DOCSLIB.ORG

An Update on Ciguatoxins and CTX-Like Toxicity in Fish from Different Trophic Levels of the Selvagens Islands (NE Atlantic, Madeira, Portugal)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Update on Ciguatoxins and CTX-Like Toxicity in Fish from Different Trophic Levels of the Selvagens Islands (NE Atlantic, Madeira, Portugal) toxins Article An Update on Ciguatoxins and CTX-like Toxicity in Fish from Different Trophic Levels of the Selvagens Islands (NE Atlantic, Madeira, Portugal) Pedro Reis Costa 1,2,* , Pablo Estévez 3 , Lucía Soliño 1,2 , David Castro 3, Susana Margarida Rodrigues 1, Viriato Timoteo 4, José Manuel Leao-Martins 3 , Carolina Santos 5, Neide Gouveia 4,†, Jorge Diogène 6,* and Ana Gago-Martínez 3,* 1 IPMA—Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal; [email protected] (L.S.); [email protected] (S.M.R.) 2 CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, Campus of Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal 3 Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; [email protected] (P.E.); [email protected] (D.C.); [email protected] (J.M.L.-M.) 4 Regional Fisheries Management—Madeira Government, DSI-DRP, Estrada da Pontinha, 9004-562 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal; [email protected] (V.T.); [email protected] (N.G.) 5 Instituto das Florestas e Conservação da Natureza, IP-RAM, Secretaria Regional do Ambiente, e Recursos Naturais e Alterações Climáticas, Regional Government of Madeira, Rua João de Deus, n.º 12 E/F, R/C-C, 9050-027 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal; [email protected] 6 IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] (P.R.C.); [email protected] (J.D.); [email protected] (A.G.-M.) † Present address: Direção Regional de Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural, Citation: Costa, P.R.; Estévez, P.; 9000-254 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal. Soliño, L.; Castro, D.; Rodrigues, S.M.; Timoteo, V.; Leao-Martins, J.M.; Abstract: The Selvagens Islands, which are a marine protected area located at the southernmost point Santos, C.; Gouveia, N.; Diogène, J.; of the Portuguese maritime zone, have been associated with fish harboring ciguatoxins (CTX) and et al. An Update on Ciguatoxins and linked to ciguatera fish poisonings. This study reports the results of a field sampling campaign carried CTX-like Toxicity in Fish from Different Trophic Levels of the out in September 2018 in these remote and rarely surveyed islands. Fifty-six fish specimens from Selvagens Islands (NE Atlantic, different trophic levels were caught for CTX-like toxicity determination by cell-based assay (CBA) Madeira, Portugal). Toxins 2021, 13, and toxin content analysis by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ Notably, high toxicity levels were found in fish with an intermediate position in the food web, such as toxins13080580 zebra seabream (Diplodus cervinus) and barred hogfish (Bodianus scrofa), reaching levels up to 0.75 µg CTX1B equivalent kg−1. The LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed that C-CTX1 was the main toxin, but Received: 10 July 2021 discrepancies between CBA and LC-MS/MS in D. cervinus and top predator species, such as the Accepted: 17 August 2021 yellowmouth barracuda (Sphyraena viridis) and amberjacks (Seriola spp.), suggest the presence of fish Published: 20 August 2021 metabolic products, which need to be further elucidated. This study confirms that fish from coastal food webs of the Selvagens Islands represent a high risk of ciguatera, raising important issues for Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral fisheries and environmental management of the Selvagens Islands. with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- Keywords: ciguatoxins; Selvagens Islands; seafood safety; Gambierdiscus; ciguatera iations. Key Contribution: This article reports the first comprehensive evaluation of CTX in fish (n = 56) from the Selvagens Islands (Madeira, Portugal). Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article 1. Introduction distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is one of the most common nonbacterial illnesses associated Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// with fish and other seafood consumption worldwide. The illness has been known since the creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 16th century when ciguateric-like poisonings affected classic sea explorers, such as captains 4.0/). of the Spanish navy in the Gulf of Guinea in 1521 or the crew of captain James Cook in his Toxins 2021, 13, 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080580 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins Toxins 2021, 13, 580 2 of 12 second voyage to the South Pacific in 1772–1775 [1,2]. CP is widespread in the tropical and subtropical regions and particularly associated with the consumption of reef fish species that have bioaccumulated ciguatoxins (CTXs). These compounds are potent neurotoxins that act at the voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) increasing ion permeability and cell disruption leading to persistent neurological impairment [3]. The neurological symptoms include paraesthesia, dysesthesia, vertigo, and sensory abnormalities such as metallic taste, pruritus, arthralgia, myalgia, dental pain, and cold allodynia, a pathognomonic CP symptom that is characterized by burning pain in response to a cold stimulus [4–6]. Additionally, a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, and cardiovascular symptoms, such as heart rhythm disturbances, may also affect poisoned patients. Some symptoms may become chronic and in extreme cases of severity CP may cause the death of patients [7]. The source of CTXs was linked to benthic dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus in the late 1970s [8,9]. Gambierdiscus toxicus was the first species described in the genus and, for a certain period, the only species known of this genus. Although the Gambierdiscus genus remains largely understudied, so far, at least 21 species have been described. Gam- bierdiscus and Fukuyoa are epibenthic dinoflagellates, which can be ingested by herbivorous fish. Some CTXs are produced by these dinoflagellates, but toxin congeners are products of fish metabolism. Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa dinoflagellates are endemic to tropical and subtropical regions which are coincident with the world’s highest incidence areas of ciguat- era, namely the South Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and the Caribbean Sea [10]. Nevertheless, increasing occurrence and spread of Gambierdiscus to temperate regions has been reported and seems to be favored by the climate warming trends [11,12]. Coincident with CP out- breaks, Gambierdiscus have been detected in NE Atlantic subtropical-temperate regions, such as the Canary and Madeira Islands, and even in the Mediterranean Sea [13–17]. The first human poisonings in Europe due to the consumption of autochthonous fish occurred in 2004, in the Canary Islands, Spain [18]. Since then, several outbreaks have been reported in the Canary Islands and also in the nearby Portuguese islands, i.e., Madeira and Selvagens [19]. The first reported outbreak in Portugal dates from 2008 when 11 persons reported CP symptoms after consuming a 30 kg amberjack (Seriola sp) caught around the Selvagens Islands [20,21]. The symptoms reported by the crew members matched with symptoms previously reported by nature wardens of the natural park of the Selvagens Islands. CP was retrospectively diagnosed in the six wardens who had consumed fish caught locally [20]. In the following year, CP symptoms were observed in 20–30 people that ingested amberjack purchased in the Canary Islands but caught in the Selvagens Islands [22]. The Selvagens Islands are at the southernmost point of the Portuguese maritime area, located in the temperate-subtropical northeast Atlantic, closer to the Spanish Tenerife Island than to the Madeira Island, and 600 km from the African continental coast of Morocco (Figure1). These small islands have a high fish species diversity and abundance, including important commercial species [23,24]. The total fish biomass has been estimated to be 3.2 times higher in the Selvagens Islands than in the Madeira habitat, and 10 times higher, when only top predators’ biomass were considered [24]. The Selvagens Islands are a unique ecosystem, considered to be one of the last remaining intact ecosystems of the eastern Atlantic Ocean [25]. Despite several human poisonings associated with fish caught in waters surrounding the Selvagens Islands, only a limited number of studies have tried to assess and investigate the presence of CTX in fish from this potential ciguateric hotspot. Following the first human poisoning, in 2008, Otero and colleagues [21] analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) two amberjacks (S. dumerili and S. fasciata) caught in the Selvagens Islands and described a suite of toxins composed of several CTX, including CTX1B, CTX3C, and C-CTX1. At the same time, Boada et al. [22] reported the presence of C-CTX1 in amberjack specimens associated with human poisonings in Tenerife but that had been caught in the Selvagens Islands. A retrospective analysis carried out by Toxins 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 12 Toxins 2021, 13, 580 3 of 12 Boada et al. [22] reported the presence of C-CTX1 in amberjack specimens associated with human poisonings in Tenerife but that had been caught in the Selvagens Islands. A ret- state-of-the-artrospective analysis LC-MS/MS carried instruments out by state-of-t to thesehe-art specimens LC-MS/MS confirmed instruments that C-CTX1 to these was spec- theimens main confirmed toxin analogue that C-CTX1 but also was suggested the main the to presencexin analogue of several
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Skeletal Development and Mineralization Pattern of The
    e Rese tur arc ul h c & a u D q e A v e f l o o Mesa-Rodríguez et al., J Aquac Res Development 2014, 5:6 l p a m n Journal of Aquaculture r e u n o t DOI: 10.4172/2155-9546.1000266 J ISSN: 2155-9546 Research & Development Research Article OpenOpen Access Access Skeletal Development and Mineralization Pattern of the Vertebral Column, Dorsal, Anal and Caudal Fin Complex in Seriola Rivoliana (Valenciennes, 1833) Larvae Mesa-Rodríguez A*, Hernández-Cruz CM, Socorro JA, Fernández-Palacios H, Izquierdo MS and Roo J Aquaculture Research Group, Science and Technology Park, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, P. O. Box 56, 35200 Telde, Canary Islands, Spain Abstract Bone and fins development in Seriola rivoliana were studied from cleared and stained specimens from 3 to 33 days after hatching. The vertebral column began to mineralize in the neural arches at 4.40 ± 0.14 mm Standard Length (SL), continued with the haemal arches and centrums following a cranial-caudal direction. Mineralization of the caudal fin structures started with the caudal rays by 5.12 ± 0.11 mm SL, at the same time that the notochord flexion occurs. The first dorsal and anal fin structures were the hard spines (S), and lepidotrichium (R) by 8.01 ± 0.26 mm SL. The metamorphosis was completed by 11.82 ± 0.4 mm SL. Finally, the fin supports (pterygiophores) and the caudal fins were completely mineralized by 16.1 ± 0.89 mm SL. In addition, the meristic data of 23 structures were provided.
    [Show full text]
  • A Practical Handbook for Determining the Ages of Gulf of Mexico And
    A Practical Handbook for Determining the Ages of Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Coast Fishes THIRD EDITION GSMFC No. 300 NOVEMBER 2020 i Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission Commissioners and Proxies ALABAMA Senator R.L. “Bret” Allain, II Chris Blankenship, Commissioner State Senator District 21 Alabama Department of Conservation Franklin, Louisiana and Natural Resources John Roussel Montgomery, Alabama Zachary, Louisiana Representative Chris Pringle Mobile, Alabama MISSISSIPPI Chris Nelson Joe Spraggins, Executive Director Bon Secour Fisheries, Inc. Mississippi Department of Marine Bon Secour, Alabama Resources Biloxi, Mississippi FLORIDA Read Hendon Eric Sutton, Executive Director USM/Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Florida Fish and Wildlife Ocean Springs, Mississippi Conservation Commission Tallahassee, Florida TEXAS Representative Jay Trumbull Carter Smith, Executive Director Tallahassee, Florida Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Austin, Texas LOUISIANA Doug Boyd Jack Montoucet, Secretary Boerne, Texas Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Baton Rouge, Louisiana GSMFC Staff ASMFC Staff Mr. David M. Donaldson Mr. Bob Beal Executive Director Executive Director Mr. Steven J. VanderKooy Mr. Jeffrey Kipp IJF Program Coordinator Stock Assessment Scientist Ms. Debora McIntyre Dr. Kristen Anstead IJF Staff Assistant Fisheries Scientist ii A Practical Handbook for Determining the Ages of Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Coast Fishes Third Edition Edited by Steve VanderKooy Jessica Carroll Scott Elzey Jessica Gilmore Jeffrey Kipp Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission 2404 Government St Ocean Springs, MS 39564 and Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission 1050 N. Highland Street Suite 200 A-N Arlington, VA 22201 Publication Number 300 November 2020 A publication of the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission pursuant to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Award Number NA15NMF4070076 and NA15NMF4720399.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report and Accounts 2018
    ANNUAL REPORT AND ACCOUNTS 2018 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Message from the Chairman .................................................................................................... 4 Nature of the Report ................................................................................................................ 7 i. Metropolitano de Lisboa Group ........................................................................................ 8 1. Organization’s profile ...................................................................................................................... 8 2. Mission, Vision and Values ............................................................................................................ 10 3. Corporate Bodies ........................................................................................................................... 12 4. Management Policies and Mechanisms ........................................................................................ 14 ii. The Metropolitano de Lisboa’s Activity ........................................................................... 17 1. Macroeconomic Framework ......................................................................................................... 17 2. Passenger Transport Service ......................................................................................................... 27 3. Other activities .............................................................................................................................. 33 4. ML’s
    [Show full text]
  • © Iccat, 2007
    A5 By-catch Species APPENDIX 5: BY-CATCH SPECIES A.5 By-catch species By-catch is the unintentional/incidental capture of non-target species during fishing operations. Different types of fisheries have different types and levels of by-catch, depending on the gear used, the time, area and depth fished, etc. Article IV of the Convention states: "the Commission shall be responsible for the study of the population of tuna and tuna-like fishes (the Scombriformes with the exception of Trichiuridae and Gempylidae and the genus Scomber) and such other species of fishes exploited in tuna fishing in the Convention area as are not under investigation by another international fishery organization". The following is a list of by-catch species recorded as being ever caught by any major tuna fishery in the Atlantic/Mediterranean. Note that the lists are qualitative and are not indicative of quantity or mortality. Thus, the presence of a species in the lists does not imply that it is caught in significant quantities, or that individuals that are caught necessarily die. Skates and rays Scientific names Common name Code LL GILL PS BB HARP TRAP OTHER Dasyatis centroura Roughtail stingray RDC X Dasyatis violacea Pelagic stingray PLS X X X X Manta birostris Manta ray RMB X X X Mobula hypostoma RMH X Mobula lucasana X Mobula mobular Devil ray RMM X X X X X Myliobatis aquila Common eagle ray MYL X X Pteuromylaeus bovinus Bull ray MPO X X Raja fullonica Shagreen ray RJF X Raja straeleni Spotted skate RFL X Rhinoptera spp Cownose ray X Torpedo nobiliana Torpedo
    [Show full text]
  • Mediterranean Marine Science
    Mediterranean Marine Science Vol. 18, 2017 “New Mediterranean Biodiversity Records” (March 2017) LIPEJ L. Marine Biology Station, National Institute of Biology, Fornače 61, 6630 Piran ACEVEDO I. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006 Madrid AKEL E.H.K. Fishery Biology Lab, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries Kait-Bey, Alexandria ANASTASOPOULOU A. Hellenic Center of Marine Research, 46.7 km Athens Sounio ave., P.O. Box 712, 19013 Anavyssos ANGELIDIS A. Kapetan Vangeli 5, 54646 Thessaloniki AZZURRO E. Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), STS Livorno, Piazzale dei Marmi 2, 57123, Livorno CASTRIOTA L. Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, ISPRA,Via S. Puglisi 9, STS- Palermo, 90143 Palermo ÇELIK M. Faculty of Fisheries, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, 48000, Kötekli, Muğla CILENTI L. C.N.R. – ISMAR, UOS Lesina, Via Pola, 4 – 71010 Lesina (FG) CROCETTA F. Hellenic Center of Marine Research, 46.7 km Athens Sounio ave., P.O. Box 712, 19013 Anavyssos DEIDUN A. Department of Geosciences, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080 DOGRAMMATZI A. Hellenic Center of Marine Research, 46.7 km Athens Sounio ave., P.O. Box 712, 19013 Anavyssos FALAUTANO M. Institute for Environmental http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 21/02/2020 06:27:07 | Protection and Research, ISPRA,Via S. Puglisi 9, STS- Palermo, 90143 Palermo FERNÁNDEZ-ÁLVAREZ Institut de Ciències del Mar F.Á. (CSIC), Passeig Maritim 37–49, 08003 Barcelona GENNAIO R. Regional Agency for Environmental Protection (ARPA) Puglia, Lecce Department, Via Miglietta 1, 73100, Lecce INSACCO G. Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, via degli Studi 9, 97013 Comiso (RG) KATSANEVAKIS S.
    [Show full text]
  • Updated Checklist of Marine Fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the Proposed Extension of the Portuguese Continental Shelf
    European Journal of Taxonomy 73: 1-73 ISSN 2118-9773 http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2014.73 www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu 2014 · Carneiro M. et al. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Monograph urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9A5F217D-8E7B-448A-9CAB-2CCC9CC6F857 Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf Miguel CARNEIRO1,5, Rogélia MARTINS2,6, Monica LANDI*,3,7 & Filipe O. COSTA4,8 1,2 DIV-RP (Modelling and Management Fishery Resources Division), Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Av. Brasilia 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 3,4 CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] * corresponding author: [email protected] 5 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:90A98A50-327E-4648-9DCE-75709C7A2472 6 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:1EB6DE00-9E91-407C-B7C4-34F31F29FD88 7 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:6D3AC760-77F2-4CFA-B5C7-665CB07F4CEB 8 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:48E53CF3-71C8-403C-BECD-10B20B3C15B4 Abstract. The study of the Portuguese marine ichthyofauna has a long historical tradition, rooted back in the 18th Century. Here we present an annotated checklist of the marine fishes from Portuguese waters, including the area encompassed by the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf and the Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ). The list is based on historical literature records and taxon occurrence data obtained from natural history collections, together with new revisions and occurrences.
    [Show full text]
  • For Review Only 8 2 the New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Seafood Production Unit
    Reviews in Aquaculture Reproduction of greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) and other members of the family Carangidae Journal: Reviews in Aquaculture Manuscript ID RAQ-11-20-0300.R3 Manuscript Type: Review Date Submitted byFor the Review Only n/a Author: Complete List of Authors: Corriero, Aldo; University of Bari Aldo Moro, Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production Wylie, Matthew; New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Seafood Production Unit Nyuji, Mitsuo ; Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Fisheries Resources Institute Zupa, Rosa; University of Bari Aldo Moro, Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production Mylonas, Constantinos ; Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture fish reproduction, fish rearing in captivity, fish reproductive dysfunction, Keywords: fish gametogenesis, fish reproduction control, Carangidae Page 1 of 84 Reviews in Aquaculture Reproduction of greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) and other members of the family 2 Carangidae 4 Corriero Aldo1, Wylie Matthew J.2, Nyuji Mitsuo3, Zupa Rosa1 and Mylonas Constantinos C.4 6 1 Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano (Bari), Italy For Review Only 8 2 The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Seafood Production Unit, 293–297 Port Nelson, Nelson 7010, New Zealand 10 3 Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama, Japan 12 4 Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Heraklion, Crete, Greece 14 Correspondence: Constantinos C. Mylonas, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and 16 Aquaculture, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • The First Record of the Lesser Amberjack Seriola Fasciata (Bloch, 1793) in the Çevlik Coast of Turkey, Eastern Mediterranean Sea
    BIHAREAN BIOLOGIST 13 (1): 55-57 ©Biharean Biologist, Oradea, Romania, 2019 Article No.: e192301 http://biozoojournals.ro/bihbiol/index.html The first record of the Lesser amberjack Seriola fasciata (Bloch, 1793) in the Çevlik coast of Turkey, Eastern Mediterranean Sea Servet A. DOĞDU1*, Ufuk SAKALLI2, Mevlüt GÜRLEK1 and Cemal TURAN1 1. Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, Iskenderun Technical University, Iskenderun, Turkey. 2. Directorate of Provincial Agriculture and Forestry, Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Antakya/Hatay, Turkey. * Corresponding author, S.A. Doğdu, E-mail: [email protected] Received: 03. January 2019 / Accepted: 12. April 2019 / Available online: 20. April 2019 / Printed: June 2019 Abstract. One specimen of Seriola fasciata was caught by a commercial trawler at depths of 60-70m on 10 November 2018 from the Çevlik coast of Turkey Iskenderun Bay. The present paper reports the second record of Seriola fasciata in Turkish Marine waters. Key words: Seriola fasciata, lesser amberjack, alien species, Occurrence, Iskenderun Bay. Fishes of the family Carangidae, with 146 recognized species (Froese & Pauly 2018), are mainly marine fishes of tropical and subtropical waters of Western Atlantic and Eastern At- lantic (Froese & Pauly 2018). The lesser amberjack fish Seriola fasciata (Bloch, 1793) is distributed in the north-eastern At- lantic (northwest Spain, Azores, Madeira Island); west At- lantic, (north America), and the Mediterranean Sea where it . S. fasciata was recorded for the first time from Balearic Is- lands (Spain) in the Mediterranean Sea in 1989 (Massutí & Stefanescu 1993, Tiralongo et al. 2018). The other Mediterra- nean records were then reported from Mediterranean: Spain (Massutí & Stefanescu 1993), France (Riera et al.
    [Show full text]
  • MRAG South Atlantic PSA Draft Report
    South Atlantic Species Productivity – Susceptibility Analyses Draft Report To the Lenfest Ocean Program MRAG Americas 65 Eastern Avenue, Unit B2C Essex, MA 01929 Ph. 978-768-3880 Fax. 978-768-3878 www.mragamericas.com August 27, 2008 Table of Contents 1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The Risk Based Assessment ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Information Collection ...................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 A Note about our Productivity Susceptibility Analysis Methodology................................................ 3 2 Non Snapper/Grouper Species ............................................................................................................ 3 2.1 Pink Shrimp, Penaeus [Farfantepenaeus] duorarum ....................................................................... 3 2.2 Red Drum, Sciaenops ocellatus ....................................................................................................... 4 3 Snapper/Grouper Complex .................................................................................................................. 5 3.1 Groupers .......................................................................................................................................... 5 3.2 Snapper.........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Saltwater Fish Identification Guide
    Identification Guide To South Carolina Fishes Inshore Fishes Red Drum (Spottail, redfish, channel bass, puppy drum,) Sciaenops ocellatus May have multiple spots along dorsal surface.. RKW Black Drum Pogonias cromis Broad black vertical bars along body. Barbells on chin. Spotted Seatrout (Winter trout, speckled trout) Cynoscion nebulosus Numerous distinct black spots on dorsal surface. Most commonly encountered in rivers and estuaries. RKW Most commonly encountered just offshore around live bottom and artificial reefs. Weakfish (Summer trout, Gray trout) Cynoscion regalis RKW Silver coloration with no spots. Large eye Silver Seatrout Cynoscion nothus RKW Spot Leiostomus xanthurus Distinct spot on shoulder. RKW Atlantic Croaker (Hardhead) Micropogonias undulatus RKW Silver Perch (Virginia Perch) Bairdiella chrysoura RKW Sheepshead Archosargus probatocephalus Broad black vertical bars along body. RKW Pinfish (Sailors Choice) Lagodon rhomboides Distinct spot. RKW Southern Kingfish (Whiting) Menticirrhus americanus RKW Extended 1st dorsal filament Northern Kingfish SEAMAP- Menticirrhus saxatilis SA:RPW Dusky 1st dorsal-fin tip Black caudal fin tip Gulf Kingfish SEAMAP- Menticirrhus littoralis SA:RPW Southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma No ocellated spots . RKW Summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus Five ocellated spots in this distinct pattern. B. Floyd Gulf flounder Paralichthys albigutta B. Floyd Three ocellated spots in a triangle pattern. B. Floyd Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix RKW Inshore Lizardfish Synodus foetens RKW RKW Ladyfish Elops saurus Florida Pompano Trachinotus carolinus RKW Lookdown Selene vomer RKW Spadefish Chaetodipterus faber Juvenile RKW Juvenile spadefish are commonly found in SC estuaries. Adults, which look very similar to the specimen shown above, are common inhabitants of offshore reefs. Cobia Rachycentron canadum Adult D. Hammond Juvenile RKW D.
    [Show full text]
  • Tuna Be, Or Not Tuna Be: Using Catch Data to Observe the Ecological Impacts of Commercial Tuna Fisheries in the Pacific Ocean at Varying Spatial Scales
    TUNA BE, OR NOT TUNA BE: USING CATCH DATA TO OBSERVE THE ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF COMMERCIAL TUNA FISHERIES IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN AT VARYING SPATIAL SCALES by Laurenne Louise Schiller B.Sc. (Hons.), University of Guelph, 2010 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in The Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies (Zoology) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) August 2014 © Laurenne Louise Schiller, 2014 ABSTRACT Tuna are arguably the world’s most valuable, versatile, yet vulnerable fishes. With current landings over 4 million tonnes annually, all species of tuna from all three major ocean basins are caught, traded, and consumed at various intensities around the globe. Understanding the implications of such an extensive industry is paramount to protecting the long-term health and sustainability of both the tuna fisheries as well as the ecosystems in which they operate. Given that the Pacific Ocean accounts for roughly two-thirds of the global commercial tuna catch, this thesis assesses the trends and ecological impacts of commercial tuna fishing at both the artisanal and industrial scale in this ocean. To observe the importance of tuna fisheries at a local scale, a case study of the Galápagos Islands is presented. In this context, it was observed that over-fishing and the subsequent depletion of large, low fecund serranids has resulted in a high level of ‘fishing down’ within the near- shore ecosystem. Consequently, as fishers are forced to expand to regions off-shore, tuna and coastal scombrids are becoming increasingly targeted. With regard to industrial fishing, tuna vessels (especially distant-water longliners) are known to generate a substantial amount of associated bycatch and discards.
    [Show full text]
  • AZUL Metro - Horários 18 Paragens Reboleira - Horário Da Rota: VER HORÁRIO DA LINHA Segunda-Feira 00:01 - 23:58
    Horários e mapa de metro da linha AZUL LINHA AZUL Ver No Modo Website A linha AZUL (metro) - AZUL tem 2 rotas. Nos dias de semana, os horários em que está operacional são: (1) Reboleira: 00:09 - 23:58 (2) Santa Apolónia: 00:09 - 23:58 Utilize a aplicação Moovit para encontrar a estação de metro ( AZUL) perto de si e descubra quando é que vai chegar o próximo metro de AZUL. Direção: Reboleira AZUL metro - Horários 18 paragens Reboleira - Horário da rota: VER HORÁRIO DA LINHA Segunda-feira 00:01 - 23:58 Terça-feira 00:09 - 23:58 Reboleira Quarta-feira 00:09 - 23:58 Amadora Este Quinta-feira 00:09 - 23:58 Alfornelos Sexta-feira 00:09 - 23:58 Avenida Capitães de Abril, Amadora Sábado 00:09 - 23:50 Pontinha Domingo 00:01 - 23:50 Carnide Avenida Marechal Teixeira Rebelo, Lisboa Colégio Militar/Luz AZUL metro - Informações Alto Dos Moinhos Direção: Reboleira Paragens: 18 Laranjeiras Duração da viagem: 28 min Acesso Metro Laranjeiras, Lisboa Resumo da linha: Reboleira, Amadora Este, Alfornelos, Pontinha, Carnide, Colégio Militar/Luz, Jardim Zoologico Alto Dos Moinhos, Laranjeiras, Jardim Zoologico, Praça Marechal Humberto Delgado, Lisboa Praça De Espanha, São Sebastião, Parque, Marquês De Pombal, Avenida, Restauradores, Baixa / Chiado, Praça De Espanha Terreiro Do Paço, Santa Apolónia Praça de Espanha, Lisboa São Sebastião Parque Marquês De Pombal Avenida Travessa da Horta da Cera, Paço de Arcos Restauradores Praça dos Restauradores, Lisboa Baixa / Chiado 120/122 Rua Garrett, Lisboa Terreiro Do Paço Santa Apolónia Direção: Santa Apolónia AZUL
    [Show full text]