DOCSLIB.ORG

1Lecture Notes 2018

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1Lecture Notes 2018 4/13/18 Week 3; Monday BRING TEXTBOOK TO CLASS Announcements: Quiz on Wednesday Arb field trip on Th 10:30 AM and 2:30 PM, Fri 10:30 AM, Sat 10:30 AM; sign up in lab - directions to Arb are on class website (bus routes 43 or 48) Today we start to learn families; there will be 42 required families (33 in lecture plus 9 in labs only). Props: Magnolia flower; Laurus nobilis or Umbellularia leaves Early Angiosperm flowers. While we don’t know with any certainty what the earliest angiosperm flowers looked like, we can infer from the flowers of surviving early lineages what traits they shared. Ancestral condition Derived condition 1) Insect pollinated wind, bird, water, etc. 2) Radial symmetry bilateral symmetry 3) Perfect (both male and female parts in each flower; plants hermaphroditic) unisexual (mono- ,dioecious) 4) Perianth parts - sepals and petals undifferentiated distinct calyx & corolla - several to many; indeterminate number few in set number (e.g., 3 or 5) - spirally arranged arranged in whorls - distinct (not fused to each other) fused to each other 5) Laminar stamens distinct filament & anther 6) Monocolpate pollen tricolpate pollen 7) Pistils simple pistils compound 8) Superior ovaries inferior ovaries Magnoliales and “Basal Tricolpates” Those families that might justifiably be called “basal angiosperms” are characterized by monosulcate pollen and two cotyledons. The Textbook has more information on each family; I’ll just hit the highlights NOTE 1: TO USERS OF JUDD ET AL., 3RD ED: SOME FAMILY CIRCUMSCRIPTIONS HAVE CHANGED IN 4TH EDITION NOTE 2: WE DON’T COVER THE FAMILIES IN THE SAME ORDER AS THE TEXT Page 24 4/13/18 Magnoliales Magnoliaceae (2 gen/220 spp) – Magnolia family 1) woody trees or shrubs; may be evergreen or deciduous 2) ethereal (aromatic) oils – ‘primitive’ smell when leaves are crushed 3) simple leaves with pinnate venation and entire margin 4) large showy flowers DEMO – Magnolia flower - always bisexual (plants hermaphroditic) - floral parts borne on elongate receptacle - many parts, spirally arranged; - sepals and petals poorly differentiated - laminar stamens poorly differentiated into anther and filament - ovary superior - fruit usually a follicle (often many aggregated together) or samara - follicle - 1-carpellate fruit that dehisces on one side (Magnolia sensu lato) - samara - 1-carpellate winged, indehiscent fruit (Liriodendron) - floral formula: * ∞, ∞, ∞, ∞ follicle, samara Floral Formulas - shorthand notation to describe the structure of a flower X or *, Ca, Co, A, G, fruit type Rose: * 5, 5, ∞, ∞ , aggregate achene specifically ‘rose hip’ tomato: * 5,5,5,2 berry Laurales - another group of primitive woody dicots Lauraceae - most well-known family of Laurales (very diverse in tropics) (50 gen/2500 spp) – Laurel family -- FAMILY NOT COVERED IN LECTURE known for ethereal oils DEMO – Laurus leaves includes: Laurus nobilis - Bay; Cinnamomum zeylandica - cinnamon; C. camphora - camphor; Persea americana – avocado; Umbellularia californica – California bay Laurel Page 25 4/13/18 “Basal Tricolpates” (‘basal eudicots’) these plants have tricolpate pollen, thereby placing them firmly with the other ‘higher’ dicots we call Tricolpates (or Eudicots) Ranunculaceae (47 gen/2000 spp) Buttercup family This family is difficult to characterize, because of tremendous variation, but there usually is little difficulty recognizing it because of a combination of characters 1) usually herbs; some vines or shrubs 2) leaves usually simple; sometimes deeply lobed or compound 3) flowers highly variable - usually hermaphroditic (with bisexual flowers), some dioecious (with unisexual flowers) - usually radially symmetrical, - sometimes bilaterally symmetrical - parts spirally arranged or in whorls (then in 5s) - petals and sepals both showy or petals reduced/missing; petals often with nectary - ovary always superior - Stamens numerous, spirally arranged - carpels usually numerous and separate, but sometimes only one - fruit a follicle, achene, or berry - berry - 1 or more carpels, fleshy - achene - 1-carpellate indehiscent fruit floral formula: *(X) 5(-∞), 5(-∞), 5(-∞), 5(1-∞) follicle, achenes, berry Berberidaceae (15 gen/650 spp) Barberry family 1) perennial herbs or shrubs (secondarily woody) 2) lvs. simple or compound 3) fl parts in whorls of 3, or occasionally in 4 - sepals and petals usually 6 each and similar - stamens usually 6 (but may be 4 or many) with valvate anthers ‘flaps’ on anthers flip up when mature to release pollen sensitive area in filament near base causes stamen to move toward gynoecium - single carpel; stigma often with 3 lobes (sometimes interpreted as a 3 fused carpels); parietal or basal placentation; - fruit usually a berry; sometimes a follicle. floral formula: * 6, 6, 4-18, 1 (3) berry, follicle [carpels fused] Page 26 4/13/18 Week 3; Wednesday Props: lvs of Betula or Corylus; Quercus inflorescences; Alnus seedling w/ nodules Rosidae sensu lato – This large group includes a great amount of variety, including two prominent families of north-temperate wind-pollinated trees. Wind-Pollination Syndrome (syndrome: group of independent traits affected by same selective agent) 1) flowers appear before leaves are out 2) flowers often in catkins “Catkin” – elongate, often dangling inflorescence of unisexual flowers typical of many wind-pollinated trees. Also called ‘ament’ hence the old term ‘Amentiferae’ (latin: ament - bearing) for wind-pollinated plants bearing catkins. 3) Plants often with separate staminate and pistillate flowers (plants monoecious or dioecious) – this permits a greater investment in male function than would be possible in hermaphroditic flowers. 4) large number of flowers (especially males) 5) Big stamens produce lots of pollen 6) Stigmas large and plumose or roughened (papillate) to catch pollen 7) Ratio of pollen to ovules VERY HIGH (up to 6,000 to 1) 8) individual flowers small and inconspicuous - without parts for attraction 9) Flowers without scents or rewards (to attract pollinators) Fagales – clade of wind pollinated trees - OVERHEAD Betulaceae (6 gen/157 spp) Birch family 1) trees or shrubs - mostly north temperate - Alders (Alnus) with N-fixing nodules on roots that house Frankia bacteria 2) Leaves simple, alternate, usually with doubly serrate margins 3) Flowers unisexual; plants monoecious DEMO – lvs of Betula, Corylus - flowers subtended by bracts (1 main bract subtends the inflorescence with typically 2 bracteoles subtending each flower - flowers of both sexes usually in catkins (sometimes males only – e.g., Corylus) - tepals 1-4, sometimes lacking and always very reduced - stamens 1-4 - ovary inferior; carpels 2 fused 4) fruit: nut (animal dispersed), samara (wind dispersed), or achene nut: hard, dry, indehiscent, usually with a single seed --> [Take a moment to catch up on fruit types: follicle, samara, berry, achene] floral formula: male * Te 0 or 4, A 4, G 0 (Te = tepals) female * Te 0 or 4, A 0, G 2 nut, samara, or achene [carpels fused] Page 27 4/13/18 Fagaceae (9 gen/900 spp) Oak family 1) trees or shrubs - mostly northern hemisphere, temperate to subtropical 2) leaves simple, alternate 3) Flowers unisexual; plants monoecious DEMO – Quercus branch w/ catkins - tepals usually 6; always very reduced - male flowers in catkins; 4-40 stamens per flower - female flowers solitary (Quercus), or clustered (2-3) in leaf axils (Castanea, Fagus), or at base of catkin (e.g., Castanea, Notholithocarpus) and surrounded by an involucre of many overlapping bracts; this structure is often described as a “cupule” (as in text) - carpels typically 3 (-6), connate. - ovary inferior - of 3 fused carpels, each with 2 ovules - all but one ovule aborts. 4) Fruit: nut (animal dispersed) Floral formula: male * Te 6, A 4-40, G 0 female * Te 6, A 0, G 3 (-6) nut [carpels fused] Show slides of birches and Oaks and read from Aldo Leopold: ‘Bur Oak’ Page 28 4/13/18 Week 3; Friday Announcements: - First lecture exam next Friday; material through today’s lecture - Review session next Wednesday here at 6:30-7:20. Lecture: Plant Breeding Systems An essay by Joseph Wood Krutch: “The Moth and the Candle” (p.79 essay on yuccas and yucca moths) not enough time to read this in future Plants are incapable of reproductive “behavior” in the sense that animals behave to find and select mates. However, they have evolved a much greater array of reproductive systems than animals due to the fact that - most flowering plants are bisexual - sexual expression can vary over time and space - plants rely on intermediary agents to transfer pollen (containing the sperm) - plants have less rigidly controlled developmental systems and can reproduce vegetatively from many parts Asexual reproduction - reproduction of genetically identical individuals from a single parent plant - no analog in vertebrate animals exists for this, although it is quite common in insects (e.g., aphids), where it still involves the reproductive system (parthenogenesis) Asexual reproduction offers a competitive advantage to individuals particularly well- adapted to the local environment, because all offspring will be genetically identical to their parent. Asexual reproduction can be divided into two basic mechanisms: Cloning or vegetative reproduction- starting new plants from vegetative parts of another plant - rhizomes/stolons – lateral underground/aboveground shoots - tillers - lateral shoots at base of plants that produce adventitious roots - bulblets – little bulbs from the base of big bulbs - bulbils – formed in inflorescence where
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Clase 9 Magnoliidae-2015.Pdf
    Origen y Clasificación de las Angiospermas Son un grupo natural? Cuáles son las novedades evolutivas de las plantas con flor? Cuándo y dónde se originó el grupo? Cuáles son sus antecesores? Cómo eran las primeras plantas con flor? Cuáles son las relaciones con las restantes plantas vasculares? Dra. Susana E. Freire Prof. Titular - Botánica Sistemática II Fac. de Cs. Naturales y Museo, UNLP Filogenia de las Tracheophyta Progymnospermopsidas “Gimnospermae” † † † † Angiospermas Pteridospermopsidas Pinopsidas Rhyniopsidas Lycopsidas Psilophyton Monilophytas Gnetopsidas Gynkgopsidas Cycadopsidas Aneurophyytales Archaeopteridales Hojas retinervadas Doble fecundación / Endosperma Xilema con vasos Tubos cribos con células anexas semilla Óvulos con 2 tegumentos Carpelos cerrados heterosporía + Gametofitos reducidos xilema 2rio + Microsporofilos con 4 sacos polínicos megáfilos Perianto zoofilo ramificación monopodial traqueidas fuertemente engrosadas traqueidas Modificado de Judd et al 2002. Origen de las Angiospermas 130 millones de años Lugar y tiempo de Origen de las Angiospermas 130 millones de años a bajas latitudes Flora del Cretácico Bosques montañosos tropicales: (a) Araucaria (b) Taxodiáceas (c) Cycadáceas (d) Cycadeoideales (a) (e) Lycópsidas (h) (f) Helechos (g) Angiospermas (sa) (h) Angiospermas (h) (i) Gnetópsidas (h, a) (j) Angiospermas (A) Antecesores de las Angiospermas deAntecesores las Lyginopteridales s s e a a l s s i t a a m e r y t l r d e i h y a s t e a o p h s a p p i r o e o o p s o n l e g d d o s o f o u t i k í a t a
    [Show full text]
  • Heterodichogamy.Pdf
    Research Update TRENDS in Ecology & Evolution Vol.16 No.11 November 2001 595 How common is heterodichogamy? Susanne S. Renner The sexual systems of plants usually Heterodichogamy differs from normal (Zingiberales). These figures probably depend on the exact spatial distribution of dichogamy, the temporal separation of underestimate the frequency of the gamete-producing structures. Less well male and female function in flowers, in heterodichogamy. First, the phenomenon known is how the exact timing of male and that it involves two genetic morphs that is discovered only if flower behavior is female function might influence plant occur at a 1:1 ratio. The phenomenon was studied in several individuals and in mating. New papers by Li et al. on a group discovered in walnuts and hazelnuts5,6 natural populations. Differential of tropical gingers describe differential (the latter ending a series of Letters to movements and maturation of petals, maturing of male and female structures, the Editor about hazel flowering that styles, stigmas and stamens become such that half the individuals of a began in Nature in 1870), but has gone invisible in dried herbarium material, population are in the female stage when almost unnoticed7. Indeed, its recent and planted populations deriving from the other half is in the male stage. This discovery in Alpinia was greeted as a vegetatively propagated material no new case of heterodichogamy is unique new mechanism, differing ‘from other longer reflect natural morph ratios. The in involving reciprocal movement of the passive outbreeding devices, such as discovery of heterodichogamy thus styles in the two temporal morphs. dichogamy…and heterostyly in that it depends on field observations.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenomic Approach
    Toward the ultimate phylogeny of Magnoliaceae: phylogenomic approach Sangtae Kim*1, Suhyeon Park1, and Jongsun Park2 1 Sungshin University, Korea 2 InfoBoss Co., Korea Mr. Carl Ferris Miller Founder of Chollipo Arboretum in Korea Chollipo Arboretum Famous for its magnolia collection 2020. Annual Meeting of Magnolia Society International Cholliop Arboretum in Korea. April 13th~22th, 2020 http://WWW.Chollipo.org Sungshin University, Seoul, Korea Dr. Hans Nooteboom Dr. Liu Yu-Hu Twenty-one years ago... in 1998 The 1st International Symposium on the Family Magnoliaceae, Gwangzhow Dr. Hiroshi Azuma Mr. Richard Figlar Dr. Hans Nooteboom Dr. Qing-wen Zeng Dr. Weibang Sun Handsome young boy Dr. Yong-kang Sima Dr. Yu-wu Law Presented ITS study on Magnoliaceae - never published Ten years ago... in 2009 Presented nine cp genome region study (9.2 kbp) on Magnoliaceae – published in 2013 2015 1st International Sympodium on Neotropical Magnoliaceae Gadalajara, 2019 3rd International Sympodium and Workshop on Neotropical Magnoliaceae Asterales Dipsacales Apiales Why magnolia study is Aquifoliales Campanulids (Euasterids II) Garryales Gentianales Laminales Solanales Lamiids important in botany? Ericales Asterids (Euasterids I) Cornales Sapindales Malvales Brassicales Malvids Fagales (Eurosids II) • As a member of early-diverging Cucurbitales Rosales Fabales Zygophyllales Celestrales Fabids (Eurosid I) angiosperms, reconstruction of the Oxalidales Malpighiales Vitales Geraniales Myrtales Rosids phylogeny of Magnoliaceae will Saxifragales Caryphyllales
    [Show full text]
  • Full of Beans: a Study on the Alignment of Two Flowering Plants Classification Systems
    Full of beans: a study on the alignment of two flowering plants classification systems Yi-Yun Cheng and Bertram Ludäscher School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA {yiyunyc2,ludaesch}@illinois.edu Abstract. Advancements in technologies such as DNA analysis have given rise to new ways in organizing organisms in biodiversity classification systems. In this paper, we examine the feasibility of aligning two classification systems for flowering plants using a logic-based, Region Connection Calculus (RCC-5) ap- proach. The older “Cronquist system” (1981) classifies plants using their mor- phological features, while the more recent Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV (APG IV) (2016) system classifies based on many new methods including ge- nome-level analysis. In our approach, we align pairwise concepts X and Y from two taxonomies using five basic set relations: congruence (X=Y), inclusion (X>Y), inverse inclusion (X<Y), overlap (X><Y), and disjointness (X!Y). With some of the RCC-5 relationships among the Fabaceae family (beans family) and the Sapindaceae family (maple family) uncertain, we anticipate that the merging of the two classification systems will lead to numerous merged solutions, so- called possible worlds. Our research demonstrates how logic-based alignment with ambiguities can lead to multiple merged solutions, which would not have been feasible when aligning taxonomies, classifications, or other knowledge or- ganization systems (KOS) manually. We believe that this work can introduce a novel approach for aligning KOS, where merged possible worlds can serve as a minimum viable product for engaging domain experts in the loop. Keywords: taxonomy alignment, KOS alignment, interoperability 1 Introduction With the advent of large-scale technologies and datasets, it has become increasingly difficult to organize information using a stable unitary classification scheme over time.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACTS 117 Systematics Section, BSA / ASPT / IOPB
    Systematics Section, BSA / ASPT / IOPB 466 HARDY, CHRISTOPHER R.1,2*, JERROLD I DAVIS1, breeding system. This effectively reproductively isolates the species. ROBERT B. FADEN3, AND DENNIS W. STEVENSON1,2 Previous studies have provided extensive genetic, phylogenetic and 1Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; 2New York natural selection data which allow for a rare opportunity to now Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458; 3Dept. of Botany, National study and interpret ontogenetic changes as sources of evolutionary Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, novelties in floral form. Three populations of M. cardinalis and four DC 20560 populations of M. lewisii (representing both described races) were studied from initiation of floral apex to anthesis using SEM and light Phylogenetics of Cochliostema, Geogenanthus, and microscopy. Allometric analyses were conducted on data derived an undescribed genus (Commelinaceae) using from floral organs. Sympatric populations of the species from morphology and DNA sequence data from 26S, 5S- Yosemite National Park were compared. Calyces of M. lewisii initi- NTS, rbcL, and trnL-F loci ate later than those of M. cardinalis relative to the inner whorls, and sepals are taller and more acute. Relative times of initiation of phylogenetic study was conducted on a group of three small petals, sepals and pistil are similar in both species. Petal shapes dif- genera of neotropical Commelinaceae that exhibit a variety fer between species throughout development. Corolla aperture of unusual floral morphologies and habits. Morphological A shape becomes dorso-ventrally narrow during development of M. characters and DNA sequence data from plastid (rbcL, trnL-F) and lewisii, and laterally narrow in M.
    [Show full text]
  • BM CC EB What Can We Learn from a Tree?
    Introduction to Comparative Methods BM CC EB What can we learn from a tree? Net diversification (r) Relative extinction (ε) Peridiscaceae Peridiscaceae yllaceae yllaceae h h atop atop Proteaceae Proteaceae r r Ce Ce Tr oc T ho r M M o de c y y H H C C h r r e e a D D a o o nd o e e G G a a m m t t a a d r P r P h h e e u u c c p A p A r e a a e e a a a c a c n n a i B i B h h n d m d l m a l a m m e a e a e e t t n n c u u n n i i d i i e e e e o n o n p n p n a e a S e e S e e n n x x i i r c c a a n o n o p p h g e h g ae e l r a l r a a a a a a i i a a a e a e i b i b h y d c h d c i y i c a a c x c x c c G I a G I a n c n c c c y l y l t a a t a a e e e e e i l c i l c m l m l e c e c f a e a a f a e a a l r r l c c a i i r l e t e t a a r l a a e e u u u u o a o a a a c a c a a l a l e e e b b a a a a e e c e e c a a s c s c c e l c e l e e g e g e a a a a e e n n s e e s e e e e a a a P a P e e N N u u u S u S a e a e a a e e c c l n a l n e e a e e a e a e a e a e r a r a c c C i C i R R a e a e a e a e r c r c A A a d a a d a e i e i phanopetalaceae s r e ph s r e a a s e c s e c e e u u b a a b a e e P P r r l l e n e a a a a m m entho e e e Ha a H o a c r e c r e nt B B e p e e e c e e c a c c h e a p a a p a lo lo l l a a e s o t e s i a r a i a r r r r r a n e a n e a b a l b t a t gaceae e g e ceae a c a s c s a z e z M i a e M i a c a d e a d e ae e ae r e r a e a e a a a c c ce r e r L L i i ac a Vitaceae Vi r r C C e e ta v e v e a a c a a e ea p e ap c a c a e a P P e e l l e Ge G e e ae a t t e e p p r r ce c an u an
    [Show full text]
  • Field Identification of the 50 Most Common Plant Families in Temperate Regions
    Field identification of the 50 most common plant families in temperate regions (including agricultural, horticultural, and wild species) by Lena Struwe [email protected] © 2016, All rights reserved. Note: Listed characteristics are the most common characteristics; there might be exceptions in rare or tropical species. This compendium is available for free download without cost for non- commercial uses at http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~struwe/. The author welcomes updates and corrections. 1 Overall phylogeny – living land plants Bryophytes Mosses, liverworts, hornworts Lycophytes Clubmosses, etc. Ferns and Fern Allies Ferns, horsetails, moonworts, etc. Gymnosperms Conifers, pines, cycads and cedars, etc. Magnoliids Monocots Fabids Ranunculales Rosids Malvids Caryophyllales Ericales Lamiids The treatment for flowering plants follows the APG IV (2016) Campanulids classification. Not all branches are shown. © Lena Struwe 2016, All rights reserved. 2 Included families (alphabetical list): Amaranthaceae Geraniaceae Amaryllidaceae Iridaceae Anacardiaceae Juglandaceae Apiaceae Juncaceae Apocynaceae Lamiaceae Araceae Lauraceae Araliaceae Liliaceae Asphodelaceae Magnoliaceae Asteraceae Malvaceae Betulaceae Moraceae Boraginaceae Myrtaceae Brassicaceae Oleaceae Bromeliaceae Orchidaceae Cactaceae Orobanchaceae Campanulaceae Pinaceae Caprifoliaceae Plantaginaceae Caryophyllaceae Poaceae Convolvulaceae Polygonaceae Cucurbitaceae Ranunculaceae Cupressaceae Rosaceae Cyperaceae Rubiaceae Equisetaceae Rutaceae Ericaceae Salicaceae Euphorbiaceae Scrophulariaceae
    [Show full text]
  • Djvu Document
    Cenomanian Angiosperm Leaf Megafossils, Dakota Formation, Rose Creek Locality, Jefferson County, Southeastern Nebraska By GARLAND R. UPCHURCH, JR. and DAVID L. DILCHER U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1915 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MANUEL LUJAN, JR., Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1990 For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section U.S. Geological Survey Federal Center Box 25425 Denver. CO 80225 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Upchurch, Garland R. Cenomanian angiosperm leaf megafossils, Dakota Formation, Rose Creek locality, Jefferson County, southeastern Nebraska / by Garland R. Upchurch, Jr., and David L. Dilcher. p. cm.-(U.S. Geological Survey bulletin; 1915) Includes bibliographical references. Supt. of Docs. no.: 1 19.3:1915. 1. Leaves, Fossil-Nebraska-Jefferson County. 2. Paleobotany-Cretaceous. 3. Paleobotany-Nebraska-Jefferson County. I. Dilcher, David L. II. Title. III. Series. QE75.B9 no. 1915 [QE983] 557.3 s-dc20 90-2855 [561'.2]CIP CONTENTS Abstract 1 Introduction 1 Acknowledgments 2 Materials and methods 2 Criteria for classification 3 Geological setting and description of fossil plant locality 4 Floristic composition 7 Evolutionary considerations 8 Ecological considerations 9 Key to leaf types at Rose Creek 10 Systematics 12 Magnoliales 12 Laurales 13 cf. Illiciales 30 Magnoliidae order
    [Show full text]
  • Which Tree Orders in Southern Africa Have the Highest Antimicrobial Activity and Selectivity Against Bacterial and Fungal Pathog
    Pauw and Eloff BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014, 14:317 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/14/317 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Which tree orders in southern Africa have the highest antimicrobial activity and selectivity against bacterial and fungal pathogens of animals? Elisabeth Pauw and Jacobus Nicolaas Eloff* Abstract Background: The study randomly screened leaf extracts of several hundred southern African tree species against important microbial pathogens to determine which taxa have the highest activity and may yield useful products to treat infections in the animal health market. Methods: We determined the antibacterial and antifungal activity of 714 acetone leaf extracts of 537 different tree species against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. A sensitive serial dilution microplate method was used. Results: Several extracts had MICs as low as 0.02 mg/ml. We analysed 14 out of the 38 tree orders where we determined the activity of more than 8 different tree species representing 89% of all species examined. There were statistically significant differences in some cases. Celastrales, Rosales and Myrtales had the highest activity against Gram-positive bacteria, the Myrtales and Fabales against the Gram-negative bacteria and the Malvales and Proteales against the fungi. Species present in the Asterales followed by the Gentiales and Lamiales had the lowest activities against all the microorganisms tested. Fabales species had the highest activities against all the microorganisms tested. There was substantial selectivity in some orders. Proteales species had very high activity against the fungi but very low activity against the bacteria. The species in the Celastrales and Rosales had very low antifungal activity, low activity against Gram-negative bacteria and very high activity against Gram-positive bacteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Fossil Calibration of Magnoliidae, an Ancient Lineage of Angiosperms
    Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Fossil calibration of Magnoliidae, an ancient lineage of angiosperms Julien Massoni, James Doyle, and Hervé Sauquet ABSTRACT In order to investigate the diversification of angiosperms, an accurate temporal framework is needed. Molecular dating methods thoroughly calibrated with the fossil record can provide estimates of this evolutionary time scale. Because of their position in the phylogenetic tree of angiosperms, Magnoliidae (10,000 species) are of primary importance for the investigation of the evolutionary history of flowering plants. The rich fossil record of the group, beginning in the Cretaceous, has a global distribution. Among the hundred extinct species of Magnoliidae described, several have been included in phylogenetic analyses alongside extant species, providing reliable calibra- tion points for molecular dating studies. Until now, few fossils have been used as cali- bration points of Magnoliidae, and detailed justifications of their phylogenetic position and absolute age have been lacking. Here, we review the position and ages for 10 fos- sils of Magnoliidae, selected because of their previous inclusion in phylogenetic analy- ses of extant and fossil taxa. This study allows us to propose an updated calibration scheme for dating the evolutionary history of Magnoliidae. Julien Massoni. Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique, Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8079, 91405 Orsay, France. [email protected] James Doyle. Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. [email protected] Hervé Sauquet. Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique, Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8079, 91405 Orsay, France. [email protected] Keywords: fossil calibration; Canellales; Laurales; Magnoliales; Magnoliidae; Piperales PE Article Number: 18.1.2FC Copyright: Palaeontological Association February 2015 Submission: 10 October 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnolia Virginiana: Ephemeral Courting for Millions of Years
    Magnolia virginiana: Ephemeral Courting for Millions of Years Juan M. Losada MICHAEL DOSMANN The Arnold Arboretum’s magnolia collection currently holds 157 accessions of native and non-native magnolias. t the end of the seventeenth century, Gardeners Dictionary. Miller was not only the Henry Compton, the Bishop of London chief gardener of the Chelsea Physic botanic Aand a man known for his passionate love garden, the second oldest in Britain, but also of gardening, sent the Reverend John Banister a plant collector and conservationist who cul- on a missionary trip to the New World. Ban- tivated many exotic species. Interestingly, the ister arrived in Virginia in 1678 and, in addi- garden was visited by Linnaeus during his trip tion to his clerical work, collected many new to England in 1736. Miller was influenced by plant species for Bishop Compton. Among the new system of classification that Linnaeus these was a tree species never before seen in proposed, to the extent that he organized the Europe, specimens of which were planted and garden following the Linnaean system. In 1753, flourished near Fulham Palace, the Bishop’s Linnaeus included for the first time in his world residence. After observing these specimens, renowned work Species Plantarum the speci- botanist Philip Miller recorded the first writ- mens that Miller observed at Fulham Palace, ten reference to this species in his book, The with the name Magnolia virginiana. 20 Arnoldia 71/3 • January 2014 Magnolia virginiana is a woody flowering plant native to the east coast of the United NANCY ROSE States, growing from Florida and Texas to Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Massachusetts, the northernmost point in its range.
    [Show full text]
  • Bentham and Hooker's Classification (1862 – ’83)
    Bentham and Hooker's classification (1862 – ’83) George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker - Two English taxonomists who were closely associated with the Royal Botanical Garden at Kew, England have given a detailed classification of plant kingdom, particularly the angiosperms. They gave an outstanding system of classification of phanerogams in their Genera Plantarum which was published in three volumes between the years 1862 to 1883. It is a natural system of classification. However, it does not show the evolutionary relationship between different groups of plants, in the strict sense. Nevertheless, it is the most popular system of classification particularly for angiosperms. The popularity comes from the face that very clear key characters have been listed for each of the families. These key characters enable the students of taxonomy to easily identify and assign any angiosperm plant to its family. Bentham and Hooker have grouped advanced, seed bearing plants into a major division called Phanerogamia. This division has been divided into three classes namely: 1. Dicotyledonae 2. Gymnospermae and 3. Monocotyledoneae 84 45 36 3 34 PhanerogamsSummaryor spermatophyta of Benthamare anddivided Hooker'sinto three classificationclasses - Dicotyledonae (1862 – 83), Gymnospermae and Monocotyledonae Class - Dicotyledonae– two cotyledons, open vascular bundles, reticulate venation I. Sub-Class Polypetalae - The flowers are usually with two distinct whorls of perianth; the segments of the inner whorl or "corolla" are free. A. Series-Thalamiflorae -(The calyx consists of usually distinct sepals, which are free from the ovary; doom shaped thalamus). 6 Orders/Cohort; 34 Families or Natural orders -R B. Series – Disciflorae - The calyx consists of either distinct or united sepals, which may be free or adnate to the ovary; a prominent ring of cushion shaped disc is usually present below the ovary, sometimes broken up into glands; the stamens are usually definite in number, inserted upon, or at the outer or inner base of the disc; the ovary is superior.
    [Show full text]