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Section 2 Disputes with the United States Main Ideas Key Terms and People 1. Some Spanish officials saw the growth of the United • Louisiana Purchase States as a threat to their land in North America. • Neutral Ground 2. Disputes arose over the border between Texas and • diplomats Louisiana. • Adams-Onís Treaty Why It Matters Today Spain and the United States could not agree about the border between their territories. Use current events sources to learn about border disputes in the world today.
TEKS: 1B, 2C, 8A, 9C, 21B, 21C, 21E, 22D The Story Continues Bernardo de Gálvez eyed the British fort in Pensacola, myNotebook Florida, determined to take it. If he did, Spain would regain control of Florida. Gálvez directed the 7,000 soldiers and Use the annotation tools in your eBook 35 ships at his command to attack. Inside the fort, though, to take notes on the 1,600 British troops were not easily defeated. They held disputes between Bleed Art Guide: Spain and the All bleeding art should be extended fully to the out for two months. Then on May 9, 1781, a huge explosion bleed guide. United States. ripped through the fort—a Spanish shell had hit the main gunpowder site. Florida was Spanish once more.
The Growing U.S. Threat Bernardo de Gálvez became the governor of Spanish Louisiana in 1777. Art and Non-Teaching Text Guide: As governor, he often came into conflict with the British over trade Folios, annos, standards, non-bleeding art, etc. should issues. Several years after American Patriots in the 13 British colonies never go beyond this guide on any side, 1p6 to trim. declared independence from Great Britain, Spain declared war on the British. Gálvez led Spanish forces in retaking Florida, winning victo- ries against the British in the Bahamas and Louisiana. While fighting in Louisiana, Gálvez ordered officials in Texas to send him cattle to feed his troops. Between 1779 and 1782, Tejanos drove some 10,000 cattle into Louisiana. These were some of the earliest Texas cattle drives. In 1783 the United States officially won its independence. Though Text Guide: “Teaching” text should never go beyond this guide on any side.Spain had helped win that independence, the new nation grew so quickly that some Spanish officials began to see it as a threat.
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U.S. settlers pushed west as far as the Mississippi River. Without That’s seeking permission, some continued into Spanish Louisiana to the Red River. Although this region belonged to Spain, few Spanish settlers lived Interesting there. Nor did many Spaniards live in East Texas, as one Spaniard noted. Bernardo de Gálvez texas voices Bernardo de Gálvez’s “All the souls, which on our part, populate such a rich and vast contributions during the province, are to be found in one villa, two presidios, . . . six ranches, Revolutionary War did seven missions and . . . Bucareli. . . . If one thinks about the millions not end with the fighting. of souls who could maintain themselves there, . . . the fertility of the Gálvez represented land . . . one would not see this abandon without indifference.” Spain in negotiating the —Father Juan Agustín Morfi, quoted in Spanish Texas, 1519–1810, by David M. Vigness peace treaty. The U.S. Congress later honored Despite some misgivings, Spanish leaders in Louisiana decided to him for his help in gaining U.S. independence. In allow U.S. immigration to boost the population. But officials in Texas addition, the region’s put troops at Nacogdoches to keep unwanted foreigners out. As the U.S. largest bay was named population grew, Texans watched anxiously. Their anxiety increased in Galveston in his honor. 1800 when Spain returned Louisiana to France. Just three years later, France sold the territory to the United States for $15 million. The deal, known as the Louisiana Purchase, doubled the size of the young nation. Reading Check Finding the Main Idea Why did some Spanish officials see the United States as a threat to Spain’s colonies?
Text Guide: r Disputed BRITISH TERRITORY e iv “Teaching” text should never go beyond Rthis guide on any side.
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S n sa TN Folios, annos, standards, non-bleeding art, etc. should s 70˚W River Santa neverSC go beyond this guideATLANTIC on any side, 1p6 to trim. U.S. states and Fe Red territories in 1804 River OCEAN MISSISSIPPI S GA 30˚N Louisiana Purchase a b TERRITORY in e
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TEXAS e
r Pike, 1806–07 FLORIDA G San New Orleans ra Antonio (Spanish) WE Adams-Onís Treaty MEXICO nd of 1819 e Gulf of Mexico S Present-day Texas 0 200 400 Miles 25˚N state boundary 0 200 400 Kilometers Albers Equal-Area Projection 120˚W 115˚W 95˚W 90˚W 85˚W 80˚W 75˚W Bleed Art Guide: The Louisiana Purchase and the Adams-Onís Treaty All bleeding art should be extended fully to the Interpreting Maps The Adams-Onís Treaty defined the border of the Spanish territory. bleed guide. Places and Regions What rivers helped define the boundaries set by the Adams-Onís Treaty?
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Border Disputes in Texas Many Spanish were alarmed that New Spain now shared a border with the rapidly growing United States. To make matters worse, that border was not clearly defined. According to U.S. officials, the Louisiana terri- tory extended as far west as the Rio Grande. Spanish officials disagreed. They claimed that Louisiana ended at the Arroyo Hondo, known today as the Calcasieu River. Fearing that the disagreement could lead to vio- lence, the Spanish brought troops to East Texas. Meanwhile even more Americans moved west. In 1806 a U.S. army captain named Zebulon Pike set out to explore the Louisiana territory for the government. Spanish soldiers captured him in New Mexico and accused him of spying. In time, the Spanish commander agreed to release Pike. He went home by way of northern Mexico and Texas, which he later described in a book as full of game, herds of mustangs, and wild cattle. His book added to U.S. interest in the region. In late 1806 Spanish and U.S. military leaders met to discuss the disputed boundary. To prevent violence, they declared the area between the Sabine and the Arroyo Hondo neutral, meaning it did not belong to either side. This territory became known as the Neutral Ground. Both countries would remain out of the area until diplomats set the official border. Diplomats are officials who represent countries in foreign affairs. Despite the agreement, settlers and many outlaws entered the Neutral Ground. In 1819 Spain and the United States signed the Adams- Onís Treaty, which set the boundary between their territories. Under Bleed Art Guide: the treaty, the United States gave up all claims to Texas in exchange for All bleeding art should be extended fully to the bleed guide. the Neutral Ground and Florida. Reading Check Making Generalizations and Predictions Do you think conflict continued between New Spain and the United States? Why?
Section 2 Review ONLINE QUIZ Art and Non-Teaching Text Guide: Folios, annos, standards, non-bleeding art, etc. should never go1. beyond Define this guide on anyand side, 1p6explain: to trim. 3. Sequencing 4. Finding the Main Idea • Louisiana Purchase Copy the graphic a. How did the Louisiana Purchase affect • diplomats organizer below. Use Texas? it to describe in order b. Look at the map. What did Spain gain and 2. Identify and explain the series of events lose under the Adams-Onís Treaty? the significance of each in the border dispute of the following in that occurred after the 5. Writing and Critical Thinking Texas history: Louisiana Purchase. Drawing Inferences and Conclusions Imagine • Neutral Ground that you are a diplomat helping to resolve Dispute the Texas–Louisiana border. Write journal Text• Adams-OnísGuide: Treaty Temporary entries describing some of your experiences. “Teaching” text should never go beyond this guide on any side. Solution Consider the following: Permanent Solution • issues involved in the border dispute • your personal point of view about where the border should be located
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