Origins of the Cold War Map of Europe United States 1946 Churchill Warns of an “Iron Curtain” in Europe Stalin calls speech an act of war, beginning of the Cold War Truman Doctrine- 1946 Turkey and Greece faced Communist revolutions Truman asks for and recieves 400 million to aid fight against communism Beginning of Containment Policy (not allow communism to spread) – Becomes guiding US policy into 1970’s Western Europe 1947 The Marshall Plan gives aid to European Nations Rebuilt Western Europe, threatened Communism Berlin, Germany-1948 Stalin cuts off access to Berlin, US sends airplanes with supplies Stalin backs off, Victory for West NATO 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization USSR/China -1949 USSR- first atomic bomb China-Maoist Revolution wins-China becomes Communist Communist hysteria 1950 Korean War 1950-1953 North=Communist South=Democratic Iran and Guatemala 1953-Iran 1954-Guatemala Iran Mohammed Mossadegh-PM 1953-nationalized oil industry US-fear Iran was USSR ally CIA staged coup by anti-Mossadegh supporters Mossadegh overthrown—Shah of Iran Guatemala • In 1950 Guatemalans elected Jacobo Arbenz Guzman. • Arbenz's government put forth a number of new policies that the U.S. intelligence community deemed Communist in nature • He decided to nationalize Guatemala's industry. • This angered US companies. In particular the United Fruit Company. • CIA trained and and armed a rebel army headed by Carlos Castillas Armas Second Red Scare 3/21/47-Truman-Loyalty Oaths – Executive Order 9835 Loyalty- Security Program for all federal employees 1950 – Truman approved agencies to fire people believed to have no more than “bad security risks” 1951 – Over 2,000 government employees resigned under pressure and 212 were discharged HUAC-House Un-American Activities Committee-- opens hearings investigating Communist activity in Hollywood Alger Hiss Alger Hiss- Harvard-trained lawyer with an impeccable family background. Whittaker Chambers According to Chambers, Hiss was a devoted Communist engaged in espionage, even while working at the highest levels of the United States government. Hiss’ story was very different, claiming unwavering loyalty and denying even membership in the Communist Party. He was charged with two counts of perjury and several years in prison Importance Heightened American’s fears Cast the suspicion that communism had in fact crept into the US government. Projected an unknown California congressman named Richard Nixon to national fame Set the stage for Senator Joseph McCarthy's infamous Communist-hunting McCarran Act (1950) Congress passed the Internal Security Act of 1950 – required all communist associations to register with the Attorney General – to make public all records. Subversive Activities Control Board (SACB) - tightened alien exclusion and deportation laws, allowing for the arrest of dangerous, disloyal, or subversive persons in times of war or "internal security emergency" McCarthy 2/9/50—Wisconsin—Joseph McCarthy-205 Communists in State Department 1950-54—Attack various government agencies-US Army Apr22-June 17,1954—TV hearings McCarthy censured Rosenbergs Paranoia was increasing among the American nation because: – The explosion of an atom bomb by Russia – The invasion of South Korea by the Communist North Koreans and Chinese – The numerous revelations and confessions of former communists and professed spies The intensity of the McCarthy mentality of the times Klaus Fuchs-bomb to Russians- Rosenbergs were part of the network The Rosenbergs were convicted on March 29, 1951, and sentenced to death under Section 2 of the Espionage Act. .