Cardiothoracic Fellowship Program
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X-Ray Interpretation
Objectives Describe a systematic method for interpretation of chest and abdomen x-rays List findings to accurately identify common X-ray Interpretation pathology in chest & abdomen x-rays Describe a systematic method to approach the Denise Ramponi, DNP, FNP-C, ENP-BC, FAANP, FAEN important components in interpretation of upper & lower extremity x-rays Chest X-ray: Standard Views Lateral Film Postero-anterior (PA): (LAT) view can determine th On inspiration – diaphragm descends to 10 rib the anterior-posterior posteriorly structures along the axis of the body Normal LAT film Counting Ribs AP View - Portable http://www.lumen.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/medicine/pulmonar/cxr/cxr_f.htm When the patient is unable to tolerate routine views with pts sitting or supine No participation from the patient Film is against the patient's back (supine) 1 Consolidation, Atelectasis, Chest radiograph Interstitial involvement Consolidation - any pathologic process that fills the alveoli with Left and right heart fluid, pus, blood, cells or other borders well defined substances Interstitial - involvement of the Both hemidiaphragms supporting tissue of the lung visible to midline parenchyma resulting in fine or coarse reticular opacities Right - higher Atelectasis - collapse of a part of Heart less than 50% of the lung due to a decrease in the amount of air resulting in volume diameter of the chest loss and increased density. Infiltrate, Consolidation vs. Congestive Heart Failure Atelectasis Fluid leaking into interstitium Kerley B 2 Kerley B lines Prominent interstitial markings Kerley lines Magnified CXR Cardiomyopathy & interstitial pulmonary edema Short 1-2 cm white lines at lung periphery horizontal to pleural surface Distended interlobular septa - secondary to interstitial edema. -
Screening Chest X-Ray Interpretations and Radiographic Techniques IOM GUIDELINES FIRST EDITION Iii
FIRST EDITION 2015 Screening Chest X-Ray Interpretations and Radiographic Techniques IOM GUIDELINES Global Radiology Coordination and Teleradiology Centre Migration Health Division International Organization for Migration (Manila Administrative Centre) 24th floor Citibank Tower, Paseo De Roxas 8741, Makati city 1226 Metro Manila, Philippines Email: [email protected] • [email protected] Tel: +632 230 1674 The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. Author Sifrash Meseret GELAW, MD Radiologist, MPH; Global Radiology Coordinator IOM, Manila Administrative Centre, Manila, Philippines Major Contributor Anthony MACDERMOTT, MD former Global HAP Quality Coordinator, IOM, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand Additional -
Radiology Fundamentals: Introduction to Imaging & Technology
Radiology Fundamentals Harjit Singh ● Janet A Neutze Editors Jonathan R Enterline ● Joseph S Fotos Associate Editors Jonathan J Douds ● Megan Jenkins Kalambo ● Marsha J Bluto Contributing Editors Radiology Fundamentals Introduction to Imaging & Technology Fourth Edition Editors Harjit Singh, MD, FSIR Janet A Neutze, MD Professor of Radiology, Surgery, Associate Professor of Radiology and Medicine Associate Division Chief, Ultrasound Director of Education, Penn State Heart Co-director, Radiology Medical Student and Vascular Institute Education Program Fellowship Director, Cardiovascular Pennsylvania State College of Medicine and Interventional Radiology Penn State Hershey Medical Center Pennsylvania State College of Medicine Hershey, PA, USA Penn State Hershey Medical Center [email protected] Hershey, PA, USA [email protected] Associate Editors Jonathan R Enterline, MD Joseph S Fotos, MD Resident, Department of Radiology Resident, Department of Radiology Pennsylvania State College of Medicine Pennsylvania State College of Medicine Penn State Hershey Medical Center Penn State Hershey Medical Center Hershey, PA, USA Hershey, PA, USA Contributing Editors Jonathan J Douds, BS Megan Jenkins Kalambo, MD Medical Student Resident, Department of Radiology Pennsylvania State College of Medicine University of Texas Health Science Center Penn State Hershey Medical Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA Hershey, PA, USA Marsha J Bluto, MD Practicing Physician Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Mill Valley, CA, USA ISBN 978-1-4614-0943-4 e-ISBN 978-1-4614-0944-1 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-0944-1 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011938463 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. -
İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty 2015-2016 Academic Year Synopsis of Curricula
İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty 2015-2016 Academic Year Synopsis of Curricula For details visit: http://www.ctf.edu.tr/egitim_ogretim/indexen.htm Istanbul University, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty 2015-2016 Academic Year Synopsis of Curricula; Version 14-Jul-15; Page 1/125 Table of Contents 1st Year Courses .................................................................................................................................. 3 Course 1.1: Introduction to Medical Sciences ..................................................................................... 3 Course 1.2: Cell Tissue and Organ Systems I ...................................................................................... 8 Course 1.3: Cell Tissue and Organ Systems II .................................................................................. 12 Course 1.4: Introduction to Clinical Medicine ................................................................................... 19 2nd Year Courses ............................................................................................................................... 25 Course 2.1: Locomotor System .......................................................................................................... 25 Course 2.2: Cardiovascular System ................................................................................................... 28 Course 2.3: Respiratory System ......................................................................................................... 32 Course 2.4: -
12. Shortness of Breath
12. Shortness of breath Shortness of breath (dyspnea) is described as an intense tightening in the chest, air hunger, difficulty breathing, breathlessness or a feeling of suffocation. It is a subjective symptom of many diseases. The causes of shortness of breath can be various, but most often pulmonary or cardiac. The main causes of pulmonary or cardiac dyspnea include heart congestion, pulmonary embolism, emphysema, atelectasis, pneumothorax and interstitial lung processes. The basic imaging method in the diagnosis of dyspnea that follows clinical examination is a chest X- ray. It is used to evaluate heart congestion, fluid effusions, atelectasis, pneumothorax, and a rough assessment of interstitial lung processes. Only if there is a clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolization, the CT angiography (with intravenous contrast), perfusion lung scintigraphy or echocardiography are imaging methods of choice. If interstitial lung disease or pulmonary emphysema are suspected or there is uncertain finding on chest X-ray, high-resolution CT (HRCT) of the chest is recommended. HRCT allows detailed assessment of pulmonary parenchyma. Non-contrast CT is usually sufficient to assess interstitial changes. Heart congestion Heart congestion is the result of insufficient cardiac output due to heart failure or fluid overload. The most common cause of heart congestion is left heart failure with increased pressure in pulmonary veins and capillaries. On chest X- ray can be distinguished 3 degrees of heart congestion. Note: Right-sided heart failure most often occurs in long-term left-sided heart failure or lung disease, which leads to high pulmonary artery resistance (various etiologies of pulmonary hypertension, e.g. advanced COPD). -
Interstitial Lung Disease
Interstitial Lung Disease Camille Washowich, MSN, ACNP, CCRN Center for Advanced Lung Disease Stanford University Medical Center Lung Physiology ILD Classification Interstitial Lung Disease Connective Tissue Diseases Primary (unclassified) Idiopathic Fibrotic Disorders Drug and Treatment Induced Connective Tissue Diseases Scleroderma Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE) Rheumatoid Arthritis Mixed Connective Tissue Disease Primary (unclassified) Sarcoidosis Stage I-IV Neurofibromatosis Tuberous Sclerosis AIDS ARDS Bone Marrow Transplantation Post infectious Occupational & Environmental Exposures: Inorganic & Organic Agriculture Workers and Animal Handlers Construction: wood/metal Auto repair Military Chemicals (plastic, paint, polyurethane) Organisms: fungus/molds/bacterium Idiopathic Fibrotic Disorders Pulmonary fibrosis Familial pulmonary fibrosis Autoimmune pulmonary fibrosis Respiratory bronchiolitis Nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis (NSIP) Drug Induced Antibiotics Anti-arrhythmics Anti-inflammatory Anti-convulsant Radiation/Chemotherapy Oxygen toxicity Narcotics ILD Epidemiology in the US 100K admissions/year Occupation DILD Sarcoidosis 11% 15% pulmonologist patients 5% DAH 8% 4% CTD Incidence: 5/100K 9% Men (31%) versus Women (26%) Other 11% IPF 45% of all ILD patients Pulmonary Fibrosis 52% Age/Gender/Race Specifications to Assist in Diagnosis 20-40yrs: Inherited Interstitial Lung diseases Familial idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Collagen vascular disease- associated ILD LAM Pulmonary Langerhans’ cell granulomatosis Sarcoidosis 50yrs: -
CHEST RADIOLOGY: Goals and Objectives
Harlem Hospital Center Department of Radiology Residency Training Program CHEST RADIOLOGY: Goals and Objectives ROTATION 1 (Radiology Years 1): Resident responsibilities: • ED chest CTs • Inpatient and outpatient plain films including the portable intensive care unit radiographs • Consultations with referring clinicians MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE: • Residents must demonstrate knowledge about established and evolving biomedical, clinical, and cognitive sciences and the application of this knowledge to patient care. At the end of the rotation, the resident should be able to: • Identify normal radiographic and CT anatomy of the chest • Identify and describe common variants of normal, including aging changes. • Demonstrate a basic knowledge of radiographic interpretation of atelectasis, pulmonary infection, congestive heart failure, pleural effusion and common neoplastic diseases of the chest • Identify the common radiologic manifestation of thoracic trauma, including widened mediastinum, signs of aortic laceration, pulmonary contusion/laceration, esophageal and diaphragmatic rupture. • Know the expected postoperative appearance in patients s/p thoracic surgery and the expected location of the life support and monitoring devices on chest radiographs of critically ill patients (intensive care radiology); be able to recognize malpositioned devices. • Identify cardiac enlargement and know the radiographic appearance of the dilated right vs. left atria and right vs. left ventricles, and pulmonary vascular congestion • Recognize common life-threatening -
Chest Radiology: a Resident's Manual
Chest Radiology: A Resident's Manual Bearbeitet von Johannes Kirchner 1. Auflage 2011. Buch. 300 S. Hardcover ISBN 978 3 13 153871 0 Format (B x L): 23 x 31 cm Weitere Fachgebiete > Medizin > Sonstige Medizinische Fachgebiete > Radiologie, Bildgebende Verfahren Zu Inhaltsverzeichnis schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. 1 Heart Failure Acute left heart failure is most commonly caused by a hyperten- " Compare pulmonary vessels that are equidistant to a central sive crisis. Radiographic signs on the plain chest radiograph ob- point in the respective hilum. tained with the patient standing include: " Compare the diameter of a random easily identifiable superior " Redistribution of pulmonary perfusion lobe artery (often the anterior segmental artery is most easily " Presence of interstitial patterns (Kerley lines, peribronchial identifiable) with the diameter of the corresponding ipsilateral cuffing) bronchus (Fig. 1.62). " Alveolar densities with indistinct vascular structures (ad- vanced stage) As the pulmonary artery and corresponding ipsilateral bronchus " Pleural effusions are normally of precisely equal diameter, a larger arterial diameter is indicative of redistribution of perfusion (Fig. 1.63). The diagnos- All of these signs are essentially attributable to increased fluid tic criteria of caudal-to-cranial redistribution cannot be evaluated content in the abnormally heavy “wet” lung. The fluid accumula- on radiographs obtained in the supine patient. -
Pleural Effusion, Hypovascularity in Lung Zone (Westermark’S Sign) & Pyramid Shape Infiltrate with Peak Directed to Hilus (Hampton’S Hump)
Author(s): Michele M. Nypaver, MD, 2011 License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ We have reviewed this material in accordance with U.S. Copyright Law and have tried to maximize your ability to use, share, and adapt it. Copyright holders of content included in this material should contact [email protected] with any questions, corrections, or clarification regarding the use of content. For more information about how to cite these materials visit http://open.umich.edu/privacy-and-terms-use. Any medical information in this material is intended to inform and educate and is not a tool for self-diagnosis or a replacement for medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional. Please speak to your physician if you have questions about your medical condition. Viewer discretion is advised: Some medical content is graphic and may not be suitable for all viewers. Citation Key for more information see: http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy Use + Share + Adapt { Content the copyright holder, author, or law permits you to use, share and adapt. } Public Domain – Government: Works that are produced by the U.S. Government. (17 USC § 105) Public Domain – Expired: Works that are no longer protected due to an expired copyright term. Public Domain – Self Dedicated: Works that a copyright holder has dedicated to the public domain. Creative Commons – Zero Waiver Creative Commons – Attribution License Creative Commons – Attribution Share Alike License Creative Commons – Attribution Noncommercial License Creative Commons – Attribution Noncommercial Share Alike License GNU – Free Documentation License Make Your Own Assessment { Content Open.Michigan believes can be used, shared, and adapted because it is ineligible for copyright. -
Pneumonia (CAP)
肺實質化病變與肺塌陷 胸腔內科周百謙醫師 Dr. Pai-chien Chou MD PhD Department of Thoracic Medicine Taipei Medical University Hospital Chest X-ray • P-A view • Lateral view • Oblique view • Lordotic view • Expiratory film • Decubitus view • Overpenetrated grid film The Elements of a chest x-ray (CXR) • The Broncho-vascular markings in the lung • The borders of the heart • The contours of the mediastinum and pleural space • The ribs and spine Segmental anatomy Segmental Anatomy Cardiomediastinal outlines on Chest X-ray Density of image ◆ Gas ◆ Water ◆ Fat ◆ Metal and bone ◆ Thinking of pathogenesis Basic thinking of a lesion on Chest X-ray ◆ Size ◆ Location (Silhouette sign) – Anterior, posterior – Which lobe is involved ◆ Intrapulmonary (Air bronchogram sign) ◆ Extrapulmonary (Incomplete border sign) Infiltrate in the lungs • Fluid accumulates in lung, predominate in the alveolar (airspace) compartment or the interstitial compartment. interstitial compartment Lymphatic compartment Alveolar unit Vascular unit Air space opacification The opacification is caused by fluid or solid material within the airways that causes a difference in the relative attenuation of the lung: • transudate, e.g. pulmonary edema secondary to heart failure • pus, e.g. bacterial pneumonia • blood, e.g. pulmonary hemorrhage • cells, e.g. bronchoalveolar carcinoma • protein, e.g. alveolar proteinosis • fat, e.g. lipoid pneumonia • gastric contents, e.g. aspiration pneumonia • water, e.g. drowning When considering the likely causes of airspace opacification, it is useful to determine chronicity -
Signs in Chest Imaging
Diagn Interv Radiol 2011; 17:18–29 CHEST IMAGING © Turkish Society of Radiology 2011 PICTORIAL ESSAY Signs in chest imaging Oktay Algın, Gökhan Gökalp, Uğur Topal ABSTRACT adiological practice includes classification of illnesses with similar A radiological sign can sometimes resemble a particular object characteristics through recognizable signs. Knowledge of and abil- or pattern and is often highly suggestive of a group of similar pathologies. Awareness of such similarities can shorten the dif- R ity to recognize these signs can aid the physician in shortening ferential diagnosis list. Many such signs have been described the differential diagnosis list and deciding on the ultimate diagnosis for for X-ray and computed tomography (CT) images. In this ar- ticle, we present the most frequently encountered plain film a patient. In this report, 23 important and frequently seen radiological and CT signs in chest imaging. These signs include for plain signs are presented and described using chest X-rays, computed tomog- films the air bronchogram sign, silhouette sign, deep sulcus raphy (CT) images, illustrations and photographs. sign, Continuous diaphragm sign, air crescent (“meniscus”) sign, Golden S sign, cervicothoracic sign, Luftsichel sign, scim- itar sign, doughnut sign, Hampton hump sign, Westermark Plain films sign, and juxtaphrenic peak sign, and for CT the gloved finger Air bronchogram sign sign, CT halo sign, signet ring sign, comet tail sign, CT an- giogram sign, crazy paving pattern, tree-in-bud sign, feeding Bronchi, which are not normally seen, become visible as a result of vessel sign, split pleura sign, and reversed halo sign. opacification of the lung parenchyma. -
Eponyms in Radiologic Signs
Eponyms in radiologic signs Poster No.: C-0133 Congress: ECR 2014 Type: Educational Exhibit Authors: D. Andrade, L. Andrade, M. Magalhaes, L. Curvo-Semedo, F. Caseiro Alves; Coimbra/PT Keywords: Diagnostic procedure, Fluoroscopy, CT, Conventional radiography, Thorax, Musculoskeletal system, Gastrointestinal tract, Education and training DOI: 10.1594/ecr2014/C-0133 Any information contained in this pdf file is automatically generated from digital material submitted to EPOS by third parties in the form of scientific presentations. References to any names, marks, products, or services of third parties or hypertext links to third- party sites or information are provided solely as a convenience to you and do not in any way constitute or imply ECR's endorsement, sponsorship or recommendation of the third party, information, product or service. ECR is not responsible for the content of these pages and does not make any representations regarding the content or accuracy of material in this file. As per copyright regulations, any unauthorised use of the material or parts thereof as well as commercial reproduction or multiple distribution by any traditional or electronically based reproduction/publication method ist strictly prohibited. You agree to defend, indemnify, and hold ECR harmless from and against any and all claims, damages, costs, and expenses, including attorneys' fees, arising from or related to your use of these pages. Please note: Links to movies, ppt slideshows and any other multimedia files are not available in the pdf version of presentations. www.myESR.org Page 1 of 43 Learning objectives 1. To recognize the most frequent and important radiologic signs that are eponyms.