Origins of the Cold War Map of Europe United States 1946

 Churchill Warns of an “Iron Curtain” in Europe  Stalin calls speech an act of war, beginning of the Cold War

Truman Doctrine- 1946  Turkey and Greece faced Communist revolutions  Truman asks for and recieves 400 million to aid fight against communism  Beginning of Containment Policy (not allow communism to spread) – Becomes guiding US policy into 1970’s Western Europe 1947  The Marshall Plan gives aid to European Nations  Rebuilt Western Europe, threatened Communism

Berlin, Germany-1948

 Stalin cuts off access to Berlin, US sends airplanes with supplies  Stalin backs off, Victory for West NATO

 1949  North Atlantic Treaty Organization USSR/China -1949

 USSR- first atomic bomb  China-Maoist Revolution wins-China becomes Communist  Communist hysteria 1950 Korean War

 1950-1953  North=Communist  South=Democratic Iran and Guatemala

 1953-Iran  1954-Guatemala Iran

 Mohammed Mossadegh-PM  1953-nationalized oil industry  US-fear Iran was USSR ally  CIA staged coup by anti-Mossadegh supporters  Mossadegh overthrown—Shah of Iran Guatemala

• In 1950 Guatemalans elected Jacobo Arbenz Guzman. • Arbenz's government put forth a number of new policies that the U.S. intelligence community deemed Communist in nature • He decided to nationalize Guatemala's industry. • This angered US companies. In particular the United Fruit Company. • CIA trained and and armed a rebel army headed by Carlos Castillas Armas Second Red Scare

 3/21/47-Truman-Loyalty Oaths – Executive Order 9835 Loyalty- Security Program for all federal employees  1950 – Truman approved agencies to fire people believed to have no more than “bad security risks”  1951 – Over 2,000 government employees resigned under pressure and 212 were discharged  HUAC-House Un-American Activities Committee-- opens hearings investigating Communist activity in Hollywood

Alger Hiss

 Alger Hiss- Harvard-trained lawyer with an impeccable family background.  Whittaker Chambers  According to Chambers, Hiss was a devoted Communist engaged in espionage, even while working at the highest levels of the United States government.  Hiss’ story was very different, claiming unwavering loyalty and denying even membership in the Communist Party.  He was charged with two counts of perjury and several years in prison

Importance

 Heightened American’s fears  Cast the suspicion that communism had in fact crept into the US government.  Projected an unknown California congressman named Richard Nixon to national fame  Set the stage for Senator Joseph McCarthy's infamous Communist-hunting

McCarran Act (1950)

 Congress passed the Internal Security Act of 1950 – required all communist associations to register with the Attorney General – to make public all records.  Subversive Activities Control Board (SACB) - tightened alien exclusion and deportation laws, allowing for the arrest of dangerous, disloyal, or subversive persons in times of war or "internal security emergency"

McCarthy

 2/9/50—Wisconsin—Joseph McCarthy-205 Communists in State Department  1950-54—Attack various government agencies-US Army  Apr22-June 17,1954—TV hearings  McCarthy censured Rosenbergs  Paranoia was increasing among the American nation because: – The explosion of an atom bomb by Russia – The invasion of South Korea by the Communist North Koreans and Chinese – The numerous revelations and confessions of former communists and professed spies  The intensity of the McCarthy mentality of the times

 Klaus Fuchs-bomb to Russians- Rosenbergs were part of the network  The Rosenbergs were convicted on March 29, 1951, and sentenced to death under Section 2 of the Espionage Act.