COLLEGE and RESEARCH LIBRARIES, a DIVISION of the AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION Sop^Tioni

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May 1960 • Vol. 21, No. 3

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PUBLISHED BY THE ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES, A DIVISION OF THE AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION SoP^TIONi

UNION LIST OF SERIALS IN LIBRARIES OF UNITED STATES AND CANADA (Second Edition) Edited by Winifred Gregory. N.Y., Wilson, 1943. Also First Supplement.

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Maurice F. Tauber, Editor Peter Demery, ACRL Publications Officer Contents

Editorial Staff: RALPH E. ELLS- WORTH, buildings; JENS NYHOLM, THE PREPARATION OF THE STANDARDS FOR methods; JOHN C. RATHER, news; JUNIOR COLLEGE LIBRARIES 199 LAWRENCE S. THOMPSON, personnel; ROBERT B. DOWNS, resources. CARLYLE J. FRAREY, CLARENCE STANDARDS FOR JUNIOR COLLEGE LIBRARIES . . . 200 GORCHELS, EUGENE P. SHEEHY, assistants to the editor. Two ARL APPROACHES TO COUNTING HOLD- College and Research Libraries, INGS OF RESEARCH LIBRARIES, by A. F. the official journal of the Asso- Kuhlman 237 ciation of College and Research Libraries, a division of the American Library Association, COPYRIGHT PROBLEMS, a Symposium 212 is published bimonthly—Janu- ary, March, May, July, Septem- WE CHOSE MICROFILM, by Frances L. Meals ber, November—at 1407 Sher- wood Avenue, Richmond 20, and Walter T. Johnson 223 Virginia. Change of address notices, undeliverable copies, and FIVE YEARS OF TRANSLATION PUBLISHING, by orders for subscriptions should be addressed to American Li- Edward P. Tober 227 brary Association, 50 East Huron Street, Chicago 11, Illinois. NEWS FROM THE FIELD 229 Subscription to CRL is included in membership dues to ACRL of $6 or more. Other subscrip- ACRL AT MONTREAL 230 tions are $5 a year; single copies, $1.25 or $1 each for five or PERSONNEL 237 more copies. Appointments 238 Production and Advertising and Circulation office: 50 East Huron Retirements 239 Street, Chicago 11, Illinois. Necrology 240 Manuscripts of articles and cop- THE ROLE OF A BIBLIOGRAPHER IN A JAPANESE ies of books submitted for re- COLLECTION, by Yukihisa Suzuki 241 view should be addressed to the Office of the Editor, School of Library Service, Columbia Uni- REVIEW ARTICLES 247 versity, New York 27, New York. University Education, Eugene H. Wilson 247 Inclusion of an article or ad- The New Ulrich, Evan I. Farber 248 vertisement in CRL does not Soviet Libraries, Jan Wepsiec 249 constitute official endorsement by ACRL or ALA. Civil War Dictionary, Richard Harwell . . 251

Indexed in Library Literature. COMMENT 251 Second-class postage paid at LC Catalog Books: Subjects, Eleanor Este Richmond, Virginia, and at additional mailing offices. Campion 251 May 1960 Volume 21 Number 3 This NEW GLOBE should be in FREE on REQUEST YOUR LIBRARY • • •

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Let us quote on your next printing The Preparation of the Standards for Junior College Libraries

R I "'HE STANDARDS FOR JUNIOR COLLEGE via the JCLS Newsletter. Elizabeth Neal, J- LIBRARIES were prepared by the Com- the next chairman of the section, committee on Standards, ACRL. Its mem- piled these proposals and had them dis- bers are: Felix E. Hirsch, Trenton State cussed at two meetings, but there re- College, chairman; Helen M. Brown, mained disagreement on the issue of Wellesley College; Donald O. Rod, Iowa quantitative versus qualitative stand- State Teachers College; Ruth E. Scar- ards. That issue seemed resolved at the borough, Centenary College for Women; ALA Conference in Miami Beach, 1956, Orlin C. Spicer, Morton Junior College; when the section accepted the revised Norman E. Tanis, Henry Ford Commu- standards. Work began on the proposed nity College; Helen M. Welch, Univer- ACRL Monograph about the junior col- sity of Illinois. Lottie M. Skidmore, lege library in all its aspects and includ- Joliet Township High School and Junior ing especially the standards; Catherine College, served as consultant, represent- Cardew, Briarcliff College, served as edi- ing the Junior College Library Section. tor, and Mrs. Katherine Brubeck, Orlin Efforts toward drawing up standards Spicer, and Ruth E. Scarborough as con- go back to 1930 when the Junior College tributors. Before the monograph reached Libraries Round Table, the predecessor the printing stage, the ACRL Board in of the section, was founded. The ALA June 1959 reviewed the whole project, Bulletin for August 1930 (XXIV, 296-97) and particularly the standards of 1956, contained a junior college "Measuring and decided to turn them over to the Stick," the first forerunner of the pres- ACRL Committee on Standards to bring ent standards. One of those who drew up them up to date. that first brief document, Ermine Stone, The committee went immediately to soon after presented a commendable set work. In November 1959 it met for a of standards in her book The Junior two-day work session in Chicago. A com- College Library (ALA, 1932). The next plete understanding was reached and a major study was undertaken when Mary draft prepared. It paralleled the ALA H. Clay (now Mrs. E. R. Lloyd), chair- Standards for College Libraries and em- man of the section in 1946-47, collected bodied the wishes of the junior college detailed data about standards from state librarians consulted. This draft was sub- and regional chairmen. At the ALA mitted to leaders of the library profes- Conference in Los Angeles, 1953, Ruth sion for their critical comments. The E. Scarborough, then chairman of the advice of many presidents and deans of section, organized a panel discussion on junior colleges was secured. The execu- the need for printed standards to tive secretaries of the American Associa- strengthen the junior college library in tion of Junior Colleges, the National all its aspects. A committee on standards Commission on Accreditation, and the was appointed with Ruth Bradley as six regional accrediting agencies ex- chairman. The new section chairman, pressed themselves strongly in favor of Lottie M. Skidmore, assigned it a dual the draft. Many valuable suggestions task: to prepare a statement of standards were incorporated in the text and a de- which would be submitted to the mem- finitive draft was prepared in January bership for approval and to collect ma- 1960. At its meeting on January 29, 1960, terial suitable for an ACRL Monograph. the Board discussed the standards and Many suggestions were gathered, partly approved them unanimously. Standards for junior College Libraries

HESE STANDARDS are designed to provide T This document was prepared by the a guide for the evaluation of libraries ACRL Committee on Standards, Felix E. in American two-year colleges. These insti- Hirsch, Chairman. tutions offer a great diversity of programs; many of them are terminal, others prepare as well as throughout their college careers. for eventual transfer to four-year colleges. It furnishes reading guidance and reference Included in this group of two-year colleges service in many ways and stimulates inter- are junior colleges primarily concerned with est in good books through displays, book- the liberal arts and limited in their voca- lists, discussion programs, etc. It assists in tional aims; community colleges endeavor- the counseling program by providing occu- ing to serve in their area a variety of educa- pational and vocational materials for the tional purposes by a combination of pro- use of students and the guidance staff. Fi- grams; and technical institutes emphasizing nally, the junior college library often func- vocational aspects in their curricula. For the tions also as a center of community affairs sake of convenience, the term "junior col- in connection with adult education pro- lege library" is used throughout to describe grams or similar efforts for the cultural libraries in all these institutions. benefit of many citizens. The standards laid down in this document I. FUNCTIONS OF THE JUNIOR COLLEGE must always be interpreted in the light of LIBRARY the aims and needs of the institution of The junior college library has manifold which the library is a part. responsibilities. First of all, it must provide the resources needed to meet the curricular II. STRUCTURE AND GOVERNMENT demands of the institution. It must have a rich and up-to-date collection of books, peri- The librarian is usually appointed by the odicals, recordings, and other educational chief administrative officer of the college. materials necessary for inspiring teaching. He should be directly responsible to him Beyond meeting this objective, the junior for the management of the library. college library should bring strong intellec- If the institution's board of control has tual stimulation to both faculty and stu- a committee on the library, its duties and dents. It should help the faculty to keep authority should be clearly defined, and the abreast of the progress of scholarship. It advisory relationship of the librarian to the should introduce students to the heritage of committee should be stated. Western civilization, provide them with a The librarian should be consulted by the view of the non-Western world, and instill chief administrative officer on the budgetary in them that enthusiasm for great books needs of the library, prior to final decisions from which will spring the life-time habit by the institution's board of control. Any of good reading. change in budget direction or any other Fulfillment of this complex mission will administrative ruling affecting the welfare require a highly competent staff of sufficient of the library should be made only after size and capable of serving along the fol- careful discussion with the librarian. lowing major lines of endeavor: The junior Academic matters, on the other hand, de- college library is the center of curricular mand close cooperation with the dean of materials for the institution and a focal instruction. Membership of the librarian on point for the cultural life on campus. It the curriculum committee or academic policy serves as an important teaching agency, pro- committee is advisable to develop unity of viding bibliographic advice to the faculty purpose between classroom and library. The and giving instruction, both formal and librarian should have at least department informal, in the use of books and libraries head status. to the students during freshman o. bntation The professional library staff should be

200 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES appointed by the chief administrative officer program. The library's holdings, the type of on the recommendation of the librarian, and college it serves, the size of the faculty and should be directly responsible to the librar- student body, the variety and spread of sub- ian. The librarian should plan the internal ject fields covered, and the extent to which structure of the library administration with the college frowns on textbook teaching and clear-cut job descriptions for each staff mem- encourages the use of supplementary read- ber. Frequent consultation with staff mem- ings are factors which influence budget bers on library policies and procedures will needs. I promote an atmosphere of democracy in the The library budget should be determined library and strengthen the staff morale. in relation to the total budget of the insti- As a rule, there should be a faculty li- tution for educational and general purposes, brary committee. It should be appointed by but the amount to be allocated to the library the chief administrative officer or elected by should be squarely based upon a program the faculty. It should include representatives of optimum library service in support of the of the various academic divisions of the col- junior college's goals. The execution of the lege and consist of both senior and junior library program as it is outlined in these members of the faculty, chosen carefully for standards normally requires a minimum of 5 their demonstrated interest in the library per cent of the total educational and general beyond their own departmental concerns. budget.1 This minimum percentage2 is for a The librarian may serve as chairman or well established library with an adequate secretary. The committee functions in an collection. It would have to be augmented if advisory capacity to him and acts as a con- there is a rapid increase in the student body necting link between the faculty as a whole or in course offerings; it would again need to and the library. It should not concern itself be increased if the library is responsible for with details of library administration. an audio-visual program. The library budget In many institutions it will also be help- for a newly organized junior college should ful to have a student library committee. It be considerably higher than 5 per cent. The serves as a liaison between the student body figure might be determined by establishing and the library, and presents suggestions on rather precise acquisition goals over an ini- student-library relationships. The committee tial period of several years. should work closely with the librarian who Experience shows that a good junior col- may use it as a sounding board for new lege library usually spends at least twice as ideas in developing a more effective library much (or more) for salaries as it does for program. books and periodicals. Allocation of funds The librarian should keep statistical rec- within the total library budget should be ords which elucidate the use, services, and the responsibility of the librarian. He should acquisitions of the library. Such records assume the leadership to promote a balanced should follow good form as required by the library program, to correct deficiencies in Library Services Branch of the Office of Edu- the collections, and to plan for meeting cation of the United States Department of future needs. Health, Education and Welfare, regional ac-

crediting associations, and the Association of IV. STAFF College and Research Libraries. An informa- tive and well conceived annual report to the The library should have a broadly edu- administrative officers of the college will be cated and well qualified staff of professional an effective instrument to publicize appropri- librarians. Being responsible for the effective ately the accomplishments of library service operation of the library and for the inter- as well as the librarian's ideas for its future pretation of its collections, they must be able development. 1 The Office of Education in the U. S. Department of Health, Education and _ Welfare defines "educational and general" as operating funds used to defray ex- penditures for administration, instruction, research, ex- III. BUDGET tension services, plant operation and maintenance, and organized activities related to instructional departments. The size of the budget inevitably deter- 2 This percentage is based on the consensus of many junior college librarians consulted as well as on an anal- mines to a large extent the scope and the ysis of the junior college library statistics made available to the committee prior to their publication by Col- effectiveness of the junior college library lege and Research Libraries in its issue of January 1960.

MAY 1960 201 to perform a great variety of important serv- cies at their institution. Continued graduate ices. Professional members of the staff in a work, whether in library science or another junior college library should hold a gradu- area, should be encouraged; it may well lead ate library degree and possess also, wherever to a second or third Master's degree rather needed, a credential to meet state certifica- than to a Ph.D. degree. tion laws. They should have a rich subject Participation of the library staff in the background. educational program of the institution The size of the staff will depend upon should include—as indicated earlier—in- such major factors as the number of stu- struction in the use of the library, advice dents and faculty the library serves, the to faculty members on bibliographic mat- number of hours the library is open, the ters, preparation of communications on type of curriculum or curricula offered, the library facilities, and membership on college teaching methods prevailing at the junior committees, especially those concerned with college, the arrangement of the library academic problems. rooms, the nature of the services required, and the rate of growth of the collection. V. THE LIBRARY COLLECTION A professional librarian should be on duty at all times the library is open for full A. Books and Periodicals service. The collection of a junior college library, Two professional librarians are the mini- consisting of books, periodicals, pamphlets, mum number required for effective service maps, micro-publications, archival and au- in any junior college with an enrollment up dio-visual materials, should be selected and to 500 students (full-time equivalent). In organized so as to promote and strengthen addition, there should be at least one non- the teaching program in all its aspects. It professional library staff member. The should also seek to aid faculty members in jarger the institution, the more appropriate their professional and scholarly growth. it will be to employ a higher proportion of The holdings of the junior college li- non-professional staff. Great care should be brary should include a generous amount of taken that professional staff members do not carefully chosen works presenting our com- spend their time doing work that is essen- mon heritage. They should be supplemented tially clerical, because this is not only waste- by a wide variety of modern books in the ful but also demoralizing. If the library ad- major fields of knowledge, books that should ministers the audio-visual services, additional be both timely and enduring. The collec- competent staff should be provided. A jun- tion should include in particular many ior college library for which technical pro- works of high caliber which will arouse in- cesses are performed by a central agency can tellectual curiosity, counteract parochialism, function effectively with a proportionally and help to develop critical thinking. Lib- smaller staff. eral provision should also be made for stimulating recreational reading. The library Students cannot replace full-time non- holdings should offer a challenge to all ele- professional assistants, nor should student ments represented in the student body and hours be evaluated as equivalent to non- assist them in their intellectual growth. professional hours even though students, under proper supervision, may be used ef- The reference collection must be strong; fectively for a variety of tasks. it .should be up to date and broad in its coverage. It should include standard refer- Professional librarians should have faculty ence works in all major fields of knowledge, status, preferably including faculty rank and several periodical indexes, a wide selection titles identical to those of the teaching staff. of outstanding subject bibliographies, and Faculty status should involve such consid- the authoritative book lists for junior col- erations as tenure, sick leave, liberal vaca- lege libraries.3 tions, sabbatical leave, retirement benefits, and inclusion in the faculty salary scale. 3 Mary N. Barton, Reference Books: a Brief Guide It follows that librarians should be expected for Students and Other Users of the Library (4th ed.; to meet the same requirements for graduate Baltimore: Enoch Pratt Library, 19S9), is an excellent recent short list of major reference works. It should study as do members of the teaching faculty, be carefully examined; its annotations offer valuable suggestions. according to the established promotion poli- Junior college librarians will also benefit greatly 202 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Periodicals and newspapers constitute an be presented by the papers selected. Perma- invaluable source of reference for material nent availability of the files of a major on many subjects. They should be selected newspaper on microfilm is highly desirable. by the librarian, with the assistance of the The stand of the American Library Asso- faculty. The periodical subscription list ciation on the subject of censorship should should be well balanced. It should include be firmly adhered to by junior college librar- titles of lasting reference value as well as ians. The right of the librarian to provide journals helpful to the faculty or appealing books, periodicals, and other materials to the young college readers.4 Periodicals of which present all sides of controversial issues permanent significance should be bound or cannot be disputed. Attempts at censorship made available in microform. should be resisted no matter how expedient The reading of newspapers is of increas- it would be to comply.5 ing importance to students in an era of The following considerations will deter- world-wide political and social changes.-Sub- mine the size of the library collection: the scriptions should provide ample news cover- breadth of the curriculum; the method of age at the national, regional, and local instruction employed; the number of stu- level. Various political points of view should dents (full-time equivalent) and faculty; the demands of the faculty for research materials; the availability of other appropriate from checking the following two basic lists, even though library resources; and the kind of student they are not up to date: Foster E. Mohrhardt, A List of Books for Junior College Libraries (Chicago: ALA, body served, i.e., residential vs. commuting 1937) and Frank J. Bertalan, Books for Junior Colleges (Chicago: ALA, 1954). Florida State University, under students. the direction of Dean Louis Shores, has begun to issue A two-year institution of up to 1,000 stu- book and magazine lists for junior colleges, which are intended to supplement Bertalan's list. In addition, at- dents (full-time equivalent) cannot discharge tention is called to the well balanced list issued by the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, its mission without a carefully selected col- Commission on Colleges and Universities, The Classified List of Reference Books and Periodicals for College lection of at least 20,000 volumes, exclusive Libraries; edited by W. Stanley Hoole (3d ed.; Atlanta, of duplicates and textbooks.0 Junior colleges Ga.: The Association, 1955). Useful suggestions for specific purposes may also be found in the Catalogue of with broad curriculum offerings will tend to the Lamont Library, Harvard College, prepared by have much larger collections; an institution Philip J. McNiff and members of the library staff (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953). with a multiplicity of programs may need a Librarians of junior colleges will be well advised to check also some authoritative shorter subject bibliogra- minimum collection of two or three times phies such as The Concise Cambridge Bibliography of the basic figure of 20,000 volumes. The book English Literattire, 600-1950, edited by George Watson (Cambridge: University Press, 1958) and the Harvard holdings should be increased as the enroll- List of Books in Psychology, compiled and annotated by the psychologists in Harvard University (2'd ed.; ment grows and the complexity and depth Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1955). of course offerings expand. Consultation Also Louis R. Wilson, The Library in College Instruc- tion (New York: H. W. Wilson, 1951) contains many with many junior college librarians indi- pertinent suggestions. Librarians in institutions stressing science and technology will find a reliable guide in cates that for most junior college librarians Scientific, Medical and Technical Books Published in a convenient yardstick would be the fol- the U.S.A. to December 1956, edited by R. R. Hawkins (2d ed.; Washington, D. C., 1958). lowing: the bookstock should be enlarged Holdings of indexes should not be limited to sets of by 5,000 volumes for every 500 students (full- Readers' Guide and International Index. Wherever the instructional program^ of the junior college makes a time equivalent) beyond 1,000. broader coverage desirable, if not essential, subscriptions to other indexes should be included such as Librarians, instructors, and administrators Applied Science and Technology Index, Book Review Di- gest, Business Periodicals Index, Education Index, En- should study carefully the latest compilation gineering Index, Essay and General Literature Index. of junior college library statistics. They Technical Book Review Index, etc; the librarian should aim to subscribe at least to some of the journals indexed there. Also files of abstracting journals such as Bio- logical Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, and Psychological Abstracts will be great assets for reference purposes. 5 The fundamental position of the American Library Finally, the Nezv York Times Index will answer many Association has been stated in the Library Bill of questions of readers and help locate materials, even if Rights adopted in 1948. Recent lucid discussions of the the library cannot yet afford to subscribe to the Nezv subject of censorship include those by Robert B. Downs York Times on microfilm. in American Library Annual and Book Trade Almanac * Junior college librarians should have on their sub- 1959 (New York:"R. R. Bowker, [1958], pp. 91-92, scription list some outstanding foreign periodicals like and Donald E. Strout in American Library & Book The Economist, London, Manchester Guardian Weekly, Trade Annual 1960 (New York: R. R. Bowker, [1959]), Realties, ^ Paris (English language edition), and the pp. 129-32. Attention is also called to the collection of Times Literary Supplement, London, as a guard against essays The First Freedom: Liberty and Justice in the provincialism. In general, subscriptions should be World of Books and Reading, edited by Robert B. checked against such an authoritative compilation as Downs (Chicago: ALA, 1960). Classified List of Periodicals for the College Library 0 This figure is based on the agreement of many junior (4th ed., revised and enlarged by Evan Tra Farber; college librarians consulted and on an analysis of recent Boston: F. W. Faxon Company, 1957). statistics provided in College and Research Libraries.

MAY 1960 203 should measure the adequacy of their col- B. Audio-Visual Materials lections against the reported holdings of Audio-visual materials are an important junior colleges of established excellence with part of modern instruction. They can play similar curricula and enrollments. Junior a major role in the learning process by college libraries with strong financial sup- supplementing books and other printed ma- port, a vigorous faculty, and talented leader- terials. They should be ordered, housed, and ship will forge ahead of any minimum administered in the library unless another standards. department on the campus is effectively ex- The traditional book collection will be ecuting this program. Audio-visual materials supplemented and broadened by the judi- may include films, filmstrips, slides, tapes, cious selection of government documents recordings in music, drama, speech, and for- and the many useful pamphlets now avail- eign languages. The same high standard of able. Under no circumstances should junior selection should be used as for books and college libraries limit their collections to other library materials. Faculty advice books in print. Quality paperbacks, repro- should be sought when needed. ducing standard works long out of print, If the audio-visual program is adminis- and new processes such as photo-copying, tered by the library, an additional trained micro-texts, and microfilms should be imag- staff member and an additional budget allot- inatively utilized. Finally, the strength and ment should be provided. Whether or not quality of the collection must not be im- these materials are housed in the building paired by excessive buying of duplicates and and controlled by the library stalf, they textbooks. should be properly indexed in the library The following categories of library ma- catalogs where faculty and students can terials should be weeded and discarded: ob- readily locate these materials. solete materials and editions; broken files of unindexed periodicals; unnecessary dupli- VI. BUILDING cates; old recreational periodicals which do not have permanent value; and worn out The junior college library must be so books, pamphlets, periodicals, and audio- housed as to provide adequate space for the visual materials. As far as possible, the weed- book collection on open shelves, with a suf- ing process should be undertaken in con- ficient number of seats for readers adjacent sultation with the faculty. to the shelves. The library, whether in a Gifts should be accepted only in case they separate building or not, should be cen- add to the strength of the library collection trally located. Its atmosphere should be con- and do not carry unreasonable restrictions. ducive to intellectual effort; that is, it should Administrators, faculty, and librarian should be quiet and pleasant, have fresh air and join in developing a policy which clearly good lighting, and be kept at a comfortable defines what kinds of gifts are desirable for temperature. Proper control of humidity and the institution and why it is important edu- heat is also essential for the care of the col- cationally to integrate them with the regu- lection. lar collection except in rare instances. The shelf capacity required in any library The library's collection should be fully depends upon the size of the collection and organized for use. The main catalog of the its rate of growth. In general, new library library should serve as a union catalog for quarters should provide for the expansion all collections of the library wherever of the library over the same period with housed. The catalog should follow the Li- which the institution is concerned in its brary of Congress and American Library over-all planning. Any new library should Association cataloging codes as standards. be so located that its future expansion is Materials should be classified according to possible. Housing must be provided for spe- an accepted scheme in general usage. Sub- cial materials such as current periodicals, ject headings should be edited continually maps, pictures, art books, films, records, to keep the catalog abreast of modern de- tapes, archives, and microprint. velopments. The catalog should also be con- The number of seats required will be de- stantly revised to keep it up to date in termined by such factors as the teaching terminology. methods prevailing in the college, the size

204 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES of the enrollment, whether the student body open-shelf library these records give only a is housed on the campus or is largely com- partial picture of the use of materials. How- posed of commuters, and whether provision ever, if the per capita circulation of books is made by the college for additional study on regular loan to students for two weeks areas elsewhere. It is suggested that seats in or longer indicates an upward trend over a the library should be provided for at least significant period of time, it is reasonable 25 per cent of the student body, equated to to assume that service is improving. Other full time. Colleges which anticipate a types of information which offer possible aid marked increase in enrollment in the near in the evaluation of service are attendance future will need to consider more generous figures, materials actually being read in the seating. library at given times, reference questions Space must be provided for all the services unanswered and book requests not filled, and of the library, including circulation and ref- the number and nature of interlibrary loans. erence areas, exhibit space, audio-visual However, one should always be aware of the quarters, etc. The layout of the areas should shortcomings and potential dangers of such be planned to require a minimum of staff statistical studies, and exercise proper cau- supervision. Traffic through the library tion.7 should be by well defined, adequate aisles The prevailing teaching methods on a par- which do not cross reading areas. ticular campus will bear directly upon the The work quarters should be planned for use of the library, and every effort should be the efficient flow of work through the ac- made to advise faculty members of new activities of ordering, cataloging, processing, quisitions and to involve them in the selec- binding preparation, and mending. Staff tion of materials for purchase. As new work areas should comprise at least 125 courses or curricula are added, the librarian square feet of floor space per person. Pro- should be consulted early regarding the ac- vision should be made for expected growth tual and potential significance of library re- of the staff. sources in the areas under consideration. The furniture in the library should be The effectiveness of instruction in the use sturdy, comfortable, and attractive in de- of the library will normally be reflected in sign. It is recommended that the table space the extent and manner in which students allotted to each reader measure at least make use of library materials and services. three feet by two feet, whether in carrels It may also be advisable for the teaching or at larger tables. A variety of types of faculty and the library staff to undertake seating should be available in the library, joint studies of the library's program and including carrels, table seats, individual resources. Such cooperative evaluations will study desks, and comfortable chairs away tend to strengthen the relationship between from tables. Experience indicates that in classroom and library, and should be used as planning new libraries, twenty-five square often as seems necessary. Occasionally it may feet per reader is an acceptable standard, be desirable to engage the services of specially exclusive of stack space and of work areas. qualified persons outside the institution in connection with such surveys.

VII. THE QUALITY OF THE SERVICE AND ITS EVALUATION VIII. INTERLIBRARY COOPERATION

Because there are so many intangible fac- The primary concern of the junior col- tors involved, one of the most difficult tasks lege librarian should be to provide the best of librarianship is to determine the quality possible service to the students and faculty of library service. But the inherent difficul- of his institution. In order to do so, he should ties in no way minimize the importance of cooperate with the other institutions in the attempting to discover the extent to which community and region to make the resources a given library is serving its clientele. of all libraries available to the patrons of Statistical records maintained by the circulation department constitute one major 7 The recent ARCL Monograph by Patricia B. Knapp, College Teaching and the College Library (ACRL source of information which may be useful Monograph No. 23; Chicago: ALA, 1959), demonstrates how enlightening results can be produced by a careful in an evaluation of service, although in an analysis of college library statistics.

MAY 1960 205 any particular library through interlibrary The two-year college in America is today loan. Within the immediate region it may be rapidly changing and expanding. Eventually, possible to enter into cooperative arrange- it may well become an institution quite dif- ments with other libraries to avoid unneces- ferent from what it is at the present time. sary duplication of materials and thus stretch These standards, therefore, may require sig- the total dollar resources of the several li- nificant upward revision when the junior braries involved. However, it cannot be college reaches a new stage in its develop- stressed too strongly that the two-year col- ment. At that point, it may well need much lege library must be planned to give total larger and richer library resources and greatly service, and that other neighboring libraries extended services. Junior college librarians must not be used to provide the books essen- and administrators should be alert to this tial to the basic junior college program. coming challenge.

For Art Librarians At the Montreal Conference

ACRL's newest subdivision, its Art Subsection of the Subject Specialists Section, will have a full program during the Montreal Conference. The art librarians will meet for a dinner and business session beginning at 6:30 on the evening of Monday, June 20. On that same day they will hold a luncheon and plan visits to the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts and the £,cole des Beaux-Arts de Montreal. On Tuesday, June 21, they will join the full Subject Specialists Section on its tour to Ottawa. The art librarians will have a special opportunity in Ottawa to visit libraries in the museums and galleries there. A highlight of the trip will be their visit to the National Gallery of Canada. The subsection completed its organization during ALA's Midwinter Meeting with the official approval of the bylaws that had been adopted at the Washington Conference last summer. Present chairman of the subsection is Miss Phyllis A. Reinhardt of Smith College. The following committee chairmen have been appointed by Miss Reinhardt: Miss Carol Selby, librarian of the Detroit Institute of Arts, chairman of the Committee on Indexing Museum Bulletins; Mr. Conrad H. Rawski, head of the Department of Fine Arts of the Cleveland Public Library, chairman of the Committee on Publication of Art Library Cata- logs; Miss B. Adele Knepley, art librarian of the School of Fine arts of the University of Pennsylvania, chairman of the Nominating Committee; Miss Lucile Ouimet, librarian of the ficole des Beaux-Arts de Montreal, chairman of the Program Committee for the Montreal Conference; Mr. William J. Dane, principal art librarian of the art and music department of the Public Library of Newark, chairman of the Membership Committee; and Mrs. Jean R. Tomko, classics librarian of the Library of The Johns Hopkins University, is archivist for the subsection. Membership in the subsection is open. ACRL members interested in membership should write directly to Mr. Dane or to Miss Reinhardt.

206 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Two ARL Approaches to Counting Holdings of Research Libraries

By A. F. KUHLMAN

A T THE TWENTY-FIRST MEETING of the Association of Research Libraries Dr. Kuhlman is Director, Joint University (ARL) held in New York City, March 2, Libraries, Nashville, Tennessee. 1944, Robert B. Downs brought up the need for more uniform standards of sta- institutions of ARL for their study and tistics of library holdings. He believed a advice. It was realized that there were committee should be appointed to at- real difficulties in changing statistics, both tempt to standardize such statistics. because it would upset comparative sta- In the discussion that followed, Don- tistics of past years and because it would ald Coney expressed the view that titles be expensive to recount. The executive were more important than volumes in secretary, Paul North Rice, was directed determining holdings. Errett W. McDiar- to send at least ten copies of the report 2 mid proposed that processed volumes be to every member institution of ARL. counted, since many volumes are neither The result of this action was that many cataloged nor accessioned. Downs replied libraries sent in criticisms and sugges- that the number of volumes organized tions and the Downs committee revised and ready for use should be the criterion. its report and presented it at the twenty- Henry B. Van Hoesen questioned the fourth meeting in Chicago, December 29- need for uniform statistics or the real 30, 1945. Downs admitted that virtually value of comparing them. A motion was all libraries commenting on the recom- then passed to appoint a committee to at- mendations indicated that they would tempt to develop standard practices in not make the system retroactive but statistics.1 could put it into effect for current A Committee on Statistics of Library acquisitions. He also stated that "consid- Holdings was appointed in January 1945, erably more than a majority of the As- with Downs as chairman. It made its first sociation's members answered the Com- report at the twenty-third meeting of mittee's questions, some of them sending ARL on June 22, 1945 in New York City, detailed comments and criticisms deal- recommending that library holdings and ing with the preliminary recommenda- annual additions be reported in terms of tions. With this additional background, bibliographical items. After some discus- the Committee believes the subject has sion, Downs moved the adoption of the been adequately explored, and that the report. His motion was seconded and it proposals it is now prepared to offer are passed. practicable, reasonable and will be gen- While the report was adopted, the erally adopted, if approved by the As- 3 ARL Minutes do not indicate for what sociation." purpose it was adopted but it was sug- The report was then accepted with the gested that the report be sent to member understanding that the chairman of the committee consult with the Library Serv- 1 ARL Minutes 21:16. ice Division and with the ALA Commit? This article is based primarily upon the action of the Association of Research Libraries as reported in the tee on Statistics and that he then have Minutes of its meetings. A positive microfilm of the Minutes for meetings 1 through 42, 1932-54, is available from the Microreproduction Laboratory of the 2 ARL Minutes, 23:7, 19-20. Massachusetts Insitute of Technology for $10. 3 ARL Minutes 24:8, 16-18.

MAY 1960 207 the report published in a library periodi- Downs also included a discussion of cal. This was done in an article in the •some of the factors responsible for lack Library Quarterly, January 1946. of uniformity in statistics of holdings of In his article Downs went beyond the different libraries. A separate count of report of his ARL committee. He de- important non-volume material by type veloped a helpful statement on difficul- was recommended, such as: manuscripts, ties involved in counting library hold- microproductions, sound-recordings, mu- ings. He acknowledged that the most sic scores, maps, and prints. widely used system of counting holdings The committe's recommendations for was by physical volumes and that to counting were summarized at the end of change established routines and apply Downs' article. new rules retroactively would be an un- At the twenty-fifth meeting of ARL, dertaking of great magnitude, particu- June 19, 1946 in Buffalo, New York, larly for large libraries. He discussed the Downs reported that he had met the di- merits and limitations of three methods rective of the Association of contacting of measuring library holdings: the physi- the Library Service Division and ALA cal volume count, the bibliographical Committee on Statistics, that he assumed unit count, and measuring linear feet of his report was now officially adopted by materials on shelves. the ARL and he expressed the hope that In discussing the unit for counting he members of the Association would put used the definitions of a volume adopted the committee's recommendations into by ALA and the United States Office of practice, insofar as feasible.4 Education and a more specific definition At the twenty-sixth meeting of ARL, by Randolph G. Adams, stressing that a December 29, 1946 in Chicago, its execu- volume is any bibliographical item with tive secretary, Paul North Rice, reported a title or title page which is fully pre- he had received inquiries about how pared for use. Accessibility was stressed many ARL members had put into oper- as a criterion in the definitions, and by ation the method of keeping statistics Downs, as the prime factor in counting recommended by the ARL committee. volumes. Counting should be confined to The chairman then asked the group how materials intended to form part of the many had adopted the new plan. Repre- permanent research collection. sentatives of three libraries—Illinois, In- Downs favored counting by biblio- diana, and the Library of Congress—in- graphical items. He recommended that dicated their libraries had done so. in counting multiple items bound be- Thereupon, Downs was requested to tween two covers one should record as a make a survey of ARL members to de- volume any item which has a title or title termine how many had adopted the page of its own and which would be scheme.5 counted as a volume if bound separately. At the twenty-seventh meeting of ARL But he was aware of the danger of "pad- in Washington in March 1947, Downs ding." To avoid it, a number of items presented by title only his report of the bound between two covers probably ARL Committee on Statistics of library should not be regarded as separate bib- holdings and it was reproduced as an ap- liographical units if they constitute a pendix to the minutes of the meeting. connected series. Thus, "to count every The inquiry made by the committee document in the collected edition of a was answered by thirty libraries—two- government's publications as a biblio- thirds of the ARL membership. About graphical unit would swell total figures one-half of those replying appeared to for library holdings to almost astronomi- 4 ARL Minutes 25:6. cal proportions." 5 ARL Minutes 26.6.

208 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES be following all, or a substantial part of Holdings presented its report, dated the committee's recommendations. This January 13, 1949, at the thirty-second group included most of the largest re- meeting of ARL on January 20, 1949 in search libraries in the country. Most of Chicago. He asked that his committee the other libraries replying stated that be discharged, but it was pointed out their statistics were based upon accession that so important a report deserved far records, i.e., the physical volume count. more careful consideration than could Two difficulties were reported to a gen- be given to it at that meeting. He was eral adoption of a count of holdings by urged, and he agreed, to permit the com- bibliographical items: (1) Libraries mittee to remain in being at least until would have to make a retroactive count the next meeting when it was hoped the of their entire collection to be consistent, report could be given careful considera- and they could not afford it; and (2) the tion and important decisions could be committee's recommendations would cur- made.9 rently add to the cost of compiling sta- The committee had recommended the tistics because they called for more com- "physical count," in preference to the plete records. "bibliographical unit," and had worked A majority of those replying, said out rules for the former method. On Downs, regarded uniformity in statistics March 3, 1949, the executive secretary, of library holdings as desirable, but many Charles W. David, distributed the report doubted its feasibility. Downs concluded: of the Committee on Counting Library "Obviously, statistics will mean little Holdings to the membership and trans- unless agreements can be reached on mitted Lyle's request that at the Cam- some common rules. As time goes on, li- bridge meeting of ARL on March 31, braries following different practices will 1949 members should express a prefer- go farther apart rather than closer, and ence for one of the two methods. Mem- will no longer be comparable."6 bers unable to attend that meeting were At the thirtieth meeting of ARL in to send their vote by mail to the execu- Chicago, January 30, 1948, the executive secretary in advance of the meeting. tive secretary, Charles W. David, urged The report of the Lyle Committee on the reopening of the question of how to Counting Library Holdings described count library holdings since it had not briefly why it had decided to recommend been settled to the satisfaction of all con- the physical volume count. In May of cerned. Downs stated he was not adverse 1948, the committee inquired of seventy- to having the matter reopened and he five libraries, including all ARL mem- moved that the ARL Committee on Sta- bers, as to which of three methods of tistics be reconstituted with a new mem- counting holdings they preferred. Re- bership. The motion was seconded and plies from fifty-nine libraries were re- carried unanimously.7 ceived—twenty-three favored a count by At the thirty-first meeting of ARL, bibliographical unit, thirty-two a count June 11, 1948 in Philadelphia the new by physical volume and four a count by committee, under the chairmanship of piece. Only twenty-eight ARL members Guy R. Lyle, was authorized to devise replied. Of these, eleven favored a count and recommend some simple method of by bibliographical unit and seventeen a recounting book stocks and to report count by physical volume. back to a later meeting of the Associa- In its preliminary deliberations the tion.8 Lyle Committee was struck by two Lyle's committee on Counting Library things: (1) No one, apparently, had ever 0 ARL Minutes 27:13,26. bothered to establish clearly the rides 7 ARL Minutes 30:9. 8 ARL Minutes 31:18. "ARL Minutes 32:32, 55-59.

MAY 1960 209 for counting by physical volume such as cepted this decision, and there had been the Downs committee had done for numerous protests. Thereupon a new counting by bibliographical unit. (2) The committee had been appointed under the committee doubted seriously whether any chairmanship of Mr. Lyle and its report change would make for greater uniform- had been distributed to ARL members ity in counting for libraries beyond a at the preceding meeting in January. certain size. "In view of the variety and Lyle had urged that a formal vote of complexity of materials received by a the Association be taken as to method of large research library, the committee felt counting library holdings. that no concept of uniformity in count- In the discussion that followed, Downs, ing could be more than ideal." chairman of the earlier committee which Since the relative merits of the two had recommended counting by biblio- systems could not be determined until graphical unit, said "that he had once the rules for counting by physical vol- thought uniformity possible but that he umes were formulated, the committee had become disillusioned on this subject drew up a plan for counting by physical and believed that no action taken here volume. would have much effect." He thought one After studying both methods of count- more expression of preference would be ing the committee concluded that count- futile and therefore moved that the re- ing by physical volume is preferable to port of the committee be accepted and counting by bibliographical unit be- that the committee be discharged with cause: (1) Most libraries are now com- thanks. His motion was voted down— mitted to a count by physical volume. A 16 to 9. change to a retroactive count of biblio- Thereupon letters were presented that graphical units would be burdensome had been received by Lyle. G. Flint and expensive. (2) The count by physical Purdy, who had been chairman of the volume can incorporate many of the good committee of ACRL which had annually features of the bibliographical unit compiled statistics for college and univer- method of counting without exaggerat- sity libraries, said that he thought the ing or inflating statistics. The committee Lyle committee had done an extraordi- in a sub-appendix showed the difference narily good job and that the method of in count of eight titles selected at ran- counting by physical volumes (rather dom. These, counted bibliographically, than by bibliographical unit) as recom- totaled 141 units but counted by physi- mended by Lyle's committee seemed to cal volumes they represented only 19 vol- him "to be about as far as we can go at umes. (3) The physical volume count is the moment in establishing a standard easier than counting by bibliographical and practicable means of measuring the unit. (4) Counting by physical volume is contents of libraries." He and Ralph M. simple and inexpensive to administer. Dunbar (letter to Lyle) of the Library At the thirty-third meeting of ARL, at Service Division suggested methods for Cambridge on March 31, 1949,10 the refining the committee's recommenda- executive secretary, Charles W. David, tions of counting by physical volumes. opened the discussion of the report of A vote taken on the two methods of Lyle's Committee on Statistics by recall- counting showed that ARL members ing that in March 1947 the ARL had stood as follows: Twelve favored count- voted its approval of a method of counting by bibliographical unit and twenty- ing library holdings by bilbiographical nine favored counting by physical vol- units rather than by physical volumes. ume. Many libraries, however, had not ac- It was suggested that ARL members,

10 ARL Minutes 33:11-14. in reporting for the annual Princeton

210 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES statistical compilation, hereafter indicate Whether we like it or not the size of which method of counting they have university libraries has become a factor used. This recommendation was unani- in institutional rivalry in attracting top- mously approved, but unfortunately has flight faculty members and graduate stu- not been observed by all libraries follow- dents. That is one good reason why sta- ing the bibliographical count. The re- tistics should be made as comparable as port of the Lyle Committee was pub- possible. lished in the January 1950 issue of CRL, Two sources seem primarily responsi- pp. 69-72. ble for an inflationary count when the Thus the Association of Research Li- bibliographical unit is used: braries has wrestled with the problem of 1. In the rules for counting by biblio- counting holdings of research libraries graphical unit the Downs committee in the work of two able committees: the recommended at the December ARL Downs committee, favoring counting of meeting in Chicago in 1945 that: "In volume material in terms of bibliograph- counting multiple items bound between ical items, plus separate counts for vari- two covers, record as a volume any item ous types of non-volume material; and having a title or title page of its own, Lyle's committee, favoring the physical and which would be counted as a volume volume count. Each committee has sup- if bound separately, i.e., base statistics plied definitions and rules for the method on bibliographical units."11 To follow of counting it favored. With both plans this rule in counting monographic ma- before it, the Association voted 29 to 12 terial and a great mass of official govern- favoring the physical volume count. mental publications would result in seri- Eleven years have passed since this vote ous padding. Thus for instance, at the was taken and they seem to have proved Joint University Libraries the Hearings that Downs was right when he said at of the 85 th Congress have been assem- Cambridge in March 1949 that he be- bled, bound and counted in 185 physical lieved any action taken by ARL would volumes. But to apply the bibliographi- have little effect in producing uniform- cal measuring rod would swell the count ity in counting holdings. to at least 1,085. Now, in 1960, we seem to be reaching 2. Equally serious inflation of count- a situation that Downs warned against ing holdings arises from counting micro- at the ARL meeting in Washington in prints and microcards each as a volume, March 1947 when he said, "statistics will for in many cases it requires many micro- mean little unless agreements can be cards to reproduce a single physical vol- reached on some common rules [for ume. counting holdings]. As time goes on, li- It is no wonder that at the recent ARL braries following different practices will meeting in Chicago on January 27, 1960 go farther apart rather than closer, and the urgent need for uniform policies in will no longer be comparable." We may counting library holdings was stressed by well have reached that state already. Jens Nyholm. No action was taken by the If the university libraries that have ARL group because it was thought ac- reported their holdings in terms of bib- tion should be deferred until the ALA liographical items had only earmarked Statistics Coordinating Committee makes them as such, that would have helped its report. It is to be hoped that that somewhat. But it still would not have Committee will produce standards that told by what percentage the number of will provide greater uniformity in count- physical volumes in a given library had ing library holdings. been inflated, whether by 20 per cent, 30 per cent, 40 per cent, or what. 11 ARL Minutes 24:16-17.

MAY 1960 211 Copyright Problems

These papers were presented as a symposium sponsored by the Governmental Relations Section of ALA's Library Administration Division at Washington, D. C., June 23, 1959. The papers are by Benjamin Kaplan, Professor of Law, Harvard University; Edward G. Freehafer, Director, New York Public Library; Joseph W. Rogers, Chief, Copyright Cataloging Division, Library of Congress; and Rutherford D. Rogers, Chief Assistant Librarian, Library of Con- gress. Richard E. Chapin, Director, Michigan State University, prepared the Introduction.

Introduction: Copyright Law Revision and Libraries

HE COPYRIGHT LAW in effect today is brary Association, and other interested Tbasically the law that was enacted in groups are actively following the prog- 1909. It is true that there have been ress of revision activities. amendments from time to time, but Because of the need for information these are minor compared to the major relating to copyright activities, a meet- changes in the patterns and techniques ing was held during the Washington of communication that have taken place Conference to provide ALA members in the succeeding half-century. Faced with information regarding some of the with the difficult problem of administer- library-related problems involved in re- ing a nineteenth-century law in a twen- vision of the copyright law. The follow- tieth-century world, the United States ing papers1 were delivered at the meet- Copyright Office has been studying the ing of the LAD Governmental Relations problems that would require attention Section on June 23, 1959. L. Quincy in a general revision of the copyright Mumford, Librarian of Congress, acted law. as moderator of the meeting, and Arthur As the time approaches for a proposal Fisher, Register of Copyrights, and Abe to be submitted, it behooves us as librar- A. Goldman, chief of research of the ians to formulate our views on some of Copyright Office, introduced the general the basic copyright questions which af- topic of copyright law revision and par- fect our operations. In the April 1958 ticipated in the discussions which fol- issue of the ALA Bulletin, Joseph W. lowed the presentation of the papers. Rogers enumerated a number of the A series of background studies on the questions for which the profession must principal problems at issue, developed find answers. If we lack the interest, or if by the Copyright Office under the direc- we are not informed, we will be unable tion of Mr. Goldman, is now nearing to state our position regarding this vital 1 These papers were followed by informal remarks by subject. We will then be forced to oper- Dan M. Lacy, managing director of the American Book ate with a law which may be inadequate Publishers Council, Inc., on "Factors Influencing the Publishers' Positions on Copyright Revision." Other for our needs. At the present time ALA, commitments have prevented Mr. Lacy from preparing a reconstruction of his talk for publication at this time. the Association of Research Libraries, A very brief report appeared in the Library of Congress Information Bulletin for July 6, 1959, pp. 410-411.— Special Libraries Association, Music Li- Editor.

212 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES completion, and will soon be available in mittee: Ray W. Frantz, Jr., Librarian, printed form from the Superintendent University of Richmond Library, Rich- of Documents. The comments of various mond, Virginia; Alberta L. Brown, Li- members of the Panel of Consultants, brarian, Upjohn Company Library, appointed by the Librarian of Congress Kalamazoo, Michigan; John Fall, Chief, in 1956 to advise the Copyright Office in Economics Division, Public Library, the revision effort, are appended to each New York, New York; Joseph W. Rog- study. ers, Chief, Copyright Cataloging Divi- It is hoped that the Copyright Law sion, Library of Congress, Washington Revision Committee of the LAD Gov- 25, D. C.; Earl Borgeson, Librarian, Law ernmental Relations Section will be able School Library, Harvard University, to prepare papers stating the position of Cambridge, Massachusetts; Richard E. the Association on copyright revision. Chapin, Director of Libraries, Michi- Comments from individual members are gan State University, East Lansing, solicited. These should be sent to one Michigan, Chairman, Copyright Law Re- of the following members of the com- vision Committee.—Richard E. Chapin.

Y ROLE AT THIS MEETING is the con- revolutionized some of the principal M genial one of providing some back- means of communication. ground for a discussion of copyright law Why in the face of these titanic revision. I shall say a word by way of changes has the statute—I speak here of general introduction to the subject and its domestic as distinguished from its then speak very briefly about a few ques- international aspects—persisted without tions of particular interest to librarians. fundamental revision? The reasons are You have heard it said many times, many, but surely one of them is the nat- and on all sides, that our copyright stat- ural and laudable self-seeking of the sev- ute needs comprehensive overhaul; and eral interests concerned with copyright although this statement is a common- law. Proposals satisfactory to some place, it is true. It has been true for a groups have met implacable opposition long time. I well remember one of my from others; so it has gone in one at- older associates bemoaning the sorry tempted revision after another; and the state of copyright law back in 1933, wit of man has so far failed to produce when I began law practice; and now, a a sound omnibus bill that could com- quarter-century later, I find myself mak- mand general support. ing similar moan to my own students. This is not to say that the law faces The facts of life have simply overrun imminent collapse. Private interests have and overwhelmed considerable parts of founds ways of accommodating to the the statute, which dates from 1909. The existing statute, sometimes by disregard- economic and industrial complex in ing it. The courts have been reasonably which the statute operates is altogether inventive in putting glosses on the law different from what it was in the gentle to meet exigent problems. In recent days of President Taft. Inventions have years we have enjoyed an energetic ad-

MAY 1960 213 ministration of the Copyright Office in the public interest by a process of ex- Washington which has known how to posing all the facts fairly and fully to palliate various defects in the law. We the common view. may confidently predict diat the founda- This brings me to the current effort tions of the Republic will not crumble to revise our domestic law. Our Copy- if the copyright statute stands unchanged right Office has evidently learned a les- for another decade. Yet it is or ought to son from the UCC episode. For, as a first be an American habit not to be content step toward revision, the Register of with the merely tolerable but rather to Copyrights undertook to sponsor a series strive for something better. of scholarly studies covering the major In fact present prospects for intelli- problems of copyright law. These studies gent revision are reasonably encouraging. have been issued from time to time with We have recently witnessed a notable comments by members of a panel of ex- development on the international front. perts appointed by the Librarian of Con- As you know, one of the saddest features gress. The project is now nearing com- of our law from 1790 to the mid-1950's pletion. was its xenophobic trend: the law ac- So far as possible the Copyright Of- corded only drastically limited rights to fice studies grind no axes. They attempt published works of foreign authorship. to take a long view of their subjects— Recall the wholesale American piracies and I need not tell you that an under- of British works through most of the standing of historical origins can itself nineteenth century. All that is now be a force for rational improvement. changed. The most dramatic steps came Some of the studies move beyond our a few years ago when we ratified the territorial boundaries and consider rele- Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) vant experience in other countries. A and welded it into our statute law, with few explore practice and opinion by the result—to speak in general and im- means of questionnaires addressed to precise terms—that works of nationals those intimately affected by the copy- of other subscribing countries can with right law. There is reason to think that minimum difficulty secure protection all this preliminary work and the discus- here corresponding to that given like sion which it has engendered are creat- works of our own nationals. Our law ing an atmosphere favorable to dispas- has thus been humanized in a way be- sionate reconsideration of the law. fitting our world position. It should be Let me now turn briefly to a few prob- added that the UCC helps our nationals lems of immediate concern to librarians to secure more effective protection of which may find solution in the course of their works abroad. a general revision of the statute. Formulation of the UCC was a UNESCO project in which our Copy- Photocopying. The invention of effi- right Office, under the leadership of the cient and economical methods of repro- Librarian of Congress, took a vital part. ducing printed and other material gives Although in legislative matters it is hard rise to a problem which impinges on the to trace cause into effect, the success of day-to-day business of librarians. Our the enterprise seems attributable in present statute quite naturally secures to some considerable measure to the care the copyright proprietor the right to and patience with which the prelimi- "copy" the copyrighted work: this is in nary and preparatory work was done. fact the essence of the copyright monop- The UCC experience illustrates the old oly. Nevertheless it has been generally observation that opposed factions can assumed that a reader need not obtain often be led to reasonable adjustment in the consent of the copyright proprietor

214 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES to make a hand-copy of passages from a single comment that where publishers copyrighted work for ordinary scholarly cannot themselves meet the needs of purposes. (This privilege sometimes readers by delivering copies rapidly and goes by the name of "fair use.") In lieu at reasonable cost, libraries are inevita- of copying by hand, may not the reader bly going to supply copies, and their take the more expeditious course of privilege to do so should be regularized snapping a picture of the page? May not and acknowledged. But this proposition, the library do this job for him on re- with which publishers might possibly quest? But what are we to say about a agree, is only a start. The precise terms request by an industrial company for of a fair adjustment of the interests in- 300 photocopies of copyrighted material volved will need careful deliberation. to be distributed to company employees? Copyright Notice. Our law commands A privilege on the part of libraries or that a formal notice of copyright appear others to make photocopies ad lib., dero- on published copyrighted works. If the gating from the monopoly rights con- notice is omitted or is deficient, the copy- ferred on authors (and on publishers by right may be forfeited. In the larger part succession to authors), might conceivably of the world there is no such formal re- diminish publishers' financial returns to quirement. the point where they would lose incen- Here are some of the questions thrown tive to publish and authors would cor- up by the notice: What, exactly, are the respondingly lack incentive to create, values of the notice to libraries and thus defeating the overriding purpose of other users of copyrighted works? On any copyright law—encouragement of this question a highly suggestive Copy- the production and dissemination of right Office study has been published.2 works of the mind. I have been referring Taking due account of the values of the here to the photocopying of published notice, can we justify the stiff penalty works under copyright. A rather differ- of loss of copyright for failure—which ent although related problem arises on may be inadvertent—to carry out a for- the photocopying of unpublished manu- mal prescription? And if a copyright scripts in which literary rights subsist. notice is to be continued, whether as a To approach a solution of these dif- compulsory or permissive feature of the ficulties, which have long worried librar- law, can it be improved in content? ians, we need to know the extent and Copyright Deposits. With exceptions character of the photocopying now being for certain foreign productions, the pres- done by and requested of librarians. ent law requires that applicants for stat- This information may show up some utory copyright forward copies of their false issues even if it will uncover new works to the Copyright Office in Wash- and unsuspected real ones. The Copy- ington. Many of these deposits find their right Office study on the subject of way, under the law, to the shelves of the photocopying1 does not assemble these Library of Congress. The deposit system necessary data but makes a contribution is intertwined with registration require- along a different line by showing how ments. the problem has been attacked through Through these procedures a very im- "gentlemen's agreements" in this coun- portant part of the cultural contribution try, and through such agreements and of the nation is preserved and recorded. explicit legislation, some of it very re- The deposit-registration routines serve cent, in other countries. I will add the 2 U. S. Copyright Office, Uses of the Copyright No- tice: A. Commercial Use of the Copyright Notice, by 1 U. S. Copyright Office, Photoduplication of Copy- William M. Blaisdell; B. Use of the Copyright Notice righted Material by Libraries, by Borge Varmer (Gen- by Libraries, by Joseph W. Rogers (General Revision eral Revision of the Copyright Law, Study No. 19; of the Copyright Law, Study No. 17; Washington: Washington: Copyright Office, May 1959). Copyright Office, April 1959).

MAY 1960 215 several purposes, but the bibliographical artistic, and musical works, and this law objective is a dominating one. So strong is largely the law of copyright. It is not indeed is the librarians' professional in- an accident that the United States Copy- terest in this field that lawyers ought to right Office is set up as part of the Li- take a back seat and begin by asking in- brary of Congress: this is the sign of a structions from librarians. So I will say kind of symbiotic relationship between only that revision of the Copyright Law "copyright" and "library." I hope that will provide an opportunity for re-exam- this meeting under ALA auspices will ining and reappraising all aspects of a foster an ever increasing interest of li- great bibliographical resource. brarians in copyright, not only because Librarians are and ought to be exer- of the inherent fitness of the thing, but cised over these three issues of copyright because librarians, from their knowledge law, but I suggest that their concern and experience and with a vision uncol- should not stop there. Underlying the ored by excessive partisanship, can con- librarians' craft is the entire law regu- tribute much to the creation of a better lating the ownership and use of literary, copyright law.—Benjamin Kaplan.

Photocopying and Fair Use •

ECTION I of the United States copyright The courts have attempted to resolve S law accords the proprietor, or owner, such conflict of interest by a rule of rea- of a copyright exclusive rights to print, son. They have not imposed liability for publish, copy, and vend the work. In infringement if the use of copyrighted other words, the proprietor has the ex- material is judged to be reasonable, or clusive right to produce the work for fair. They have tried, case by case, to public consumption, to copy it, and to weigh the exclusive rights of the pro- sell it. The proprietor is given these prietor against those of the user of the rights in order to encourage the record- material. ing and dissemination of man's intellec- One definition of fair use tells us that tual endeavor, without fear of piracy. it . . . "may be defined as a privilege in Once the work is produced for public others than the owner of the copyright, consumption the public may read it, to use the copyrighted material in a rea- and be stimulated by it, and may get sonable manner without his consent, ideas from it, but may appropriate parts notwithstanding the monopoly granted of it only in certain circumstances. There to the owner of the copyright."1 Or are occasions when, for example, in the again, fair use has been defined as such production of a new work by a different use as is "reasonable and customary."2 person, it is necessary or desirable to use We notice, however, no definition of the copyrighted work. When this hap- "reasonable." Another writer states that pens, however, the proprietor may con- "There is one proposition about fair use sider the use of his work improper or about which there is widespread agree- excessive, thus impinging on his rights, 1 Horace G. Ball, The Lazv of Copyright and Literary and as a result he may decide to sue for Property, (Albany: Banks & Co., 1944) p. 260. 2 Shapiro, Bernstein & Co., Inc. v. P. F. Collier & infringement. Son Co. and Joseph P. McEvoy, 26 USPQ, 40-43.

216 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES ment: it is not easy to decide what is and maximum usefulness for personal or pri- what is not a fair use."3 vate use. In doing so, however, they have It is clear that fair use or reasonable tried to observe the inherent criteria for use lies somewhere between the exclu- fair use such as the type of use, the in- sive rights of the proprietor and those tent of use, the quantity and value of of the user who, for one reason or an- the materials used and the degree in other, denies that his use of the copy- which the use may prejudice the sale or righted material infringes upon such diminish the profits of the original work. rights. With this in mind, and recognizing Certain uses of copyrighted material as far back as 1935 the growing use of appear to be in the public interest, and photographic methods of reproduction, in general are held to represent fair use. the so-called Gentlemen's Agreement of These have been identified as incidental that year laid down certain guide lines use, use for purposes of review and criti- for copying by libraries. Generally speak- cism, for a parody and burlesque, for ing this provided for the making of one scholarly works and compilations, for copy of part of a copyrighted book or non-profit or governmental purposes, use periodical volume for a scholar repre- in litigation, and personal or private use. senting in writing that he desired such It is this last area in which libraries reproduction in lieu or in place of man- have long been active, meeting what ual transcription and solely for pur- they consider to be their traditional ob- poses of research, provided that he is ligation to make their collections of notified he is not exempt from liability maximum service to their readers. Al- for misuse of the reproduction, and that though the law grants the copyright the reproduction is made without profit owner the exclusive right to copy his to the maker. The agreement is no work, probably no one denies the right, longer operative as such, but is still infor example, of a reader to copy in long fluential as a guide in the copying of hand a published work, even though material for use in personal research. copyrighted, for his personal or private In 1941 ALA adopted a Reproduction use. The same might be said of copying of Materials Code, which in effect re- by typewriter or by some other mechani- stated the principles of the Gentlemen's cal or photographic method in lieu of Agreement, with some amplification. manual transcription. And it would Meanwhile some copyright proprietors seem reasonable to copy for personal or view with concern the emergence of private use in lieu of loan, either for con- quicker and simpler devices for photo- venience, or when lending is precluded duplication. Quite understandably they by policy or by loan regulations. It has fear the possibility of easy duplication been stated furthermore that "anyone by almost anyone and easy duplication may copy copyrighted materials for the of multiple copies, with detrimental ef- purposes of private study and review."4 fect on the sale of the work in original It has also been stated that "private use form. The extent, if any, to which li- is completely outside the scope and in- braries may find themselves involved in tent of restriction by copyright."5 the economics of this problem is a mat- In any event, copying by photodupli- ter which should be studied. Whatever cation has been a traditional practice of justification in the public interest can libraries in making their materials of be advanced in support of a user making multiple copies would certainly re- 3 Saul Cohen, "Fair Use in the Law of Copyright," in Copyright Law Symposium No. 6 (New York: quire clear demonstration. Columbia University Press, 1955) p. 52. 4 Cohen, op. cit., p. 58. In addition to copying for personal 5 Ralnh R. Shaw. "Publication and Distribution of use, there are other purposes for which Scientific Literature," CRL, XVII (1956), 301.

MAY 1960 217 libraries need to copy. Books wear out, tion the librarian should properly have get lost, are even stolen, mutilated, or in copying for preservation upon receipt otherwise damaged. In many instances newly published material printed on prompt replacement is highly desirable, paper sure to break down in a relatively if not essential. Common practice, I am short time. If upon receipt of material of sure, is to order new copies. However, in research value such break-down is easy the case of older books, many of them to predict, it is certainly more econom- still subject to copyright, new copies ical to copy immediately, and to cata- often may be secured only at consider- logue and house the copy. Is it unreasonable expenditure of time and effort, if able to conclude that such copying is in at all. A copyrighted book may be out the public interest, and not damaging to of print, and not available through the the copyright owner? second-hand market short of prolonged Certain kinds of materials—pictures, search. The copyright owner may not be maps, charts, music—present special prob- readily available. lems in fair use, the implications of These circumstances may obtain par- which need to be studied further in re- ticularly in the cases of defunct periodi- lation to copying by libraries. Moreover, cals, pamphlets, privately printed works, careful consideration must be given the and foreign publications. Thus there special problems of copying unpublished arises a question as to what the librar- material subject to common law copy- ian's course of action should be in right. fulfilling his obligation to make the ma- In this brief presentation I have tried terials for study and investigation read- only to point out some of the factors and ily available as economically as he can. issues in respect to libraries and fair use Should he copy an o.p. title for his li- and photocopying. These require careful brary's collections to serve the best inter- study with attendant fact finding and ests of his library's users, in accordance analysis. The answers come neither with his best judgment, or must he ex- quickly nor easily. haust the possibilities of the second hand There are several avenues of approach market, and, failing that, exhaust all to solutions in respect to the problems possibilities of obtaining permission to mentioned. One is through statutory re- copy? And how is the public interest vision. Another lies in the direction of best served in the case of research ma- establishing some system of royalty fees. terials if permission to copy is refused? Another, stopping short of either of the A similar question arises when librar- first two, looks to the development of a ies need to copy to preserve the text of working code of reasonable practice by materials disintegrating on their shelves libraries in fulfillment of their respon- because of the poor quality of the paper sibility toward facilitating investigation on which they are printed. This is a and research. The Joint Library Com- problem of great magnitude for research mittee on Fair Use in Photocopying has libraries. Here again there is a question been concentrating on the third ap- as to what should be the librarian's rea- proach in its deliberations to date. The sonable course of action in meeting his Committee now has the help of legal obligation to assure preservation of re- counsel recently retained under a grant search materials. Should he go ahead from the Council on Library Resources and copy, or must he first make every in studying the background and in gath- effort to seek permission? ering pertinent information and data Immediately related to this is the needed for the formulation of recom- question as to how much freedom of ac- mendations.—Edward G. Freehafer.

218 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Copyright Notice

HE PRESENT LAW requires that each Because the law states specifically that Tpublished work, in order to be copy- the copyright notice must be affixed to righted, shall contain a copyright notice each copy thereof published, reprints in or upon all published copies of that and reproductions of copyrighted works work. The law is specific as to the con- issued without also reproducing the tent and form of the notice and as to its copyright notice may have the effect of location in or on the work. The notice throwing such works into the public do- contains three elements: the word "copy- main, even when the permission of the right" (spelled out or abbreviated, or in- copyright owner has been secured. dicated by the copyright symbol), the Not unnaturally, a great many copy- name of the copyright owner, and the right owners feel that a permanent loss year date of publication. All three ele- of copyright is too severe a penalty for ments must be present in notices in a technical defect and that this should books, periodicals, contributions to peri- be corrected in a new law. Some would odicals, dramas, and music (this form eliminate the copyright notice com- is also generally considered to be that pletely, so that all works potentially required for motion pictures); an op- copyrightable would be automatically tional form is permitted for maps and copyrighted simply by publication. in the several art classes, allowing the The Copyright Office has not only use of an abbreviated notice without the studied the legal aspects of the notice year date. provision, but has also explored the use- The informational circular used by fulness of the notice with groups that the Copyright Office to answer the many use copyright materials. Two explora- inquiries it receives about notice con- tions were made, one a rather small but tains the following warning: representative sampling of American libraries of all types, and the other a NOTE: Once a work has been pub- larger survey of the principal copyright lished without the required copy- industries: notably the book, periodical, right notice, copyright protection is newspaper, and music publishing indus- lost permanently and cannot be re- tries, and the printing, greeting card, gained. Adding the correct notice and broadcasting industries. These later to the original or subsequently groups were asked a variety of questions produced copies will not restore pro- designed to discover how and to what tection or permit the Copyright Of- extent they used the copyright notice fice to register a claim. and the value of the notice to them. The Here is the rub. Despite the clarity of results demonstrated clearly that indus- the notice provisions in the law and the try uses were primarily for commercial care taken by the Office to explain these purposes and that library uses were pri- provisions fully, works for which their marily for non-commercial purposes. authors or owners wished to have copy- Commercial users of copyrighted ma- right protection have, through ignorance terials refer to the copyright notice prin- or inadvertence, sometimes been pub- cipally to satisfy themselves as to lished lacking the intended notice, con- whether or not a work is under copy- taining a notice but in the wrong place, right, and, if so, to secure the name of or containing a notice that is defective the owner. They are somewhat less inter- in some essential aspect. Such works may ested in the date of copyright. Even if go immediately into the public domain. the property has changed hands since

MAY 1960 219 first publication, being able to obtain Most libraries would be inconven- the name of the original owner from the ienced, many quite seriously, if the no- notice provides a starting point from tice were no longer required or if the which to search for subsequent owners. copyright date were no longer required. Commercial users make use of existing Some libraries mentioned the difficulties copyrighted properties through printed that arise from the fact that date is not reproduction, public performance as by required in the notice for maps, and broadcasting, or sound recording. The urged strongly that the law be changed broadcasting and newspaper publishing to require it in the future. industries tend to be concerned less than Thus there are many who believe that others with the notice since they are pro- the public good argues strongly for re- tected by contracts with the suppliers of tention of the notice; some believe it the materials they use commercially. should not only be retained but should These suppliers, on the other hand, nor- be elaborated to include the dates of all mally are concerned with the notice. Ex- earlier editions, and to specify the limi- cept for these two industries, from two- tations of the claim when it pertains thirds to three-quarters of the firms only to a portion of a complete work, as canvassed believe the elimination of the in editions subsequent to the first. Others copyright notice would make their work believe that the present specific require- more difficult. ments of the law are too strict. The canvass of libraries demonstrated Most of the specialists now advising that almost all libraries use the copyright the Copyright Office on revision prob- notice frequently. Most libraries acquire lems take a middle position which would more copyrighted works than works that retain notice as a general requirement are not copyrighted, and the element of but would preserve the copyright if the the notice of greatest value is the copy- notice were omitted inadvertently. Thus, right date. This is widely interpreted as unintentional omissions or errors could the date of the content of the work. Usu- be cured, but an innocent infringer who ally this interpretation is correct, since had been misled by the absence of the the date required by the law is the year copyright notice would be absolved from date of first publication. To the extent liability. Many of these advisers would that copyright date actually does repre- relax the provisions relating to the form sent the date of content, it is a conven- of the notice and its position in the iently placed aid to book selection and work, but generally not as to content. reference work; it is also useful in dis- The notice provision of the Universal carding, ascertaining the existence of Copyright Convention is strongly fa- earlier editions, cataloging, shelflisting, vored; that is, the notice would consist shelf arrangement, identifying rare of the copyright symbol, the name of the books, and other functions. copyright owner, and the year date of first publication, placed "in such man- The name in the notice, on the other ner and location" as to give reasonable hand, is of relatively little interest to li- notice of claim of copyright. braries, although it is used in conjunction with name in imprint when it is The attitude of the library profession necessary to write for permission to on this problem is important not only duplicate. Libraries handling large num- because libraries appear to have, judging bers of requests for photocopies, princi- from the results of the survey, a partic- pally large university and public librar- ular "private" interest in copyright no- ies, depend upon it as their principal tice, but also because they represent, to guide in determining whether a work an important degree, the public interest may be copied without permission. as well.—Joseph W. Rogers.

220 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Deposit of Copies of Copyright Works in the Library of Congress

INCE 1870 roughly ten million works, the Register of Copyrights jointly to dis- S in one or two copies each, have been pose, by various means, of copyright de- deposited in the Library of Congress posits not required for library use. It also through the operation of the copyright renewed the Librarian's authority to de- law. Approximately half of these have mand the deposit of works in those in- gone into the collections of the Library, stances when it was known that works and another one-and-a-half million, published with the copyright notice had mostly unpublished works and advertis- not been deposited within a reasonable ing materials, are retained in the Copy- time; this authority was now lodged with right Office. Others have been trans- the Register of Copyrights. Copyright ferred to the Department of Agriculture owners who could not, or would not, Library, the National Library of Medi- comply with such demands for deposit cine, and other federal libraries in the were subject both to a fine and to the District of Columbia. A great many have forfeiture of their copyright. been used for foreign exchange, returned Many authors and publishers feel that to copyright claimants, made available to this provision for forfeiture is unfair. the Congress, sold, or destroyed as waste They believe that, while a copyright reg- paper after selective screenings. istration system including the deposit of It is almost impossible to give you suc- copies is desirable, registration should cintly any kind of mental image of these not be an absolute requirement for copy- deposits. Nevertheless, it is desirable to right, especially since the failure to regis- try. The copyright deposit system has ter within any specified time may be due given the Library of Congress a nearly to inadvertance or oversight rather than complete collection of the creative and intent. Except for this provision, there factual published works in the form of does not seem to be objection to the con- books, periodicals, dramas, music, and tinued deposit of copies. maps, and a representative collection of Nearly all national libraries in the motion pictures, produced commercially world build their collections largely or in the United States since 1870. Deposits partly through the operation of a man- of art works, printed ephemera, and ad- datory deposit system. There are three vertising matter, while substantial, are principal types—legal, voluntary, and not complete nor fully representative of copyright. France and Great Britain have the total domestic production. In addi- legal deposit systems, Switzerland a vol- tion, large numbers of unpublished works untary system. of music and drama have been deposited In the United States the deposit of since 1909. For better or for worse, the copies has always been directly tied to the deposits represent, in materials usually copyright registration system. Initially capable of preservation, the strengths there was no thought of the deposit as and weaknesses of American culture. making a contribution to the national The general revision of the copyright library. Between 1846 and 1859, when law in 1909 took cognizance of the grow- the Smithsonian Institution and the Li- ing space problem of the Library by giv- brary of Congress received deposit copies ing authority to the Librarian of Con- of copyrighted works, and following gress to choose one or both copies of any 1865 when the Library of Congress again deposit for the Library's collections, and became a depository, the idea of deposit by giving authority to the Librarian and for the enrichment of the Library had at

MAY 1960 221 least equal acceptance with that of de- sult, therefore, that some copyrighted posit for copyright registration. Since works will not be deposited for copy 1909 deposit for the enrichment of the right registration. Library has clearly been in the forefront. Certain primary issues emerge which Besides contributing directly to the must be settled first. Should there be development of the collections of the Li- some system to require the deposit for brary, the deposit system made it feasi- the Library of Congress of works that are ble for the Library to begin its printed- not registered? Should the present inte- card distribution activities in 1901. The grated copyright deposit system, under broad coverage of American trade, tech- which deposits for copyright registration nical, university press, reference, and include copies for the enrichment of the other books reaching the Library through Library, be continued? It is possible that the deposit system was a prime factor in two systems might be set up to operate the establishment of the card program. independently of each other, one for Deposit has also been a key factor in the copyright registration and the other for production of comprehensive United the enrichment of the Library. Or the States bibliographies. present integrated copyright deposit sys- There are, of course, certain groups of tem might be supplemented by a legal materials which the present copyright requirement of deposit in the Library of deposit does not bring in. United States copies of copyrighted works not regis- government documents are not copy- tered. Under either a separate system or rightable under the existing law, nor are a supplemental system, deposit for the phonograph records and certain manu- Library might conceivably be extended script materials. Only partial coverage is to some kinds of works not at present secured in certain other fields, such as ordinarily copyrighted (such as certain state and municipal documents, foreign widely used current bibliographies, schol- works, several kinds of art works, and arly works, and many newspapers), or such works as are written on subsidy or now excluded from copyright protection with no thought of profit. (such as sound recordings). One difficulty The Library is, of course, most con- here is that some Constitutional basis cerned with those works which, because other than copyright, probably interstate of their timeliness, authoritativeness, or commerce, would need to be found if the representativeness of current taste, are system were to apply to works not copy- sure to make a current or future contri- righted. bution to the work of the Library. These In addition to these basic questions, works include the majority of the new and those so far suggested, there are works and new editions of the United others in which librarians have a partic- States book, periodicals, music, and map ular interest. For example: If provision producing industries, and the major is made for a separate or supplemental products of the motion-picture industry. system of legal deposit for the enrich- For the purpose of discussion let us as- ment of the Library of Congress, what sume that there will continue to be a kinds of material should be required to copyright registration system, and that be deposited? Should the Librarian of copies available to the Library of Con- Congress be authorized to specify the gress will be deposited in conjunction kinds of material by regulation? How with registration. As I have already in- many copies should be required, and dicated, however, there is much senti- should this number be the same for all ment that registration should not be kinds of materials (e.g., for books, mo- compulsory; that is, that copyright should tion pictures, and art works alike)? not depend upon registration. It may re- (Continued on page 246)

222 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES We Chose Microfilm

By FRANCES L. MEALS and WALTER T. JOHNSON

N A SURVEY made of a selected group of I junior college libraries in 1958,1 it Miss Meals is Librarian, Colby Junior Col- was discovered that only two of the lege, New London, N. H., and Mr. Johnson seventy-nine libraries surveyed were us- is Librarian, Abraham Baldwin College, ing microfilm to any extent as a means Tifton, Ga. of preserving periodicals. The survey did reveal much interest in periodicals on ing in 1950 so that space was not an im- microfilm by librarians who would like mediate problem, although the cost of to use microfilm or who were considering building had made Colby well aware of using it. the need to conserve space. Colby was Because of this interest the librarians bothered by the proverbial missing is- of the two junior college libraries—Abra- sues at binding time and had also had ham Baldwin and Colby—using micro- the sad experience of some articles being film to preserve periodicals felt that their clipped from volumes already bound. experience with this medium might be Thus the problem of space led both of value to others. Colby and Baldwin to consider micro- Colby Junior College began using film, and that was the primary reason microfilm in 1952, and Abraham Bald- that both chose to preserve back issues of win College began in 1956. Each receives periodicals on microfilm. twenty-eight titles on microfilm and both The space-saving possibilities of micro- purchase the completed films from com- film in actual practice come as some- mercial suppliers rather than attempt- thing of a shock even after one has seen ing to process their own. the promotion pictures of a bound peri- Baldwin's back periodical file was in odical together with a reel of microfilm very poor shape in 1955. Few items had of the same volume showing the reduc- been bound professionally and back pe- tion in size. A nine-drawer microfilm riodicals were kept in home-made bind- cabinet using 16.2 cubic feet of space ers, in pamphlet boxes, or just tied up. will hold 540 reels of microfilm or some That a binding program needed to be 725 periodical volumes, since many titles started was increasingly evident, but come two volumes, or twelve months of since the Baldwin Library was in need issues, to the reel. Regular ten-inch of space, there was no room to store the double-faced stack shelving would re- bound items properly. In going through quire 123.7 cubic feet or seven and a the periodicals selected for possible bind- half times as much space to hold the ing, Baldwin discovered that there were same number of volumes. On a square many missing issues which would have footage basis, the difference is not so to be replaced and thus add to the bind- great as Figure 1 indicates. ing expense. The missing and mutilated issues Colby had a back file of bound peri- problem wras the second reason that both odicals and had moved into a new build- elected to use microfilm. Since the microfilm is supplied in finished form by a 1 Henrietta Thomae and W. T. Johnston, " A Survey commercial firm, one does not have the of a Selected Group of Tunior College Libraries" (Mime- ographed, 1958). Partially published as "A Glance at problem of finding a missing issue to Tunior College Libraries," The Junior College Journal, XXIX (1958), 195-202. complete a volume. To date, neither has

MAY 1960 223 had an article clipped from a reel of be made. Binding involves several ex- microfilm, and this seems to be a rather tras: periodicals must be collated and remote possibility since the student does tied; missing and mutilated issues must not possess a film reader. be secured through purchase or ex- Colby and Baldwin both considered change; periodicals must be packed for the cost of microfilm versus binding. shipment to the bindery and unpacked Microfilm runs about one-fourth cent on return; and transportation must be per page; therefore, the thicker the mag- paid on smaller shipments. These extras azine, the higher the cost. Binding is cost in staff time if not in money. generally priced according to the height The biggest drawback Baldwin and of the magazine with the taller ones cost- Colby faced in starting a microfilm pro- ing the most to bind. Table 1 gives a gram was the initial cost. Microfilm rough comparison of binding and micro- readers run from $125 up, with $350 film costs for five magazines of various being the price of one of the better ones. thicknesses and heights. This compari- Humidified storage cabinets start at son indicates that binding is slightly $186, although less adequate storage cheaper. In actual practice, Baldwin and boxes for a few reels of film can be pur- Colby have found that the base price of chased for a few dollars. One might fig- binding and microfilm for the number ure an initial outlay of $500 for one of titles each receives works out about reader and one humidified storage cabi- the same, with microfilm being slightly net. At Baldwin the space-saving feature cheaper. The extras—to borrow an auto- was used in presenting the budget re- motive term—are what make the differ- quest for the extra $500 necessary to ence. No extras are involved with micro- cover the initial equipment cost. film except writing and mailing the Baldwin's need for a larger library order, and a one-time standing order can building is acute. In 1952 part of the

Figure 1

Comparison of floor space required for storage of bound and microfilmed periodicals.

BOUND PERIODICAL STORAGE SPACE: 40.5 square feet MICROFILMED PERIODICAL STORAGE SPACE: 8.87 square feet

Scale: i" = 1

224 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES TABLE 1 COMPARISON OF BINDING AND MICROFILM COSTS

12 MONTHS 12 MONTHS BINDING COST MICROFILM COST PERIODICAL ISSUED BOUND AS FILMED AS FOR ONE YEAR* FOR ONE YEARF

Reader's Digest Monthly 2 vols. 1 reel $6.58 $7.45 Science Digest Monthly 2 vols. 1 reel 6.58 3.50 Changing Times Monthly 1 vol. 1 reel 3.59 2.00 U. S. News and World Report Weekly 4 vols. 2 reels 15.36 21.08 House and Garden Monthly 2 vols. 1 reel 8.26 6.97 TOTAL $40.37 $41.00

* Average of prices of three binderies (excluding transportation charges), f Average of three years 1955 through 1957 (including postage charges). workroom was given over to periodical lighting, and maintaining the larger storage and in 1954 a small nook was space required for conventional periodi- re-partitioned from reading room area cal storage. Consequently, microfilm to periodical storage area. It was cor- either means less space needed in a new rectly anticipated that microfilm would building or more space for other pur- prevent the necessity of borrowing peri- poses. odical storage area from another floor Baldwin and Colby each elected to se- area for several years. Of course, the cure twenty-eight titles on microfilm al- point was made to the librarian that an though each takes many more periodi- eventual new building would solve space cals than this. The selection was made problems. To answer this argument on the basis of whether or not the pub- against the high initial cost of microfilm lication was indexed in the Readers' equipment one can present figures on Guide and how frequently back issues space costs. Using Figure 1 as a basis, were called for in the library. There is 40.5 square feet of floor space for the little similarity between the microfilm storage of bound periodicals will cost at lists of the two libraries. Colby also re- least $445.50 if one uses the low build- ceives the New York Times on microfilm. ing cost of eleven dollars per square Since Baldwin had only a small collection foot. To this must be added about of bound periodicals, it has purchased $175 for nine feet of double-faced ten- many back reels to try to complete cer- inch library-type shelving. Compared tain holdings from 1950 on. with this, the space for the microfilm In selecting equipment, both chose storage cabinet will cost $97.57 at nine drawer humidified film cabinets eleven dollars per square foot, but the which are filing-cabinet height. A six- space above the fifty-inch high micro- drawer cabinet, which is table-top height film cabinet can be used for some stor- and so permits the film reader to be age. Adding $500 initial equipment out- placed on top, is available, but the nine- lay to this gives a figure of $597.57 for drawer cabinet provides more storage microfilm storage, compared to $620.50 space per dollar of cost. for conventional storage. If the cost of Colby elected to purchase one of the the film reader is omitted, the cost of more expensive readers (about $350 list). comparable microfilm storage drops to Baldwin chose to buy two cheaper film $283.57. Figure 2 shows this in diagram readers (about $125 each) in order to form. One might even go so far as to accommodate two users at once. Baldwin add something for heating, cooling, feels that in selecting two of the cheaper

MAY 1960 225 Figure 2 cals." To list periodicals held, Baldwin uses a card bearing volume numbers and Comparison of cost for storage the notation "Library has those volumes of bound and microfilmed periodicals which are dated." On the card in call number position the symbol PB is used to indicate "Periodicals Bound" and PMF is used to indicate "Periodicals on Microfilm." Where both bound and microfilm volumes of a title are held, two cards are used with PB items on one and PMF items on the second. This works well for Baldwin since all bound volumes are older than the microfilmed issues. Colby follows its open-shelf policy in connection with its microfilm holdings, and a student may go directly to the file, BOUND MICROFILMEP (725 v's.) (725 v's.) select the film she needs, and use the reader. Because of its building arrangement and the location of its microfilm Cost of floor space at $11 per square foot. storage, Baldwin does not apply its open stack policy to microfilm, and the stu- Cost of shelving or cabinet. dent must ask the librarian for film. At

Cost of reader (necessary for use, but not Baldwin, in the event the readers are in for storage of microfilm). use, the student fills a request card and is scheduled to use the reader at another readers instead of one more expensive time convenient to him. Both Colby and reader it erred because the expensive Baldwin instruct the student in how to readers have more refinements which use the film reader for the first time and make them easier to use and less likely check on his next use to see that he is to scratch film and they also offer slightly doing it correctly. Neither attempts to greater magnification. The two readers give group instruction in the use of the have prevented waiting at times, but reader. Baldwin could easily have gotten by The disadvantages of microfilm ap- with one reader about 90 per cent of the pear to be few. Perhaps the complaint time, although the second reader is cur- most often heard is made by those look- rently receiving much more usage. Colby ing for articles on interior decoration, presently feels the need for a second clothing design, travel, etc., for micro- reader. Both discovered that the reader film is black and white and thus color may be placed anywhere in the library, is lost. Not all periodicals are available although the best location is a spot on microfilm from commercial suppliers, where the room light is about the same but 78 per cent of the titles indexed in brightness as the light projected by the Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature reader and the user does not look up can be obtained on microfilm, and Bald- from the reader to face a window. win and Colby have found this sufficient Colby plans to revamp its serial cata- for their needs. loging and so has not yet listed its micro- Microfilm is usually supplied any- film holdings in its public catalog. Bald- where from several weeks to several win lists its periodical holdings on cards months after the periodical year is com- in a catalog drawer marked "Periodi- (Continued on page 228)

226 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Five Years of Translation Publishing

By EDWARD P. TOBER

HE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS Tis completing the first five years of its Mr. Tober is Manager, Production and cover-to-cover translation program and, Distribution, American Institute of Physics, as befits an anniversary, has recently been Inc., New York. occupied with some glancing back and peering forward. Both views will probably interest many American research li- A more recent analysis, incidentally, brarians. showed no real change in this respect. Much of the groundwork for the pres- In the 1956-58 register, which included ent program was prepared in 1954 by some 23,000 physicists, the proportion Dwight Gray, now program director for was still less than 2 per cent (397). The publications and information services of consensus is that this percentage will not the National Science Foundation, and greatly increase in the near future. Elmer Hutchisson, now director of the It is a source of much satisfaction to AIP. A survey in that year of a segment those connected with the program that of the American Physical Society revealed the increased accessibility of the Soviet an unmistakable need for a wider dis- material resulting from Institute transla- semination of the results of Soviet re- tion journal publishing has been asso- search. More than half of those respond- ciated with a striking rise in its use. The ing to the survey questionnaire believed aforementioned Journal of Experimental that complete translations were prefer- and Theoretical Physics has been available to translation of selected articles. able in translation to a significant num- With the encouragement and support ber of physicists since mid-1956. A re- of the NSF, the first issue of Soviet Phys- cent Institute study of citations to this ics—JETP, the pioneer translation jour- journal in the 1956 and 1959 issues re- nal, an English language version of the spectively of The Physical Review shows Soviet Academy of Sciences periodical, a nearly five-fold increase in the latter the Journal of Experimental and Theo- year. retical Physics, was published late in The worth of this additional knowl- 1955. Its first editor was Dr. Robert T. edge to American physicists is, of course, Beyer of Brown University. The list of difficult to assess precisely in dollar terms physics translation journals ultimately or otherwise. But the many expressions grew to eight in all, the most recent ad- of encouragement and support received dition, Soviet Physics—Solid State, hav- right from the outset of the program ining made its bow last June. dicate that these translations of Russian Impetus for the inception and subse- journals of primary research do repre- quent expansion of the program came, of sent an effective contribution to scientific course, from the inability of most Ameri- effort in the West. can physicists to read Russian. Of the Recent response from the physics com- 18,000 physicists on the 1954 NSF roster, munity suggests that in the last year there less than 2 per cent (189) had an ade- has been a sharply heightened awareness quate reading proficiency in Russian, as of the value of keeping informed on the contrasted with 45 per cent for German. Soviet output. The past twelve months

MAY 1960 227 have seen the subscription totals of all of terms, of course, the program is not with- the journals increase sharply; all but out its cost. But until such time as a one are well over the five-hundred mark. knowledge of Russian is much more The Soviet Physics—JETP subscription widespread or until machine translation list now approximates one-thousand. is perfected, the most effective method Subscription prices now range from ap- of communicating Soviet developments proximately one to two and one-half to the West would appear to be by the cents per page, nonprofit academic li- delivery to the scientist, five to seven braries taking the lower rate. months after publication of the originals, When related to the benefits of the the authoritative, complete translations. program, the cover-to-cover translation The rising use of the latter points to a journals are viewed as a relatively inex- firm acceptance of the present transla- pensive means of acquiring the results tion program by the physicist and the re- of much valuable research. In absolute search librarian who serves him.

We Chose Microfilm

(Continued from page 226) plete. Since the paper issues are not sent frame causing a light flick and enabling away for processing as in binding, the one to count months while winding film library always has a complete file avail- at a rapid rate, and so find the right able for use. Both the Colby and Bald- month with a minimum of time; but fre- win libraries dispose of the magazines quently the beginning microfilm user which have been replaced by microfilm. complains that it takes him several min- In comparing notes, Colby and Bald- utes to find the right frame. However, win agree on the advantages and disad- Baldwin considers this a minor com- vantages of microfilm except for one plaint. item. Colby feels that films are easier to One unexpected advantage that came use since one does not have to handle to Baldwin and Colby from their micro- weighty volumes of periodicals. Baldwin film programs is that both are able to considers bound volumes slightly easier provide microfilm readers for faculty to use since the librarian does not have and non-college personnel borrowing or to give instructions in film reader opera- buying microfilm materials in connection and since a page is easier to find tion with research or graduate study. than a frame of microfilm. To see the Colby feels that this has made many off- frame-finding problem, one must realize campus people friends of its library. that microfilm is stored on hundred-foot The librarians of Baldwin and Colby reels which accommodate twelve issues are pleased with the space and money- of monthly magazines, and in using saving features of microfilm and consider microfilm one always starts at the front it an excellent solution to many prob- of the reel. For example, if the Novem- lems involved in keeping and in using ber issue is wanted, one must reel back issues of periodicals, especially in through January, February, March, etc., the small library which is limited in to reach November. The experienced space, staff, and funds. Most students microfilm reader soon learns to "watch are intrigued by microfilm and delight in for the cover," which is a single page finding opportunities to use it.

228 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES News from the Field

ACQUISITIONS, GIFTS, COLLECTIONS Rackham's correspondence with the producer, Sydney Carroll.

THE BODLEIAN LIBRARY of Oxford Univer- COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY has been presented sity has announced a gift by Paul Mellon o£ with the papers of Mark Van Doren, Pul- the personal library of John Locke, English itzer Prize poet and professor emeritus of philosopher and scholar. The collection, con- English at Columbia University, who retired sisting of 835 printed books and eleven man- last year after thirty-nine years of teaching uscripts, and including works on philosophy, at Columbia. Included in the vast collection theology, natural science, and medicine, is of nearly twenty thousand items are original considered by authorities to be one of the manuscripts, notes, typescripts, galleys, let- most important extant collections of books ters, and annotated printed books. These of an individual Englishman. Mr. Mellon, will be housed in Columbia's Special Collec- son of the late Andrew W. Mellon (former tions Library. Secretary of the Treasury and Ambassador to CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY has been pre- Britain), will retain possession and use of the sented with a rare first edition of Henry books during his lifetime. Any microfilm Fielding's novel, The two copies required by Oxford will be made and Joseph Andrews. volumes, published in 1742 by A. Miller, given to the library. London bookseller, are finely bound in mottled calf with gold tooling and bear the BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY LIBRARY has received armorial bookplate of a former owner, Lau- the gift of a private collection of almost rence Currie, an English collector. The gift, eight hundred books, pamphlets, manuscripts, made by three undergraduates—Carol Gitt- and prints by and about Leonardo Da Vinci. lin, Nancy Rosenthal, and Judith Yusem— The donor is Bern Dibner, bibliophile and is in memory of their roommate, Carolyn J. engineer of Wilton, Conn., who made the Rieger of Brooklyn. gift from his distinguished collection of materials on the history of science. CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY has acquired the complete papers of Wyndham Lewis, THE UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI LIBRARY London painter, writer, and philosopher. In- is the recipient of eight fifteenth-century vol- cluded in the collection are nearly six thou- umes on history and theology from Jonas sand letters from some of the most eminent Bikoff, wholesaler and noted New York State literary and artistic figures of the century. rare book collector. The volumes include a The collection contains over eleven hundred 1471 volume of Luctus Christianorum ex of the author's own letters, some written to Passione Christi by Nicolas Jenson of Venice his mother and grandmother from his school and a first edition of St. Augustine's City of days to his army service in World War I. God printed by Koberger in 1473. Available also are many of the Lewis books in the succession of states most prized by THE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES have scholars: rough notes, first draft, revised type- been presented with many of the original script, revised galley, revised page proof and, drawings and paintings of Arthur Rackham, in many instances, first edition. Thousands noted English book illustrator whose illustra- of pages of manuscript for his wide-ranging tions for children's books moved one critic to lectures and essays are present in the collec- call him "court painter to King Oberon and tion. Queen Titania." The donors, Mr. and Mrs.

Alfred C. Berol of New York City, made the THE UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI has been pre- initial gift to the Rackham collection in sented with the personal library of Dr. 1956, and added sketches and water-color Phanor James Eder, distinguished interna- painting in 1957. The recent presentation tional attorney of New York. The collection includes twenty pencil and water-color draw- consists of more than eleven hundred books ings for costumes used in the stage produc- and bound volumes of rare pamphlets on tion of Hansel and Gretel in 1933-34, with (Continued on page 232)

MAY 19 60 229 ACRL Meeting;

George W. Brown, noted Canadian edu- "The New Standards and Their Significance cator, will typify the binational spirit of the for the 1960's." Montreal Conference as ACRL's speaker for "Collecting in the Field of Science" will its membership meeting, Tuesday evening, be the subject of the Rare Books Section's June 21. In his talk, "North Americanism: program scheduled for Monday morning, Our Canadian and American Patterns," Dr. June 20, in the lledpath Library of McGill Brown will compare the institutions and University. Speakers will include Bern Dib- cultural characteristics of Canada and the ner, engineer and bibliophile from Norwalk, United States. Dr. Brown is best known as Conn.; Jacob Zeitlin, Los Angeles book the editor of the Dictionary of Canadian dealer; and Richard Pennington, librarian Biography. He is also a professor of history of McGill. The program will be followed by at the University of Toronto. a luncheon in the Redpath Library. The James S. Coles, president of Bowdoin Col- section will hold a "sherry hour" in Mc- lege, F. Taylor Jones, executive secretary of Gill's Osier Library in the afternoon. the Middle States Association of Colleges The Subject Specialists Section plans an and Secondary Schools, and Felix E. Hirsch, all-day tour to visit special libraries in Ot- librarian of Trenton State College and tawa on Tuesday, June 21. Reservations may chairman of the ACRL Committee on Stand- be made at the ALA ticket desk in Montreal. ards will speak to the College Libraries Sec- The Art Sub-Section of the Subject Special- tion on "Implementation of ALA Standards ists Section will have a dinner (followed by for College Libraries" at the University of a business meeting) on Monday, June 20. Montreal, Tuesday afternoon, June 21. As part of the tour to Ottawa this group Library standards will be the subject also will make a special visit to the Canadian of the program planned by the Junior Col- National Gallery. lege Libraries Section for its meeting, Mon- A panel discussion of "Standards for School day, June 20. Felix Hirsch will speak on Library Programs" will constitute the pro-

OPEN MEETINGS

ACRL MEMBERSHIP MEETING: Tuesday, June 21, 8:00 P.M. (Windsor Hotel).

Section Meetings:

College Libraries Section: Tuesday, June 21, 2:00 P.M. (University of Montreal).

Junior College Libraries Section: Monday, June 20, 4:30 P.M.

Rare Books Section: Monday, June 20, 10:00 A.M. (McGill University); luncheon 12:30 P.M.; sherry hour 4:00 P.M.

Subject Specialists Section: Tuesday, June 21 (tour to Ottawa).

Art Librarians Sub-Section: Monday, June 20, 6:30 P.M. (dinner followed by business meeting until 10:00 P.M.); Tuesday, June 21 (tour to Ottawa with Subject

Specialists Section, including visit to National Gallery, 1:30-4:00 P.M.).

Law and Political Science Sub-Section: Monday, June 20, 8:30 P.M.

Teacher Education Libraries Section: Tuesday, June 21, 4:30 P.M. (University of Montreal).

University Libraries Section: Sunday, June 19, 8:00 P.M.

230 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES at Montreal

gram sponsored by the Teacher Education brary, Ypsilanti. Dr. Erickson will be mod- Libraries Section and ALA's American As- erator of the panel. sociation of School Librarians at the Uni- The University Libraries Section plans a versity of Montreal, Tuesday, June 21. panel discussion for its meeting Sunday eve- Panelists will include Rachel W. DeAngelo, ning, June 19. The topic for the program coordinator of the library education pro- will be "Storage Libraries and Storage Prob- gram, Queens College; Frances Breen, librar- lems." Ralph H. Hopp, associate director of ian, State University Teachers College, the University of Minnesota Libraries, Lee Plattsburg, N. Y.; Marion W. Taylor, assist- Ash, editor and research analyst for Yale ant professor of library science, Chicago University Library's selective book retirement Teachers College; Walter S. Wilson, super- program, and Fred Dimock, head of the cir- intendent, Massena (N. Y.) Central Schools; culation department at the University of Charlotte M. Coye, librarian, Osborn High Michigan Library will each discuss a differ- School, Detroit; and Walfred Erickson, ent aspect of the storage problems of univer- director, Eastern Michigan University Li- sity libraries.

CLOSED MEETINGS

ACRL Committee Meetings: Advisory Committee on Cooperation with Educational and Professional Organiza- tions: Monday, June 20, 8:30 P.M. Committee to Explore the Relationship Between the Law Library and the General Library of a University: Wednesday, June 22, 8:30 A.M. Committee on Constitution and Bylaws: Sunday, June 19, 4:30 P.M. Committee on the Duplicates Exchange Union: Sunday, June 19, 4:30 P.M. Committee on Grants: Monday, June 20, 4:30 P.M. Nominating Committee: Tuesday, June 21, 4:30 P.M. Committee on Organization: Sunday, June 19, 4:30 P.M.; Monday, June 20, 8:30 P.M. Publications Committee: Monday, June 20, 8:30 P.M. Committee on Standards: Tuesday, June 21, 4:30 P.M. State Representatives: Tuesday, June 21, 4:30 P.M.

Section Committee Meetings: Steering Committee, College Libraries Section: Monday, June 20, 6:30 P.M. (dinner). Steering Committee, Subject Specialists Section:' Monday, June 20, 4:30 P.M. Committee on Academic Status, University Libraries Section: Tuesday, June 21, 10:00 A.M. Committee on Research and Development, University Libraries Section: Monday, June 20, 4:30 P.M.; Thursday, June 23, 8:30 A.M. Steering Committee, University Libraries Section: Tuesday, June 21, 8:30 A.M. Committee on University Library Surveys, University Libraries Section: Monday, June 20, 8:30 A.M. Committee on Urban University Libraries, University Libraries Section: Monday, June 20, 12 M. (luncheon, followed by business meeting).

Board of Directors Meetings: Monday, June 20, 10:00 A.M.; Tuesday, June 21, 10:00 A.M.

MAY 1960 231 Colombia and other Latin American coun- The project was financed by the Ford Foun- tries. The items span four centuries and em- dation. Professor C. Martin Wilbur, director brace history, botany, economics, linguistics, of Columbia's East Asian Institute, was proj- ethnology, archaeology, natural history, art, ect chairman. Documentary information on travel, literature, and biography. the Communist movements, in China and North Korea fills about 40 per cent of the THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA LIBRARY microfilmed archives. According to Professor has received a collection of rare and valuable Wilbur, the microfilms "should be of tre- works on orchids and their culture from the mendous value to historians specializing in family of the late George C. VanDusen, East Asia. . . . No historian has had such grain-milling industrialist of Excelsior, Minn. detailed information on the Japanese army Among the outstanding items is a massive and navy in relation to Japanese politics." four-volume set of the Imperial Edition of Copies of the microfilms of the archives may Sander's Reichenbachia, Orchids Illustrated be purchased from the Library of Congress. and Described (London: 1888-1894). THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA has presented THE YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY has ac- the University of Maryland Library with a quired the original field notes of William complete set of the histories of twenty-five Clark of the famous Lewis and Clark Expedi- Chinese dynasties. The set, which includes tion. The notes, containing many personal 934 volumes covering more than three thou- observations unknown to historians, have sand years of Chinese history, was reprinted been given to the library by Frederick W. in Taiwan from the original wood-block- Beinecke of New York City, who purchased printed edition. them from the owner, Louis Starr of Prince- ton, N. J. (one of the Hammond heirs). BUILDINGS Known as the "Hammond Papers," Clark's notes were originally written before and THE HAMPSHIRE INTER-LIBRARY CENTER in during his journey up the Missouri River. South Hadley, Mass., announces that it will The documents will be added to the Yale move from its present quarters in Mount Collection of Western Americana. Photo- Holyoke's Williston Memorial Library to a graps of some of the manuscripts are avail- special unit in the new University of Massa- able on request to the Yale University News chusetts library addition. The expanding Bureau. HILC holdings of over fifteen thousand bound volumes and five special collections THE YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY has ob- have reached capacity limits in the center's tained a rare 154-year-old map of the United present location. The new quarters will pro- States through funds given by Yale alumni vide bookstack space for 82,500 periodical for the university's collection of unusual volumes, a reading room for twenty to maps. The map, drawn for the "geographical twenty-eight readers, typing facilities for pat- amusement" of the "Youth of the United rons, three microfilm readers, and office room States," is a Parcheesi-like game now valu- to accommodate double the present staff. able to historians because it reveals not only something about early American parlor IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY is planning a "first games, but also some fascinating data about addition" to its library building at Ames. Eastern cities in 1806. Produced by Jacob The general, mechanical, and electrical speci- Johnson, a Philadelphia book dealer and fications have been completed by the archi- stationer, it is made of hand-laid rag paper tects, Brooks-Borg of Des Moines. The addi- backed with cloth and measures 33 x 26 tion, measuring 74 by 129 feet, will have five inches. levels for reader service and stack areas. The amount of floor space for library purposes ALMOST 500,000 PAGES of confidential in- will be about 75 per cent of that in the formation from the Japanese military ar- present building. Essential facts and illustra- chives have ben microfilmed and opened to tions showing the elevation and a cross sec- historians by a group of scholars from Co- tion of the building and the site plan are lumbia, Georgetown, Harvard, and Yale uni- given in the February 24, 1960 issue of The versities and from the Library of Congress. Library at Iowa State.

232 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES THE LAFAYETTE COLLEGE Board of Trus- ern lighting facilities, for which the State tees has announced that a new library to of New Jersey allocated necessary funds cost about $1,800,000 is one of the primary about a year ago. goals of its long-term development program. BELOIT COLLEGE, Beloit, Wis., has an- A fund-raising campaign for this purpose nounced the construction of a $1,200,000 will begin this year. The campaign commit- library building as the first objective of its tee is headed by Mr. Joseph A Grazier of multimillion dollar development program. New York City, president of American Ra- Tentative plans call for a building with a diator and Standard Sanitary Corporation, book capacity of 350,000 volumes. It will in- and Mr. Edward A. Jesser, Jr. of Ridgewood, clude such features as an audio-visual center, N. J., president of the Peoples Trust Com- faculty study areas, seminars, a map library, pany of Hackensack. Plans for the new li- and classrooms for the library science depart- brary call for a building that will seat ap- ment. It is expected that the new library will proximately 450 readers and house 300,000 be completed not later than the fall of 1962. volumes.

MISSISSIPPI STATE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN MEETINGS may well be proud of the new three-story addition to its Fant Memorial Library. More A CONFERENCE on area studies and the reading and reference rooms have increased college library was held at the Brooklyn Col- the research and study area, cataloging fa- lege Library in April. The topics included cilities have been enlarged, space for books the nature and extent of publishing in a has been doubled, and a microfilm room and small country and in a large country, the conference room have been added. One of museum as a resource for area studies, mu- the outstanding features is the Culbertson tual appreciation of East-West values, sources Room, named in honor of Beulah Culbert- of area studies materials, cataloging and son, librarian for almost fifty years. The servicing area studies materials, and a bib- room contains MSCW's collection of ar- liography of non-Western civilizations. Illus- chives and books by Mississippi authors. trative exhibits were on display in the library. Through a grant-in-aid made by the STANFORD UNIVERSITY recently dedicated Carnegie Foundation of New York, the its new Tanner Memorial Library which was Brooklyn College Area Studies Committee given to Stanford by Professor and Mrs. assisted in promoting the conference. Obert C. Tanner in memory of their three sons. Dr. Tanner served briefly as acting ST. JOHN'S UNIVERSITY held its second an- chaplain at Stanford in 1945 and was a nual Congress for Librarians at the univer- member of the philosophy department fac- sity campus in Jamaica, N. Y., in February. ulty from 1940 to 1945. At present he is a Over eight hundred persons attended. Verner professor of philosophy at the University of W. Clapp, president of the Council on Li- Utah. The library accommodates about brary Resources, Inc., delivered the keynote thirty students and will eventually contain speech, and Dr. Benjamin E. Powell, presi- 4,000 volumes. dent of ALA, gave the luncheon address. The day-long program included eleven con- THE ROSCOE L. WEST LIBRARY at Trenton current panel sessions, staffed by library ex- State College will be remodeled under the perts, and a series of exhibits by firms related college bond issue passed by the voters of to the world of books. Rev. Joseph E. Ho- New Jersey last November. The sum of gan, C.M., executive vice president of St. $200,000 has been set aside for enlargement John's, presided over the program, and Helen of the reading and stack facilities. It is ex- R. Blank, chairman of the department of li- pected that the seating capacity of the library brary science, acted as chairman. will be doubled and that new shelf space will be secured to accommodate a collection of about 160,000 volumes. Work on the re- PUBLICATIONS modeling is to begin in the summer or fall THE THIRD DECENNIAL INDEX OF The of 1960. The library has also recently bene- Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, fited from the introduction of the most mod- a monumental work reflecting the acceler-

MAY 1960 233 ated program of acoustical research in the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, past decade, will be published late this sum- D. C., at five cents a copy. mer. It will contain the following sections: (1) author and subject indexes to papers A SEVENTY PAGE REPORT, Deterioration of published in the JASA 1949-1958 inclusive; Book Stock, Causes and Remedies, describes (2) author and subject indexes to contem- two phases of an investigation conducted by porary papers on acoustics published in W. J. Barrow, document restorer at the Vir- many other journals and listed in the JASA ginia State Library, which were previously 1949-1958; and (3) inventor, subject, and reported in less detail. Randolph W. Church, numerical indexes to acoustical patents re- Virginia State Librarian, edited the report. viewed in the JASA 1949-1958. There will be The studies were made under a grant from only one printing of this 1,100-page index. In- the Council on Library Resources, Inc. The quiries concerning price and other informa- first phase of the investigation involved the tion should be addressed to the Acoustical testing of 500 non-fiction books published Society of America, 335 East 45th Street, between 1900 and 1949. The second phase New York 17, N. Y. consisted in the experimental development of a method for checking the high rate of ALTHOUGH IT IS CONCERNED specifically with deterioration in published books. The sub- influences on school and public librarians, sequent investigation, still in progress, is con- all librarians will find rewarding an exami- cerned with developing a stable book paper nation of The Climate of Book Selection, a with a low rate of deterioration, yet prac- collection of papers presented at a sym- tical for commercial use. posium at the University of California in 1958 and brought together into a volume by BOSTON UNIVERSITY'S Catalog of African f. Periam Danton (Berkeley: University of Government Documents and African Area California School of Librarianship, 1959, Index (Boston: G. K. Hall 8c Co., 112p., 98p.). Among the contributors to the volume $18.00) is an author catalog of monographs are James D. Hart, Max Lerner, John W. and serials, but it does not include serial Albig, Norton E. Long, Ralph W. Tyler, holdings. The main entries include tracings Harold D. Lasswell, Fredric J. Mosher, Mar- for variant titles and personal names. There jorie Fiske, and Talcott Parsons. The place are about two thousand titles covering all of the library in society, the relations of li- areas of Africa, with entries verified by the brarians to individuals and to groups, cen- Library of Congress (if possible). The use- sorship, and special problems in California fulness of this list lies in its bringing into are among the topics treated. one list identification of materials not easily available elsewhere. The African Area In- The Folger Library: A Decade of Growth, dex in the same volume is an alphabetical 1950-1960 (49p., illus., 1960), is an exciting list of all material on Africa in the Boston story of the expansion of the great library University collection. of Shakespeare and related materials. "The development of a vision caught by Henry Index to the Classed Catalog of the Boston Clay Folger when a student at Amherst Col- University Library, based on the Library of lege in the 1870's," the Folger Library has Congress Classification (Boston: G. K. Hall grown in collections, services, use, and space & Co., l,000p. $49.50) is an alphabetical rela- during the decade of the report. tive index on about twenty thousand cards of subjects with their corresponding Library THE FOURTH NUMBER of the National Sci- of Congress classification numbers as inter- ence Foundation series, Scientific Informa- preted at Boston University in its develop- tion Activities of Federal Agencies, is de- ment of its classed catalog. The index covers voted to the United States Government all the major areas of knowledge to a limited Printing Office. The seven-page report (NSF extent, and is more detailed in the human- 60-9, March 1960) offers a concise summary ities, pure sciences, communication arts, nurs- of the types of publication available from ing, and social welfare fields. The subject GPO and information about their avail- terms and classification numbers reflect cur- ability. Copies may be obtained from the rent usage up to June 1, 1959.

234 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES COR- titled Alcohol Education for the Layman. PORATION has published The IBM Circula- The authors are Margaret E. Monroe and tion Control System at Brooklyn College Jean Stewart, who conducted their research Library by Henry Birnbaum, chief circula- at the Graduate School of Library Service tion librarian at Brooklyn College. The sys- at Rutgers. Both research and publication tem uses IBM transaction cards and IBM were underwritten by the United States call cards to permit mechanical filing and Brewers Foundation. In commenting on the withdrawing of call cards from the circula- scope and purpose of the bibliography, the tion loan file. Copies of this manual are authors note that the criteria for the selec- available at local IBM sales offices. tion of materials were "sound authority in the field of alcohol education, competent A BIBLIOGRAPHY issued by the Library of and honest communication of the informa- Congress under the title Latin America in tion in a form useful to the layman, and Soviet Writings, 1945-1958 reflects rapidly an important contribution to an area of growing Soviet interest in Latin America alcohol education. Equally careful evalua- and considerable curiosity about the USSR tion was made of the materials rejected as in the minds of many Latin Americans. The of those selected." Copies of the book may bibliography was compiled by Leo A. Okin- he procured directly from the Rutgers Uni- shevich and Cecilia J. Gorokhoff and edited versity Press, New Brunswick, N. J. by Nathan A. Haverstock. A limited number of copies are available from the Office of the A CATALOG OF REPRESENTATIVE WORKS by Secretary, Library of Congress, Washington living composers who are residents of Illinois, 25, D. C. with brief biographical sketches and list of publishers, is available free as long as supplies last. Address requests to the compiler, Good Reading, the descriptive general bibliography that has befriended librarians and Will Gay Bottje, Department of Music, educators for the past twenty-five years, has Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, 111. just been published in the most complete and A Union List of Publications in Opaque thorough revision of its history, appearing Microforms (New York: The Scarecrow Press, both in a Mentor paperback edition from Inc., $7.50), listing nearly all the microcards New American Library and, for the first time published through December 1958, is now since 1948, in a clothbound edition from available. This is a compilation of American R. R. Bowker Company. publishers' listings of microprint reproduc- The new 1960 edition of Good Reading tions, some thirty-two hundred items of combines the forces of thirty-six of today's twenty-three publishers. Entries are alpha- leading educators who have selected and betical by author or genealogy or series and described over two thousand of the world's supplemented by an index of authors, co- most significant books, both hardcover and authors, and subjects. The present volume is paperback. All periods and fields of study the first in a projected series that will keep are covered, including poetry, drama, biog- the list up to date as new material is pub- raphy, history, fine arts, politics, sociology, lished and revisions become necessary. the sciences, psychology, the classics, etc., with each booklist prefaced by a discussion THE PIUS XII MEMORIAL LIBRARY of Saint of the period of subject at hand. Prepared by Louis University is holding an exhibit of the Committee on College Reading, each paintings from the collection of Mr. and chapter is under the editorship of one Mrs. Morton D. May of St. Louis until July scholar, with the over-all editorial respon- 4. All available wall space on the second and sibility in the hands of J. Sherwood Weber, third floors of the new building has been professor of humanities and chairman of the utilized to display the 117 canvases in the department of English at Pratt Institute. collection. Keynoting the show are forty- The Mentor paperback edition costs 75 eight canvases by Max Beckmann. Other out- cents; the clothbound edition, $4. standing German expressionistic paintings are represented in pictures by Ernst Kirchner,

RUTGERS UNIVERSITY PRESS has published Oskar Kokoschka, Otto Mueller, and Emil the results of a bibliographical research en- Nolde. Colored reproductions of some of

MAY 1960 235 the paintings and an article caption "Rough Council on Library Resources, Inc., Wash Stuff in the Library" appeared in the March ington, D. C., for a study of the bibliographi- 14 issue of Time. On sale at the library is a cal control of microforms. The study will catalog containing black and white repro- be conducted by Wesley Simonton, assistant ductions of each of the paintings in the professor of library science, University of exhibit. Minnesota. He will be aided by an advisory committee, including Herman H. Fussier, THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION has director of libraries, University of Chicago; available for loan to professional and aca- Stanley Pargellis, director, The Newberry Li- demic groups an exhibit on foreign science brary, Chicago; and George A. Schwegmann, literature. The exhibit is designed to ac- chief, Union Catalog Division, Library of quaint United States scientists and technol- Congress. The study is expected to be com- ogists with what is currently being translated pleted in mid-September 1960 and a report into English from the Russian scientific will be published. literature and where these translations may be obtained. All requests and inquiries re- BROWN UNIVERSITY has received a grant of garding the exhibit, shipping arrangements, $24,000 from the Council on Library Re- etc., should be addressed to office of Science sources, Inc., Washington, D. C., for a study Information Service, National Science Foun- of ways to improve school library services dation, Washington 25, D. C. in Rhode Island through coordination of university, community, and school libraries. An Appraisal of Favorability in Current The study will be under the general super- Book Reviewing is the title of No. 57 of the vision of Professor Elmer R. Smith, chair- Occasional Papers published by the Univer- man of the Department of Education at sity of Illinois Graduate School of Library Brown University. At the conclusion of the Science. The paper, written by Guy A. study a report will be published which Marco, library of Amundsen Junior College, should be of assistance to other metropolitan Chicago, attempts to measure favorability areas. in the book reviewing scene as a whole, and particularly in regard to individuals, by means of aggregate figures and a simple sta- ELEANOR LOUISE NICHOLES has been tistical index. Copies are available without awarded a fellowship by the American charge upon request to the Editor, Occa- Council of Learned Societies to further her sional Papers, University of Illinois Graduate work on a biography of Thomas Love Pea- School of Library Science, Urbana, 111. cock. She has resigned as librarian of the Carl H. Pforzheimer Library and will spend Copies of the Arizona State University Li- the remainder of the year in England. brary: Report of a Survey of the Library, by Richard Harwell and Everett T. Moore (Chi- RECENT ALA REPRESENTATIVES at collegiate cago: 1959), are available for purchase from ceremonies were WILLIAM H. JESSE, director the ACRL office at $2.00 a copy. The supply of libraries, University of Tennessee, at the is limited, and the report will not be re- inauguration of LeRoy Albert Marin as printed. president of the University of Chattanooga, March 18; HOWARD ROVELSTAD, director of Laws of the Creek Nation, edited by An- libraries, University of Maryland, at the in- tonio J. Waring with a foreword by W. P. auguration of Charles B. Hirsch as president Kellam, is the first number of the University of Washington Missionary College, Washing- of Georgia Libraries series Miscellanea Pub- ton, D. C., March 23; H. DEAN STALLINGS, lications. The series is being published by librarian, North Dakota Agricultural Col- the University of Georgia Press and will con- lege, Fargo, at the inauguration of John J. tain both source materials and reprints of Neumaier as president of Moorhead State rare items in the libraries' collections. Teachers College, Moorhead, Minn., March 25; and JOHN F. HARVEY, director of librar- MISCELLANEOUS ies, Drexel Institute of Technology, at the

THE ASSOCIATION OF RESEARCH LIBRARIES inauguration of Clarence Moll as president has received a grant of $11,550 from the of Pennsylvania Military College, April 30.

236 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Personnel

DAVID E. KASER has resigned as assistant In 1958 Washington University Manuscripts; director for technical services at Washing- a Descriptive Guide, edited by Mr. and Mrs. ton University to accept appointment as di- Kaser, was issued by Washington University rectors of the Joint in its Library Studies Series. Mr. Kaser is University Libraries now at work on a book about the pioneer and professor of li- Irish-American journalist, Joseph Charless. brary science in Van- Under a grant from the American Philo- derbilt University, sophical Society he will spend several weeks George Peabody Col- in Ireland this spring gathering material in lege for Teachers, the National Library. and Scarritt College In his scholarly interests, his administra- for Christian Work- tive ability, his pleasing personality, and his ers. He will assume enthusiasm for librarianship Mr. Kaser pos- his new duties on sesses an unusual combination of talents July 1. which fit him well for the important position A native of Indi- he will assume in Nashville. David E. Kaser ana, Mr. Kaser graduated from Hough- MARION A. MILCZEWSKI becomes director ton College in 1949. He received an M.A. in of libraries at the University of Washington English from the University of Notre Dame in Seattle in July. Before joining the Gen- in 1950. Going on to the University of Mich- eral Library staff at igan for his professional training, he was the University of awarded an A.M.L.S. degree in 1952 and a California at Berke- Ph.D. in 1956. ley as assistant li- Beginning as a student assistant in col- brarian in 1949 he lege, Mr. Kaser has had varied experience in had been director of academic libraries. During his years in Ann the Southeastern Arbor he held half-time positions in the States Cooperative order division of the University of Michigan Library Survey for Library. From 1952 to 1954 he was periodical two years. From service librarian at Ball State Teachers Col- 1943-1947 he was as- lege. In 1956 he became chief of acquisi- sistant to the direc- tions at Washington University, and in 1959 tor of ALA's Inter- he was made assistant director for technical national Relations Marion A.Milczewski services. Office in Washing- Among his responsibilities at Washington ton and during the next two years its direc- University have been the supervision of a tor. Prior to that he had served ALA vari- special book-buying project involving the ously in connection with its "Books for expenditure of $150,000 for research material Latin America" program and as assistant to in the humanities and social sciences and Carl Milam, ALA's executive secretary. Im- the inauguration of a cooperative acquisi- mediately following his graduation from the tions program among the large libraries in University of Illinois Library School he was St. Louis. library intern in the Tennessee Valley Au- Along with his professional duties Mr. thority. Kaser has maintained an active interest in This varied experience was promptly ex- research and publication. His study of ploited and enlarged upon his arrival at Messrs. Carey & Lea of Philadelphia, based Berkeley as John Mackenzie Cory left for on his doctoral dissertation at Michigan, was New York Public Library. In the succeeding published in 1957 by the University of Penn- years Mr. Milczewski weathered the shifts of sylvania Press. His edition of the cost books duty occasioned by the arrivals and depar- of this publishing firm is ready for the press. tures of colleagues: Douglas Bryant to Har-

MAY 1960 237 vard, Frances B. Jenkins to Illinois, Jean ations which makes big game hunting, poli- McFarland to Reed (later to Vassar), and tics, and library management exciting and Melvin Voigt to Kansas State University. hazardous. Donald Coney, University of This was a time at the University of Cali- California, Berkeley. fornia characterized by rapid growth and change. Mr. Milczewski participated in all RAY WILLIAM FRANTZ, JR. will become as- aspects of this history: at various times he sistant director of public services of The was in charge of personnel and budget, he Ohio State University Libraries on July 1, sat on uncounted committees to plan build- succeeding David Wilder. Both his master's ings containing library space, and he advised degree in library science and his Ph.D. in on the library's collections. His Latin Ameri- English were taken at the University of Illi- can interest continued through his associa- nois (see sketch in April 1955 CRL) while he tion with the Seminar on the Acquisition of gained experience in the library and in Latin American Materials and is currently teaching freshman English. expressed in membership in the Research Appointed librarian of the University of Committee of the Center for Latin American Richmond in January of 1955, Dr. Franz' Studies in the Berkeley Institute of Interna- first duty involved interior planning of the tional Studies. Mr. Milczewski's sympathetic new Boatwright Memorial Library and the interest in foreign library development and transfer of equipment and books into the librarians has broadened through contact new facility. He subsequently reorganized with the many visitors from foreign libraries library services at Richmond. A member of who flow annually through the Berkeley Beta Phi Mu, he has a scholarly interest in campus. Reversing this role, he and his fam- and appreciation of graduate education and ily spent 1954-55 in England on a Fulbright research. grant where he studied British university li- His duties at Ohio State will include the brary administration. coordination of reader services on a campus- He now goes to a vigorous, expanding wide basis, further inmplementation of the university in the Northwest where much of recently adopted concept of area libraries, the institutional history with which he has and the planning of improved library facili- been associated at Berkeley will be repeated ties for undergraduate students.—Lewis C. —repeated, that is, with the kind of vari- Branscomb.

Appointments

ROBERT FINLEY DELANEY, formerly instruc- PHILIP H. ENNIS has been appointed as as- tor in the library science department, Catho- sistant professor in the University of Chicago lic University of America, is now counselor Graduate Library School. Though Mr. Ennis for public and cultural affairs of the United is not a professional librarian, he will bring States Embassy in San Salvador. to his teaching a new approach to library problems from a strong background of ex- BOGDON DFRESIEWICZ is now on the cata- experience in social science research. loging staff of the Olin Library, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn. BARBARA A. GATES, formerly head of technical services, Public Library of Brookline, DAVID K. EASTON, formerly associate librar- Mass., is now catalog librarian, Chenery Li- ian of the Quartermaster Food and Con- brary, Boston University. tainer Institute, Chicago, is now librarian of the Research Library, Armco Steel Company, ANTHONY F. HALL has joined the library Middletown, Ohio. staff at UCLA.

238 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES DAVID W. HERON, assistant director of ice. Dr. Powell earned his A.B. degree at Oc- Stanford University Libraries, has ben named cidental College and his doctorate in letters special library adviser to the University of at the University of Dijon, France. His li- the Ryukyus, Okinawa, under the terms of a brary degree was earned at the University of Rockefeller Foundation grant administered California, Berkeley. He has been at UCLA by Michigan State University. Mr. Heron since 1938, and head librarian since 1943. will be on leave from Stanford during the Occidental College conferred upon him the eighteen months to two years he will spend honorary Litt. D. in 1955. The new school, at the University of Ryukyus. He leaves for temporarily located in the UCLA Library Okinawa this July. and scheduled to get under way next Sep- tember, will offer a one-year program lead- WILLIAM L. HUTCHINSON, formerly librar- ing to the degree Master of Library Science. ian, Linfield College, McMinnville, Ore., is It will enroll fifty students in the initial now librarian of the newly established in- class. dustrial reference library of the Pacific Power and Light Company, Portland, Ore. NAOMI ROBBINS, formerly reference assistant at Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y., is CARLETON KENYON, formerly head of the now head of the science reference depart- catalog division of the Los Angeles County ment. Law Library, is now law librarian, California State Library. Louis SHORES, dean of the Library School TAD G. KUMATZ, formerly of Hofstra Col- of Florida State University will take a year's lege, is now head of circulation, Pratt Insti- leave of absence from the University to serve tute, Brooklyn, N. Y. as editor-in-chief of Collier's Encyclopedia.

REV. JOVIAN LANG, O.F.M., has been ap- MELVILLE R. SPENCE, formerly acquisitions pointed librarian of Quincy College, Quincy, librarian, University of Oklahoma Library, 111. is now assistant director in charge of public services and assistant professor in the School CONSTANCE E. LEE, formerly supervising of Library Science. reference librarian, California State Library, is now chief of reader services. ALVA W. STEWART has been appointed WILLIAM F. LINDGREN, formerly catalog li- chief librarian at the newly established Meth- brarian, University of Arizona, is now head odist College in Fayetteville, N. C. catalog librarian Colorado State University, HELEN Y. YOUGH, formerly librarian of the Fort Collins. State Teachers College Library at Frostburg, LAWRENCE CLARK POWELL has been named Md., is now librarian of the Textile Museum dean of UCLA's new School of Library Serv- Library, Washington, D. C.

Retirements

KATHARINE P. CARNES retired on 1 Sep- MRS. MAGDALENE FREYDER HODGSON re- tember 1959 as librarian of the Candler Me- tired on February 29, 1960 as librarian of morial Library, Wesleyan College, Macon, the American Medical Association. Mrs. Ga. Hodgson was also editor of the Quarterly Cumulative Index Medicus. JAMES G. HODGSON resigned on April 8, 1960 as chief of the library branch, Quarter- BEULAH MUMM has retired as chief of master Food and Container Institute, Chi- reader services after forty-seven years of serv- cago. ice with the California State Library.

MAY 1960 239 Necrology

CHARLES HARVEY BROWN, librarian emeri- brought to Iowa State's library the scholar- tus of the Iowa State University, died on ship and bibliographical insight urgently January 19, 1959. Dr. Brown contributed as needed by a vigorous and creative scientific much as any other single individual to creat- institution. At the same time he made the ing the present form and function of ACRL. Iowa State College Library a vital force in At the same time, however, few modern uni- the state through active coordination with versity librarians had the same broad view state library activities, a pioneering use of of the basic needs of all aspects of librarian- the college radio, an effective program for ship. training undergraduates (and graduates!) in Dr. Brown's depth of perception into li- the use of the library, and imaginative serv- brary problems arose in part from his belief ice to agricultural extension. in the humane, book-centered tradition of li- Charles Brown did not fade away after his brarianship, in part from a rich professional retirement. His service to the Far East, to the experience prior to coming to Ames in 1922. incipient research collections in the South, He started his career as assistant librarian and as a visiting professor at Illinois helped at his alma mater, Wesleyan University, Mid- to distinguish the generation of Lydenbergs, dleton, Conn., in 1897, the year in which he Wheelers, and Bays who had some of their won his baccalaureate degree. Two years most creative years in their chosen aspects of later he received a master's degree from librarianship in the period after retirement. Wesleyan; and in 1937 he was awarded the For the benefit of new members of the honorary Litt.D. In 1901 he was graduated profession who do not remember Dr. Brown's from the old New York States Library School memorable presidency of ALA in 1941-42, in Albany. From 1901 to 1903 he was at the this fact should be recorded here; but long- Library of Congress during the exciting early time observers of ALA activity could never years of the Putnam administration. Again visualize our national organization in its he had the experience of being with a li- present form if we had never had the benefit brary in its formative years when he served of Charles Brown's leadership. under Dr. Clement W. Andrews at the Crerar Finally, Charles Brown's perceptive knowl- from 1903 to 1909. At the Brooklyn Public edge of men enabled him to pick for his Library as assistant from 1909 to 1919, he staff and develop at Ames some of the out- was in the midst of an institution that was standing leaders of American librarianship, almost the prototype of the public library, men such as Ralph Dunbar, Robert W. Orr, and from 1919 to 1922 he had a taste of the and Eugene H. Wilson, all of whom were federal library service with the United States assistant librarians at Iowa State at one time Navy. or another. These men and dozens of others When Dr. Brown went to Iowa State in of us who worked at Ames during the Brown 1922 he found an institution whose collec- administration will never forget our chief tions were far from the distinguished but and the solid foundation he helped lay practical scientific collection that existed at for our professional careers.—Laivrence S. Iowa State upon his retirement in 1946. He Thompson.

CORRECTION: The author of "Infernal Machines" (CRL, XXI (1960), 148) is Earl Farley, assistant head of the preparations department, University of Kansas Li- brary.

240 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES The Role of a Bibliographer in a Japanese Collection

By YUKIHISA SUZUKI

HE WORK OF A BIBLIOGRAPHER in a re- Tsearch library of approximately 110,- Mr. Suzuki is Japanese Bibliographer in 1 000 Japanese volumes is both diversified the East Asiatic Library, University o\ Cali- and challenging. Essentially, his job is to fornia, Berkeley. acquire most effectively the books and other materials needed, or expected to be needed, for instructional and research the collection he selects about 80 per purposes in Japanese studies. Perhaps in cent of the Japanese books annually ac- the routine phases of his work—for ex- quired. Rather than merely receiving or- ample, checking, keeping desiderata files, ders and checking on the requested items, and processing orders—his work may not he has to go into the market and hunt for differ drastically from that of a bibliog- the materials which, in his judgment, rapher in other collections. However, as will be necessary or useful for research may be imagined, various factors involved in Japanese studies. In the East Asiatic in acquiring Japanese materials present Library, coverage is sought in all the in- many problems. The bibliographer is tellectual fields, especially in the social handling materials published in one of sciences, bibiography, language and lit- the most complicated of languages and erature, and the arts. All the publications he is dealing with native dealers. More- of presumed research value are sought over, the business customs of the United and studied as much as possible before States and those of Japan vary widely. final orders are placed. For the verification and examination of The first major hurdle the Japanese materials selected, the librarian has to bibliographer faces in his work is the rely on a special kind of bibliographical enormous number of monographs and material, and, at the same time, he suf- periodicals published each year in Japan. fers from the lack of many types of bib- In 1956 the number of monographs pub- liographical tools established for West- lished was 24,541, of which 14,983 were ern-language publications. new titles. In 1957 the number of mono- Perhaps what makes a Japanese bib- graphs published reached a record of 25,- liographer's role different from that of 299, of which 14,026 were new titles. The his counterpart in a library concerned number for 1958 showed a slight de- with Western languages is that he has crease; but, still, with 24,983 titles, of to take more initiative in selecting ma- which 14,258 were new, Japan surpassed terials. In consultation with the head of Great Britain, which published 22,143, and the United States, which published 1 For a description of the collection see: Elizabeth Huff, "Far Eastern Collection in the East Asiatic Li- 13,462 books in the same year. Thus in brary of the University of California," Far Eastern Quarterly, XIV (1955), 443-46. Also, for a general terms of quantity Japan is really the survey of the Oriental collections in the United States world's leading publishing country. see: G. Raymond Nunn and Tsuen-Hsuin Tsien, "Far Eastern Resources in American Libraries," The Library Table 1 shows the distribution by sub- Quarterly, XXIX (1959), 27-42. The author is very grateful to Dr. Elizabeth Huff ject of monographic titles published in for her encouragement and special assistance in preparing this article. Gratitude is also due to Mr. Marion Japan during the nine-year period 1950- A. Milczewski and Mr. Everett T. Moore for valuable suggestions. 1958.

MAY 1960 241 TABLE 1 SUBJECT DISTRIBUTION OF MONOGRAPHS PUBLISHED IN JAPAN, 1950-1958*

SUBJECT 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958

General 87 182 256 316 273 405 423 357 395 Philosophy 731 814 820 938 879 1,004 1,099 1,028 1,043 History 308 465 546 671 708 866 986 995 1,103 Social Sciences.. . 2,242 2,344 2,435 2,702 2,457 2,592 2,962 3,132 3,313 Natural Sciences. 904 1,202 1,383 1,795 1,397 1,327 1,481 1,474 1,495 Engineering 857 1,193 1,349 1,627 1,373 1,468 1,654 1,699 1,721 Industry 603 749 826 1,091 776 900 1,079 1,165 1,225 Art 783 842 1,002 999 996 1,127 1,344 1,313 1,182 Language 549 580 557 694 646 703 791 921 902 Literature 2,770 3,754 4,017 4,798 4,836 5,815 6,356 6,128 6,155 Children's Books. 1,408 1,388 3,260 3,551 4,042 3,397 4,115 f 4,662f 5,496 f Study Guides.. . . 1,767 2,023 2,186 2,815 3,045 3,052

Total 13,009 15,536 17,306 20,293 19,837 21,653 24,541 25,299 24,983

* Based on the statistics in Shuppan nyusu, No. 447, (May 1, 1959), p. 2. The classification of the publications is according to the Nippon Decimal System, f This figure represents the totals for Children's Books and Study Guides.

It will be evident that it is not an easy order if a Japanese sent the orders for task to select out of so many titles the English titles in the Japanese katakana materials to support local teaching and transcription. If the dealers can write research in the culture of Japan and to letters in their native language, they also maintain an over-all, balanced collec- may be able to help the bibliographer tion. A second handicap the bibliogra- on some intricate bibliographical ques- pher faces is distance from his dealers tions. and publishers. He has to deal with Japa- The bibliographer has to utilize every nese bookmen over six thousand miles possible source of information, in such away, and this involves much time and materials as are available, regarding the careful effort. Any mistake by either contents and value of the publications to party introduces extra expense. be acquired. What, then, are the most One way to maintain close connection ready sources for information on current with the dealers is to exchange corres- publication? Probably the Shuppan pondence in the Japanese language. No nyusu [The Publication News]—quite matter how anxious they may be to do similar to the Publishers' Weekly—which business with a foreign institution, if they is published three times a month, will have to carry out business in a foreign give the best picture of current Japanese language, not only will it discourage publications. The journal is indexed them, but, even if they wish to carry it semiannually. If the library is to circu- out for a long duration, it will hamper late any book lists among the faculty for their efficiency. Orders may be written or their selections of current Japanese pub- typed in romanized transcription, but the lications, this will be the best choice. titles should be accompanied with char- Since the Japanese collection is primar- acters. The romanized transcription with- ily for the faculty and graduate students out the characters is very often not intel- in Japanese studies, it is extremely im- ligible to the Japanese. They cannot, nor portant to provide some sort of mecha- can we at times, decipher all romanized nism to show a reflection of academic in- transcriptions. Likewise, no American terests. Circulating publishers' journals book dealer would be able to handle an or dealers' catalogs is recommended. The

242 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES bibliographer should not overwhelm the are enlightening, and the bibliographer faculty with too many lists. No matter is also given information on the publish- how slow circulation of the lists among ing business in Japan. One feature which the faculty may be, it gives a useful chan- is sometimes quite useful is the occasional nel for understanding where their cur- listing of books in certain fields which rent interest and research is centered. Of the editors consider to be fundamental course, there are various kinds of recom- and important. For new books there are mendations; some reflecting research also such dealers' journals as the Nippan needs and others only general interest. tsushin and the Shinkan nyiisu, pub- Another useful source for new Japa- lished by two leading jobbers in Tokyo, nese publications is the Nohon shuho— the Nippon Shuppan Hambai Kabushiki Kokunai shuppanbutsu mokuroku Kaisha and the Tokyo Shuppan Hambai [Weekly List of Newly Deposited Titles; Kabushiki Kaisha respectively, but they Catalog of Publications Issued Inside usually add very little to the information Japan], It is published weekly by the included in the Shuppan nyiisu. The National Diet Library of Japan, and the Shuppan nenkan [Publication Yearbook], items listed are arranged according to the which is published about July of each Japan Decimal System; publications pub- year, can be used effectively to see lished a few years before are often listed. whether or not there has been any serious The publications listed in the weekly omission in the selection of publications issues are not the only ones for sale; also in the previous year, and it is an indis- available are numerous government, in- pensable source of information on the stitutional, society, and privately printed Japanese publishing business in general. publications. For each title brief descrip- In addition, the bibliographer receives tive information is given. This is a val- numerous brochures from dealers and uable source for identifying what is cur- publishers. rently being published, but it also some- If the bibliographer is charged with times proves to be a source of frustration, the responsibility of selecting materials since some of the governmental and in- on his own initiative, he has to be fa- stitutional publications may not be pur- miliar with contemporary trends in the chased even with the persistent efforts of fields in which he is to make the book capable dealers. Through the Seifu kan- selection. It is not possible to read all the kobutsu mokuroku, a monthly journal of journals in the social sciences, but by Japanese government publications, the skimming through some of the journals bibliographer learns the titles of the var- in the various fields, such as the Rekishi- ious monographs being published by gov- gaku kenkyu [The Journal of Historical ernmental agencies. It is not easy to ac- Studies], the Kokka Gakkai zasshi [The quire some of them, and the bibliogra- Journal of the Association of Political pher may have to try all possible means and Social Sciences], the Ajiya kenkyu for acquisition, such as writing directly [Asiatic Studies], the Bungaku [Litera- to the governmental offices, asking the ture], the Shigaku zasshi [The Historical National Diet Library for its assistance, Journal of Japan], the Shakaigaku hyd- or writing to dealers. The same thing ap- ron [Japanese Sociological Review], the plies to institutional and society publica- Hitotsubashi ronso [The Hitotsubashi tions. Review], and the Toyoshi kenkyu [The For critical and descriptive reviews of Journal of Oriental Researches], he can new titles, the Nihon dokusho shimbun build up his knowledge on current and the Tosho shimbun, both weekly studies and gain what may be called "en- newspapers of book reviews and arti- lightened intuition" in book selection. If cles, are indispensable. The reviews the bibliographer has to select books for

MAY 19*0 243 the library, the work is a challenge to checking in the dealers' catalogs and the his knowledge of intellectual activities. other is sending out a search list. Big Many academic journals print book re- dealers in Tokyo, such as the Isseido, the views by scholars and report news and Inoue Shoten, the Rinrokaku, the Kyo- notices in the respective fields, and some kuto Shoten( also called the Far Eastern of them annually print extensive articles Book-sellers), the Gannando Shoten, the surveying the academic accomplishment Bunsei Shoin, the Japan Publications in the previous year. That provides the Trading Company, and some of the deal- bibliographer with a way to review his ers in Kyoto area, such as the Ibundo selection during these years. The sooner and the Rinsen Shoten, regularly issue he discovers an omission and fills in a catalogs of both current imprints and gap, the better. old, used books. Some of them volun- If the bibliographer can also act as tarily send catalogs of dealers with whom official host, or if he has at least a chance they are on friendly terms and offer the to meet Japanese visitors, the opportunity service of procuring the materials listed can be well used as a source of getting in these catalogs. They usually send them first-hand information on Japanese pub- to the library by air mail. A dealer once lications, both old and new. Meeting for- mentioned that it is practically impossi- eign visitors provides a wonderful oppor- ble to acquire important and interesting tunity to show the "sparks" of American items two weeks after the catalogs are librarianship in action and the fine col- issued. This is a very serious handicap lection of materials the visitors' country for any oriental collection outside of has produced, but the bibliographer will Japan, since it takes about four days, also have a chance to ask for professional even if the catalogs are mailed immedi- evaluation on certain publications, trends ately after they are printed, to reach in special fields, or suggestions for im- most of the oriental collections. Probably provement of the collection. Rather than it will take another three or four days, being overwhelmed with the explanation unless the items selected are extremely of the size, history, service, characteris- important and urgently sought after, be- tics, special features, or budget of the li- fore the bibliographer or his assistants brary, the visitors will appreciate such can finish checking and prepare the or- gestures of friendliness and humility. In der forms. Another several days will be order to let them appreciate fully what spent before they go through the order- they see, they have first to be made to ing process, and it will take three or four feel at home in the library, and asking days for the orders to cross the sea. Of them about materials in their respective course, in case exceptionally important fields may serve the purpose. It will also and interesting items turn up, special give the bibliographer a chance to thank measures, such as sending the order by them cordially for the materials the li- cablegram, should be taken. Neverthe- brary has received by exchange, if such less, the distance and the time involved an arrangement is already set up, or to in processing orders are serious handi- ask their cooperation in the future for the caps. It also seems to be a well estab- development and improvement of the lished "secret" practice among the deal- collection. If an exchange arrangement ers to distribute their catalogs among has not been set up, it will give a good their special patrons some time before chance to investigate the possibility of they are sent to other, ordinary cus- opening one on a mutually satisfactory tomers. basis. In order to meet these handicaps and In regard to old books, the bibliogra- also to operate library acquisition not pher has to rely on two means; one is merely on the basis of availability of

244 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES materials but also on the basis of need, to orient the dealers gradually to the search lists are sent to some of the deal- characteristics, interests, and long range ers who show willingness to go to the plan of the library. For the proper de- trouble of locating wanted materials for velopment of a collection, the bibliog- the library and whose satisfactory results rapher has to have the cooperation of substantiate their enthusiasm. Some li- the dealers. As in the case of any human brarians may fear that this practice of relationship, sending courteous notes of sending a search list for needed books to appreciation for their efforts and find- dealers would make them charge more ings and words of encouragement for fu- for a wanted title. If the value of the ture business transactions will certainly wanted item is high, and if there is an help in keeping the dealers' cooperation. urgent demand for it, it may be worth After a certain length of time and spending a few extra dollars. The bibli- experience with formal orders, the bib- ographer should have some knowledge liographer becomes familiar with the of the comparative difficulty of acquiring ability and specialties of each dealer. He certain items, and if a dealer has to make will know which dealer is most efficient, a special effort to get the needed mate- for example, in locating search items, rials he certainly deserves extra yen, so in securing governmental and institu- long as the prices remain within reason- tional publications, in supplying back able limits. Furthermore, in order to issues of journals, in handling special prevent any malpractice on the part of books on the Far East, and so forth. To dealers, the bibliographer can warn each dealer accuracy and speed in filling them beforehand that whether or not the orders are stressed, since any mistake the library purchases, the decisions will will be very costly and since, also, one depend on the fairness of the prices semester has only fifteen weeks, so that if quoted. He may ask them to send the materials are not received quickly some quotations first and hold the materials of the research schemes may be upset. until they receive a firm order. Usually the dealers do not have any To prearrange "blanket" orders with difficulty in romanizing titles when they dealers is not advisable. In a research list them in the four copies of invoices, library on a limited acquisition fund, although the way some of the dealers the bibliographer has to be selective and misread Japanese titles is appalling. has to take the initiative. In view of the It all depends on the dealer and the many publications issued each year, the quality and quantity of the publications practice of "blanket" orders with com- ordered, but usually it takes about one mercial dealers can be wasteful. The and a half to two months before the same criticism can be made of having materials arrive. The materials received an agent abroad. Unless the person des- are checked with the invoices and for- ignated as agent is thoroughly familiar warded to the bindery for accessioning, with the nature of the collection and and the invoices to the main library for the acquisition policy, the materials he payment. purchases can be useless. If the bibli- When the bibliographer receives re- ographer keeps good relations with the quests from the faculty and knows of dealers and enjoys their friendly coop- their interests, it is often rewarding to eration, these practices will not be nec- make a brief analysis of requests. We essary. He can make an informal ar- may call it a vertical and horizontal rangement with some dealers, so that analysis: "vertical" meaning a checking they will let him know immediately on the present state of research in the when they obtain materials of possible field, important Japanese publications interest. For this, probably it will help on the same theme, and the library's col-

MAY I960 245 lection on the subject; "horizontal" bibliographer is primarily on the ma- meaning a study of the important pub- terials needed lor instructional and re- lications in related fields. In this way the search purposes in Japanese studies, but bibliographer can not only meet the im- he will need to consider the interests of mediate demand but also prepare mate- the whole university community. For rials to some extent for future needs. example, if the library is located on the Again, in a specialized research library West Coast, materials on or by the Japa- it is vitally important to keep close con- nese immigrants should be seriously tact with the patrons and watch where considered. He will have to watch con- their interest lies and how it develops, stantly for materials to keep some of the for this is the only way the bibliographer collections strong by supplementing with can meet the challenge, both present and new materials, even if the interest in the future. Probably every library has found collection at the present moment may some time or another that although some not seem entirely to justify selection. For books are ignored for some time, when example, if the library has a strong col- researchers want them they have to have lection on some aspect of Japanese litera- them immediately. The bibliographer ture, it will be quite logical to add new should also be familiar with the con- materials to it, even if there is little cur- temporary trends in Japan and know rent interest. The bibliographer should who were and are outstanding scholars never forget that the library serves the in the subjects of most moment to the general library system and must keep faculty and the graduate students. materials ready to satisfy the interests The focus of book selection by the of the whole community.

(Continued from page 222)

Should the number be limited to one in There are other questions, and tenta- the case of limited editions and very ex- tive answers to questions on the deposit pensive works? Should consideration be system and on other elements of the given to requiring additional copies for copyright registration procedure will un- regional libraries, possibly set up as part doubtedly create additional questions. I of a quasi-federal system to provide se- hope I have been able to make clear at curity to our cultural product as well as least the significant problems which we to service it? Should a time period be now have under consideration at the Li- fixed within which deposit must be brary of Congress; I hope also that you made; should a penalty be provided for will take the opportunity afforded by this failure to deposit within that time and meeting to express your views regarding what should it be? Should deposit in ad- the desirable content of the deposit pro- vance of publication be permitted and en- visions of a revised copyright law.— couraged? Rutherford D. Rogers.

246 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Review Articles

These essays are more universal and com- University Education parative in their scope than are those by Franklin, Brode, Sanders, and Strozier. The Issues in University Education: Essays by latter concentrate their attention primarily Edited by Charles Ten American Scholars. on those features of American colleges and Frankel. New York: Harper & Brothers, universities which mark them off most 1959. xiv, 175p. sharply from the educational institutions the foreign scholars know at home. In a brief introduction, which apparently Franklin considers the movement to is considered to be one of the essays, Paul J. broaden educational opportunities, particu- Braisted, president, the Edward W. Hazen larly for Negroes. Brode is concerned Foundation, outlines the genesis of this primarily with the responsibilities and free- book. Beginning in 1952, and continuing doms of the scholar as they exist in Ameri- over a period of seven years, a series of re- can institutions. Sanders explains the wide gional conferences for senior Fulbright assortment of service bureaus, extension ac- scholars was organized under the auspices of tivities, and other seemingly nonacademic the Conference Board of Associated Re- functions of the American university in search Councils, with the aid of the Hazen terms of the larger social picture in which Foundation and the Department of State. these activities have arisen. Strozier, a former Some 500 visiting scholars and more than dean of students, ponders the question, 150 American scholars gathered in twelve of which apparently is almost universally raised these conferences to explore the meaning by visitors from abroad, of whether the serv- of the American experience in higher educa- ices offered to students, the extent of these tion. Eight representative American scholars services, and their place in the total educa- were selected to describe aspects of the tional scene are important, and he arrives American university, each contributing his at an affirmative conclusion. own independent reflections on the facts he This book will serve a useful purpose describes, with the interests, needs, and criti- primarily for the foreign scholar who needs cisms of scholars from abroad fundamentally a brief introduction to the American uni- in mind, and the editor prepared the con- versity. Americans interested in the general cluding and summary essay. subject will find the essays interesting as an The nine essays are: "Universities in the attempt to provide such an introduction Modern World," by Richard McKeon; "The and to make some relation of the distinctive American University and Changing Philoso- and special problems on the American edu- phies of Education," by Robert Ulich; "Sci- cational scene to the problems of teachers ence and the Human Community," by J. and scholars whose mission, in the final anal- Robert Oppenheimer; "The Democratiza- ysis, is the same as that of scholars anywhere. tion of Educational Opportunity," by John The person, whether he be American or for- Hope Franklin; "The Responsibilities and eign, who wishes to consider seriously the Freedoms of the Scholar," by Robert B. issues treated in this book must read far Brode; "The University and the Commu- beyond its confines. As just one example, nity," by Irwin T. Sanders: "In Loco Paren- the essay by Sanders should lead anyone in- tis: University Services to Students," by Rob- terested in the service motif of universities ert M. Strozier; "The Meeting of Minds and to the book, The Campus and the State, by the Making of the Scholar," by Sigmund M. C. Moos and others, also published in Neumann; and "Conclusion: Critical Issues 1959. in American Higher Education," by Charles The values of the conferences, which led Frankel. to this book as a by-product, should be ob- The subject matter of the essays by Mc- vious. As McKeon states it, "The wandering Keon, Ulich, Oppenheimer, and Neumann of scholars should contribute to the formu- is clearly enough indicated by their titles. lation of common problems and to the dis-

JULY 1960 247 Covery of common truths rather than simply of errors. It augurs poorly for such an im- to the satisfaction of curiosity concerning portant work to see on the very first page of the odd ways other people do things which text the phrase "is in ifself" (page v), to read we do differently or to the confirmation of a little farther on that the Indexing Services prejudices and stereotypes concerning alien are on page xi when they are actually on errors, illusions, and depravities."—Eugene page xv, and to note other errors and mis- H. Wilson, University of Colorado. prints in the prefatory pages. There are many misprints: on page 297, for example, Arctic is spelled "Artie" four times; some titles in the index are out of order and The New Ulrich thereby virtually lost. These few examples are minor, perhaps, but they should not Ulrich's Periodicals Directory; a Classified have been permitted. Guide to a Selected List of Current Peri- There also are numerous errors in the odicals, Foreign and Domestic. 9th ed. bibliographic information. A relatively small Edited by Eileen C. Graves. New York: number of the total titles were checked, but R. R. Bowker, 1959. 825p. $22.50. in these there were enough errors to be dis- turbing. For example: the Geographical The appearance of a new edition of Journal started in 1893, not 1883, and is Ulrich's is always a welcome event. Its tre- published quarterly, not monthly; Good mendous fund of information, up-to-date, Housekeeping began in 1885, not 1855; difficult to find elsewhere, handily arranged Ecology in 1920, not 1897; the Current His- and packaged, is a basic reference work for tory that is current began in 1941, not 1914; every library, large and small. The ninth Anjou historique ceased publication over edition has some new features, and has ex- two years ago, Confluence over a year ago. panded some old features that add even Perhaps these also are minor, but again most more to Ulrich's usefulness: there is a new of them should have been caught. list of indexing services; a more inclusive A number of periodicals seem to have list of "Abstracts and Abstracting Services"; been classified by their titles or subtitles, or a new selected list of newspapers, foreign by their sponsors, rather than by their ac- and domestic, with addresses and circulation tual contents. For example, the American figures; nineteen new categories of subjects Journal of Philology is under "Literature have been added; the subscription prices, and Philology," while the Philological Quar- when known, are given in United States terly: Devoted to Scholarly Investigation of currency and, of course, the number of titles the Classical and Modern Languages and included has increased, with approximately Literatures is under "Classical Studies." Ac- one thousand titles new to this edition. The tually, the former periodical emphasizes large number of advertisers is not only a classical studies, and the latter modern phil- tribute to the book's reputation, but pro- ology. Manuscripta is concerned with "Liter- vides a handy source of names of agents and ature and Philology" only as it is with other dealers. subjects in which the use of manuscript ma- A serials librarian reviewing Ulrich's is terials is important and, as a matter of fact, not unlike a member of the clergy reviewing it has not carried any articles on literature the New Testament. To us who continually in its three years. House and Home deals need information about the prices, addresses, with "Interior Decoration" only incidentally indexing, etc. of periodicals it is somewhat —that is, if such decoration would help to of a bible. Yet it should not be likened too sell the houses built by the magazine's read- closely to gospel, for it does have its short- ers, who are builders and architects. Daeda- comings. So that it will be used with a cer- lus, published by the American Academy of tain amount of caution and so that future Arts and Sciences, is a general periodical editions may be improved, these should be with a much broader scope than "Natural pointed out. and Physical Sciences." A book published by Bowker, priced at Ulrich's is a "selected list," and the edi- $22.50, and a standard reference work for tor's criteria must be respected. From the every library, should be as free as possible viewpoint of a university library, however,

248 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES many titles one expects to find are missing. be estimated. To be sure, this is often a One medium-sized university library checked ticklish proposition, but Ulrich's is consulted subscribes to almost two hundred periodicals for prices as much as any other information. in the field of biology (excluding medicine). (Incidentally, prices should be added to the This is not an outstanding collection, by any information given in one of the very useful means, but it is a very respectable one and new features, the list of newspapers.) Another includes most of the important titles in the helpful addition would be to give for each field. Of these titles, over thirty do not ap- periodical the most recent volume number pear in Ulrich's, including such important and date. Finally, I would like to see entries journals as Annates botanici, Archives de consistent with LC in form and capitaliza- zoologie experimental et generate, Cellule, tion. and Zeitschrift fiir Biologie. Proportions of After all critcism, I can only say that the other fields checked were better, but such usefulness of Ulrich's is beyond question. standard titles as the Classical Weekly, Jour- This is not intended as a mere palliative, nal of Bible and Religion, and Music Li- and if I have not made a point in repeating brary Association Notes ought not to be its virtues, it is only because we have all omitted when seemingly every periodical re- been so dependent on it that we are familiar lating to flying saucers, including such an with them, and grateful for them. I hope, improbable title as Thy Kingdom Come, is however, that some of the limitations pointed carefully listed. The problem of selection is out will help in its use, and possibly serve undoubtedly the toughest faced by an edi- its compilers to make future editions even tor of such a reference work. The only logi- more valuable.—Evan I. Farber, Emory Uni- cal attempt at a solution is to concentrate on versity Library. thoroughness of coverage in the type of material for which the volume will be most consulted (and this comment is only from the point of view of the university librarian) and to include others only in so far as time and expense permit. Soviet Libraries This raises another question. It is difficult to draw a strict line of definition between Libraries and Bibliographic Centers in the periodicals and other serials. But it must Soviet Union. By Paul L. Horecky. (Indi- be drawn this side of the Union List of Se- ana University Publications. Graduate rials, Literary Market Place, and Deutsche School. Slavic and East European Series, Presse. It should, in my opinion, also be v. 16.) [Bloomington, Indiana] Indiana drawn this side of monographic series and University Publications [1959], 287p. academy transactions, unless they appear fairly frequently and with some regularity Mr. Horecky's book is timely. The in- as do not, for example, the Memoirs of the creased interest in Soviet contributions to American Mathematical Society or the science, and the growth in the purchases Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. With of Russian books and the exchange activities the constantly increasing number of national between American and Russian libraries and subject bibliographies, information on have created a desire for a thorough knowl- monographic series is relatively easy to find. edge of the Soviet library system and the Because of this, it is unfortunate that so demand for a publication presenting a de- many periodicals are omitted and so many tailed and systematic description of Soviet other titles not primarily within the scope libraries and bibliographic centers. The arti- of the book are included. cles on various aspects of Soviet libraries There are some changes in form that may which have appeared in American library be suggested. "Price not given" appears too periodicals and the UNESCO Bulletin for frequently. If the periodical can be obtained Libraries from time to time, although shed- free, this should be stated, even if it must ding much light on the topic under review, appear (as it does under a number of en- could not entirely satisfy the demand for an tries) as an uncertain "Free?" If the price organized picture of the entire library varies, the approximate annual cost might system.

JULY 1960 249 The book consists of two parts: Part I, brary architecture and the limited introduc- more than 160 pages, is an outline of library tion of labor saving devices; and (6) the not organization and library activities in the yet satisfactorily solved problem of subject Soviet Union. Part II, (pp. 163-287) consists classification. of thirty-five translations of primary sources It is to Mr. Horecky's credit that he, pertaining to Soviet libraries—such as ex- mainly although not exclusively on the basis cerpts from organizational manuals, statisti- of Russian materials, opens vistas on the cal tables, classification tables, materials on system of Soviet libraries and their workings. training in librarianship, activities of the In presenting each of the problems, the All-Union Book Chamber, and the wages author has supplied the date of its origin of librarians. These translations, in addition and sometimes later dates indicative of to serving as elaborations of certain prob- major changes in the system, and then has lems sketched in the book, will be useful to described its structure and methods of oper- anyone approaching primary sources pertain- ation. Emphasis is on the descriptive pres- ing to Soviet libraries. entation, as the author has stated in his Part I of the book covers a broad field. preface. Analysis is not carried far beyond It includes a description of mass libraries, the descriptive level. The presentation is a with special chapters devoted to the Lenin picture seen mostly through official data and, State Library of the USSR in Moscow, the to a lesser extent, through the eyes of ob- Saltykov-Shchedrin State Public Library in servers. The clarity of presentation merits Leningrad, trade-union libraries, libraries in commendation and is aided extensively by collective farms, and special libraries such schematic diagrams. as those of science and technology, educa- The handiness and usefulness of the pub- tional establishments (including elementary, lication has been enhanced by the Index, secondary, and higher education), the net- the Glossary, and the "Selective Bibliography work of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the of Sources in English and Russian," which Republic Academies of Sciences, the hu- supplements the sources cited in the text. manities, and social sciences. It also describes The book will serve admirably the libra- buildings, the storage of library materials, rian who is interested in the development and such mechanics as: purchasing, catalog- of Russian libraries, the reference librarian ing and classification, international ex- in a Slavic division, and to an even greater change, loan services, selection of books, extent, the practically oriented librarian weeding of obsolete materials, and training who is engaged in the purchasing from and of librarians. exchange of books with the Soviet Union. The book gives sufficient general informa- The reviewer ventures a comment in the tion of the Soviet library system; that is, of form of a postscript; namely, in addition to the existence of a few library networks cen- considering the organization and officially trally controlled, providing materials for de- formulated goals of the libraries, an attempt fined groups of readers, as well as the dis- might be made to pursue the investigation tinctive characteristics of the system, namely: further, in order to determine the degree (1) a legal deposit copy system which proof correlation between declared goals and vides a means of enriching the collections actual achievements, as well as to show the of libraries entitled to copies from this de- social factors operating in libraries. In other posit and enables the All-Union Book words, to write an inside story of Soviet Chamber to compile the complete bibliog- libraries. Such an investigation may reveal raphy of Soviet book production; (2) the a different picture of Soviet libraries; for preference for a classified catalog, and the example, that a general statement pertain- recent development of various types of union ing to political indoctrination by libraries, catalog: retrospective and current, in Rus- which we take for granted, should be quali- sian and other languages, All-Union and re- fied as to types of library, or that Marxism- gional; (3) central cataloging and classifica- Leninism, despite the pronouncements, does tion; (4) the weeding of collections of books not play a decisive role in the Soviet prefer- which are "obsolete" from the political point ence for the classified catalog.—Jan Wepsiec, of view; (5) the insignificant progress in li- Library of Congress.

250 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES errors in its text, such errors as have crept Civil War Dictionary into The Civil War Dictionary are few and The Civil War Dictionary. By Mark Mayo their presence is certainly understandable Boatner III; maps and diagrams by Major if not necessarily excusable. (And they Allen C. Northrop and Lowell I. Miller. should be excused in the book's first edition, New York: David McKay Company, Inc. at least.) The volume's faults should not be [c. 1959]. xvi, 974p. $15.00. overemphasized as they are far outweighed by its virtues. It does, however, have limita- Current interest in the American Civil tions which should be understood by its War is reflected at all levels of historical users. Its coverage of civilian personalities is sophistication—in the casual interest of the insufficient and haphazard. Its geographical general reader, in the battlefield-pacing in- entries are weak. It is based on a bibliog- terest of the full-fledged Civil War buff, in raphy that is reasonably extensive but quix- the specifically directed interests of students, otic in what it includes and downright baf- and in the deep and inclusive research of fling in what it omits. Cross-references are scholars. It is unlikely to abate during the woefully inadequate. Its arrangement—even next six years, years which will see the cen- its alphabetization—is individualistic rather tenary of the war commemorated in all than by accepted library practices. Much ma- manner of national and local celebrations. terial is included in coverage of broad topics Colonel M. M. Boatner's The Civil War that is lost to the user searching for a par- Dictionary will be of continuing use in an- ticular heading. swering library questions produced by any The Civil War Dictionary is a good book. level of Civil War interest. It will be particularly useful in libraries The Civil War Dictionary contains more with limited collections of Civil War ma- than four thousand entries, over two thou- terials. Wisely used (and used in conjunc- sand of them biographical. Maps and dia- tion with such other books as Ezra Warner's grams add considerably to its already con- Generals in Gray, Frederick H. Dyer's A siderable value. Although its scope includes Compendium of the War of the Rebellion, all aspects of wartime life, its emphasis is and Frederick Phisterer's Statistical Record very heavily military. The book is at its best of the Armies of the United States) it will in giving short, succinct accounts of Civil be of value in almost any general library. War battles. Next useful are its brief identi- Like many reference books, however, its fications of Civil War personalities, both values and limitations and the most efficient Federal and Confederate. methods of using it must be carefully learned While any book of this size and scope al- before the volume will concede its maximum most inevitably embraces a number of minor usefulness.—Richard Harwell.

Comment

the few subscriptions and increased produc- LC Catalog Books'.Subjects tion costs. In 1950 I entered into a discussion on the lack of sufficient subscribers with of- Is there any possible way that more col- ficers at the Library of Congress and with lege and research libraries can be encour- the ACRL Executive Secretary. aged to subscribe to the Library of Congress We here at the Union Library Catalogue Catalog Books .-Subjects} The current sub- find ourselves in the embarrassing position scription list numbers about 365 as against of being the only library organization which 1,065 to the National Union Catalog. The could not live without Books:Subjects. This price goes up almost every year because of is because we do not have any foreign biblio-

JULY 1960 251 graphical tools. The very nature of our re- erence librarians sniping at its inadequacy. quests is such that the Books:Subjects is the From the large research library's viewpoint only way we can get at a large number of this may be quite true. But for the poorer obscure items for which we are asked to find and smaller institutions this is not so. locations. For example, today we had a re- While we are aware of increased produc- quest for a book on hydrodynamics by one tion costs all along the line, we are not in "Zhukskii." The inquirer said it was pub- sympathy with an increase in price to meet lished in 1949. A quick look in Books .Sub- these costs without some concerted effort on jects located readily Zhukovskii, Nikolai E., the part of the producer and the consumer Sobranie sochinenii. Moscow, 1948-1950. to increase the sales. Is there anybody who One of the seven volumes deals with hydro- Cares about this situation? I ask these ques- dynamics. There is absolutely no other tool tions with the faint hope that there may be which would answer this question quickly some kindred soul who would be willing to for us. undertake to determine the use made of We feel that there must be literally hun- Books:Subjects by its subscribers. I suspect dreds of small college and research libraries that little or no use is made of it by the large which could make the same kind of use of research libraries and that the smaller ones this tool if they only knew how. Instead of have not used their imagination to discover an explanation of the kind of value which just how valuable it could be to them.— this tool does have, library literature is filled Eleanor Este Campion, Director, Union Li- with lengthy critical reviews by learned ref- brary Catalogue, University of Pennsylvania.

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HEADQUARTERS FOUR POSITIONS For Everything in Literature University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada. These From the Soviet Union positions open July 1, 1960. 5th-year library In English, Russian and many other lan- degree required and experience desired. guages spoken in the U.S.S.R. Recordings, 1) Assistant Catalog Librarian sheet music, handicraft. Ask for our free Salary $5,800-$6,000 catalogue. Dept. LX-2. 2) Order Librarian Four Continent Book Corp. Salary $6,500-$7,000 822 Broadway, New York 3, N. Y. 3) Serials Librarian Salary $6,000-$6,400 IRREGULAR SERIALS is one of our specialties. 4) Assistant Loan Librarian Foreign books and periodicals, current and Salary $5,400-$6,000 out of print. Albert }. Phiebig, Box 352, Faculty status, one month vacation, State White Plains, N.Y. retirement, medical insurance plan. New OUT-OF-PRINT BOOKS $2% million building under construction. BARNES 8C NOBLE, INC. supplies books not ob- Apply to: tainable from publishers immediately from James J. Hill, Director stock of over a million volumes or in rea- University of Nevada Library sonably quick time through free Search Serv- Reno, Nevada ice. Send lists to Dept. CR, Barnes & Noble, ASSISTANT BIBLIOGRAPHER, for science infor- Inc., 105 Fifth Ave., New York 3, N. Y. mation publication. Master's degree in one COLONIAL BOOK SERVICE—Specialists in sup- of the biological sciences or its equivalent replying the out-of-print books as listed in all quired, plus competency in one or more lan- library indices (Granger Poetry; Essay and guages. Located on East Coast. Please send General Literature; Shaw; Standard; Fic- complete resume of education, experience tion; Biography; Lamont; Speech; etc.) and salary required to Box 605, ACRL, 50 Want lists invited. 23 East 4th St., New E. Huron St., Chicago 11, 111. York 3, N.Y. EXPERIENCED PIONEERS wanted for library PERIODICALS—sets, files, numbers—bought, staff of new college. Interviews at ALA Con- sold, exchanged. Microcard reprints of rare ference in Montreal. Challenging program, files. Catalogues and buying lists. J. S. Can- Generous salary range. Write and send cre- ner Inc., Dept. ACRL, Boston 20, Mass. dentials to Mrs. Janet G. Polacheck, Director of Libraries, Tri-County College Library c/o STANLEY GILMAN, American History, News- Hoyt Public Library, Saginaw, Michigan. paper History and Out of Print Books. Box 131, Cooper Station, New York 3, N. Y. Two PROFESSIONAL OPENINGS in large Mid- Expanding University Library in pleasant western state university library. Serials Cata- small city invites applications for two posi- loger: $6,000; Assistant Reference Librarian, tions: (1) HEAD OF CIRCULATION. LS gradu- $5,000. Fifth-year degree in librarianship re- ate with appropriate experience, supervisory quired. Faculty status, one month's vacation, ability, humour, and tact. Salary range, TIAA after three years' service, social secur- $4,500-$5,800. (2) CATALOGUER. LS graduate, ity. Life and medical insurance plans. Col- with or without experience, for new position lection of half-million volumes, strong in sci- in the department. Salary range $4,000- ence, engineering and agriculture. Staff of 55,400. Both positions—month's vacation 120 (30 professionals). Excellent facilities. Ap- and social benefits. Reply with details and ply to John H. Moriarty, Director, Purdue names of references to: Dr. Gertrude E. University Libraries, Lafayette, Indiana. Gunn, Librarian, Bonar Law-Bennett Li- Please give resume of education and experi- brary, University of New Brunswick, Freder- ence, and send small passport-type photo- icton, N. B., Canada. graph. Classfied Advertisements

CATALOGER, experience with serials work in IRRESISTIBLE COMBINATION of inducements college or research library desired. Salary for beginning or experienced Library School open, depending upon qualifications, Month's graduates: (1) Opportunity for thorough and vacation, retirement plan, hospitalization, sound on-the-job training in cataloging in liberal sick-leave. Beautiful air-conditioned large research library even if you are inex- building. Write to Librarian, Fondren Li- perienced, with specialization in serials, de- brary, Rice Institute, Houston, Texas. scriptive work or classification. (2) Living in the most attractive cultural and cosmopoli- CATALOG LIBRARIAN for liberal arts college. tan center of the Midwest: concerts, foreign Fifth year library degree required. Super- films, discussions, lectures, theater, art ex- vision and reference work in Quaker Collec- hibits, museums, book stores. (3) Pleasant tion, and general cataloguing. Salary de- summer climate near lakes, water sports; ski- pendent on experience. Fringe benefits, one ing in winter nearby. (4) Metropolitan cen- summer-month vacation, plus large portion ter only one hour's ride away. (5) Good of academic-year vacations. Apply: Librar- working conditions, 5-day week, fringe bene- ian, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsyl- fits, liberal vacations, social security. (6) Sal- vania. ary open, favorable. Positions available now. Apply to: Warren S. Owens, Assistant to the We want (sob) to be on your mailing list, Director, The University of Michigan Li- brary, Ann Arbor. IF you can supply the library for a newly established college. Send your lists, catalogs, salesmen, etc., to: Janet Polacheck, Librar- ian, Tri-County College, c/o Hoyt Public WANTED: Trained college-experienced cat- Library, Saginaw, Michigan. aloger; age between 30 and 50 approximately. Four-year church-affiliated college in POSITION OPEN: Assistant Librarian, Com- a north Texas town of 30,000 population. munity College, 60 miles NW New York New library building completed summer City. Student body, 750 plus Evening and 1960. Salary open. Contact Mrs. Womack Extension. Library staff: 2 professionals, 21/2 Head, Librarian, Austin College, Sherman, clericals. LS or MLS required and varied ex- Texas. perience, Social Security and New York State Retirement; 11-month faculty contract plus Christmas and Easter vacations. Liberal sick ASSISTANT LIBRARIAN. $8,000 salary. Apply leave benefits, group hospitalization op- Librarian, Matthews Library, Arizona State tional. Opportunity to teach in experimental University, Tempe, Arizona. program. Salary: $5200 and up, depending on experience, Orange County Community College, Middletown, New York. HEAD LIBRARIAN: Beautiful, active, progres- sive Northland College library. Co-ed, ac- HEAD LIBRARIAN for growing college of over credited, four-year liberal arts. Position car- 3,000 students; MLS and progress toward ries full faculty rank. Friendly, informal doctorate; six years library experience in- atmosphere. Salary $5,500 depending upon cluding administration and/or teaching; 12 qualifications; 10i/2-month appointment with months; health insurance benefits; vacations; regular school vacations. Student assistants sick leave; salary $7520-$8930 with possible handle routine work, under supervision of increase. full-time non-pro assistant. Usual fringe ben- Apply Dean Robert W. MacVittie, State efits, and more. Small city on edge of Lake University College of Education, 1300 Elm- Superior, in "Banana Belt" of the north wood Avenue, Buffalo 22, New York. country. Resort area, hayfever-free, sunny winters. Requirements: graduate degree in CATALOGUER, MSLS, male, university experi- library science (B.L.S. or M.L.S. from an ence, several languages, seeks position as accredited school). supervisor or dept. head. Address Box 606, Address: Mr. Jesse M. Caskey, Dean, North- ACRL, 50 E. Huron St., Chicago 11, III. land College, Ashland, Wisconsin. Your right to read

The first freedom ROBERT B. DOWNS Liberty and justice

in the world of The writings are divided into 12 areas covered by chapters entitled: We Have books and learning Been Here Before: A Historical Retrospect —The Issues at Stake—The Courts Look at . unique compilation of the out- Books—Giving Others the Courage of Our standinAg 20t h century American and British Convictions: Pressure Groups—Who or writings on literary censorship. Prepared un- What Is Obscene—Political Subversion and der the auspices of the Intellectual Freedom Censorship—The Writers Fight Back—The Committee of A.L.A., it is an anthology of Librarians Take a Stand—The Schools Un- ringing argument for the freedom to read. der Attack—Censorship in Ireland—Books Among the authors of the selections are Under Dictators, Red and Black—The Broad such familiar names as Leo M. Alpert, Wil- View: Past, Present and Future. liam O. Douglas, Jerome Frank, Elmer Rice, The perceptive introductions to each John Lardner, John Haynes Holmes, John chapter and selection unify the collection Mason Brown, Edward Weeks, Havelock into a unique work on literary censorship Ellis, D. H. Lawrence, Paul Blanshard, Ber- and intellectual freedom. nard DeVoto, Max Lerner, Aldous Huxley, Here is a cherished American right, the Julian P. Boyd, Henry Steele Commager, freedom to read, presented in a collection of George Bernard Shaw, John Galsworthy, Os- outstanding writings and legal decisions. A bert Sitwell, Heywood Broun, H. L. Mencken, permanent reminder, for every librarian, au- George Jean Nathan, William Saroyan, John thor, publisher, bookseller and reader, that Steinbeck, A. B. Guthrie, Jr., James T. Farrell, we cannot take that right casually or indif- Margaret Culkin Banning, Archibald Mac- ferently. Leish, Benjamin Fine, Harold Rugg, Mark 484 pages indexed $8.50 Van Doren, William Butler Yeats, Carl Sandburg, George Orwell, Elmer Davis and Publication date Curtis Bok. May 12

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The absorbing story of the invention and construction of the first marine chronometer by an obscure, self-educated Yorkshire carpenter, John Harrison (1693-1776). The book also covers the timekeeping inventions of Huyghens, Sully, Leibnitz, Earnshaw, Thomas Mudge, Pierre le Roy and others.

More than 80 plates, diagrams, royal 8vo, cloth 1960 $17.65

Leechdoms, Wortcunning and Starcraft of Early England, Being a Collec- tion of Documents for the Most Part Never Before Printed, Illustrating the History of Science in This Country Before the Norman Conquest

Collected and edited by T. O. COCKAYNE With a New Introduction by Dr. CHARLES SINGER

"Originally published as part of the Rolls Series (Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain during the Middle Ages) between 1864 and 1866, this scholarly work must remain the standard authority and collection of texts on the subject. The lengthy introduction brings it up to date. Strictly limited edition. Three volumes, buckram, gold blocked, boxed 1960 $47.00

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