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COLLEGE and RESEARCH LIBRARIES Partment.4 in 1900 the Providence Public Ard Brett and His Staff Began Mapping out Library, Under the Guidance of William E

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COLLEGE and RESEARCH LIBRARIES Partment.4 in 1900 the Providence Public Ard Brett and His Staff Began Mapping out Library, Under the Guidance of William E View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and... By ROBERT E. MAIZELL The Subject-Departmentalized Public Library Mr. Maizell is librarian, Research Lab- survey it was possible to gain some idea of oratory, Mathieson Chemical Corpora- the historical development of subject de- tion, Niagara Falls. partmentation. It was also possible to con- struct a checklist of what appeared to be HERE is no doubt that subject depart- the major problems and principles involved Tmentation has become one of the most in subject departmentation. The checklist significant forms of public library organi- was submitted in the form of a rating sheet zation. Over seven million people live in to a group of librarians now working in the areas served by the nine public libraries departmentalized libraries in order to se- which are organized entirely on the basis cure their judgments as to the importance of subject departments. Many millions of the problems and the validity of the more live in the areas served by additional principles. A total of 53 replies was re- public libraries which have at least one sub- ceived from the top administrators and ject department each. Since 1924, with subject department heads in five depart- the notable exception of Philadelphia, mentalized libraries: Brooklyn, Cleveland, virtually every major public library build- Enoch Pratt of Baltimore, Los Angeles ing erected in this country has been very and Toledo. largely or entirely a subject-departmental- ized library. The Meaning of Subject Depart?nentation The purposes of this study are to clarify Before defining what is meant by subject the meaning of subject departmentation, to departmentation, it may be well to enum- summarize its historical development, to in- erate the several major kinds of public li- dicate the problems involved in the plan, brary organization which exist today. and to develop a body of principles for the Libraries with very few or no subject de- guidance of administrators of subject-de- partments and with a major distinction be- partmentalized libraries. Although it is tween circulating and reference materials. primarily concerned with public libraries, This is known as the functional type of organ- the discussion has relevance to the academic ization and is exemplified by the St. Louis library as well. In the preparation of this Public Library. 2. Libraries with several subject depart- study, the first step was to survey the litera- ments and with the distinction between circu- ture on the topic, including annual reports of departmentalized libraries. The writ- 218-33. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1943. ings of Barton, McDiarmid, Martin and McDiarmid, E. W., and McDiarmid, J. Th<> Ad- ministration of the American Public Library. Chicago, Phelps should be mentioned as being espe- American Library Association, 1943, p.69-143. Los Angeles, Bureau of Budget and Efficiency. Or- cially noteworthy.1 On the basis of this ganization . of the Los Angeles Public Library. Los Angeles, 1948-49. 6v. Phelps, R. B. "The Effects of Organizational Pat- 1 See the following: terns 011 Reference Work . ." Ph.D. dissertation, Uni- Barton, M. "Administrative Problems in Reference versity of Chicago, Graduate Library School, 1943- Work." In The Reference Function of the Library, p. Typewritten. 29 7 JULY, 1951 lating and reference materials less clear than ter part of the nineteenth century. The in the first type mentioned. This is known as early growth of subject departmentation the partial or mixed type of departmental or- may be attributed to a variety of influences. ganization. An example is the Boston Public One of these was the development of col- Library. 3. Libraries with many subject departments lege and university libraries in the latter and with only a few fields of knowledge re- part of the last century. Another influence maining not departmentalized. This type of was the presence of previously existing library is in a stage of transition toward com- forms of public library departmentation, plete departmentation. An example is the De- such as reference and circulation depart- troit Public Library. (j^) Completely departmentalized libraries. ments and children's rooms. This meant This type is organized entirely on the basis of that libraries had by now grown sufficiently subject departments and is the only type cor- large and complex to warrant division of rectly referred to as the subject-departmen- labor and specialization. The presence of talized library. Examples are Brooklyn, certain special collections which could be Cleveland and Los Angeles. It is this type developed into subject departments was a with which this study is concerned. third factor. A fourth influence was the The distinctions made above, though emergence of clearly defined community in- clearly not of a hairline nature, are im- terest groups which seemed to need special portant and should be borne in mind. We services. Thus, the first subject depart- may now describe the subject-departmental- ments were usually in the areas of music, ized library more fully as one which con- art, business or technology. sists of a number of subject departments, William F. Poole, who is best remem- each of which covers a major segment of bered today for his index of nineteenth- the recorded knowledge of mankind; con- century periodical literature, is usually tains both circulating and reference ma- given credit for the origin of the idea of terials of all kinds within this segment of subject departmentation. His ideas on the knowledge; and is staffed, in an ideal situa- subject were first expressed in a very tenta- tion, by a group of librarians who are well tive form in 18 76,2 matured slowly over a versed in the literature of the subjects con- period of years,3 and ultimately found full tained in the department. It should be realization with the completion of the New- readily apparent that the plan is similar to berry Library building in Chicago in 1893. the departmentalized arrangement in many Perhaps the first individual subject de- university libraries. The major points of partments to appear in a large public li- difference are that in the public library there brary were in the Boston Public Library. are fewer departments (perhaps six or In its new building, which was occupied seven) and these are in a central building in 1895, Boston had introduced a special rather than being dispersed about a cam- libraries floor with a fine arts department pus. Nevertheless, many of the problems and an industrial arts department. Later and principles involved should be the same. in 1898, Librarian Herbert Putnam estab- lished a Department of Documents and The History of Subject Departmentation Statistics whose stated functions were very The roots of public library subject de- similar to those of the modern subject de- partmentation extend surprisingly far down 2 Poole, W. F. [Comments] Library Journal, 1:125, into American library history; in fact, its 1876. 3 . "The Construction of Library Buildings." origin may be traced as far back as the lat- Library Journal, 6:69-77, April 1881. 256 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES partment.4 In 1900 the Providence Public ard Brett and his staff began mapping out Library, under the guidance of William E. the departmentalized arrangement which Foster, also opened a special library floor went into effect when the library moved with an industrial library, an art library into its new temporary quarters in 1913. and a music library.5 It was evident almost from the beginning While all of the advances mentioned so that Brett, unlike others who had previously far are important, they represent relatively been interested in subject departmentation, immature forms of subject departmenta- saw clearly the essential nature of the plan tion. There is no evidence in the writings and was thus in a good position to take full of most of the founders of the early de- advantage of it. partmentalized libraries that they could Since then, the plan has been adopted foresee the development of many of the ac- with varying modifications by Los Angeles; tivities and advantages of subject depart- Baltimore; Rochester; Brooklyn ; Toledo; mentation, which appeared naturally after Worcester, Mass.; London, Ont., Can.; the opening of these libraries and which and most recently by Washington, D.C.7 began to be mentioned in the annual reports' Special mention should be made of Joseph and other publications. Such advantages in- L. Wheeler who helped introduce the pre- cluded the development of staff proficiency liminary stages of departmentation in the in limited subject areas, more effective book Los Angeles Public Library, and who later selection, easy detection of gaps in the col- helped develop the Enoch Pratt building. lection and facilitation of special services This building, incidentally, is believed to to groups. Instead, these early thinkers be very satisfactory for subject departmenta- were preoccupied with matters of physical tion, and its open-plan design has since convenience and arrangement; and so long been adopted by other libraries.8 as subject departmentation continued to be In addition, several other libraries are regarded as a mere grouping together of now moving toward complete departmenta- circulating and reference books on the tion. Carl Vitz has recently described Cin- same subject, further progress could not cinnati's proposed new building and its plan be expected. To put it more directly, sub- for departmentation.9 Detroit is also mov- ject departmentation could be exploited ing toward complete departmentation but fully only if its potentialities—particularly will apparently remain in its present build- the development of staff subject speciali- ing. It seems safe to predict that within zation—were realized, seized upon and de-. the next 25 years or so a number of other veloped.
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