fact, librarians really should really like to do is to develop a small need the information to be found in many but excellent library of research studies library school theses. A search through which might help us with specific problems Library Literature usually has the disheart- or which might widen and deepen our knowl- ening effect of proving that the data one edge and philosophy of librarianship. most wants are quite often to be found only If the research conducted by the students in a thesis. A good thesis with a good in our library schools is not carried on solely bibliography is frequently the most direct as discipline but instead as a sincere attempt route to the information the working librar- to advance the frontiers of librarianship, its ian requires. If we assume that each of the products deserve wider dissemination than studies is worthy of the degree it helped to

1 Leon Carnovsky. "Graduate Theses Accepted by earn for its author, publication should re- Library Schools in the United States, 1949-50." Li- dound to the glory of the library school. brary Quarterly, 20:289-99, October 1950.

266 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Also, it is hard to see how library schools ceed 100 pages in length; the doctoral dis- can plan productive research programs with- sertations vary greatly but often are not out having at hand reports on the research longer than 200 pages. A maximum of 48 already carried on under the aegis of other typewritten pages can be printed on one library schools. Library school placement microcard. This indicates that many re- efforts could be made more successful if search studies could be reproduced on cards prospective employers had easy access to the at costs ranging from 40^ to $1.00 per major research efforts of candidates. If li- title. Of the 441 reading machines already brary school graduates are to be encouraged sold by the Northern Engraving and Manu- to continue scholarly research, both the facturing Company, well over 300 are in schools and the profession as a whole would academic or public libraries, the most obvi- be well advised to give more than lip service ous market for library school' theses. to students' research by finding some As Dr. Carnovsky pointed out in his method of publication and distribution for prefatory remarks to the 1949-50 list of theses. graduate theses, the information which was It is obvious that no publisher of trade supplied to him from which to compile the books is going to clamor for the privilege list is not sufficient to distinguish among of making these studies available in print. a comprehensive paper, a synthesis of exist- Occasionally one report will be of general ing literature, a report written for a enough interest to find a publisher—usually seminar, a field study and a piece of re- among the university presses—and a search consisting of an original contribution slightly larger number will be abstracted or to knowledge. Still, as a starting point, and otherwise eviscerated for publication in pro- because it is accessible to most persons who fessional journals. A few will be dupli- might be interested in this project, this list cated on film, and most will be available might serve as a checklist from which to on interlibrary loan. What seems to be make a trial order. Librarians who are called for at this time is cheap and small interested are asked to write me immediately, editions, and these can be obtained by means listing the theses they would like to have of microcard. The Microcard Foundation made available on microcard. This will not would like very much to undertake a project be regarded as an order because authors and involving a group of library school theses. library schools must first authorize publica- Mr. Rider writes, "Continual small econo- tion and because most libraries must order mies have enabled us to get out minimum such materials through more formal chan- editions of 15 copies instead of 25 copies, nels. Quick, informal communications will at no increase of basic rate per card. . . . enable me to see if the idea is sufficiently If the foundation does them it will quote a popular to take to the Microcard Foundation price of not over 2O0 a card. . . ." The and to the library schools for the next majority of masters' theses do not ex- steps.

JULY, 1951 267 By WILLIAM S. BUDINGTON

Teaching the Use of Engineering Libraries1

Mr. Budington is librarian, Engineering it briefly before passing on to general dis- and Physical Sciences, Columbia Univer- cussion. sity. At present, Engineering 3 is a one-point, one-hour-a-week course required of all un- AMONG THE many problems faced by dergraduate engineering students. Titled ii- librarians today is the business of "Engineering Library Technique" it is salesmanship. Most of us are familiar with taught by the engineering librarian and is the usual devices some of which we employ, given during both winter and spring se- others of which we enviously watch in use mesters. Each of the seven engineering elsewhere—such as displays, lists, advertise- curricula (mechanical, electrical, industrial, ments and radio broadcasts. At colleges etc.) has a section to itself and, as far as and universities we have a head start in possible, students are registered for the that education depends heavily on library appropriate section. These usually have resources. There is still a definite selling from 15 to 40 students, depending on the job to do—selling the faculty and especially subject, and sometimes two sections are the students the concept of the library as a necessary for heavily enroled curricula. working tool rather than a stockroom. Such instruction was initiated in 1933 Salesmanship is largely a matter of per- in the form of library periods in one of sonal contact, no less in libraries than in the regular subject courses. This was ex- business. Our most effective work lies in panded to a series of three lectures required direct dealing with the public through of all students, then to a full semester, non- formal or informal guidance or instruction. credit, required course. Since 1945 one Teaching the use of libraries formally is point of credit has been given. carried out in several ways: the freshman The present content of the course largely orientation tour, a short talk by the li- follows traditional lines. The approach is brarian in a program meeting, the inclusion by form of material. The beginning is of one or more library periods in a subject made with principles of classification, the course and the separate library course. The card catalog and the making of proper latter is becoming more and more common, references. Guides to the literature, en- and interest in it is increasing. In engineer- cyclopedias and handbooks, national bibli- ing schools, however, little at this level has ographies, review sources and other bibli- yet appeared. Since the course given at ographies of various types then follow. The Columbia University appears to be one of importance and use of serial literature the first, it may be appropriate to describe brings in general and special technical indexing and abstracting. Standards and 1 Presented at meeting of Engineering School Libraries Section, A.C.R.L., Cleveland, July 18, 1950. government documents, trade literature and

268 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES directories have their part, and we conclude forced. It must be brought home to stu- with something on documentary production dents of science and engineering that and reproduction, microfilm and the like. familiarity with current progress is an In all, 15 lecture periods are planned. The absolute necessity. There is a need for example are chosen to fit the major subject recognition of what has gone before, and of each section. Many items are given to a realization that knowledge has been all sections, but wherever possible the class recorded for many centuries before the stu- periods are tailored to fit. dent became a novitiate engineer. He Each student, as his project for the should become familiar with the major course, completes a bibliography on a topic library tools of research, and with the of his choosing subject to the instructor's extent of the literature in his own field. approval. The number of references and It is well that he learn that English is by the number of sources from which they are no means the sole language of communica- obtained are specified. This precludes tion. If he is to be aware of the world's comprehensive bibliographies, but our in- work, he must acquire a working knowledge tent is to obtain a fairly comprehensive of foreign tongues. coverage of sources rather than intensive Basically, the library must be dissected searching. Although exceptions are made and the machinery of its use made clear. for thesis projects, we hope that students The student should come to understand will thus come to recognize the value of bibliographic practice as it affects his li- source material in related fields as well as brary research and the preparation of re- in their own. As a rule there have been ports and articles. When Columbia's no tests, daily assignments or final examina- course originated, the dean's announcement tions. With two or three hundred students said, "The engineering libraries are for there is a limit to our capacity for including the use and convenience of the students. them. Attendance is regulated by general The school is anxious that every student university procedure. should learn the possibilities of an engineer- This course is taken during the junior ing library." This has been extended to year by all except chemical engineers who include the meaning and significance of take it as seniors. It comes during their engineering literature and its organization. first year in the School of Engineering since In a number of schools, such instruction the lower two years are spent in Columbia is given on a graduate level, for credit in College or the School of General Studies. many instances and even required in a few. Thus our students have had college experi- The advantage to the graduate student is ence, and one-half to two-thirds of them unquestioned. That undergraduates as well have received some library orientation in may benefit is not as often recognized. high school or college. There is no reason why they, too, should There is no need to elaborate greatly on not have the ability to dig out information the reason for some such instruction. Oc- for themselves. A noticeable improvement cupied with the technics of laboratory and in report work for other courses was one classroom, the student engineer often does of the reasons the Columbia lectures were not realize that the library offers as much expanded. Such an undergraduate course in value as the rest of his curricula. In deals with more elementary materials than the humanities, one's contact with library a graduate offering and may be less inten- resources is more extended and more en- sive since immediate original research is

JULY, 1951 269 not contemplated. There is a very definite sultation with the department, it is possible problem in getting across to undergradu- to adjust requirements and emphases to- ates the need for such information, whereas ward that specific end. Where depart- a graduate student facing a thesis is acutely mental research is under way, students in aware, or shortly will be, of the complexi- the library course are able to do some of ties of technical literature and his own the bibliographical groundwork, thus aiding shortcomings. the department as well as themselves. Choice of the instructor is up to the The question of the proper time for school, of course. From the professional giving such a course may be open to com- point of view, this duty is rightfully the ment. The junior year appears to have librarian's and so it is usually found. Teach- several advantages to recommend it. At ing ability is an important factor which is this point the student is entering his major likely to be minimized in the decision, "Let field of work and may be assumed to have the librarian do it." It is particularly im- a definite subject interest, giving point and portant in the undergraduate course, as direction to any library work done. An mentioned before. Knowledge of the litera- added maturity over first-year students also ture is another obvious prerequisite; faculty makes the task of teaching easier. This members and specialists know better than is not to say that a first-year introduction the librarian the literature of their own to the library is undesirable; the freshman subjects, but for coverage of all fields a orientation tour or practice work in the bevy of such men would be required. A English course familiarizes the student with competent librarian will have general ac- the library's principal features—notably its quaintance and familiarity with the ma- location and arrangement. Extensive in- terials of all branches of engineering. In struction, however, should wait until the addition, a more uniform scheme is assured teaching can be done in terms of the subject if instruction is centralized, and related field rather than in terms of pure bibli- fields may be tied in more easily. ography. Another point gained by the librarian's Credit for such a course should be ar- instructorship relates to the library's posi- ranged if at all possible. Its length, the tion in the educational pattern. As a time spent on it and its required status are fellow teacher, the librarian is more likely all deserving of recognition, not to speak to be considered a colleague by the faculty, of its real contribution to the training of as eloquently argued by B. Lamar Johnson engineers. A noncredit course stands much in his book The Librarian and the Teacher less chance of attention from the students in General Education. Furthermore, he and consideration from the faculty. is brought in contact with most, if not all The content of the course will be largely students, early in their engineering studies. a matter of individual organization, much There is established an acquaintanceship as with any other subject course. The which makes easier the students' later use various elements described in the Columbia of the library and engenders a working course are fairly standard items for inclu- basis for further guidance. sion, and others can be developed depending As in nonscience curricula, library in- on circumstances. The number of students, struction may be correlated with subject the types of curricula, size of library and courses. Frequently, students are required staff, and physical facilities will affect the to present a senior thesis. Through con- content and teaching methods. Library

270 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES tours or instruction periods in the library ducted by our students, the library course may be handled if conditions permit. Guest received an over-all average rating slightly lecturers from the faculty help to vary the above the humanities and slightly below program and lend a certain meaning and many of the engineering subjects. Our authority. With large classes a lecture present school administration has been schedule is usually called for, with less in highly in favor of it, and it would be diffi- the way of tests, homework and the like. cult to maintain the course without that Small classes permit the use of problems support. As a whole, the faculty think it and more individual attention. Teaching a good idea, though many of them are un- aids may include pictures, enlargements, clear as to just what it is all about. As charts and samples. Slides have been used might be expected, those faculty members in some similar courses, although we have who make considerable use of the library not yet attempted them in our large classes. are more sympathetic than those who rarely Copies of books and materials are brought pass through our portals. to class for use with the lecture and are Perhaps our most pleasant recommenda- there after class for examination. During tions come from graduates who drop back the semester these materials are kept on a for a visit. Frequently they tell of re- separate shelf in the reading room for the search work or assignments in which students' use. knowledge of information sources was an Whatever teaching methods are used, advantage. Sometimes undergraduates or great emphasis must be placed on practical graduates will call in knowing that there uses. Examples should contain the techni- is a volume which will answer their ques- cal vocabulary, and all explanations be tions, though perhaps not remembering its made in those terms. The instructor must name. Even this is certainly better than have a fair understanding of engineering floundering about in aimless search or pre- subjects in order to explore the nuances maturely assuming the unavailability of the of subject headings. In brief, the work desired material. must be strictly from the engineering point Similar coverage appears in science-tech- of view, and made, as far as possible, an nology literature courses found in library engineering course in the literature rather schools. More emphasis is being given to than a library course for engineers. such instruction, and engineering librarians The results from the course are rather are naturally interested in it, both for their difficult to pin down. The work turned in personal benefit and in the hope of trained indicates how well students have grasped assistants. Illinois has offered "Bibliog- the principles of library research, but the raphy of Science and Technology" since application elsewhere of what has been 1948, aimed at large public library service learned is often not known. Our best in- and including four periods out of 48 on en- dications come when we occasionally see gineering. At Columbia, the classes in their reports, and especially when we note "Science Literature" cover only the basic the activity at the catalog, the indexes, use sciences; medicine has been covered in of bibliographies and the like. Student re- "Literature of Special Fields," but as yet action to a one-point course is not likely to there has not been sufficient demand in the be rapturous, especially when there is not applied sciences. It would certainly be to the obvious practicality of some of their our advantage to stimulate such a demand other work. In a curricular survey con- through our own studies and recruiting

JULY, 1951 271 activities. However, I believe there are are his concern. The engineer, on the other obvious differences between such library hand, is interested only in the container's school courses and those given to under- contents; what happens in the long chain graduate subject students. Their purposes of events bringing it to his use is of little or are essentially the same—imparting knowl- no real interest to him. His background edge of and familiarity with common ma- and training have been entirely different. terials. For the librarian these are the tools As a rule, he is not overly interested in of his trade and the instruction must be books but in the accomplishment of factual more complete, more detailed, more com- results and the means for doing so. prehensive; for the engineer this knowledge Our basic problem is to convince him that is an adjunct only, and while it would the "means for doing so" include the li- doubtless be nice to include more, the es- brary. Though it differs from what the sentials are all he should be expected to engineer is accustomed to think of as in- acquire. Principles of book selection and strument or apparatus, the written record trade information are two items which the of scientific knowledge can be fully as im- librarian needs but the engineer does not. portant in providing foundations for work In almost all categories, whether it be and pointing the way. A library course bibliographical variations or knowledge of may thus be compared to those in basic sources, the approach to the subject stems mathematics, instrumentation, drafting and from a different viewpoint. The librarian other contributory instruction. The more tends to have greater interest in the book salesmanship we can exercise the better. or periodical, per se, as a physical con- By familiarizing the engineer with the tainer; its many manifestations, its selec- printed tools of his—and our—trade, we tion, care and preservation, and accessibility do him and ourselves a service.

Problems Confronting University Libraries

(Continued from page 240)

Conclusion procedures and points of view need periodic In conclusion, we trust that the preced- re-examination and that new developments ing report is of value in its summary of require constant observation. Book collec- these problems which are apparently of tions continue to grow phenomenally. deepest concern and interest to university Service staffs, correspondingly, must be- librarians over a nationwide area. It does come larger and larger. The American describe trends of thought and areas for dollar buys less and less. Budgets reflect investigation proposed by a representative an inflationary situation. The problems group of administrators. In no way is it thus posed can be met only through inten- an attempt to compile a list of all problems sive cooperative effort. The University Li- confronting university librarians, or to braries Section of A.C.R.L. can and should draw conclusions as to which are the most contribute through the development of an important at this time. This report clearly active and expanding program of projects demonstrates an awareness that established and committee work.

272 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES By EUGENE H. WILSON

Federal Relations Policy of A.C.R.L.

Dr. Wilson is chairman, A.C.R.L. Policy tions which should receive attention from Co mmittee, and director of libraries, Uni- and action by appropriate committees. versity of Colorado. Examples in this area of some of the matters of special but not exclusive interest to HE Board of Directors of A.C.R.L., A.C.R.L. members are: Tmeeting in Cleveland on July 21, 1950, 1. The character of government publica- agreed to request the Policy Committee to tions, distribution of government docu- draft a statement of long range policy in ments, the library's use of government pub- the area of federal relations. This assign- lications. ment was accepted by the Policy Committee. 2. Research programs in the federal field After studying various matters in this which may involve dependence upon college, area which were of special interest to university and research libraries with the A.C.R.L. membership, and considering the related questions of regional libraries, fed- machinery already in existence and assigned eral aid and cooperative arrangements with to consider such matters, the committee sub- such federal libraries as the Library of Con- mitted a report which was accepted and gress, the Army Medical Library and the approved by the board at its meeting in U.S.D.A. Library. Chicago on January 31. The major recom- 3. Measures for the protection of the mendation of the report is that "the general holdings of research libraries. long term policy of A.C.R.L. in the area 4. Liaison with federal agencies engaged of federal relations shall be to cooperate in war mobilization activities. with and operate through appropriate 5. The National Science Foundation A.L.A. boards and committees." In mak- Act, approved May 10, 1950 (81st Con- ing this recommendation the committee gress, Public Law 507). pointed out that "no interests of major sig- 6. The National Clearing House for Sci- nificance in this area can be considered as entific and Technical Information Act, ap- being exclusively A.C.R.L. interests. This proved Sept. 9, 1950 (81st Congress, Public is an area in which the second cardinal Law 776). policy of A.C.R.L., 'to make present affilia- 7. Relations with the U.S. Office of Edu- tion with A.L.A. a fruitful relationship,' cation. can be made particularly effective." 8. Postal and customs legislation. Implementation of this policy to assure 9. Social security. the most effective results possible is not 10. The Point Four Program. solely the responsibility of the Board of 11. The world agreement to abolish duty Directors and the executive secretary. Each on publications as approved at the Fifth member of A.C.R.L. must recognize, accept General Conference of Unesco in May- and be alert to his responsibilities in calling June 1950. to the attention of A.C.R.L. officers any \2. Support of the Library of Congress matters in the general area of federal rela- in developing its services which have par- 29 7 JULY, 1951 ticular significance to libraries throughout nual report forms and submit recommenda- the nation. tions thereon; to coordinate statistical ac- Most of these are not new fields of inter- tivities of the association and its affiliated est, but the present state of our foreign re- agencies; to cooperate in statistical matters lations makes numbers 2, 3 and 4 assume with the U.S. Office of Education. . . ." immediate importance. Numbers 5 and 6 4. Resources of American Libraries. are important new federal laws which may "To study the present resources of Ameri- be of great significance to research libraries can libraries; to suggest plans for coordina- in the years ahead. A review of functions tion in the acquisition of research publica- of existing A.L.A. committees indicates that tions by American libraries." each of the preceding 12 matters of interest 5. Public Relations. "To encourage and can be considered as lying within the areas stimulate a sound public relations program established for the committees. for all types of libraries. . . ." The function of the A.L.A. Federal Re- 6. International Relations. ". . . to have lations Committee is "to consider all matters direct supervision of the association's inter- involving federal legislative or govern- national activities involving library coopera- mental action affecting libraries not specifi- tion. . . ." cally assigned to other boards and commit- 7. Government Publications. "To con- tees, to watch federal legislation for matters sider problems of publishing research re- which affect libraries, to further legislation ports and of storing materials for distribu- in Congress, to protest any undesirable legis- tion after the war, of acquiring public docu- lation proposed, to seek rulings and inter- ments and expediting their acquisition, and pretations of laws and regulations, and to related matters."2 represent the A.L.A. before the federal In the area of government publications, a government when necessary." 1 majority of the members of the A.L.A. Examples of "other boards and commit- Committee on Public Documents are staff tees" of A.L.A. which have been assigned members of college, university or research to consider matters involving federal rela- libraries, and two of the three listed mem- tions are: bers of the Joint Committee on Government 1. Public Documents. "To take cog- Publications are university librarians. At nizance of matters relating to public docu- the open meeting arranged by the A.L.A. ments issued in the United States, whether Committee in Cleveland on July 18, a federal, state, or local, and matters relating symposium on federal depository libraries to the official publications of foreign govern- was presented, and three of the four par- ments." ticipants were members of university library 2. Book Acquisitions. ". . . to represent staffs. The January 1951 issue of College the association in negotiations with the book and Research Libraries published the four trade, and before legislative bodies in con- papers given at the symposium and two ad- troversies relating to price maintenance, ditional articles dealing with documents. terms, copyrights, and kindred ques- The 25 pages devoted to these papers repre- tions. . . ." sented over one-fourth of the total space in the issue. These facts seem to indicate no 3. Statistics. "To consider uniform an- need of a special A.C.R.L. committee to 1 This and following statements of function of committees and boards are taken from "A.L.A. Organization 2 This is a joint committee of A.L.A., American As- and Information 1950-51." A.L.A. Bulletin 44:394- sociation of Law Libraries, Association of Research 431, November 1950. Libraries, Special Libraries Association.

274 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES look after the association's interest in this A.L.A. committees. area. If A.C.R.L. special interests are not re- The A.L.A. Board on Resources of Amer- ceiving adequate attention from these ican Libraries at present is composed of five A.L.A. committees it is the responsibility of university librarians, all of whom are active A.C.R.L. officers and Board of Directors A.C.R.L. members, and the chairman is a to call such neglect to the attention of the past president of A.C.R.L. Four of the five particular committees. If such neglect con- members of the board also are from libraries tinues, A.C.R.L. has the right to request which are members of the Association of Re- A.L.A. Council review of such committee search Libraries. When A.R.L. at its Feb- actions—or inactions—and if satisfactory re- ruary i meeting gave consideration to steps sults are not then obtained, A.C.R.L. would involved in mobilization of resources of re- be justified in establishing its own boards search libraries to meet national needs in or committees to work independently. It is the present crisis, this overlapping member- extremely doubtful that such a situation ship was pointed out. The executive secre- will occur. tary of A.R.L. was instructed to confer The college, university and reference li- with the chairman of the board, since the brarians serving on these A.L.A. boards need for a special A.R.L. committee in this and committees have a primary responsi- area was questioned. It would appear that bility to keep in mind any special interests interests of A.C.R.L. and A.R.L. members of A.C.R.L. members. Every A.C.R.L. would not be slighted as the A.L.A. Board member has the responsibility of bringing on Resources assumes leadership in this these interests to the attention of the ap- mobilization effort. propriate A.L.A. committee, either directly These two examples are cited to indicate as a member of A.L.A., or indirectly specifically how existing A.L.A. boards and through A.C.R.L. officers, directors or sec- committees operate in this general area of tion officers. The executive secretary of federal relations. They should assure ade- A.C.R.L. has a special responsibility to be quate coverage of all library interests where alert to these interests and to suggest action federal relations are involved. Every mem- programs. If each member and each officer ber of A.C.R.L. is also a member of A.L.A. of A.C.R.L. is alert to our needs and inter- and as such is interested in furthering all ests in the area of federal relations, the library interests. There are special interests policy of cooperating with and operating of A.C.R.L. members, however, and these through present organizational machinery of must not be neglected. College, university the A.L.A. should assure that these needs and reference librarians constitute a fairly and interests will be met adequately and large proportion of the membership of satisfactorily.

JULY, 1951 275 Notes from the A.C.R.L. Office

In some ways college libraries seem pretty University libraries with book collections of well standardized by the common acceptance over half a million volumes were next ex- of techniques and at least lip service to the amined. Only eight of these had published same general aims. After visiting many in figures showing the total institutional budget connection with A.C.R.L. work, I have and total library budget for 1939-40 and reached the conclusion that similarity is largely 1948-49. Every one of the eight was getting superficial and libraries are just as individual a smaller share of the educational dollar on as the librarians who operate them. Nearly its campus in 1949. The average decrease was every library visited had some feature unique 17.8 per cent. to my experience. At one time I thought that These brief investigations warrant much the particular excellences of each institution more careful analysis. However, they indicate might well be noted for the consideration of that librarians are getting less. No one, in this membership. The plan has been aban- looking back to 1929 or 1939, would say that doned, however, in the realization that many libraries were then getting too much. techniques and attitudes owed their particu- Figures for the home circulation of books lar excellence to the settings and could not be are notorious for error, omission and misin- recommended for universal adoption. In place terpretation, but they should not for that rea- of that I am substituting a few general obser- son be ignored. A comparison of reported vations on the state of college and university home circulation of 13 of the 15 college li- libraries today. braries in 1929 with similar figures for 1949 Originality and service can rise above the indicated only three colleges had increases in limitation of a starvation budget for a period, circulation which kept pace with increases in but eventually there comes a time when every student enrolment. These three colleges all individual succumbs somewhat to the effects of turned out to have had similarly adequate malnutrition. Many of our college libraries budget increases. Study of the other 10 li- are operating on alarmingly small sums. braries indicated circulation rise and fall bore Boasts of budget and salary increases have some rough relation to adequacy of support. been numerous during the past five years and Apparently university presidents who wish to usually omit mention of decline in value of have students read more widely will be wise the dollar, or of increased enrolment and in- to give better support to their libraries. come. It is purchasing power that counts, not Cooperation between librarian and teaching dollars. An increased work load in the form faculty has certainly increased in recent years. of students served and books housed should be The development of the divisional library has matched by increased purchasing power or played some part in this desirable development. service will sooner or later begin to decline, Likewise the recognition of undergraduate li- no matter how devoted and inspired the staff braries in universities has been a progressive may be. step. While some universities had these li- I have seen nothing to indicate that college braries a generation and more ago, the prin- libraries are any better off financially today ciple seems to have gained wide acceptance in than they were 10 or 20 years ago. To check only very recent years. this I studied 15 published and unpublished It appears to me that only in isolated cases budget reports available at headquarters (the has great progress been achieved in making first 15 in alphabetic order, omitting Califor- the library a truly effective educational instru- nia and Columbia as too large to be typical). ment for the student body, a real laboratory The total budgets increased about 87 per cent of the mind. Recently I visited a small city in purchasing power from 1928-9 to 1948-9. which had both a large university and a lib- On the other hand, enrolments more than eral arts college. The university library is one doubled during the period, as did the book of the great research collections of the country, collections. If library operations increase in but very few people were in evidence in the expense with growth of collections, something stacks or the reading rooms. The staff is wrong in this picture. talked to me with interest and originality

276 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES about various library techniques for handling length precludes publication in College and Re- books. On the adjoining campus, the same af- search Libraries or other material of consid- ternoon, the college library reading rooms erable value to perhaps a quite limited pro- were thronged. The reason seemed clear. fessional group. Several hundred copies will The small college library set itself to be an constitute an edition, which will be put on education instrument reaching every student in sale at a nominal charge. Standing orders will every course. The shop was no model, but a be solicited. lot of good books were getting heavy use. Our The board voted to establish an A.C.R.L. university libraries are inclined to neglect Audio-Visual Committee in compliance with many things that are customarily done for the recommendation of the A.L.A. Audio- students on small campuses. Instruction in the Visual Board. The following was suggested use of the library is, from personal experience, by Raynard C. Swank, chairman of the board: quite a problem when 75 or 80 sections of "The general purpose of the committee freshman English are involved. Consideration might be defined as the promotion of audio- of the library's contribution to every course visual services in college, university and pos- taught looks impossible when there are many sibly research libraries. A few of the func- hundreds of courses. Nevertheless these and tions which such a committee might perform other services must be faced if university li- over a considerable period of time are: brary systems are going to measure up to the "1. Compile and publish information, both college libraries. descriptive and statistical, on audio-visual It is distressing to note that at least a small services in college, university and research li- percentage of practicing librarians seem to braries. Very little information is now avail- have few professional interests. These in- able on the nature and extent of the services terests can legitimately take a variety of now being offered to instruction and research, forms—essentially bookman activities, schol- although quite a bit has become available from arly research in a subject field, study and de- the A.L.A. Film Office and other sources velopment of library techniques, leadership in about public library film services. A survey of state or national professional associations and audio-visual activities in college and university so forth. Lack of participation in any of libraries might well be the first project as- these activities and of routine following of signed to the new committee. procedures year in and year out are evidences "2. Offer guidance to librarians operating of mental stagnation. Low salaries, over- or wanting to organize audio-visual services. work and stifling supervision certainly are con- "3. In cooperation with the A.L.A. Audio- tributing factors. It would seem that head Visual Board, accept responsibility for recom- librarians have a definite responsibility to en- mending policy on crucial problems relating to courage professional participation on the part the development of audio-visual services on of the staff. A judicious mixture of sugges- the college campus. For the last several years tion, assistance, cooperation, recognition and the A.L.A. Audio-Visual Board has been con- gentle pressure should accomplish a good deal. cerned continually with policy statements of The choice of type of activity is greater for one kind or another (e.g., sponsored films and librarians than practically any other profes- union projectionists). The method of financ- sion. ing an audio-visual center is an example of a * * * campus problem. By a recent mail vote the Board of Direc- "4. Stimulate discussion and investigation tors approved a proposal for A.C.R.L. to un- of audio-visual services through conference dertake limited surveys of small liberal arts programs, articles in professional journals, re- colleges upon request. This plan was dis- search studies, etc. . . . cussed in this same column in the January "5. Evaluate audio-visual resources of in- 1951 issue. struction and research, advise producers on The board also approved an increased allot- needs and publish lists of recommended ma- ment for the Committee on Publications. This terials. The A.L.A. Audio-Visual Board is to be used to start a new series, A.C.R.L. has now published several lists, including the Occasional Papers. These will probably be first-purchase list of films for public libraries. issued in multilith and take monographs whose "6. Explore the possibilities of library co-

JULY, 1951 277 operation in the acquisition, production and the publishers. The same principle holds true use of audio-visual materials. Much progress for movie productions. in this direction has already been made in the Another field for development lies in the public library field, and a small college library annual competitions, which take place on would benefit as much from this kind of effort most small campuses, in building up personal as the small public library. libraries by the students. These competitions "7. Test and recommend audio-visual seem to get wide local publicity. Publishers equipment for use in academic libraries, class- might build up considerable good will where it rooms, etc." counts by offering prizes of, say, 25 to 75 The board approved a small travel allow- dollars' worth of books to winners on selected ance for the treasurer in partial recognition of campuses. personal sacrifices, and authorized funds for The above are only two of many other pos- the expenses of the guest speaker at the sibilities for fruitful work. It is hoped that A.C.R.L. General Session in July. It like- these will all be explored by the A.L.A. Com- wise voted a reduction in price of College and mittee on Relations with Publishers. Mean- Research Libraries to one dollar per issue for while college librarians may wish to make bulk back orders (minimum of five issues). direct suggestions to representatives of pub- * * * lishing houses with whom they have other A closer tie between publishers and librar- business. ians would seem mutually advantageous. Pub- Several weeks ago I attended the annual lishing interests stand to gain a great deal conference of the New Hampshire Library from the success of college libraries in intro- Association at Nashua. A few days later I ducing students to "a life with books." went to Lewiston to be present at the semi- I personally believe that the promotion or annual meeting of State of Maine college li- advertising departments of the large compa- brarians. Both were relatively informal, nies would be smart to prepare exhibition ma- pleasant and worthwhile, I am sure, for all terial, designed for college libraries, built concerned. around selected new books of scholarly in- The Maine group limits its attendance to terest. The sale of a new biography of Rob- two members from each staff but includes re- ert E. Lee, for example, would undoubtedly search libraries and therefore the larger pub- be furthered by exhibitions on Lee or on some lic institutions. A great deal of worthwhile aspect of the Civil War in a number of college exchange of experience was accomplished in libraries. Materials carefully prepared by the four or five hours, broken by lunch. Various publishers, tastefully printed and wide enough commitments for cooperative effort were in range to allow for considerable selectivity, made informally. need not bear any direct tie to the book in A few months ago 20 or more reference question and could easily avoid any taint of librarians in the Chicago area gathered here at commercialism. With considerable free ma- A.L.A. Headquarters for similar discussion of terial from which to choose, librarians could local problems. Many similar local or re- select those topics which seemed most worthy gional groups exist throughout the country. to promote and in which their book collections They are blessed by informality, lack of or- were strongest. The net result ought to be ganizational problems and community of in- better exhibitions and therefore more worth- terest. I wish that notes of agenda and ac- while reading for the library, and increased complishments could be sent here.—Arthur interest in the subject and therefore sales for T. Hamlin, Executive Secretary.

278 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Brief of Minutes, Association of Research Libraries, Feb. i, 1951, Chicago

HE 36TH meeting of the Association of He said that the Catholic University of Amer- TResearch Libraries was held at the Edge- ica has agreed to take some of this material. water Beach Hotel in Chicago on Thursday Mr. Metcalf also reported that Colonel evening, February 1, 1951, beginning at six Rogers, on the basis of the Army Medical Li- P.M. brary's unsatisfactory experience with blanket Upon recommendation of the executive sec- ordering under the Farmington Plan, had retary and the Advisory Committee it was asked permission (while still accepting full voted that the next meeting should be held on responsibility for the coverage of his field as July 6 and 7 immediately preceding the 75th previously arranged) to be omitted from the anniversary conference of A.L.A. Plan so far as blanket ordering is concerned Benjamin E. Powell was elected a new and to do his own ordering, though he was member of the Advisory Committee to succeed still willing to buy from Farmington Plan the retiring member, E. W. McDiarmid. agents. On Mr. Metcalf's recommendation this request was agreed to. Farmington Plan Mr. Metcalf said that the principal Farm- With the decrease in the number of volumes ington problem in our experience so far has being shipped to the New York Public Library without doubt been that of coverage. While for classification and reshipment to receiving there had been some complaints concerning the libraries, Paul North Rice recommended that poor quality of some Farmington materials the New York office of the Farmington Plan received, much greater complaints had arisen be transferred to Harvard where he felt that because of inadequate coverage. Until fur- the business could be more logically handled ther studies had been made he felt that it under the direct supervision of Mr. Metcalf, would not be possible to arrive at a correct chairman of the Farmington Plan Committee. view, and indeed he feared that it would never He further recommended that the Carnegie be possible for us all to agree as to just what Corporation of New York be requested to would constitute adequate coverage. He said authorize the transfer of the unexpended bal- Reuben Peiss of the University of California ance of the Carnegie grant for the inaugura- Library School had undertaken a thorough- tion of the Farmington Plan from the New going study of Farmington Plan coverage for York Public Library to Harvard. Upon mo- Switzerland during the year 1949. Mr. Peiss tion both recommendations were approved. had arranged to have five qualified checkers Mr. Metcalf then made an informal report check the list of Swiss publications for that which was interrupted from time to time by year in order to determine as definitely as pos- discussion. He observed that Union Theologi- sible just what should have been sent. These cal Seminary, which has been receiving all publications would then be checked at the na- theological material, except Catholic theology, tional Union Catalog to determine whether had asked to drop out of the Plan as of Jan. they had actually reached this country and 1, 1951, because it had been receiving too been recorded. Mr. Metcalf felt that when much material in which it was not interested. this study had been completed we would have He has accordingly notified the Farmington really dependable information as to coverage Plan agents to stop sending certain classes of for Switzerland during the year in question. theological material deemed to be of little in- We should probably also have guidance as to terest and to send all the rest of Union Theo- the need for additional studies. logical's assignment to Harvard until such Mr. Metcalf stated that of all countries in- time as some other arrangement can be made. cluded in the Plan, France constituted the

JULY, 1951 279 most serious problem since receipts handled gested (though he did not recommend) that it through the Bibliotheque Nationale are slow might be a good idea to have a group in this in arriving and coverage is uncertain. He country check trade lists and order directly for had been unable to find any dealer in Paris all Farmington Plan libraries: this group who could do better. While dealers could in- would then be responsible for selection and deed be found who would supply satisfactorily would lift that burden off the Farmington the output of the major French publishers, Plan agents. Mr. Clapp spoke of the satis- they could not be depended on to handle suc- factory experience of the Library of Congress cessfully the French provincial publications. with this type of ordering. He said that they He noted that the Bibliotheque Nationale will had one person who regularly checks the hereafter undertake to classify Farmington trade lists of 17 countries and recommends or- materials and ship them directly to the par- ders. Her work is checked from time to time ticipating libraries. He urged that receipts by subject specialists who rarely find anything from France be watched carefully; and if any to complain of. Mr. Clapp felt that such a library should find it necessary to write to the system of ordering under the Farmington Plan Bibliotheque Nationale about its receipts, he would have the following advantages: selec- asked that a carbon copy of the letter be sent tion would be made in this country and could to him. be supervised; we would always know what Mr. Metcalf commented on the problem of had been ordered; the Farmington agent periodicals and serials which had been omitted would be required to obtain and send the from the Plan, except for the first number of material ordered whether he would be receiv- new titles. He said that a large number of ing it in the normal course of his business or periodicals had thus been received which no not. Mr. Clapp suggested that under such a procedure important discounts might be ob- library had been willing to accept, although in tained from the agents which might almost, or his opinion a good part of these new titles quite, pay for the cost of such an operation. should be received and recorded somewhere in the country. The whole problem of periodi- Paul North Rice said that he would like to cals and serials, he said, had been receiving see such a procedure tried, perhaps at first in his attention. He now has in hand lists of one country only; but he noted that under the them published currently in Switzerland, Hol- existing system our agents abroad actually see land and Sweden. He hopes to have these the books which they classify and send us, checked for coverage in this country and to whereas under the proposed plan books would report his findings at a future meeting of the have to be selected and classified from bibliog- association. raphies or else sent to this country to be Mr. Clapp inquired whether anyone had classified. He wondered whether this might proposed to have the Army Medical Library not lead to more criticism than we have now. plan of direct ordering under Farmington Plan Mr. Clapp acknowledged that there would be responsibility extended to other libraries, as, difficulties in such a procedure and that some for example, the U.S.D.A. Library. Mr. errors of classification might be made, but he Metcalf replied that such an extension had not felt that they would not be costly errors and been asked for or considered but that, if any could be corrected, and he insisted that com- library were inclusive in its acquisitions policy, plete coverage (which he thought the proposed he could see no objection. Mr. Clapp re- plan would more nearly achieve) was more marked that while he approved the Army important than unerring classification. Medical Library plan in principle he thought Mr. Metcalf said that the Farmington there ought to be policing by the Farmington Committee would keep Mr. Clapp's proposal Plan Committee. Mr. Henkle asked what was in mind. He said he was much impressed with involved in the changed arrangement, if, as the way our agents were doing their work for stated, Army Medical Library would go on us in Scandinavia, Holland and Italy. He using Farmington Plan agents. Mr. Met- wondered whether Mr. Clapp's plan might not calf answered that Army Medical plans to well be tried in France. Others appeared to check trade lists and order promptly from favor this suggestion. On motion by Mr. agents instead of waiting to see whether a Clapp it was then voted that the Farmington book would be sent automatically. He sug- Plan Committee be requested to experiment

280 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES with alternative methods of securing material, included; nor did he think it necessary to ex- including the proposal to check lists in this tend the Plan to Canada as a whole (since country and send specific orders to Farmington our coverage is already good) ; he did, how- Plan agents. ever, feel that the problem of French Can- Mr. Metcalf proposed the immediate ex- ada should be brought up for later considera- tension of the Farmington Plan to Germany. tion. This led to a lively discussion in which it Mr. Henkle, remarking that the Farming- appeared that some members felt that it ton Plan was set up to insure importation and might be wiser to delay further expansion un- central recording of just one copy of a book, til there had been an opportunity to receive said that the John Crerar Library, though not and examine the above-mentioned study by Mr. assigned the field of chemistry, would like in Peiss; but in the end the more confident view addition to its assignment to obtain complete prevailed, and on motions by Mr. Metcalf the coverage of that field. Mr. Metcalf replied following countries were brought in as of that this would be an entirely practicable and Jan. i, 1951, with the agents as indicated: proper procedure: all that would be neces- Australia: sary would be for Crerar to place an order Dr. Harold L. White for complete coverage in chemistry with all Commonwealth National Librarian Farmington Plan agents. Such a procedure, Canberra, Australia he observed, had been contemplated almost Austria: from the beginning of our Farmington dis- Georg Prachner, Buchhandlung cussions. Karntnerstrasse 30 Mr. Miller requested that the chairman of Vienna 1, Austria the Farmington Plan Committee be prepared Germany: to give a breakdown of expenditures at the Otto Harrassowitz next meeting. Beethovenstrasse 6a Mr. Metcalf raised again the old question Wiesbaden, Germany of classification and assignment. He ex- Portugal: pressed the view that our classification is now Livraria Portugalia too finely divided, and more particularly that Rua do Carmo, 75 very real difficulties are presented to some Lisbon, Portugal Farmington Plan libraries where there are no Spain: catalogers equipped to handle some of the less Insula, Libreria de Ciencias y Letras common foreign languages. He queried Carmen, 9 y Preciados, 8 whether it would not be better to have the Madrid, Spain "minor-language" countries (regardless of With respect to Australia it is to be ex- subject) divided among a half-dozen libraries plained that Dr. White has undertaken to rather than 50, and whether we should not acquire and send Australian publications not seriously consider a greater concentration of for cash payments but in exchange for Ameri- Farmington Plan materials, regardless of lan- can publications (notably files of periodicals guage, in a more limited number of libraries. and serials) which he desires to acquire for his He felt that these were questions which American collection in the Commonwealth should receive careful consideration at a later National Library. With respect to Germany meeting. Mr. Coney expressed the view that it is to be explained that complete coverage is this reconsideration should come soon; and expected to be achieved in the Western Zone on his motion it was voted that the Farming- only, our agent, through his Leipzig office, ton Plan Committee be instructed to present being requested to send from the Eastern at the coming summer meeting a revised Zone such materials as he is able to secure. classification, with simplification and con- Mr. Metcalf was unwilling to recommend solidation of subjects for assignment to li- extension of the Plan to Brazil, since there braries. appeared to be no agent there who could be Mr. Metcalf urged that suggestions and relied upon to give us adequate coverage. It counsel with respect to this difficult problem was also his opinion that South Africa and be sent him in writing within the next few New Zealand should not for the present be weeks.

JULY, 1951 281 Mr. Nyholm observed that the assignment committee's view that if and when the report of Farmington Plan responsibilities to li- was finally approved by the association it braries partly by country (and language) and ought to be published. partly by subject seemed to him dangerous. Mr. Clapp remarked that at the Library of The decisive fact, it appeared to him, was Congress the report was generally regarded not whether a library had catalogers com- as excellent but that he himself had ques- petent to handle a particular language but tioned the use of the word "qualified" as whether it had readers competent to use the applied to the user of a manuscript and that materials acquired. he felt that the question of copyright had not been sufficiently taken into consideration. On Protection of Library Materials in the Mr. Clapp's motion it was then voted that Event of JVar the report be approved as a provisional state- Milton Lord reported briefly on a plan of ment but that final approval be deferred for the American Association of Museums to ap- further consideration by the committee and proach the federal government with a request by the next meeting of the association. that regional shelters be provided in suitable locations in various parts of the country which Library Privileges and Fees could be used by the institutions of the areas Mr. Metcalf, chairman of the committee in which they were located. He said that on this subject, said that though he had been he had been asked to find out whether the in correspondence with the members of his national library organizations would be in- committee he was not yet ready to submit a terested in supporting the Association of report. He reviewed the reasons which had Museums in making such an appeal to the led to the raising of the question, viz., the federal government. He indicated that he pressure on the larger libraries by people with was in touch with both A.L.A. and A.C.R.L. no institutional connection, the possible rela- with respect to this matter, and he spoke par- tionship of the question with the Farmington ticularly of the interest of Mr. Hamlin, ex- Plan and other cooperative projects, and es- ecutive secretary of A.C.R.L. Mr. Clapp pecially its possible relation with the problem suggested that the appropriate action would of regional libraries. He said that the matter be for A.R.L. to reinforce the positions of had been considered at some length by the A.L.A. and A.C.R.L. He then moved and Library Committee at Harvard, and he sub- it was voted that the executive secretary be mitted as a basis for reflection and discussion directed to keep in touch with both A.L.A. a kind of trial balloon document proposing and A.C.R.L. with respect to this matter and substantial fees "for the use of a university that he be empowered to appoint a committee library by outsiders," viz., $10 or $15 for an to deal with it if that should be deemed annual library-privilege card permitting use necessary. of books within the building and also the bor- Mr. White commented on the unwisdom of rowing of 50 books for outside use; $10 a throwing up temporary structures in time of month, or $35 a term or $70 a year for the war or crisis and urged that an effort be made use of the bookstack, in addition to the library- to treat the situation in which we find our- privilege card (though with free use possible selves as an opportunity for constructive long- at the discretion of the librarian for as long range planning. as one week as often as twice a.year) ; and, finally, a fee of one dollar per volume for The Use of Manuscripts by Visiting Scholars interlibrary loans. He made it clear that while James T. Babb, chairman of the committee the use of the Harvard Library by visiting on this subject, presented the report which had scholars, as well as interlibrary loans from been circulated to members in advance of the Harvard, had been felt in some quarters to meeting. He explained that his committee be a perhaps unjustifiable burden, Harvard was not unanimous, one member objecting would be most reluctant to inaugurate a fee that the report, in spite of a number of altera- system unless the matter had been fully dis- tions since it was first drafted, was still not cussed and approved by the association. He sufficiently liberal. He added that it was his invited comments by all A.R.L. members.

282 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Committee on Bibliography (Formerly Com- Publication and Distribution of Theses mittee on Indexing and Abstracting) Mr. Ellsworth presented a communication Mr. Shaw, chairman, presented the report from himself and Mr. Coney on this subject of this committee which had been previously which had recently been sent to most members distributed to the members of the association. of the association. He reviewed the history He noted its earlier history when it had led of the development of their proposal which he in a struggle with the H. W. Wilson Company said had grown out of pressure from the on the subject of the so-called service basis of graduate school of the University of Iowa. pricing. He said that he proposed to change He expressed the view that a point had now the point of emphasis and devote principal at- been reached at which pretty general agree- tention hereafter to reporting any unusual de- ment might be hoped for on what he believed velopments in the field of bibliography. He to be a constructive plan. He therefore re- indicated that action would be proposed only quested that this subject now be made an if some issue should arise which seemed to A.R.L. matter and be placed in the hands of call for a positive stand by such a body as a committee for further study. He1 hoped A.R.L. that definite recommendations might be Upon motion it was voted that the functions brought before the association at its next of the committee be changed in accordance meeting. Upon motion it was voted that Mr. with its own recommendation. Ellsworth's request be granted. The executive secretary acted immediately and appointed the Committee on Serials in Research Fields following committee: Ralph E. Ellsworth, Donald Coney, Robert Miller. Mr. Downs presented a brief report on behalf of the chairman of this committee, C. H. Brown. The report commented on the somewhat chaotic price situation which has Postal Rates arisen from inflation, currency devaluations, Mr. David reviewed his recent negotiations etc., and which makes it extremely difficult with the postal authorities, as a result of for budgets to be met and the flow of peri- which the University of Pennsylvania Li- odicals over the scholarly world to be main- brary had had its library book rate privilege tained. It pointed out that the cost of restored in interlibrary loans. He noted that periodicals in the U. S. had not risen in the decisive point had been not that the uni- proportion to the general rise of prices in versity was an organization "not organized this country since 1940, but noted also that for profit" but that it pursued such liberal library budgets for this class of material had policies as to make it almost the equivalent of not increased in accordance with the general a public library. He expressed the view that advance in the price level. Finally it noted the other libraries which were not state or public added burden that has arisen from the fact in the full sense of the terms should be able to that binding costs for many libraries have enjoy the same privileges, provided they were practically doubled. pursuing policies as liberal as those which he Mr. Downs then emphasized the points of had outlined in his communication to the Mr. Brown's report by referring to a study postal authorities. of between five and six thousand subscriptions Mr. Clapp then referred to a report which at the University of Illinois Library which he had recently had sent to members con- during the years 1949 and 1950 showed an cerning a threatened sweeping increase in increase of approximately 40 per cent in sub- parcel post book rates. He said that the scription rates. He also noted that since 1946 Book Publishers Council was working with the University of Illinois annual appropriation A.L.A. and others on this matter. He moved for binding had increased from $26,000 to and it was voted that the executive secretary $50,000 and said that a further increase was in be directed to keep in touch with the executive prospect with the new biennial binding con- secretary of A.L.A. in order to give whatever tract this coming July 1. cooperation might be desired.

JULY, 1951 283 Mobilization of Resources of Research in had recently been made that the large libraries Libraries in Time of Crisis make annual contributions to the support of a The executive secretary noted that the Li- cooperative project of filming abroad, or al- brarian of Congress had recently written him ternatively that they agree among themselves concerning a number of problems which might to undertake to film the files of certain im- well claim the early attention of this associa- portant periodicals. tion. Of these he had selected the more im- Mr. Evans, though the principal advocate portant and asked to have preliminary reports of an important microfilming operation from the Library of Congress upon them sent abroad, recognized that some further delay to members. Of the problems thus singled out was necessary. It was accordingly voted on the most important was without doubt that his motion that this subject be placed on the of the mobilization of our library resources agenda for the summer meeting, at which time to meet national needs in this time of crisis. the Library of Congress would be prepared to With respect to this, the Library of Congress lay before the association a more detailed had urged the early appointment of a commit- proposal. tee of the association with broad powers to act in making studies and in representing the Recent Serial Developments at the Library of research libraries in negotiations with founda- Congress tions and with federal officials and agencies; The Library of Congress reported that in it had also indicated a willingness to con- spite of the progress which had been made tribute to the fullest extent possible (toward during the past decade in the way of simpli- a secretariat and toward other expenses of fication and consolidation, the problem of the committee) in order to enable it to meet serial records, due especially to the enormous with necessary frequency and to dig deeply increase in the volume of business, still re- and realistically into the problems before it. mained in the uppermost category. The con- In discussing the proposal Mr. Clapp sug- templated Union Catalog of Serials on gested the importance of examining the experi- Punched Cards cannot be systematically begun ence gained during the last war and of main- until the editing of the Serial Record has been taining understanding contacts with S.L.A., got under way, and this in turn has proved A.C.R.L. and A.L.A. He then moved, and it impossible to achieve. As an approach to a was voted that a committee be appointed to solution of the problem the Library of Con- study the whole subject of the mobilization gress has begun, as of Jan. I, 1951 to issue of our resources and to propose action. The monthly Serial Titles Newly Received, using appointment of the committee was left to the in its preparation the procedures developed judgment of the executive secretary in confer- for a union catalog of serials on punched ence with the Advisory Committee. cards. Copies of the new publication were on exhibition. It was explained that its con- Cooperative Acquisition of Nontrade Publica- tinuation and also its subscription price would tions depend upon the number of subscriptions re- On this subject also the Library of Con- ceived. It was suggested that if the new pub- gress had distributed a memorandum to the lication were sufficiently well received and members. However, noting that time was supported there was the hope that it could be lacking for the consideration of so complex a expanded to include reports of new titles matter, and also noting its logical relationship from other libraries. with the Farmington Plan, Mr. Clapp moved that it be placed on the agenda for the next Representation of A.R.L. on the American meeting. The motion was carried. Standards Association Committee Z-39 Cooperative Action in the Filming of Unique The executive secretary announced the ap- Research Materials Abroad pointment of Herman Fussier to represent the This was another subject on which the Li- association on this committee. brary of Congress had distributed a brief re- The meeting adjourned at 10:15 P.M.— port. Mr. Clapp remarked that a suggestion Charles W. David, Executive Secretary.

284 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES News from the Field

City College of New work. Many poems by Robert Bridges were Acquisitions, Gifts, York acquired the printed by Dr. Daniel for the first time. Collections Russell Sage Collec- These and first editions of poems by Laurence tion in July 1949. This Binyon, Henry Patmore, F. W. Bourdillon collection, comprising the major part of the and others were to be printed by Dr. Daniel. Library of the Russell Sage Foundation, con- Editions never exceeded 200 copies and conse- tains approximately 35,000 bound volumes and quently many of the items are exceedingly 100,000 unbound items. It represents an out- rare. The Chapin Library at Williams now standing collection of materials on social wel- owns practically every item printed by Dr. fare and allied fields. Professor Jerome K. Daniel, including three of the earliest and Wilcox, librarian of city college, has an- very rare items printed at home before he be- nounced that the collection is available for came a scholar at Worcester College. reference use by students and the general pub- In February, Yale Divinity School received lic. a gift of more than 5000 carefully selected Columbia University recently donated 600 volumes on the philosophy of religion and volumes from its duplicate collection to philosophy. These volumes formerly composed Harpur College, a unit of the new State Uni- the library of the late Reverend Douglas versity in Endicott, N. Y. The gift served Clyde Macintosh, who was a member of the to commemorate Robert Harpur, who in 1783 Yale faculty for over 30 years. Reverend was appointed librarian of Kings College (Co- Macintosh spent his academic life applying the lumbia's name in Colonial days). methods of science to the study of religion. The gift from the Columbia libraries to The collection is centered around the philoso- Harpur College includes duplicate copies of phy of religion, philosophical theology and standard reference works and other volumes Christian theism of the nineteenth and twenti- needed by the newly-created unit of the State eth centuries, as well as the literature of sec- University of New York. tarian and ethical culture groups of the Early in the year the Library of Congress twentieth century. received 12 albums of recordings, by 54 of the Part of the famous Harmsworth Collection world's great musical artists, as a gift from has been acquired for the University of Cali- RCA Victor. The records reproduce 120 se- fornia's William Andrews Clark Library. lections ranging in date of origin from 1904 Some 1500 volumes in the field of seventeenth to 1937. Artists represented in the albums century Protestant theology were purchased include Enrico Caruso, John McCormack, by Dr. Lawrence C. Powell, U.C.L.A. li- Ernestine Schumann-Heink, Sergei Rach- brarian, now in London on a Guggenheim fel- maninoff, Mischa Elman, Fritz Kreisler, Rosa lowship. Ponselle and Maria Jeritza. Dr. Powell, who has purchased a total of Williams College, earlier in the year, re- 5000 books for the Clark Library since last ceived an unusual collection of Daniel Press September, wrote from London that "this is books in accordance with the will of the late a major purchase." The books are part of a Carroll A. Wilson (Williams '07). The large library acquired during a lifetime of founder of the press, Dr. Charles Henry collecting by the late Sir Leicester Harms- Olive Daniel, was in turn tutor, bursar, worth of London. Since his death in 1930, dean, vice-provost, and, from 1903 to 1919, parts of his huge library have been purchased provost of Worcester College, Oxford. Mr. by libraries all over the world. Dr. Powell Wilson spent several years at Worcester after discovered the 1500-volume block of Harms- his graduation from Williams. He developed worth theological books in a Newbury shop an interest in the work of the Daniel Press that overlooked the old wool market. They and began assembling its imprints. The consist chiefly of rare volumes published in Daniel Press, primarily a family affair de- England and Scotland from 1640 to 1700. voted to printing the works of Dr. Daniel's "Such books are rapidly disappearing from friends, became famous for the quality of its the market and we are fortunate to have ac-

JULY, 1951 285 quired so many," Dr. Powell wrote. "No The University of Southern California has true picture of intellectual life in seventeenth announced four University Library Service century England can be drawn without them." Scholarships for the academic year, 1951-52. A gift of six first editions of sea stories by Each scholarship covers full tuition for the James B. Connolly has been given to the professional program in library science. Ap- Harvard College Library by James A. Healy plication blanks and further information may of New York City. be secured from the assistant director, School A valuable collection of Hebrew history of Library Science, University of Southern and literature, consisting of nearly 3000 California, Los Angeles 7. manuscripts and books from the library of the Amsterdam collector, Felix Friedmann, have The Library of Con- been purchased for the Harvard Library by Publications gress has published the a group of alumni interested in Hebrew fifth title in a series studies. of surveys on intellectual life in Germany. The collection includes an early manuscript These surveys were made possible by a grant of a treatise by Maimonides and books printed from the Oberlaender Trust, Philadelphia. in the early days of printing (before 1500), as Political Parties in Western Germany exam- well as selected volumes of history and litera- ines the origins and development of political ture from the sixteenth, seventeenth and parties in Western Germany and describes the eighteenth centuries. attitudes these parties have taken to current The Friedmann collection includes several world issues. Libraries and research organ- items not previously available to scholars in izations may acquire a copy by writing the the United States, and represents an impor- European Affairs Division, Library of Con- tant addition to the extensive collection of He- gress, Washington 25, D. C. brew works which has been assembled at The Library of Congress has issued a Harvard during 300 years. pamphlet titled The Rare Books Division, A The Folger Library, according to its di- Guide to Its Collections and Services. The rector, Dr. Louis B. Wright, plans a series of pamphlet, prepared as a guide to those in- constantly changing exhibits to illustrate sig- terested in using the rare book room, traces nificant intellectual and social movements. the history of the collection from modest be- "The public does not generally realize," he ginning to present greatness. The pamphlet declared, "that the Folger Library has one may be purchased from the Government of the most important collections in America Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. for 60

286 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Japanese in Japan. niques of good book-reviewing practice. Many Librarians Needed in Expanding Walter V. Bingham is the author of "How Program is a folder prepared by the Recruit- to Make a Useful Index" in the American ing Committee of the Library Extension Divi- Psychologist, January 1951. sion of the American Library Association and A microfilm edition of American Catholic printed by the Sturgis Printing Co. The directories covering the period 1817-79 has folder contains nine photographs of library been published by the Catholic University of service in action and highlights the facts about America Press, 620 (DM) Michigan Avenue, librarianship as a career in county and re- N. E., Washington 17, D. C. This edition, gional libraries and library extension agen- which may be purchased in its entirety for cies. The committee recommends that library $100 or by separate reel for $15 per reel, pro- extension agencies make this pamphlet avail- vides source material for scholars interested able to high school and college students in the histories of dioceses, the development through vocational counselors, librarians, of Catholic education, the growth of Catholic groups of parents and young people them- charities and other movements. selves. Libraries interested in acquiring the Unesco has issued Study Abroad, Interna- folder for distribution are directed to place tional Handbook: Fellowships, Scholarships, orders with Sturgis Printing Co., Inc., P. O. Educational Exchange (Vol. Ill, 1950-51; Box 552, Sturgis, Mich. The price is $5.00 307p., Columbia University Press, price per hundred copies. $1.25). The volume provides detailed in- The Committee on Administrative and Fac- formation regarding opportunities for study ulty Status of the Texas Library Association, in foreign countries. W. L. Williamson, chairman, College Library The Library of Congress has issued A Division, has prepared and printed a two-page Guide to the Microfilm Collection of Early statement titled, "Administrative and Faculty State Records, prepared in association with Status of College Librarians in Texas." It the University of North Carolina and com- reviews briefly the college library in relation piled under the direction of William Sumner to instruction, responsibilities of the college Jenkins; edited by Lillian A. Hamrick (8oop., librarian and his present "ambiguous" status $5.00 a copy). The guide may be ordered and closes with four recommendations aimed from Library of Congress. at improving the status of college librarians Earl J. McGrath, U.S. Commissioner in in Texas. Education, has issued A Report on an Admin- Julian Boyd, librarian of Princeton Uni- istrative Survey of the U.S. Office of Educa- versity, is the author of "The Librarian Re- tion of the Federal Security Agency, October ports to the President," in Southern Univer- 1950. This report, made by the Public Ad- sity Conference, 1950, Proceedings, Reports, ministrative Service, has been the basis for the and Addresses. This provides an excellent reorganization of the Office of Education. statement concerning the work of the univer- Several more recent items in the useful De- sity librarian. partmental and Divisional Series of the Li- Kurt Schwerin, head, foreign and interna- brary of Congress include: No. 11, "Loan tional law sections, Law Library, Northwest- Division;" No. 12, "Hispanic Foundation;" ern University, is the author of "International No. 13, "Processing Department Office;" Bibliography and Similar Services for Crimi- No. 14, "General Reference and Bibliography nology," Journal of Criminal Law and Crimi- Division;" No. 15, "Map Division;" No. 16, nology, September-October 1950. "Music Division;" and No. 17, "Manuscripts The Quarterly Journal for Speech for Division." Nos. 11, 12, 13 and 16 are 25^; February 1951 contains two articles under the No. 14, 35

JULY, 1951 287 raphy, for the most part Catholic in author- a most useful listing which is intended as a ship and subject matter. regular department of the Studies. The Princeton University Press, which is the Bibliographical Society of Virginia is to be publisher of the volumes produced by the congratulated on its efforts to keep biblio- Princeton University Marine Corps History graphical research at a high level. The physi- Project, has issued The U.S. Marines and cal format of the volume itself is excellent. Amphibious Warfare: Its Theory, and Its Librarians and other scholars should support Practice in the Pacific, by Jeter A. Isely and the program of the society. Philip A. Crowl (1951, 636P., $7.50). The The Papers of Thomas Jefferson (Prince- authors had complete access to operation plans ton University Press) has now gone into its and battle reports. This is not an "official third volume (1951, 672P., $10.00). This history," however, and the authors have had volume covers the period from June 18, 1779 freedom to comment on and evaluate histori- to Sept. 30, 1780, and "embraces somewhat cal events. more than the first-half of Jefferson's two- Antoinette Ciolli is the compiler of "Sub- year service as governor of Virginia." Most ject Index to Chapter Headings in The Cain- of Volume III relates to military matters. bridge Medieval History," issued by the Ref- It also contains exchanges with the British erence Division of the Brooklyn College Li- and German officers interned at Charlottes- brary (1950, I3p., apply). ville, with Jefferson's Italian friends Mazzei The Philosophical Library has published and Fabbroni and with D'Anmours, the first The Hebrew Impact on Western Civilization, French consul in Virginia. It includes the edited by Dagobert Runes (1951, 922p., only letter written by Mrs. Jefferson known $10.00). This is a symposium which deals to survive and the beginnings of Jefferson's with the "creative and cultural influence" of correspondence with James Madison and Jews in various fields of modern civilization. James Monroe. Seventeen writers, including non-Jews, have Harry F. Williams is the compiler of An contributed to the volume. A detailed index Index of Medieval Studies Published in Fest- is included. schriften, 1865-1946, with Special Reference The Bibliographical Society of the Uni- to Romanic Material (University of Cali- versity of Virginia has issued Studies in Bib- fornia Press, 1951, 165P., $4.00). The liography, Papers of the Bibliographical So- volume includes material on the art, customs, ciety of the University of Virginia, Volume history, language, literature and science of III, 1950-51, edited by Fredson Bowers Western Europe from about the fifth century (3o6p., $5.00; free to members). This to the first years of the sixteenth century. volume is as impressive as the first two of the The index lists some 5000 essays in many series and includes a variety of papers prepared European languages which have been pub- by bibliographers, English professors from sev- lished in single volumes or in issues of learned eral institutions, a bookbinding expert, librar- journals dedicated to individual scholars. An ians and others. R. C. Bald, for example, alphabetical index of more than 500 Fest- has written of "Editorial Problems—A Pre- schrift volumes, arranged according to the liminary Survey," while Rollo G. Silver has names of the persons honored, is provided. contributed "Printer's Lobby: Model 1802." This should prove to be a useful source of The bibliographer will find here such papers information to what is generally elusive ma- as "Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida: The terial. Relationship of Quarto and Folio," by Philip The Army Medical Library has issued Williams; "Some Relations of Bibliography "The Pituitary-Adrenocortical Function: to Editorial Problems," by Fredson Bowers; ACTH, Cortisone and Related Compounds," and such specific studies as Atcheson L. a bibliography compiled by Karl A. Baer and Hench's "Printer's Copy for Tyrwhitt's Marjory Spencer, with the assistance of Chaucer," and Franklin B. Batdorf's "An Paulyne Tureman and Stanley Jablonski Unrecorded Early Anthology of Crabbe." (^S0) 366p.). According to a statement by Rudolf Hirsch, Lucy Clark and Fredson Lt. Col. Frank B. Rogers, director of the Bowers have compiled "A Selective Check- Army Medical Library, this is the first of a list of Bibliographical Scholarship for 1949," group of bibliographic publications on special

288 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES subjects which the library hopes to make pons at present in circulation, irrespective of available to the medical community. The their date of issue, will remain valid until bibliography is arranged alphabetically by such time as Unesco recalls them by public subject on the basis of the literature in the announcement, allowing a six-months' interval field. It represents an impressive effort to for the return of the coupons. provide information in a field in which there "Unesco has now issued a new comprehen- is active research. sive coupon, which can be used for the pur- John C. Bushman and Ernst G. Mathews chase of publications, films and scientific ma- are the compilers of Readings for College teriel, and which will replace the old 'book,' English, an anthology published by the Amer- 'film' and 'scientific materiel' coupons. A ican Book Company (1951, 58op., $3.50). statement concerning the extended validity of The 96 selections have a wide range of in- coupons is included in the text of this new terest and illustrate many techniques, styles 'Unesco Coupon,' but it is emphasized that and purposes. the same validity terms are applicable to all coupons at present in circulation, irrespective The School of Li- of their date of issue." Miscellaneous brarianship on the All editorial work and composition for the Berkeley campus of Union List of Microfilms has been completed. the University of California has moved to en- The List, revised and edited by the Philadel- larged quarters in the university library early phia Bibliographical Center, contains approxi- this year. This is the first time in the quarter- mately 25,000 entries including the 18,400 century since instruction in librarianship was entries recorded in the Basic List and five placed on a graduate basis, that the school has supplements issued 1942-46, with the addition had an increase in space, according to Dean J. of 6,600 new entries submitted from 1946 Periam Danton. The new quarters, remodeled through June 1949. The single volume, con- and modernized, will make possible an increase sisting of 1,000 pages, lists the holdings of 197 of about 12 per cent in student enrolment, major libraries and institutions in the United provide a doubling of faculty office space and States and Canada. Bound volumes are avail- an increase of approximately 300 per cent in able at $17.50 each from the publisher, J. W. reading room space. Edwards, Ann Arbor, Mich. A new trade publishing division has been A grant of $28,000 has been given to the added to Exposition Press. Its name is "Ex- School of Librarianship on the Berkeley cam- position Press Banner Books" and it issued pus of the University of California by the a list of 6 books during the spring and expects Carnegie Corporation of New York, for a to issue a minimum of 10 titles in the fall. two-year project in the audio-visual field. The firm is located at 386 Fourth Avenue, Designed to develop a teaching program and New York, and is now soliciting manuscripts teaching materials in libraries, the objectives of a trade nature for its future publishing of the program are: 1) to isolate, identify schedule. Manuscripts by unknown as well and develop the content which should be as by established authors will be considered. taught to the first-year library school student Copies of Expositions' Banner Catalogue are to enable him properly to promote, organize available upon request. and administer collections of audio-visual ma- J. Zuckerman, acting head, Rehabilitation terials; 2) to show how that content can best Service, Unesco, 19 Avenue Kleber, Paris be integrated with the library school curricu- XVI, has submitted the following statement lum; and 3) to develop teaching materials for on the validity of Unesco coupons: that content. Dr. J. Periam Danton, dean of "The validity of all Unesco Coupons (for the school, said that a detailed report at the books, films and scientific material) has been conclusion of the project is anticipated. extended for an indefinite period. All Cou-

JULY, 1951 289 Personnel

QUINCY MUMFORD, new director of the L. Cleveland Public Library, received his bachelor's and master's degrees from Duke University and his library training at the School of Library Service, Columbia Uni- versity. He comes to his position with a background of experience built up in university and public library service. Mr. Mumford served as head of the Cir- culation Department of Duke University, 1926-27, and the following year was acting chief of the Reference and Circulation De- partment. He held several positions at the New York Public Library during the period 1929-45, being executive assistant and coordinator of general service divisions during his last two years of service. In this latter position of executive assistant he had general responsibilities of administration, including personnel, in the main library. As coordinator of general service divisions, Mr. Mum- L. Quincy Mumford ford had charge of general reference service, the main reading room, stacks, photographic service and the theater collection. Association, was president of the Ohio Li- brary Association for 1947-48, and president In July 1940, Mr. Mumford was invited by the Librarian of Congress to go to Wash- of the Library Club of Cleveland and Vicinity ington for the purpose of reorganizing and for 1947. coordinating the processing divisions there. He obtained a leave of absence from the New EVERLEY CAVERHILL is the newly ap- York Public Library for one year and be- B pointed librarian of the Los Angeles came director of the Processing Department State College Library, having, on Dec. 1, at the Library of Congress in September 1950, succeeded Gordon Wilson as the head 1940. In this position he had complete re- of that two-year-old institution. His new sponsibility for a staff of 390. His work in- position provides an unusual challenge, since cluded a complete revision of the assignments the state college is a two-year, upper-division and relocation of staff; development of a institution, operating coordinately and on the work program; streamlining the flow of same campus, with the city-owned Los Angeles work; revision of methods and procedures; City College. Though his predecessors have temporary classification of duties for the done extraordinarily good work, the book col- Civil Service Commission; and the appoint- lection is still in its formative period. The ment and promotion of personnel. college itself and the curriculum is rapidly ex- Mr. Mumford participated in the survey panding; the administrative, processing, which was made of the Library of Congress storage and public service operations must in 1940. He was a member of the commit- be carried on under great pressure and in tee which surveyed the Army Medical Li- temporary quarters. In two years the state brary in 1943-44, the report of which has college has brought together a staff and about been published. He also assisted in a survey 20,000 volumes to serve 3300 upper-division of the technical processes at the Columbia students, in cooperation with the city college University Libraries in 1944. library and its lower-division student body He has held a number of important com- of 13,000. mittee assignments in the American Library Mr. Caverhill brings to his new job ex-

290 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES who retired last October. Mildred Benton, chief, division of field libraries service of the Department of Agriculture, will succeed Mrs. Hooker as librarian at N.R.L. Mrs. Hooker organized the library at the Naval Research Laboratory. It has been widely praised as an outstanding scientific research library in the Washington area. Its collections include over 30,000 volumes, more than 600 periodicals and nearly 100,000 documents. Mrs. Hooker is a graduate of George Washington University, where she also received her training in library science. In

Beverley Caverhill

perience as assistant librarian of the Univer- sity of Redlands, 1947-50; librarian of Naval Intelligence, 1944-45 > and a variety of experience in the University of Oregon Library, the Seattle Public Library and the Enoch Pratt Free Library. Along with his library work he has also taught college courses in the history of the English language and in Scandinavian literature. He is a graduate of the University of Ore- gon (1935) and received a master's degree from the same institution (1938). He received his professional library training at the Ruth H. Hooker University of California (1942). Among his other affiliations are membership in Phi Beta addition, she attended Kansas University and Kappa, the Society for the Advancement of the University of Southern California. Scandinavian study and the Library Associa- In addition to being one of the organizing tion (London) ; he is an active member of members of the Washington Chapter of the the California Library Association. Mr. Special Libraries Association, she has held Caverhill is an author of a paper on the various positions in the national organization, "Survey of the Periodical Publications of having been president of the association dur- College and University Libraries."—Neal ing 1949-50. Mrs. Hooker also holds mem- Harlow. berships in the American Library Association, the District of Columbia Library Association UTH H. HOOKER, librarian of the Naval and various scientific and technical societies. R, Research Laboratory of the Office of Naval Research, has been appointed to the ILLIAM BERNARD READY has been ap- newly created position of coordinator of the Wpointed to the post of chief acquisition naval libraries. Mrs. Hooker will have the librarian, Stanford University Libraries, ef- additional duty of Navy Department librar- fective on July 1. He will direct the work ian, succeeding Mrs. Constance D. Lathrop, of the Acquisition Division which was estab-

JULY, 1951 291 lished in September 1950, and includes Order, British army in the Middle East he was at- Serial, Binding, and Gift and Exchange Sec- tached to the library of the British Army tions. University at Perugia. He has since served Mr. Ready attended St. Illtyd's College and as instructor of French at the College of St. the University of Wales and holds the di- John, Winnipeg, and instructor in creative ploma in education of Oxford University and writing at the College of St. Thomas, St. a master of arts degree from the University Paul. Mr. Ready is also an author of note, of Manitoba. After combat service with the especially in the short story field.

Appointments Mrs. Corinne Ackley has been appointed professor of library science at the Texas State serials librarian of the University of Wash- University for Negroes in Houston. ington Library, Seattle.' Betty Jane Delius has been appointed li- Mrs. Marri L. Albright has been appointed brarian of Bellarmine College, Louisville, Ky. senior cataloger of the Sullivan Memorial Sister M. Eone, head librarian of the Col- Library, Temple University, Philadelphia. lege of St. Theresa, Winona, Minn., is di- Mrs. Ella T. S. Anderson, formerly as- recting a program offered for the first time sistant librarian of Rosemont College, Rose- at the college leading to a minor in library mont, Pa., has been appointed assistant pro- science. fessor of library science at Drexel Institute Walfred Erickson is now research assistant, School of Library Science, Philadelphia. University of Illinois Library School. Mrs. Jean A. Bien, formerly assistant Frederick P. Ford, associate librarian at reference librarian of the Montana State Parsons College, Fairfield, Iowa, has a sab- University Library, has been appointed as- batical leave for the second semester of the sistant catalog librarian of the University of academic year 1950-51. He will study the Denver Libraries. integration of the library and the curriculum Carolyn Bliss is now supervisor of techni- in a selected group of midwestern college li- cal processes at the Sullivan Memorial Li- braries. brary, Temple University, Philadelphia. Harriet L. Granade has been appointed Gladys Boughton is serving as acting di- order librarian of the University of Cincin- rector of the University of Washington's nati Library. School of Librarianship during the tempo- Mrs. Betty N. Harrison has been appointed rary absence of Robert Gitler as director of cataloger at the Virginia Polytechnic Insti- the School of Library Service of Keio Uni- tute Library. versity, Tokyo. Ruth Elizabeth Hausle has been appointed John P. Caughlin, formerly on the staff serials librarian of Canisius College, Buffalo, of Allegheny College Library in Meadville, N. Y. Pa., has been appointed head of the Circula- Robert E. Kingery, formerly personnel of- tion Department of the Iowa State College ficer of the New York Public Library, was Library in Ames. appointed chief of the Preparations Division Ellen Crowley, formerly cataloger and on Jan. 1, 1951. reference librarian at the Wyoming State John C. Kuhn has been appointed head Library in Cheyenne, became law librarian cataloger of Seton Hall College Library, of the University of Nebraska on Feb. 1, South Orange, N. J. 1951. Harry E. Kuntz is assistant reference li- Lavern W. Cutler has been appointed di- brarian, Purdue University Libraries. rector of the Graduate School of Business Reverend Jovian P. Lang has been ap- Library of Stanford University. pointed librarian of Quincy College, Quincy, Mary Louise d'Auchamp has been ap- 111. pointed librarian of the U. S. Information Martha Jane Livesay was appointed gifts Library in Copenhagen, Denmark. and exchanges librarian of the University of Lilli K. Daly has been appointed assistant Kentucky on Jan. I, 1951.

292 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Warren A. Lussky is librarian, Rocky Alice M. Ridenour, formerly on the staff Mountain College, Billings, Mont. of the University of Idaho Library, has been John G. W. McCord has been appointed appointed cataloger at Montana State Col- assistant chief of the Order Division, Tech- lege, Bozeman. nical Services, Southern Illinois University Louis A. Schulteis has been appointed art Libraries. and architecture librarian of the University Dr. Robert E. Moody, a member of the of Denver. History Department of Boston University, Rollo G. Silver, formerly on the staff of has been appointed director of the university the Peabody Institute, Baltimore, Md., has libraries. been appointed assistant professor of library Donald Nelson is librarian, Eastern Ore- science at Simmons College, Boston, Mass. gon College of Education, La Grande. Sherman H. Spencer became head of cir- Maurice Nelson is assistant reference li- culation, College of the Pacific Library, brarian, Purdue University Libraries. Stockton, Calif., at the beginning of the aca- Melvin A. Newman, formerly classifier at demic year 1950-51. the Iowa State College Library, has been Reverend David Francis Sweeney, O.F.M., appointed head of the Circulation Depart- is now reference librarian of the Mullen Li- ment of the University of Denver Libraries. brary, Catholic University of America. Jean Oberlander has been appointed li- Alphonse Trezza has been appointed head brarian of the University of Maryland's Col- of the Circulation Department of the Uni- lege of Pharmacy in Baltimore. versity of Pennsylvania Library. Joseph T. Popecki has been appointed as- Marie Vera Young has been appointed sistant to the director of libraries, Catholic forestry librarian at Colorado A. & M. Col- University of America. lege, Fort Collins, Colo.

Foreign Libraries According to the Boletlm Radiotelegrafico Gomes director of Biblioteca Nacional in do Ministerio das Relacoes Exteriores, No. Rio de Janeiro. 1480, March 1, 1951, the President of Brazil Karl Schwarber, director of the University has just signed a decree naming Eugenio of Basel Library, died on June 26, 1950.

Retirement G. William Bergquist, special investigator 31, 1950, after nearly three decades of serv- of the New York Public Library and chief ice. He won international fame for his re- of its Preparations Division, retired on Dec. lentless pursuit of biblioklepts.

Necrology Claribel R. Barnett, U. S. Department of brarian at Ohio State University Library for Agriculture librarian from 1907 until her re- 38 years, died on Dec. 25, 1950. Miss tirement in 1940, died on March 6 after an Schneider was an active member of A.C.R.L. illness of several years. and of other library and professional Bertha M. Schneider, who was catalog li- groups.

JULY, 1951 293 Review Articles Public Opinion report is organized under its major subject heading. The 300 or more major headings Public Opinion 1935-1946. Prepared by are arranged alphabetically to form the body Mildred Strunk under the editorial direc- of the text. Since many of the surveys cover tion of Hadley Cantril. Princeton, New more than one subject, secondary subjects are Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1951, also identified by a very extensive use of I250p. $25. cross references appearing in the table of Here is a new, basic work of reference contents. For all headings the Library of for leaders of governmental and voluntary Congress subject headings have been em- enterprises, historians, social scientists and ployed. other students of public affairs and social The table of contents is 44 pages in length, customs. The Office of Public Opinion Re- follows the alphabetical arrangement of the search under the editorial supervision of Had- text, and with its voluminous cross refer- ley Cantril, its director, aided by a Rocke- ences to major headings serves the purposes feller Foundation grant, has assembled in this of an index as well as an outline of contents. 1200 page (Si" x ni") volume the reported In only one respect does it fail to serve this results of the first 12 years of the Gallup, double purpose: i.e., in its reference of all Roper and other polling activities. To be personal names to the major subject heading, more precise, the book under review sum- Persons. This subject in the text includes marized the published reports, from 1935 90 separate polls, many of which contain a through 1946, of those national surveys of dozen or more names. Thus whereas the opinion by means of interviewing cross sec- analytical table of contents enables the reader tion samples of populations conducted by to locate quickly all the surveys of opinion reputable polling organizations in the United on any subject, whether it be thrift, poll tax, States, the British Commonwealth of Na- or football, the task of finding the polls which tions and most of the European countries include the names of particular personalities outside the Iron Curtain (Brazil is also rep- such as Elmer Davis, Clare Boothe Luce or resented, as well as parts of Czechoslovakia Babe Ruth, requires quite a few pages of and Hungary before the Iron Curtain thumbing. This, however, is a very minor dropped completely). defect in what otherwise is a logical, practical The editors have made no claims to com- organization for ready use of a huge mass of pleteness. Local poll results, except for a material. few special instances, were excluded, as were The editors indicate that the present the numerous surveys of opinion, preferences volume will be the first of a series covering or tastes carried on as market research, al- the survey results of successive five-year most none of which are available for publi- periods. Students of opinion may devoutly cation. But the approximately 12,000 hope that the reception and widespread use separate survey results contained in the of this first compilation will lead to its con- volume probably come near to being 100 per tinuance. In the meantime there is now cent of the nationwide opinion polls made available for use during intervening years be- and published during these 12 years. fore publication of the periodic collections the The editors were soundly equipped by ex- section called "The Quarter's Polls" appear- perience and training to select and evaluate ing in each issue of the Public Opinion Quar- the poll results for inclusion. In the plan- terly. This section is under the editorship of ning of their undertaking they had the expert Mrs. Mildred Strunk who was in direct guidance of Julian Boyd, Princeton's librar- charge of the 1935-46 compilation; the ian, and Datus Smith, editor of the Princeton same Library of Congress subject matter University Press. The resulting organiza- headings are used in both; and the form of tion, arrangement and presentation of the presentation is identical. With the five-year survey results are simple, sensible and ad- compilations and these Public Opinion mirably suited to reference use. Each survey Quarterly reports of current surveys for

294 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES each four-month's period, the student will "Manuals of other libraries—to be examined have quick, convenient access to the published for ideas when making our own." surveys of opinion on any subject from the The present staff manual, however, can beginning of systematic sample surveys of hardly be called an "ordinary" manual, and citizens down to the present. As the span there seem to be reasons for supposing that of years lengthens during which surveys are it may not share the fate of those that are. reported, the historian or social analyst will Certainly no harm would result if parts of have for his use an increasingly reliable in- this document came to be considered as "re- dex of the complexion, direction, ebb and flow quired reading" for reference assistants in of conscious, expressed opinion on public is- any library. It would be nice to think that sues and social interests. in the preparation of reference manuals for The reliability of the results of the polls other libraries this one will be less "examined themselves is a matter of continued, intensive for ideas," than deliberately "used as a study by experts in the field as well as by in- model." formed and uninformed critics from the out- Its unusualness lies not primarily in its side. The editors of Public Opinion 1935- size, even though (to the best of this review- 1946 do not discuss the methodology employed er's knowledge) no other library has come in the surveys they report, except to indicate near to equalling the more than 200 offset- the usual sample size employed by each of the printed (8i" x 11") pages in a manual for polling organizations represented in the the Reference Department alone. The more volume. For the rest, we are obliged to take usual thing is to find the department's pro- on faith the zeal of the pollsters in perfect- cedures and routines presented on a half- ing their techniques for drawing representa- dozen pages in a manual, much smaller than tive samples of the population, in designing this, covering the work of all departments. their questions and in their skill and objectiv- Of much more importance than mere size ity in conducting their interviews. Whatever is the careful thought that quite obviously may be lacking in the techniques of the poll has been given to this work during its dozen results reported, the volume contains, as the years of preparation—thought that has re- editors state, "more reliable data than is else- sulted in a manual not only admirably ful- where available" for public opinion research. filling its chief purpose of helpfulness within It is truly "an indispensable storehouse of a single institution, but also one that has led information" on opinion. Every social sci- to the inclusion of much material that will ence reference collection should include a be of interest to reference workers anywhere. copy.—Robert D. Leigh, Columbia Univer- Some of the book, it is true, is concerned sity. with such characteristically "staff manual" kinds of information as the fact that the Unusual Reference Manual revolving date stamp is kept in the drawer below the telephone. Still more of the man- General Reference Department Staff Manual. ual necessarily describes procedures, arrange- Prepared by Mary N. Barton and Ellen F. ments, practices and rules which would apply Watson. Baltimore, Md., Enoch Pratt is their entirety to no other library. But Free Library, 1950, 230p. $1.75. along with these things there are sections A library's staff manual ordinarily makes such as "Attitude toward the reader" (p. rather dull reading for an outsider. De- 36-38), and the whole of Part VI "Reference sirable as such a tool always is for the work: Techniques and Procedures" (p.63- orientation of the new staff member in a 86), which are not only so applicable to particular library, and beneficial as may be reference work in general, but also which are the results of the necessarily careful re- so well done that these parts alone might examination (and often revision!),, of pro- easily justify shelving this manual on the cedures and routines that are called for in "Professional Shelf" of almost any reference order to get them down in black and white, department. Beyond this, it is possible that the ordinary manual of another library is some of the nearly 40 clearly-reproduced likely to be riffled through casually and then "forms," and some of the well thought-out filed and forgotten in the box marked: and fully described routines may suggest to

JULY, 1951 295 reference librarians in other places that their to grow and develop on the job. own forms and routines are about due for re- The next section, on "Physical Layout," examination and possible improvement. includes floor plans of the library, the gen- The Enoch Pratt Free Library provides eral reference room, and of appropriate stack reference service in nine locations—in eight areas, with descriptions of the location of subject departments and in the General certain reference tools and collections. Reference Department. It is with the latter The useful advice, already mentioned, on only that this manual is concerned, a fact "Attitude toward the reader" comes in Part that is unlikely to detract much from its in- V on "General Policies and Procedures." terest for other libraries since "general ref- Here also is a description of the statistics erence" at Enoch Pratt seems to include the that are kept, an explanation of the uses to major part of the activities called simply which the statistical records are put, and a "reference" in libraries not so completely de- list of six activities considered by the Enoch partmentalized. Pratt Library as qualifying, for statistical The manual starts with two sections of purposes, as "professional aid to readers." introductory material, describing for the There is also a reproduction of the form benefit of new assistants the function of the sheet on which daily statistics are recorded. General Reference Department and its rela- This material makes an interesting contribu- tionships with the rest of the library, identify- tion to the perennial questions of what refer- ing its clientele and giving a brief summary ence statistics to keep, how to keep them and of the department's history. what to do with them after they have been Part III, "Organization of the General compiled. Reference Department," though still directed The same section of the manual repro- primarily toward the new assistant, is likely duces several other "forms" used by the de- to be worth the attention of others interested partment. Among the more novel of these in some of the administrative aspects of are the printed sheets designed to be handed reference departments. One feature is an to readers who request kinds of help with interesting listing of HI "activities" of the which the library can give only limited serv- department, ranging from the department ice—contests and radio quizzes, genealogical head's responsibility for planning and direct- research and biographical information about ing the work of the group, to the page's daily authors. Each form states the library's chore of sharpening and replacing pencils at policy and explains why and in what ways the public catalog. This may not be a com- service must be restricted. As a device for plete listing of the duties of all reference de- helping maintain good public relations, such partments, but it is a good beginning! This printed explanations should go far toward list supplements a large folded chart in which assuring the disappointed reader that the re- the hundred-odd activities are grouped to fusal of help has official sanction and is not show which are administrative, which pertain simply the whim of an individual desk at- directly to services and materials in the Gen- tendant. eral Reference Department, which have to The value of Part VI to reference assist- do with services to and relations with other ants in general has been suggested already. library units, and which are regarded as pro- This part of the manual, indeed, would not fessional contributions in the field of refer- be out of place as a chapter in a textbook on ence work. The other side of this folded reference work. A fe$- pages discussing chart presents an organization diagram search techniques (the advice given is ex- identifying, by title, the 10 members of the cellent) are followed by a list of suggested department (including a clerk and a page), readings (including some designed "to give and enumerating the duties and responsibili- the beginner the 'feel' of reference work and ties of each member. After having pointed a taste for its stimulating possibilities"). The out the kinds of work to be done, it is logi- remainder of this part of the book is given cal that a discussion should follow of the over to describing and listing sources, pro- qualities and skills needed by staff members, cedures and techniques involved in handling and that some suggestions should be given certain common kinds of questions: advice of ways reference assistants can be helped about encyclopedias for home purchase, book

296 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES prices, values of old and rare books (includ- ample of what a reference staff manual can ing another printed form describing the limits be, it is a pleasure to call the attention of of service in this connection), bibliographical C.R.L. readers to this new publication.— data about books, quotations, biographical Oliver L. Lilley, School of Library Service, reference questions, addresses of persons and Columbia University. organizations, and book review questions. The pattern followed with most of these German Publications, 1939-50 is to give some general advice about handling such questions, and then to provide a selected Bibliographien zum Deutschen Schriftturn der bibliography of useful tools for starting the Jahre 1939-1950, von Hans Widmann. search. Tubingen, Max Niemeyer, c 1951, 284P. Subsequent parts of the manual concern 33.00 DM. service to readers, work at the information Joris Vorstius, in his lucid and comprehen- desk (staffed by, but physically separate from sive Ergebnisse und Fortschritte der Biblio- the General Reference Department), work graphic in Deutschland seit dem ersten Welt- of the clerical assistant and the page, and a krieg (Beiheft 74 of Zeits:hrift fur Biblio- final section on routines connected with cer- tekswesen, 1948) produced an excellent and tain special kinds of materials. Generously adequate summarization of German bibliog- illustrated with reproductions of form cards raphy and documentation, from both a theo- and form sheets, these later chapters of the retical and a practical viewpoint. He suc- manual give even an outsider quite a clear ceeded in going beyond Georg Schneider in picture of the department's work. In spite either way, not only quantitatively but also of their specific application to the work of deliberately clearing the ground for detailed an individual library, these final sections are descriptive publication later. Only two years worth at least perusal by other reference li- after this valiant effort we are presented by brarians both for ideas on ways of handling Hans Widmann, one of the able men from such common problems as interlibrary loans, Tubingen, with just such a record of biblio- photographic copying, special indexes, clip- graphical titles. Though there is no refer- pings, maps, documents and the like, as well ence, in the volume under discussion, to as for presenting an example of a way these cooperation between Vorstius and Widmann, activities can be clearly described. one can only express the wish that the author Eight double-column pages of index pro- of this new, painstaking, difficult and in many vide quick access to all topics discussed or ways thankless, albeit so necessary work may described in the manual. have been enabled to benefit by the unpub- Without more familiarity than this re- lished manuscript of a Study of Bibliography viewer has with the library this manual is and Librarianship in Germany since 1933, intended to serve, it is impossible for an out- already prepared by his colleague in Berlin sider to point to omissions of coverage, though (Vorstius, op. cit. p.l). in view of the careful planning shown At any rate Widmann builds upon Vor- throughout the work it seems unlikely that stius's Ergebnisse in at least two important there can be serious ones. The reviewer's ways: his starting point was determined as attention, in passing, was caught by the ab- well as the scope of his compilation, which sence of reference to Parker Worley's lists later leads both Vorstius and Widmann of "Current National Bibliographies" which beyond Georg Schneider, who excluded spe- began appearing in the August 1949 issue of cial subject bibliography from his Handbuch. the Library of Congress Journal of Current Both men thus endorse the aims of inclusive- Acquisitions. On page 68 where the Heyl ness, though on a national or cultural basis, list of "Current National Bibliographies" is applied on a much more comprehensive scale cited, some mention of the newer list would by Bestermann and Bohatta-Hodes (see Vor- have seemed appropriate, but this is a minor stius's article on "Petzholdt Redivivus" in matter indeed. ZfB 1950:413-37). Because of its inclusion of material that Widmann has defined his geographic scope should prove of interest to reference workers in much the same way as had Vorstius, but in many libraries, and as an excellent ex- the latter limited himself to "bibliographies

JULY, 1951 29 7 in Germany," while Widmann tried to an- even, nevertheless warrant the modest claims swer the question, "Where can bibliographi- of progress made. cal evidence be found concerning German Every reader will heartily endorse Wid- publications issued from 1939 to 1950?" mann's closing thoughts on the value of (p.16), which allowed him to include much bibliography in bridging the gulf between material published outside of Germany. specialists as well as between peoples and In the introductory chapter, on the scope that it may succeed better than after the first of his "Uberblick," the author discusses and holocaust of our time in closing the gaps. illustrates the difficulties of his undertaking— May the author receive much help in re- questionnaires and personal visits played an sponse to his introductory Herder-quota- important role, publishers rather than li- tion: "lass es nicht beim Tadel, sondern bes- braries often had the answers—and again sere und baue weiter."—Icko Iben, Urbana, after the 216 pages of bibliographical listing Illinois. proper, in a "Riickblick und Umblick," he analyzes once more the plight of the scholar Copyright and Librarians and scientist resulting from the political and social disruption of the period. Views and Literary Property in the United States. By data as published by the author elsewhere Ralph R. Shaw. Washington, Scarecrow (e.g. in Libri, 1950) as well as by other Press, 1950, v, 277p. $6.00. authorities, notably Georg Leyh (Bericht: Librarians who have followed the illustri- 1947, supplemented in the Deutschland- ous activities of versatile Ralph Shaw will not Jahrbuch, 1949), Gustav Hofmann and be surprised to learn that this present writing Heinrich Middendorf (in v. 34, 1950, of the is of the same high caliber as his inventing. Jahrbuch der Deutschen Bibliotheken) and How he finds time to achieve all of his many by the dean of German bibliographers, Joris accomplishments is something for wonder and Vorstius, in his forementioned Ergebnisse, amazement. With this treatise, based on his are further elaborated and extended. doctoral dissertation at the University of Widmann then summarizes the state of Chicago, Shaw has definitely made a signifi- German bibliography and succeeds in show- cant contribution to a clearer understanding ing, how on this background of necessity, of the rights of authors from historical, German librarians and bibliographers have philosophical and practical standpoints. tried and are trying valiantly to do their The book is not a guide for obtaining copy- part in building anew their shattered world. right such as Margaret Nicholson's A Man- The necessary threads are established for the ual of Copyright Practice (New York, Ox- reader: the present degree of coverage of ford University Press, 1945, 255p.), but an area is shown, gaps are indicated, prospects forms an excellent companion volume to it. of future publication discussed, whether it be The book is not a law treatise for practition- in the complicated framework of the Deut- ers although such terms as "assign," "license," sche Allgemeine Bibliographie (p.16-22), "prima facie" and "affected with a public especially after 1940, the date of the last interest" are employed without definition. Fiinfjahreskatalog, or in any of the subject Rather, this work attempts to determine fields, such as Germanistics (p.79-86). from the American court records just what A special chapter is devoted to an extensive literary property is; its relation to copyright; review of foreign effort and success in cover- what copyright is intended to protect, why, ing German publications of the period under how and for whom; the extent to which these consideration. In some areas the Germans goals have been achieved; and what, if any- have not succeeded as yet in reestablishing thing, may be done about the situation. An systematic bibliography (e.g. Oriental Studies, attempt is made to identify all significant p.88-93, an

298 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES of copyright law. In his preface Shaw ac- recommended for librarians and others who curately states that copyright is obtained believe that it is their obligation to have more merely by publishing with the proper notice, than a smattering of the concepts of literary but then he waits until the sixth and ninth property and copyright law.—Harry Bitner chapters to offer the caveat that certain other and Mortimer Schwartz, Columbia Univer- requirements are also necessary. sity Law Library. Members of the publishing trade will undoubtedly object with angelic indignation to Educational Measurement Shaw's contention that in having the copyright in their name, believing that they "may Educational Measurement. Ed. by E. F. gain more or get better protection," they do Lindquist and published by the American so "at the expense of the author." This Council on Education. Washington, D.C. stand, along with substantiated examples of 1951, 819P. $6.00. confusion in the law, forms the basis for This is a comprehensive handbook and text- Shaw's proposal to redraft the copyright book on the theory and technique of educa- statute and make copyright the exclusive tional measurement on the advanced grad- domain of authors. The reviewers concede uate level. The volume was planned by the that this position may be sound in theory, Committee on Measurement and Guidance of but from a practical standpoint they query the American Council on Education in 1945 whether any substantial change would be to overcome the lack of reference and in- effected in the light of standardized contracts structional materials in those universities and practices in the trade. offering graduate training in educational Unquestionably the most valuable portion measurement. of the book as far as librarians are concerned Seventy experts in the measurement field, is Chapter XVIII which deals with literary under the general editorship of E. F. Lind- property and scholarly institutions. The con- quist, participated in the writing of this stantly haunting legal problems of facsimile volume. The proceeds from the sale are to reproduction, such as by photostat and micro- go into a permanent Measurement Book film, recompiling and the replacement of Project Fund which will be used for future pages is expertly dealt with in a lucid man- revisions of the work. • ner. This chapter in effect reveals one more The book contains 18 chapters divided into facet of the classic problem facing libraries three parts: The Functions of Measurement with regard to the acceptance o(r rejection in Education; The Construction of Achieve- of manuscripts, theses and other materials, ment Tests; and Measurement Theory. namely, exactly what is it that the donor Ample charts, graphs, illustrations and se- has a right to give in the first place? After lected references are furnished throughout. perusing the chapter with this aspect in mind, For those teacher-training institutions not librarians are well advised to re-examine offering graduate courses in measurement, their collections. Some startling discoveries this work may well find a place in the refer- and reactions are assured. ence collection to supplement works such as Each of the pithy chapters ends with a the Encyclopedia of Educational Research.— summary of its contents, which is useful both Irving A. Verschoor, Columbia University. as a preliminary survey of each chapter and a final thought provoking reappraisal. The The H. W. Wilson Company text is well documented although the references are inconveniently placed at the end The H. W. Wilson Company; Half a Cen- of the book in a separate section and the tury of Bibliographic Publishing. By John term "C.O.B." is constantly used without any Lawler. Minneapolis, University of Min- indication that it is an abbreviation for Copy- nesota Press, 1950, $3.00. right Office Bulletin. Bibliophiles and per- Lawler's The H. W. Wilson Company is fectionists may object to the price of six dol- presumably an example of the growing tend- lars placed on the volume by author-publisher ency of historical scholarship to be concerned Shaw, pointing out the uneven inking, slick with the critical analysis of the emergence paper and deficiencies in the binding process. and development of American commercial Notwithstanding this, the treatise is highly and industrial enterprise. But in the pages

JULY, 1951 299 of this book one will not find the objectivity College Fund'Raising and dispassionate appraisal that have characterized many other writings of this genre. Fund-Raising for the Small College. By Ed- On the contrary, here is a panegyric to the ward L. Hawthorne. New York, Colum- honor and success of Halsey W. Wilson, the bia University, Teachers College, Bureau company he founded and his associates in of Publications, 1950, 25ip. $3.00. the undertaking. This book should be required reading for Mr. Wilson succeeded in subject bibliog- every college president and his chief officer raphy, the history of which is strewn with in charge of fund raising. Here, in slightly the wreckage of ill-fated enterprises. Almost over 200 pages, Mr. Hawthorne presents a the only man who has made bibliography first-rate analysis of the problems that are profitable, he created an organization that is involved in financing the small colleges of characterized by "an innate sense of duty, this country. respect for the company's founder, delight in While the general statistics and informa- the challenge of a responsible job, recognition on philanthropic giving will certainly tion of its opportunities, pride in accomplish- prove instructive, college officers are urged ment" (p.139). His was a staff that suf- to study carefully the last two sections which fered from "a strange disease . . . called the deal with the various considerations that must Bibliographical Urge" (p.139), a staff that be taken into account in developing a financial enjoyed "conditions of work [that were! program for a small college. favorable" (p.140), a "sense of adventure" The writer has correctly stressed the im- (p.140), a "policy of welcoming women in a portance of preliminary planning and organi- period when prejudice barred them from most zation. Too many college fund-raising pro- business firms" (p.140), an "encouragement grams have started on the assumption that of initiative on the part of its workers" there is nothing much more to do than to (p.140), in short a congenial "family" (p.141). ask for money. This book shows how im- This reviewer does not wish to belittle perative it is to make a careful analysis of the achievements of the Wilson Company, the public from whom the funds are to be though the author himself almost does as solicited, the importance of preparing this much by the very excesses of his praise. The public for a request for funds and the or- Wilson bibliographic services are a substantial ganization necessary to make such a program contribution to the development of biblio- a manageable one. graphic organization in the English-speaking Mr. Hawthorne has not confined himself world, and as such they merit a really serious to generalizations of fund raising but pre- studv based on a solid understanding of the sents a bill of particulars on the best way to problems of, subject bibliography. But the go about it. To those who are just starting pages before us fail to perform this task. a fund-raising program, a careful reading and The work itself is divided into three parts: rereading of this book is strongly recom- Part I: The Past, in which the librarian who mended. Those who have already had some is reasonably familiar with the Wilson serv- years' experience will wish that they had had ices will discover little of importance that is an opportunity to read it before they started new or significant. Part II: The Present, their endeavors.—James A. Perkins, Carnegie which contains, among other matters, two Corporation of New York. quite excellent chapters on the compiling of the C.B.I, and the periodical indexes, the Texas A. and M. Survey only part of the entire work that makes any substantial contribution to the informed li- "Report of a Survey of the Library of the brarian's knowledge of the subject. The Texas A. and M. College October, 1949 to work concludes with a series of appendices February, 1950." By Robert W. Orr and that supply listings of the Wilson publica- William H. Carlson. College Station: tions, and a "Note on Sources," which, in- Texas A. and M. College, 1950, i67p. cidentally, seem to be far more voluminous (Mimeographed). than was necessary for the execution of the The surveys of land-grant college libraries work.—Jesse H. Shera, Graduate Library continue to add to our information concern- School, University of Chicago. ing an important arm of librarianship in the

300 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES United States. The recent surveys of the li- Since funds, wisely spent, are necessary for a braries of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute library enterprise to function effectively, it and of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute may be worth noting that from 1933-34 to reached conclusions which are similar to those 1949-50, Texas A. and M. allocated sums arrived at by Orr and Carlson for Texas A. to the library which ranged from 1.09 to 1.69 and M. A recommendation, common to the per cent of the total expenditures, with the other surveys, reached by the surveyors is as appropriation for 1938-39 reaching a high of follows: 1.92. A large part of the increase is recommended for books, but 17 new staff members If the library is to give effective support to are proposed, nine professional and eight cleri- resident instruction, research and extension education, the book collections, especially scientific cal. and technical journals in the basic and applied Surveys have proven to be valuable blue- sciences, will have to undergo substantial de- prints of procedure to some of the institutions velopment. A greatly augmented staff, some of for which they have been made. The extent whom would possess training in science and to which the authorities of an institution will foreign languages, will also be necessary. More- consider serious recommendations and put over, a library building that is larger and more them into effect is important in the future life functional than the Cushing Memorial Library building must be provided. Not until these needs of the libraries involved. Texas A. and M. are satisfied will the library be in a position to has a carefully worked out program for direct provide the publications, the services and the action.—Maurice F. Tauber, Columbia Uni- facilities that are required for the library pro- versity. gram needed at Texas A. and M. College. The New Gutenbergjahrbuch The surveyors have performed a valuable job for Texas A. and M. in outlining a pro- Volume XXV of the Gutenberg-Jahrbuch gram of development for the future. The has just been published as the silver jubilee methods of analysis used in examining the volume commemorating the fiftieth anniver- book collections, the personnel, public services sary of the founding of the Gutenberg-Gesell- and use, technical services, library building schaft in Mainz. A particularly handsome and financial support are not too different book as a physical specimen, it is truly in- from those employed in other surveys of ternational in character with its text in five academic libraries with which we are now languages (German, English, French, Span- familiar. However, they are specifically di- ish and Italian), each contributor writing in rected at Texas A. and M.'s peculiar prob- his native idiom. Among the contributors lems. are Dard Hunter, who writes on "Papermak- The surveyors recognize the great strides ing by Hand in America, 1690-1811," Her- that are being made in the educational and man Ralph Mead on the 15 supposedly research programs of land-grant colleges. unique Spanish incunabula in the Huntington Texas A. and M., like other similar institu- Library and Curt F. Biihler on "The Edition tions, "has long since advanced beyond the of the 'Ditz moraulx des philosophes' Printed original Morrill Act assignment of instruc- at Paris by Michel Le Noir." tion in agriculture and the mechanic arts." The basic purposes of the Gutenberg- Its increased research program, stimulated Gessellschaft have been stated as research in by the Hatch Act, has resulted in greater de- the history of writing, printing, paper, book- mands upon the library. In addition, the binding, illustration and other aspects of the growth of the Graduate College has made it graphic arts. In addition to the annual essential for the library to provide resources Gutenberg-J ahrbuch, the society publishes and facilities on a more advanced level. several smaller works every year. Of partic- In order to correct the deficiencies of its ular interest among recent publications are library program, Texas A. and M. will need Director Aloys Ruppel's "Die Erfindung der a substantial increase in its budget. The sur- Buchdruckerkunst und die Entdeckung veyors suggest an increase from the 1949-50 Amerikas" (1948) and Helmut Presser's cata- budget of $137,864.55 to $249,440. Actually, log of the Gutenberg-Museum's exhibit com- this represents approximately 2.95 per cent of memorating the Goethe Bicentennial, the total general and educational expenditures. "Goethe und seine Drucker" (1949). 29 7 JULY, 1951 Membership subscription to the society is present a quite complete survey of current $6.00 per annum, a fee entitling each in- cataloging problems in Germany and a num- dividual member to all publications. Al- ber of points of departure for constructive though the Gutenberg-Festschrift (i.e., discussion. volume XXV of the Jahrbuch) is being sold The text is divided into four sections: for $14.27 in the book trade, it is still possible (1) Historical development of subject cata- to acquire it as a part of the relatively loging together with definitions and a state- modest membership fee for 1949-50. Mem- ment of functions; (2) The problems in- berships are received by Dr. Aloys Ruppel, volved in shelving books (formats; shelving in director of the society, at Rheinalle 3 3/10, alphabetical order, by numerus currens, by Mainz, Germany (French Zone).—Law- groups, by classification; housing new acquisi- rence S. Thompson, University of Kentucky tions; call numbers); (3) Shelf lists in gen- Libraries. eral and for shelving by numerus currens, by groups and in alphabetical order; (4) The Subject Cataloging in Germany classed catalog, with discussions of the basis of classification, a description of various Lehrbuch der Sachkatalogisierung. Von Hein- classification schemes (with special attention rich Roloff. Leipzig, Otto Harrassowitz, to the basic decimal classification as well as its 1950. xii, H5p. variants), the logic of form divisions and sub- The problem of subject cataloging is con- divisions, the shorthand of notation, conspecti siderably more complicated in Europe than it (rotuli) and subject indices and classed cata- is in America for the average research li- logs as shelflists or as^subject guides inde- brary simply because of the age of the hold- pendent of shelving systems; and (5) The ings and the nature of the cataloging tradi- rules for a subject catalog with special at- tions. With a few exceptions, American retention to the form of the headings, filing search libraries began to assume significant and a tentative subject heading code. It is proportions only in the latter part of the nine- particularly interesting in the latter case to teenth century; and before acquisition rates note how many common sense rules for the were stepped up to the present astronomical establishment of new headings transcend proportions, widely accepted cataloging codes, linguistic and national differentiation and classification schemes and subject heading sys- would seem to be well-nigh universally ap- tems had taken hold in America. Precisely plicable. the opposite is true in Europe. Moreover, For this very reason it is regrettable that European library systems have never com- Roloff did not cite practices in English-speak- bined attempts to serve scholars as well as the ing countries more extensively. Except for masses, and neither has the European uni- the section on the decimal classification little versity library ever had to serve undergradu- discussion is devoted to routines familiar to ates comparable to ours. us; and of the 85 references in the bibliog- Roloff, librarian of the Deutsche Akademie raphy, all were printed in Europe. On the der Wissenschaften in Berlin, is thus free to other hand, this book grew from lectures in describe a multiplicity of practice in this text- a library school and was intended as a textbook without feeling obligated to set up in- book for German students of librarianship; flexible standards or condemn apparently and we can only wonder whether anyone clumsy systems which originated in past gen- doing a similar book in this country would erations and have been adapted to peculiar have given equal attention to the European institutional needs. He does not offer a literature of subject cataloging. Neverthe- "sachkatalogische Kodifikation" such as Hans less, a similar book is needed in English, and Trebst demanded in his article, "Der heutige when it is published, it should refer fre- Erkenntnisstand in der Formal- und in der quently to the European practices described Sachkatalogisierung," Zentralblatt fiir Biblio- by Roloff.—Lawrence S. Thompson, Univer- thekswesen, LI (1934), 449; but he does sity of Kentucky Libraries.

302 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Proposal ror Study of Increased Cost of Serials and Binding The proposed study is to be undertaken by the Serials Committee of the Association of Re- search Libraries with the help of other interested librarians and with the cooperation of the ch airmen of the Serials Committee of the American Library Association and the Medical Library Association. A paper prepared by Dr. Jerrold Orne,1 of the Washington University Library, St. Louis, Mo., presented at the January 1951 meeting of the Serials Round Table, proposed several studies to indicate the increased cost of serials and its effect on library budgets. At the meeting of the Association of Research Libraries, also held in January, a report was presented by the Serials Committee of the Association of Research Libraries together with a supplementary report by Dr. Robert B. Downs which indicated that the cost of serials had increased 40 per cent in the last few years. The Serials Committee of the A.R.L. is preparing a series of studies showing the unit cost of American, British, German and French serials and the cost of binding for 1950 as compared with 1946 and 1939. It is hoped to obtain reports from different types of libraries. As an example of the type of studies which we hope will be made, the comparison of the costs of binding for certain years as compiled by Iowa State College is shown below. "The average cost for binding per volume at Iowa State College shows an increase of 96 per cent for the fiscal year of 1949-50 over that of 1940-41 and an increase of 45 per cent for the year 1949-50 over that of 1945-46. In January 1951 there was an additional increase of 10 per cent over the prices of 1950. "On account of stiff competition between two firms the prices in 1941-42 were somewhat lower than in previous or succeeding years. In order to give a clearer picture the following percentages based on binding of a io"-!!" periodical have been compiled: 1938-39, Price of Binding IO"-II", $1.42. "The increase was 50 per cent in 1945-46 over the price in 1938-39; the increase was 100 per cent or double in 1951 over 1938-39." Arnold Trotier,2 University of Illinois, compiled certain figures on the increase in cost of binding during recent years. Illinois was enabled to accomplish a sizeable decrease in the unit cost of binding by a reduction of the processes required of the binder. On an experimental basis the State University of Iowa3 is substituting in some cases microfilms which will avoid the necessity of binding of individual volumes. The extent to which these economies will, over a period of time, be actual economies remains to be seen. The Serials Committee of A.R.L. will be glad to learn binding economies. The proposed studies in the cost of serials will include the compilation of both the increases in prices of individual periodicals and increases due to increased number of periodicals purchased. The costs of American, British, German and French periodicals will be compiled separately on the two above-mentioned bases. The cost will be figured from the data available in American libraries only. Libraries in the Sterling area are seriously affected in the purchasing of periodicals by the depreciation of the pound. It is believed that the increased costs of subscriptions to German publications in 1950-51, as compared with 1946, is due more to the increased number of German serials published in 1951 than to the increase in prices of individual periodicals. The chairman of the Serials Committee of the American Research Libraries will be glad to receive any suggestions from all interested.—Charles H. Brown, Iowa State College Library. 1 U.S. Library of Congress. Information Bulletin, 10, #6: Appendix, p.19-20. 2 Serial Slants, 1 :io-i2, January 1951. 3 University of Iowa Libraries, "News Report," January 1951, p.i.

JULY, 1951 303 This semi-circular shelving-desk in The Library of Congress Catalog in book University of San Francisco Library was form; are arranged for maximum ease of built by Library Bureau* to fill a special reference. need and to harmonize with the plans for *Originally designed by G. Vinton Duffield, this library interior. The shelves hold The Princeton University. /Jiou cUcule uAuCt l|OU UKMltr... LB HELPS YOU DESIGN IT

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