El español en Texas

Spanish-speaking peoples have been an integral part of the history and culture of A brief Texas from the arrival of the European explorers to the present day. You see Spanish in the names of Texas’s cities and towns and on many of its street signs. In the next history pages you can read about a few important ways in which speakers of Spanish have influenced Texas and contributed to the identity of the United States.

xxvii El español en Texas El español en Texas

Battle of the Alamo

1598 Juan de Oñate 1821–1836 On behalf of King Phillip II Texas becomes part of Mexico in 1821 and revolts against of Spain, Mexican explorer Mexican rule in 1835. Texan rebels are defeated in Juan de Oñate leads an San Antonio by Mexican forces at the Battle of the Alamo expedition into what is in 1836. Inspired by the bravery and sacrifice of the defenders now Mexico, New Mexico, of the Alamo, the Texas army wins the Battle of San Jacinto, and Texas. after which Texas gains independence from Mexico. 1500 1600 1700 1800

1835 When Antonio López de Santa Anna takes a dictatorial role in Mexico, Lorenzo de Zavala, a Mexican politician, resigns from his political duties in France and goes to Texas in 1835. Zavala is elected vice-president of the temporary government of the new Texas Republic. Plan of the fortress Because of his political at Los Adaes experience with the Mexican 1729 government, his education, Spain designates Los Adaes the capital of the province of Texas and his ability with and establishes a fortress there. Los Adaes remains the language, he has a major easternmost settlement and military post in Spanish Texas for the role in the drafting of the next fifty years. Later, it becomes part of the state of Louisiana. Texas Constitution. Lorenzo de Zavala xxviii El español en Texas 1935 Texan entrepreneur and civic leader María Torres Reyna becomes the first secretary of Ladies LULAC (League of United Latin American Citizens), a national civil rights organization. The Mexican- American Chamber of Commerce in Houston names her Businesswoman of the Year in 1980.

2005 The city of Laredo in South Texas will commemorate its 250th anniversary. Laredo began as a small Spanish settlement established by Tomás Sánchez de la Barrera y Garza in 1755 and is now 1993 the largest inland port in the United Selena wins a Grammy Award for Best States and a center of world trade. Four Mexican-American Album for Live. Born international bridges crossing the Rio Selena Quintanilla Pérez in Lake Jackson, Grande connect Laredo with Nuevo she is nominated for a second Grammy in Laredo, Mexico. The monument in this 1995 for her album Amor Prohibido. photo commemorates the establishment of the city. 1900 2000 1977 Oceanographer Frank González of San Antonio joins the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Dr. González is part of a team that studies very large ocean waves called tsunamis. He works with deep-ocean stations that track wave patterns to identify coastal communities at risk of being struck by tsunami waves. 2002 Sandra Cisneros, author of the popular book The House on Mango Street, publishes her second novel, Caramelo, to critical acclaim. She is a resident of San Antonio.

xxix El español en Texas Why Learn Spanish?

To Appreciate the Importance of Spanish in the U.S. The influence of Spanish is everywhere. Spanish words like plaza and tornado have become part of the English language. Just think of U.S. place names that come from Spanish: Colorado, Florida, Nevada, Los Angeles, San Antonio, La Villita, etc. You can see Spanish on signs. There are Spanish radio and television stations. Singers such as Jon Secada perform in Spanish as well as English.

To Connect Spanish will help you communicate with other people. Spanish is the second most common language in the U.S. and the third most common in the world. You will be able do things like ask someone for directions, bargain at a market, and order in a restaurant in Spanish.

xxx Why Learn Spanish? To Have Fun Taking Spanish is a new experience that will expose you to the food, the music, the celebrations, and other aspects of Spanish-speaking cultures. It will make travel to other countries as well as to different places in the United States much more enjoyable and more meaningful.

To Be Challenged Studying Spanish is a challenge. There is a lot to learn, but it’s not just vocabulary and grammar in a textbook. In the future you will be able to read Spanish-language newspapers, magazines, and books. Imagine reading Don Quijote de la Mancha by Miguel de Cervantes in the original Spanish someday!

To Help You in the Future Taking a foreign language like Spanish is an accomplishment to be emphasized on college and job applications. It can also help you fulfill college language requirements. Spanish can be useful in many careers, from doctor, bank teller, and social worker to teacher, tour guide, and translator. How to Study Spanish Use Strategies Use Study Hints Listening strategies provide a starting point to help you understand. The Apoyo para estudiar feature provides Speaking strategies will help you express yourself in Spanish. study hints that will help you learn Spanish. Reading strategies will show you different ways to approach reading. Writing strategies help you out with your writing skills. Apoyo para estudiar Cultural strategies help you compare Spanish-speaking cultures of the world to your own culture. Gender Knowing the gender of nouns that refer to STRATEGY: SPEAKING people is easy. But how do you learn the gender of things? When learning a new Use all you know It is easy to rely on what you learned word, such as camiseta, say it with the most recently. But it is important to reuse what you’ve definite article: la camiseta. Say it to learned before. Try to include activities you learned in Unit 1, such as cantar and nadar, in your answers. yourself and say it aloud several times. That will help you remember its gender.

Everyone learns differently, and there are different ways to achieve a goal. Find Build Your out what works for you. Grammar boxes are set up with an explanation, a visual representation, and examples from real-life contexts. Use this combination of Confidence words and graphics to help you learn Spanish. Focus on whatever helps you most. GRAMÁTICA Expressing Feelings with estar and Adjectives

¿RECUERDAS? p. 134 You learned that the verb estar is used to say estoy estamos where someone or something is located. estás estáis Estar is also used with adjectives to describe how someone feels at a given moment. agrees está están Diana está preocupada por Ignacio. Diana is worried about Ignacio. agrees Remember that adjectives must agree in Ignacio está preocupado gender and number with the por Roberto. nouns they describe. Ignacio is worried about Roberto.

Practice: Actividades Más práctica cuaderno p. 61 Online Workbook 6 7 Para hispanohablantes cuaderno p. 59 CLASSZONE.COM

xxxii How to Study Spanish Have Fun Taking a foreign language does not have to be all serious work. The dialogs in this book present the Spanish language in entertaining, real-life contexts. • Pair and group activities give you a chance to interact with your classmates. • Vocabulary and grammar puzzles will test your knowledge, but will also be fun to do.

Listen to Spanish Inside and Outside of Class Listening to Spanish will help you understand it. Pay attention to the dialogs and the listening activities in class. Take advantage of opportunities to hear Spanish outside of class as well. • Do you know someone who speaks Spanish? • Are there any Spanish-language radio and/or television stations in your area? • Does your video store have any Spanish-language movies?

Take Risks The goal of studying a foreign language like Spanish is to communicate. Don’t be afraid to speak. Everyone makes mistakes, so don’t worry if you make a few. When you do make a mistake, pause and then try again. VANUATÚ MARSHALL SALOMÓN CALEDONIA (FRANCIA) ISLAS ISLAS NUEVA RUSIA ZELANDA Mar deSiberia NAURU NUEVA Oriental TUVALU FIDJI ISLAS OCCIDENTAL SAMOA 180

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Washington, D.C. ESTADOS UNIDOS

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xxxvi ESTADOS UNIDOS ElEl CaribeCaribe

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OCÉANO PACÍFICO Bogotá

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xxxvii MAR CARIBE SudamSSudaméricaudamérricaica

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Gibraltar (R.U.) Estrecho de Gibraltar Ceuta (España)

Melilla (España) África OCÉANO CAMERÚN ATLÁNTICO MARRUECOS Malabo GUINEA ECUATORIAL Islas Canarias (España) Golfo de Guinea OCÉANO ATLÁNTICO Bata Santa Cruz La Palma de Tenerife GABÓN

Tenerife Las Palmas Gran Canaria 0 50 kilómetros ÁFRICA 0 50 100 kilómetros 0 200 kilómetros 0 50 millas 0 200 millas 050100 millas xxxix