Dalla Resistenza Alle Elezioni Del 1953
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Chapter One: Introduction
CHANGING PERCEPTIONS OF IL DUCE TRACING POLITICAL TRENDS IN THE ITALIAN-AMERICAN MEDIA DURING THE EARLY YEARS OF FASCISM by Ryan J. Antonucci Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the History Program YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY August, 2013 Changing Perceptions of il Duce Tracing Political Trends in the Italian-American Media during the Early Years of Fascism Ryan J. Antonucci I hereby release this thesis to the public. I understand that this thesis will be made available from the OhioLINK ETD Center and the Maag Library Circulation Desk for public access. I also authorize the University or other individuals to make copies of this thesis as needed for scholarly research. Signature: Ryan J. Antonucci, Student Date Approvals: Dr. David Simonelli, Thesis Advisor Date Dr. Brian Bonhomme, Committee Member Date Dr. Martha Pallante, Committee Member Date Dr. Carla Simonini, Committee Member Date Dr. Salvatore A. Sanders, Associate Dean of Graduate Studies Date Ryan J. Antonucci © 2013 iii ABSTRACT Scholars of Italian-American history have traditionally asserted that the ethnic community’s media during the 1920s and 1930s was pro-Fascist leaning. This thesis challenges that narrative by proving that moderate, and often ambivalent, opinions existed at one time, and the shift to a philo-Fascist position was an active process. Using a survey of six Italian-language sources from diverse cities during the inauguration of Benito Mussolini’s regime, research shows that interpretations varied significantly. One of the newspapers, Il Cittadino Italo-Americano (Youngstown, Ohio) is then used as a case study to better understand why events in Italy were interpreted in certain ways. -
Pietro Gori's Anarchism: Politics and Spectacle (1895–1900)*
IRSH 62 (2017), pp. 425–450 doi:10.1017/S0020859017000359 © 2017 Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis Pietro Gori’s Anarchism: Politics and Spectacle (1895–1900)* E MANUELA M INUTO Department of Political Science, University of Pisa Via Serafini 3, 56126 Pisa, Italy E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: This paper discusses Pietro Gori’s charismatic leadership of the Italian anarchist movement at the turn of the nineteenth century and, in particular, the characteristics of his political communication. After a discussion of the literature on the topic, the first section examines Gramsci’s derogatory observations on the characteristics and success of the communicative style adopted by anarchist activists such as Gori. The second investigates the political project underpinning the kind of “organized anarchism” that Gori championed together with Malatesta. The third section unveils Gori’s communication strategy when promoting this project through those platforms considered by Gramsci as being primary schools of political alphabetization in liberal Italy: trials, funerals, commemorations, and celebrations. Particular attention is devoted to the trials, which effectively demonstrated Gori’s modern political skills. The analysis of Gori’s performance at the trials demonstrates Gramsci’s mistake in identifying Gori simply as one of the champions of political sentimentalism. He spoke very well, but he spoke the language of the people. And the people flocked in when his name was announced for a rally or for a conference.1 INTRODUCTION In the twenty years between 1890–1911, Pietro Gori was one of the most famous anarchists in Italy and abroad and, long after his death, he continued to be a key figure in the socialist and labour movement of his native country. -
Giuseppe Saragat E La Socialdemocrazia Italiana 1947-1952
ALMA MATER STUDIORUM – UNIVERSITA’ DI BOLOGNA DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN STORIA DELL’ETA’ CONTEMPORANEA NEI SECOLI XIX e XX “FEDERICO CHABOD” XVIII CICLO ANNO 2007 GIUSEPPE SARAGAT E LA SOCIALDEMOCRAZIA ITALIANA 1947-1952 M-STO/04 STORIA CONTEMPORANEA CANDIDATO Michele Donno TUTOR COORDINATORE Prof. Piero Craveri Prof.ssa Maria Serena Piretti Indice Introduzione ………………………………………………………………...pag. 4 I) Giuseppe Saragat. Dall’adesione al socialismo turatiano alla scissione di palazzo Barberini. L’idea della Federazione europea e il dibattito fra i socialisti in esilio 1) La formazione giovanile, il soggiorno a Vienna e i contatti con l’austromarxismo (1922-30)……………………………………………….8 2) L’esilio a Parigi e il patto d’unità d’azione col PCI. Il dibattito sull’europeismo socialista (1930-43)……………………………………..25 3) Il rientro in patria e la nomina ad ambasciatore in Francia (1943-46)……61 3.1 Il problema costituzionale e le elezioni in Francia…………………...87 3.2 La formazione del nuovo governo De Gaulle e l’avvento della quarta Repubblica……………………………………………………………91 3.3 La nascita del governo Gouin e il rientro di Saragat in Italia (marzo 1946)……………………………………………………………...…103 4) Il PSIUP tra comunismo e socialdemocrazia. La nascita del Partito Socialista dei Lavoratori Italiani (1945-47)……………………………..115 II) Il PSLI e i governi De Gasperi (1947-1951) 1) 1947. Il PSLI all’opposizione. Crisi di governo e crescita del malcontento sociale…………………………………………………………………129 1.1 La crisi di febbraio e l’ingresso del PSLI nel sistema politico……136 1.2 La Piccola Intesa e la questione della riunificazione del movimento socialista…………………………………………………………..155 1.3 La crisi del maggio e la strategia “terzaforzista” del PSLI………..162 1.4 L’“autunno caldo” e l’ingresso del PSLI nel quarto governo De Gasperi…………………………………………………………168 2) 1948. -
"Sulla Scissione Socialdemocratica Del 1947"
"SULLA SCISSIONE SOCIALDEMOCRATICA DEL 1947" 26-04-2018 - STORIE & STORIE La storiografia politica é ormai compattamente schierata nel giudicare validi, anche perché - cosí si dice - confermati dalla storia, i motivi che, nel gennaio 1947, portarono alla scissione detta „di Palazzo Barberini", che l´11 gennaio di quell´anno diede vita alla socialdemocrazia italiana. Il PSIUP (1), che era riuscito a riunire nello stesso partito tutte le "anime" del socialismo italiano, si spacco´ allora in due tronconi: il PSI di Nenni e il PSDI (2) di Saragat. I due leader, nel corso del precedente congresso di Firenze dell´ 11-17 aprile1946, avevano pronunciato due discorsi che, per elevatezza ideologica e per tensione ideale, sono degni di figurare nella storia del socialismo, e non solo di quello italiano. Il primo, Nenni, aveva marcato l´accento sulla necessitá di salvaguardare l´unitá della classe lavoratrice, in un momento storico in cui i tentativi di restaurazione capitalista erano ormai evidenti; il secondo aveva messo l´accento sulla necessitá di tutelare l´autonomia socialista, l´unica capace di costruire il socialismo nella democrazia, in un momento in cui l´ombra dello stalinismo si stendeva su tutta l´Europa centrale e orientale. Pochi mesi dopo, si diceva, la drammatica scissione tra „massimalisti" e „riformisti" (3), che la storia, o meglio, gli storici, avrebbero poi giudicato necessaria e lungimirante, persino provvidenziale. Essi, infatti, hanno dovuto registrare il trionfo del riformismo, ormai predicato anche dai nipotini di Togliatti e dagli italoforzuti. „Il termine riformista é oggi talmente logorato dall´uso, dall´abuso e dal cattivo uso, che ha perso ogni significato" (4). -
Dipartimento Di Scienze Politiche
DIPARTIMENTO DI SCIENZE POLITICHE Cattedra di Storia dell’Europa contemporanea Il PSI e l’Europa negli anni di Craxi RELATORE: Chiar.ma Prof.ssa Christine Vodovar CANDIDATO Federico Trenta Matr. 070332 Anno accademico 2014/2015 1 Sommario Introduzione 4 CAPITOLO PRIMO 9 Uno sguardo al passato: il PSI dal neutralismo alla scelta atlantica (1947-1976) 9 1.1 La scelta del 1947 10 1.2 Il superamento dei blocchi: Europa terza forza 12 1.3 Il dissenso sul ruolo dell’Europa nel centrosinistra 16 CAPITOLO SECONDO 22 Dall’Europa delle parole all’Europa dei fatti (1976-1983) 22 2.1 L’ascesa di Craxi 22 2.2 La politica estera del PSI di Craxi: tra atlantismo ed europeismo 25 2.3 La conferenza programmatica di Rimini: il progetto europeo 32 CAPITOLO TERZO 37 La “sprovincializzazione” dell’Italia: la sfida europea nel Governo Craxi (1983- 1987) 37 3.1 Il tandem Craxi-Andreotti 38 3.2 La questione dell’allargamento 41 3.3 Il Consiglio europeo di Milano e la riforma dei Trattati 48 CAPITOLO QUARTO 53 L’europeismo di Craxi e il PSI: un bilancio 53 4.1 La riscoperta del patriottismo 54 4.2 La dialettica interna: l’eurodecisionismo 57 4.3 La politica europea come via alla «grandezza» 61 Conclusione 67 Bibliografia 71 1. Storia d’Italia 71 2. Storia del PSDI 71 3. Storia del PSI 71 4. Storia del PSU 72 4. La politica estera Italiana 72 5. La politica estera del PSI 73 ABSTRACT 75 2 3 Introduzione Se dovessimo lanciare un sondaggio, chiedendo quale sia il primo ricordo che affiori al nome di “Bettino Craxi”, probabilmente più della metà degli intervistati tornerebbe con la mente a quel 30 Aprile 1993 quando, all’uscita dall’Hotel Raphael di Roma, il leader del PSI fu accolto da una pioggia di monetine e banconote da mille lire per protestare contro la corruzione che dilagava all’interno del partito. -
Storia Dello Sviluppo Economico E Industriale Italiano Nel ‘900
STORIA DELLO SVILUPPO ECONOMICO E INDUSTRIALE ITALIANO NEL ‘900 A cura del prof. Francesco Forte Indice PARTE PRIMA 1899-1945: DAL MIRACOLO INDUSTRIALE DEL PERIODO GIOLITTIANO AL DIRIGISMO CORPORATIVO FASCISTA PREAMBOLO: 1866 - 1898 IL PERIODO DI INCUBAZIONE I. PERIODO: DAL 1899 SINO AL 1914. IL MIRACOLO INDUSTRIALE ITALIANO IN REGIME DI LIBERTÀ DI MERCATO. II. PERIODO: DAL 1915 AL 1924. FRA ECONOMIA MERCATO E DIRIGISMO STATALE . III. PERIODO: DAL 1925 AL 1945. Il DIRIGISMO CORPORATIVO FASCISTA PARTE SECONDA 1946-2000: DAL MIRACOLO ECONOMICO DEL DOPOGUERRA ALL’ EURO IV. PERIODO: DAL 1945 AL 1962. IL MIRACOLO ECONOMICO IN REGIME DI DEMOCRAZIA E LIBERO MERCATO V. PERIODO: DAL 1963 AL 1972. IL SECONDO MIRACOLO ECONOMICO IN REGIME DI DEMOCRAZIA, MERCATO APERTO E RIFORME VI. PERIODO: DAL 1973 AL 1982. LA DEMOCRAZIA CONSOCIATIVA E L’ECONOMIA DIRIGISTA. INFLAZIONE E DEBITO PUBBLICO VII. PERIODO: DAL 1983 AL 1993. IL RIENTRO NEL SISTEMA DI MERCATO E LE BASI DEL RISANAMENTO FINANZIARIO VIII. PERIODO: DAL 1994 al 2000. IL RISANAMENTO FINANZIARIO E LE OCCASIONI STRUTTURALI MANCATE PARTE PRIMA PREAMBOLO: 1866-1898. IL PERIODO DI INCUBAZIONE. Nel terzo di secolo che va dalla formazione del Regno di Italia nel 1866 al 1898, l’Italia, appena unificata, con istituzioni democratiche, procede alla costruzione delle sue infrastrutture, alla formazione del capitale umano, mediante lo sviluppo della pubblica istruzione, alla formazione di una pubblica amministrazione capace di garantire la legge e l’ordine in tutto il paese, alla costruzione di un sistema di entrate e spese pubbliche in grado di garantire, assieme ai servizi essenziali, la stabilità monetaria e la tutela del risparmio. -
The Kingdom of Italy: Unity Or Disparity, 1860-1945
The Kingdom of Italy: Unity or Disparity, 1860-1945 Part IIIb: The First Years of the Kingdom Governments of the Historic Left 1876-1900 Decline of the Right/Rise of the Left • Biggest issue dividing them had been Rome—now resolved • Emerging issues • Taxation, especially the macinato • Neglect of social issues • Free trade policies that hurt the South disproportionately • Limited suffrage • Piedmontization • Treatment of Garibaldi volunteers • Use of police against demonstrations The North-South divide • emerging issues more important to South • Many of Left leaders from South Elections of 1874 • Slim majority for Right Fall of Minghetti, March 1876 Appointment of a Left Prime Minister and the elections of November 1876 Agostino Depretis Benedetto Cairoli Francesco Crispi Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì Giovanni Giolitti Genl. Luigi Pelloux Prime Minister Dates in office Party/Parliament Key actions or events Agostino Depretis 25 March 1876 Left Coppino Law Lombardy 25 December 1877 Sonnino and Iacini inquiry into the problems of the South Railway construction continues with state aid 26 December 1877 Left Anarchist insurrection in Matese 24 March 1878 Benedetto Cairoli 24 March 1878 Left Attempted anarchist assassination of king Lombary 19 December 1878 Depretis 19 December 1878 Left 14 July 1879 Cairoli 14 July 1879 Left Costa founds Revolutionary Socialist Party of Romagna 25 November 1879 25 November 1879 Left 29 May 1881 Depretis 29 May 1881 Left Widened suffrage; first socialist elected 25 May 1883 Italy joins Austria-Hungary and Germany to create Triplice Use of trasformismo 25 May 1883 Left 30 March 1884 Final abolition of grist tax macinato 30 March 1884 Left First colonial venture into Assab and Massawa on Red Sea coast 29 June 1885 29 June 1885 Left Battle of Dogali debacle 4 April 1887 4 April 1887 Left 29 July 1887 Died in office Francesco Crispi 29 July 1887 Left 10-year tariff war with France begun Sicily 6 February 1891 Zanardelli penal code enacted; local govt. -
Consensus for Mussolini? Popular Opinion in the Province of Venice (1922-1943)
UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM SCHOOL OF HISTORY AND CULTURES Department of History PhD in Modern History Consensus for Mussolini? Popular opinion in the Province of Venice (1922-1943) Supervisor: Prof. Sabine Lee Student: Marco Tiozzo Fasiolo ACADEMIC YEAR 2016-2017 2 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the PhD degree of the University of Birmingham is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of my words. 3 Abstract The thesis focuses on the response of Venice province population to the rise of Fascism and to the regime’s attempts to fascistise Italian society. -
Archival Sources
ARCHIVAL SOURCES League of Nations Archives, Library of the United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland (LoN Archives): – Registry Files – Section Files – Personal Papers: Alexander Loveday; Thanassis Aghnides; Sean Lester; Arthur Salter; Joseph Avenol; Eric Drummond Archivio Storico Diplomatico del Ministero Affari Esteri, Rome, Italy (ASMAE) – Archivi del Gabinetto e della Segreteria Generale (1923–1943) – Serie affari politici (1931–1945) – Società delle Nazioni – Archivi delle rappresentanze diplomatiche a Londra (1861–1950) – Ministero Cultura Popolare (1920–1944) – Archivio conferenze (1916–1934) – Archivio del Contenzioso Diplomatico – Archivi del Personale – Personal Papers: Dino Grandi; Fulvio Suvich; Luigi Aldovrandi-Marescotti © The Author(s) 2016 273 E. Tollardo, Fascist Italy and the League of Nations, 1922–1935, DOI 10.1057/978-1-349-95028-7 274 ARCHIVAL SOURCES Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Rome, Italy (ACS) – Segreteria particolare del Duce: Carteggio Riservato – Segreteria particolare del Duce: Carteggio Ordinario – Presidenza Consiglio dei Ministri – Ministero degli Interni, Divisione Generale Pubblica Sicurezza: Serie Annuali – Ministero degli Interni, Divisione Generale Pubblica Sicurezza, Divisione Polizia Politica: fascicoli personali e per materia – Ministero degli Interni, Divisione Generale Pubblica Sicurezza: Interpol – Ministero degli Interni: Associazioni – Archivi Fascisti, Cassetta di Zinco – Ministero Cultura Popolare – Casellario Politico Centrale – Ministero degli Interni, Divisione Generale Sanità – Personal -
Kurt Eisner, the Opposition and the Reconstruction of the International
ROBERT F. WHEELER THE FAILURE OF "TRUTH AND CLARITY" AT BERNE: KURT EISNER, THE OPPOSITION AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL To better understand why Marxist Internationalism took on the forms that it did during the revolutionary epoch that followed World War I, it is useful to reconsider the "International Labor and Socialist Con- ference" that met at Berne from January 26 to February 10,1919. This gathering not only set its mark on the "reconstruction" of the Second International, it also influenced both the formation and the development of the Communist International. It is difficult, however, to comprehend fully what transpired at Berne unless the crucial role taken in the deliberations by Kurt Eisner, on the one hand, and the Zimmerwaldian Opposition, on the other, is recognized. To a much greater extent than has generally been realized, the immediate success and the ultimate failure of the Conference depended on the Bavarian Minister President and the loosely structured opposition group to his Left. Nevertheless every scholarly study of the Conference to date, including Arno Mayer's excellent treatment of the "Stillborn Berne Conference", tends to un- derestimate Eisner's impact while largely ignoring the very existence of the Zimmerwaldian Opposition.1 Yet, if these two elements are neglected it becomes extremely difficult, if not impossible, to fathom the real significance of Berne. Consequently there is a need to reevaluate 1 In Mayer's case this would seem to be related to two factors: first, the context in which he examines Berne, namely the attempt by Allied labor leaders to influence the Paris Peace Conference; and second, his reliance on English and French accounts of the Conference. -
From Criminal to Enemy: the Birth and Development of the Scientific Police and Criminal Identification in Italy
Revista Ítalo-Española de Derecho Procesal Vol. 1 | 2020 16 pp. Madrid, 2020 © Marcial Pons Ediciones Jurídicas y Sociales © Emilia Musumeci ISSN: 2605-5244 FROM CRIMINAL TO ENEMY: THE BIRTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC POLICE AND CRIMINAL IDENTIFICATION IN ITALY Emilia Musumeci Lecturer of History of Medieval and Modern Law University of Teramo ABSTRACT: The aim of this article is to briefly retrace the history of criminal identification tech- niques in Italy in order to shed new light on the legacy of criminal anthropology in policing and criminal justice in the delicate transition from liberal Italy to the Fascist regime. While identification techniques invented by Alphonse Bertillon in France spread to many coun- tries, their deployment in Italy was different, being strongly influenced by Lombroso’s con- cept of ‘criminal man’. The ‘Italian method’ was introduced thanks to the efforts of Salvatore Ottolenghi (1861-1934), a pupil of Cesare Lombroso and founder of the Italian scientific police (polizia scientifica). This was the birth of the so-called “Ottolenghi method”, used, especially during the Fascist regime, to identify not only criminals but also subversives, enemies of social order and any suspicious individuals. KEYWORDS: Criminal identification; Scientific Police; Criminal Anthropology; Bertillonage; Salvatore Ottolenghi; Cesare Lombroso. SUMMARY: 1. INTRODUCTION.—2. FROM THE CRIMINAL MAN TO THE CRIMINAL WORLD.— 3. THE SCIENTIFIC POLICE AND THE ‘OTTOLENGHI METHOD’.—4. IDENTIFYING THE ENEMY: TOWARDS THE FASCIST REGIME.—5. CONCLUSION. 1. INTRODUCTION After the unification of Italy in 1861, there had followed a period of emer- gency stemming from gradual but inexorable migration from the countryside to the cities, which became increasingly crowded with social outcasts that would populate the ranks of what would become known as the “dangerous 68 EMILIA MUSUMECI classes”. -
Lelio Lagorio
Letizia Argenteri. Lelio Lagorio. Un socialista. Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino, 2020. 328 pp. EUR 19.00, paper, ISBN 978-88-498-6115-0. Reviewed by Stefano Luconi (University of Padua) Published on H-Italy (January, 2021) Commissioned by Matteo Pretelli (University of Naples "L'Orientale") Lelio Lagorio Marking the twentieth anniversary of Bettino the first president of the Tuscany region from 1970 Craxi’s death, the year 2020 has seen an eruption of to 1978. Lagorio used his effective management of mainly popularizing and uneven works about the local administrations as a springboard to launch late Italian Socialist leader and former prime min‐ his political career at the national level. Following ister that have endeavored less to appraise his his election to Parliament in 1979, he was appoin‐ policies than to reassess his controversial involve‐ ted to the position of minister of defense in 1980 ment in the political corruption of the last phase in and retained such a capacity in five different gov‐ Italy’s so-called First Republic.[1] Letizia Argen‐ ernments until 1983, proving to be a “fiercer” teri’s volume apparently takes an alternative backer of the Western Alliance than any of his route in the recent literature about the downfall Christian Democratic predecessors, as political sci‐ and disbandment of Italy’s Socialist Party in the entist Joseph LaPalombara has suggested.[2] He wake of the Tangentopoli (bribesville) scandal. Her then headed the Ministry of Tourism and Show book intends to offer an academic reconstruction Business from 1983 to 1986 and chaired the De‐ of the biography of Lelio Lagorio, a long-time Craxi fense Committee of the Chamber of Deputies stalwart and a lesser Socialist bigwig at the end of between 1987 and 1989.