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Clase 9 Magnoliidae-2015.Pdf Origen y Clasificación de las Angiospermas Son un grupo natural? Cuáles son las novedades evolutivas de las plantas con flor? Cuándo y dónde se originó el grupo? Cuáles son sus antecesores? Cómo eran las primeras plantas con flor? Cuáles son las relaciones con las restantes plantas vasculares? Dra. Susana E. Freire Prof. Titular - Botánica Sistemática II Fac. de Cs. Naturales y Museo, UNLP Filogenia de las Tracheophyta Progymnospermopsidas “Gimnospermae” † † † † Angiospermas Pteridospermopsidas Pinopsidas Rhyniopsidas Lycopsidas Psilophyton Monilophytas Gnetopsidas Gynkgopsidas Cycadopsidas Aneurophyytales Archaeopteridales Hojas retinervadas Doble fecundación / Endosperma Xilema con vasos Tubos cribos con células anexas semilla Óvulos con 2 tegumentos Carpelos cerrados heterosporía + Gametofitos reducidos xilema 2rio + Microsporofilos con 4 sacos polínicos megáfilos Perianto zoofilo ramificación monopodial traqueidas fuertemente engrosadas traqueidas Modificado de Judd et al 2002. Origen de las Angiospermas 130 millones de años Lugar y tiempo de Origen de las Angiospermas 130 millones de años a bajas latitudes Flora del Cretácico Bosques montañosos tropicales: (a) Araucaria (b) Taxodiáceas (c) Cycadáceas (d) Cycadeoideales (a) (e) Lycópsidas (h) (f) Helechos (g) Angiospermas (sa) (h) Angiospermas (h) (i) Gnetópsidas (h, a) (j) Angiospermas (A) Antecesores de las Angiospermas deAntecesores las Lyginopteridales s s e a a l s s i t a a m e r y t l r d e i h y a s t e a o p h s a p p i r o e o o p s o n l e g d d o s o f o u t i k í a t a s e d g n c n y c o e l n y y n o a y C G G A M G C C C Antecesores de las Angiospermas: Teoría pseudántica óvulos protegidos por un perianto o segundo tegumento “flores masculinas”: Microsporofilos con sacos polinicos protegidos por un perianto dímero Gnetopsidas: Ephedra – leño con vasos Antecesores de las Angiospermas: Teoría euántica Estróbilo bisexuados semejantes a Magnolia Eje central con óvulos y bráteas estériles Williamsonia harrisiana Cycadeoideales Antecesores de las Angiospermas: Teoría euántica modificada Microsporofilos con 4 sacos polinicos unidos Hojas retinervadas con vena media Cúpula pluriovulada Pteridospermas mesozoicas: Caytoniales Sistemas de clasificación de Angiospermas Sistema artificial-esencialista Sistemas filogenéticos -evolucionistas 1892 Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (1964) · I. División Bacteriophyta · II. División Cianophyta · III. División Glaucophyta · IV. División Euglenophyta · V. División Pirrophyta Linneo 1753 · VI. División Crisophyta · VII. División Clorofita Cronquist · VIII. División Charophyta 1981 · IX. División Feophyta · X. División Rodophyta · XI. División Mixophyta · XII. División Micophyta · XIII División Liquenes · XIV. División Embryophyta asifonogama 1. Subdivisión Bryophyta 2. Subdivisión Pteridophyta · XV. División Embryophyta sifonogama (con tubo polínico) 1. Subdivisión Gymnospermae 2. Subdivisión Angiospermae C. Monocotyledoneae C. Dicotyledoneae Escuela Engleriana:Teoría pseudántica Flor primitiva: • flores desnudas o sólo con K • unisexual • anemófila Hammamelidae =Sepaloideanos Ancestro: Gnetales (Gimnospermas) Arquiclamideas Metaclamideas Sistemas filogenético de Engler Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (1964) Subdivisión Angiospermae C. Monocotyledoneae C. Dicotyledoneae Fluviales SC. Arquiclamideas Pandanales S.O. Sepaloideanos Principales S.O. Petaloideanos Espatiflorales S.O. Corolianos Farinosales Glumiflorales SC. Metaclamideas Escitaminales S.O. Tetracíclicos Liliflorales S.O. Pentaciclicos Escuela Besseyana o Ranaliana : Teoría euántica Flor primitiva: Polipétala bisexual y zoofila Magnoliidae = Ranales Fusión del perianto Reducción del perianto Ancestro: Cycadophytas † (Gimnospermas) Asteridae Hammamelidae Clasificación de las Angiospermas – Bessey 1915 Dicotiledóneas períginas y epíginas Dicotiledóneas hipóginas Monocotiledóneas Clasificación de las Angiospermas – Takhtajan 1980 Clasificación de las Angiospermas Cronquist 1981 Clase Magnoliopsida = Dicotiledóneas Clase Lilopsida = Monocotiledóneas Sistema filogenético de Cronquist Subclase Magnoliidae Ordenes Magnoliales Laurales Piperales Aristolochiales Nymphaeales Ranunculales Papaverales Subclase Magnoliidae – Cronquist 1981 Papaverales Aristolochiales Ranunculales Piperales Laurales Magnoliales Nymphaeales Subclase Magnoliidae 1. Plantas con aceites esenciales. Polen 1-aperturado 2. Plantas leñosas 3. Flores grandes, usualmente solitarias MAGNOLIALES 3’. Flores pequeñas, en inflorescencias LAURALES Flores grandes, usualmente solitarias: MAGNOLIALES 1. Austrobaileyaceae 2. Winteraceae 3. Magnoliaceae 4. Annonaceae 5. Myristicaceae Magnoliidae. Magnoliales: Austrobaileyaceae Estambres laminares Carpelos libres Austrobaileya – NE Australia vasos con placas escalariformes Magnoliidae. Magnoliales: Winteraceae Drymis brasiliensis Prov. Paranaense Drymis winteri Prov. Subantartica Drymis winteri “canelo” Prov. Subantartica Árboles–Arbustos, xilema sin vasos Magnoliidae. Magnoliales: Magnoliaceae Carpelo polifoliculo Magnolia sp Liriodendron tulipífera Estambre “tulipanero” - fruto polisamara Illicium sp “anís estrellado” laminar Árboles – Arbustos, frutos secos Magnoliidae. Magnoliales: Annonaceae Rollinia emarginata NE “arachichú” Annona nutans “yaguá- nambí” Annona cherimolia “chirimoya” Annona muricata Árboles – Arbustos, fruto carnoso Magnoliidae. Magnoliales: Miristicaceae Arilo carnoso Myrística fragrans “nuez moscada”- Is. Molucas Árboles – Arbustos dioicos Subclase Magnoliidae 1. Plantas con aceites esenciales. Polen 1-aperturado 2. Plantas leñosas 3. Flores grandes, usualmente solitarias MAGNOLIALES 3’. Flores pequeñas, en inflorescencias LAURALES Flores pequeñas, en inflorescencias: LAURALES 1. Amborellaceae 2. Lauraceae Magnoliidae. Laurales: Amborellaceae Amborella trichopoda sin aceites y xilema sin vasos – Nueva Caledonia - Magnoliidae. Laurales: Amborellaceaecarpelo area estigmática Gineceo dialicarpelar tépalos Flor femenina con estaminoideos Flor masculina con estambres laminares Amborella trichopoda Magnoliidae. Laurales: Lauraceae NE anteras fenestradas Nectandra lanceolata Bayas “laurel amarillo” – flores hermafroditas Persea americana “palta” NE Laurus nobilis “laurel” Ocotea acutifolia “laurel criollo” flores unisexuales Árboles aromáticos, anteras fenestradas, perianto 3+3, G1 Subclase Magnoliidae 1. Plantas con aceites esenciales. Polen 1-aperturado 2. Plantas leñosas 3. Flores grandes, usualmente solitarias. MAGNOLIALES 3’. Flores pequeñas, en inflorescencias LAURALES 2’. Plantas usualmente herbáceas 4. Flores pequeñas. Perianto reducido o ausente PIPERALES 4’. Flores grandes. K gamosépalo. ARISTOLOCHIALES Magnoliidae. Piperales: Piperaceae Piper nigrum “pimienta” Fruto drupa Piper Peperomia NO NE Flores en espigas, aperiantadas, semillas perispermadas Magnoliidae. Aristolochiales: Aristolochiaceae Estambres soldados al estilo Gineceo ínfero Aristolochia NE BA Cáliz gamosepalo cápsula Enredaderas, flores cigomorfas con ginostemo Subclase Magnoliidae 1. Plantas con aceites esenciales. Polen 1-aperturado. 2. Plantas leñosas 3. Flores grandes, usualmente solitarias. MAGNOLIALES 3’. Flores pequeñas, en inflorescencias. LAURALES 2’. Plantas usualmente herbáceas 4. Flores pequeñas. Perianto reducido o ausente PIPERALES 4’. Flores grandes. K gamosépalo. ARISTOLOCHIALES 1’. Plantas sin aceites esenciales. Polen 1 ó 3-aperturado 5. Plantas acuáticas sin vasos NYMPHAEALES Magnoliidae. Nymphaeales: Nymphaeaceae Flores hermafroditas Plantas acuáticas con hojas flotantes con cáliz y corola espiralados Pétalos gradulamente pasando a estambres laminares Plantas arraigadas: Hojas isomorfas. Flores grandes. polipétalas Magnoliidae. Nymphaeales Cabombaceae: Cabomba australis “cabomba” - NE Argentina Hojas dimorfas. Flores pequeñas con 3-4 pétalos Victoria cruziana “irupé” , “maíz de agua”– NE Argentina Plantas arraigadas Magnoliidae. Nymphaeales: Ceratophyllaceae BA Hojas en vverticilo Flor femenina Ceratophyllum demersum “cola de zorro” Fruto Flor masculina Plantas libres: sin raíces – flores unisexuales, aperiantadas Subclase Magnoliidae 1. Plantas con aceites esenciales. Polen 1-aperturado 2. Plantas leñosas 3. Flores grandes, usualmente solitarias MAGNOLIALES 3’. Flores pequeñas, en inflorescencias LAURALES 2’. Plantas usualmente herbáceas 4. Flores pequeñas. Perianto reducido o ausente PIPERALES 4’. Flores grandes. K gamosépalo. ARISTOLOCHIALES 1’. Plantas sin aceites esenciales. Polen 1 o 3-aperturado. 5. Plantas acuáticas sin vasos NYMPHAEALES 5’. Plantas terrestres con vasos 6. Gineceo dialicarpelar o 1-carpelar. K + de 2. RANUNCULALES 6’. Gineceo gamocarpelar. K 2. PAPAVERALES Gineceo dialicarpelar o 1-carpelar. Cáliz con + de 2 sépalos: RANUNCULALES 1. Ranunculaceae 2. Berberidaceae Ranunculales: Ranunculaceae BA Ranunculus muricatus “botón de oro” BA Ranunculus asiaticus Clematis sp “cabello de ángel” “marimoñas” Estambres numerosos - Carpelos numerosos y libres Ranunculales: Berberidaceae Berberis buxifolia “calafate” – Prov. Subantartica Carpelo 1, A6 con anteras fenestradas Gineceo gamocarpelar. Cáliz con 2 sépalos: PAPAVERALES 1. Papaveraceae 2. Fumariaceae Papaverales : Papaveraceae Cáliz caduco de 2 sépalos Papaver Papaver somniferum “adormidera” Cápsulas poricidas K 2, A infinitos, látex Papaverales: Fumariáceas Hojas compuestas Fumaria offcinalis Espolón Fumaria crapreolata “flor de pajarito” – Maleza de cultivos K Flores cigomorfas, K2, A6(diadelfos) Subclase Magnoliidae – Cronquist 1981 Papaverales G gamocarpelar Aristolochiales K +de 2 Ranunculales
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