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Home , Moses Austin, Spanish Texas

Warm Up

The Mexican National Era Unit 5 Vocab •Immigrant - a person who comes to a country where they were not born in order to settle there •Petition - a formal message requesting something that is submitted to an authority •Tejano - a person of Mexican descent living in •Militia - civilians trained as soldiers but not part of the regular army • -the Spanish word for a land agent whose job it was to bring in new settlers to an area •Anglo-American - people whose ancestors moved from one of many European countries to the and who now share a common culture and language •Recruit - to persuade someone to join a group •Filibuster - an adventurer who engages in private rebellious activity in a foreign country •Compromise - an agreement in which both sides give something up •Republic - a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them •Neutral - Not belonging to one side or the other •Cede - to surrender by treaty or agreement •Land Title - legal document proving land ownership •Emigrate - leave one's country of residence for a new one Warm Up

Warm-up • Why do you think that the Spanish colonists wanted to break away from ?

5 Unrest and Revolution Mexican Independence & Impact on Texas • Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla – Gave a speech called “Grito de Dolores” in 1810. Became known as the Father of the Mexican independence movement. • Leads rebellion but is killed in 1811. • does not win independence until 1821. Hidalgo’s Supporters Rebel Against Spain • A group of rebels led by Juan Bautista de las Casas overthrew the Spanish government in . • They named Las Casas governor and then took control of La Bahia and Nacogdoches. • On January 22, 1811, Las Casas declared the Mexican state of Texas independent of Spain. 8 Mexican Unrest Continues

• Even though the rebellions led by Hidalgo and Las Casas failed, people began opening their eyes to the possibility of freedom from Spanish control. • They believed that with the right army, the colonists could “win” their independence. 9 Meanwhile in Spain

• A group of liberals staged a successful revolt in 1820. • This revolt forced the king of Spain to make changes. • The conservatives in Spain started to think twice about all of its choices. • Many conservatives joined with Father Hidalgo’s followers to defeat Spanish forces. 10 August 24, 1821 • A treaty was signed, making Mexico independent from Spain. • Texas then became the new Republic of Mexico.

11 Filibusters and Fear

• Spain had been afraid of a loss of land after the U.S. Purchase in 1803. • The made the U.S. directly border and then Mexico after 1821. • The Filibusters did not help ease this fear.

12 Guitierrez Magee Expedition: • US army sent Lieutenant to remove outlaws from neutral zone (hiding place)

• Left army and teamed up with rebel Gutierrez to invade Texas

• Gathered army and captured Nacogdoches in 1812

• (They were defeated shortly thereafter.) Adams-Onis treaty 1819 • Treaty set border between US and along Sabine River

• US agreed that Spain owned Texas

• In return, Spain gave to the US Spanish Rule Ends in Mexico MEXICO AFTER INDEPENDENCE, 1821

16

Americans Move West • After the United States gained its freedom from Great Britain in 1783, Anglo Americans began searching for new areas to settle. • Some Americans ventured across the River. • They dreamt of new homes in the West.

Anglo Americans – People whose ancestors moved from one of many European countries to the United States and who now share a common culture and language. Why were settlers coming to Texas? • They were attracted to the plentiful and inexpensive land. • They were seeking adventure and personal gain. • They sought escape from problems in the United States.

www.txlandandcountry.com/ browne/browne03.jpg Warm Up

Write A definition for each of the following terms: 1. Anglo-American 2. Recruit 3. Filibuster 4. Compromise 5. Republic

The Filibusters ?

Early Anglo Settlement in Texas People seeking adventure began coming to Spanish Texas.

Some of these adventurers came for profit, others came to establish independent states.

These adventure-seekers were called filibusters. In 1800, Philip Nolan, perhaps the most famous filibuster, came to Texas to catch and sell wild . Many others followed suit.

The Spanish were suspicious of many people, and they thought that all filibusters were trying to make Texas part of the U.S. Spain was suspicious of some people such as (1819). Long came to Texas, captured Nacogdoches, and claimed Texas as a free and independent state.

Eventually, the term filibuster became synonymous with a trouble maker who wanted to start rebellion. Both Philip Nolan and James Long were executed by the Spanish government because of the fear that the filibusters wanted to take Texas away from Spain. Jane Long, James’s wife, learned of his death while living on Point Bolivar near Galveston. She was left alone with a young daughter and servant.

Mrs. Long endured severe weather, scarce food, and the threat of attack from Native Americans and Spanish soldiers.

At one point she used a small cannon to frighten away some Karankawa Indians. Later, Jane traveled to Mexico to investigate her husband’s death.

She eventually returned to Texas where she bought land and became a successful business woman.

Jane Long’s bravery and independent spirit has earned her the nickname “Mother of Texas”. Spain Controls Immigration • Initially, Spain tried to control the movement of American immigrants by allowing Anglo Americans to settle in on generous land grants IF they agreed to: – 1. pledge their loyalty to the Spanish government – 2. become Catholics (many were not)

Immigrants – a person who comes to a country to settle Spain Controls Immigration

• By making the settlers agree to the two conditions, Spain hoped: – to populate the area to extend Spanish rule and – the new settlers would help prevent other Anglo Americans from entering the territory illegally. Spain Controls Immigration

• Under this plan, George Morgan became the first empresario to recruit settlers from the U.S. and be responsible to Spanish authorities for them. empresario – an agent who makes all arrangements to bring settlers to a colony recruit – to persuade someone to join a group •In 1787, Morgan founded New Madrid, which is now Missouri.

Warm Up

Write A definition for each of the following terms:

• Neutral • Cede • Land Title • Emigrate

MOSES AUSTIN BEGINS COLONIZATION IN TEXAS • was from . • Austin was interested in lead mining. • After hearing about Georgewww.dallashistory.org/.../ texas/colonization.htm Morgan’s colony in current-day Missouri, Moses Austin moved there to operate a lead mine. MOSES AUSTIN BEGINS COLONIZATION IN TEXAS • Initially things went well for Austin until he lost his fortune and was deep in debt. • He decided that helping colonists locate in Texas was a good way to make money and pay off his debt. MOSES AUSTIN BEGINS COLONIZATION IN TEXAS • He wanted to bring 300 US families to Texas. • Moses Austin presented a petition to the Spanish government. (petition – formal written request) • Do you think the Spanish Government is going to say, “yes” to more U.S. settlers to enter Spanish Texas? (The Spanish government was skeptical because of the filibusters who had attempted to seize/take over Spanish lands.) MOSES AUSTIN BEGINS COLONIZATION IN TEXAS • Believing his petition was going to be approved, Moses Austin headed east to start recruiting colonists for Texas. • He became ill and was dying when he learned that his petition was officially approved by the Spanish officials. • On his deathbed, Austin asked his son, Stephen F. Austin, to carry out his dream of colonizing Texas.

www.dallashistory.org/.../ texas/colonization.htm • At 27, Stephen F. Austin put aside his plans of practicing law and went to Texas to fulfill his father’s wishes. • Austin’s first visited San Antonio de Bexar and met with Governor Martinez. • Governor Martinez appointed Erasmo Seguin (a well-known and respected citizen) to help Austin.

photo at www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/ people/a_c/austin.htm • Where would Austin put these colonists he was bringing to Texas? • Austin’s first job was to choose a site for his colony. • He chose the area between Lavaca and San Jacinto Rivers. – area easy for settlers to clear – received enough rainfall for crops – area good to grow sugar cane, cotton, corn, and other familiar crops

photo at http://www.texas.discodesigns.com/texas/austin/index.shtml • Austin traveled to New Orleans to recruit colonists. • Austin looked for people who were willing to accept hard times and could provide for themselves. – Remember, these colonists had to agree to be Catholic and loyal to Spain. • According to the grant, Austin could bring 300 families to Texas. • Once Austin found out that Mexico had gained its independence from Spain, he traveled over 1,000 miles to Mexico to obtain permission for his colony. • After a year, he received the approval of the Mexican government for his colony. • During this year, Austin learned to speak Spanish and won the trust of Mexican officials. • Beginning in 1821, settlers came to Texas. • Austin purchased a small vessel named “Lively” to transport the colonists. • Some colonists landed at the wrong river (the Brazos, instead of the Colorado) and didn’t see Austin. These colonists were frustrated and returned back to their homes in New Orleans. The • By 1824, Austin had 297 families and single men who had received land in his colony. These settlers were infamously known as THE OLD THREE HUNDRED. • Among the 1,790 colonists in 1825 about 440 were slaves of African and Caribbean decent. • These colonists were very well educated and law abiding and many came from the southern U.S. including several from Louisiana. • Some women even held land grants in Austin’s colony which was untraditional for that time. One of the most influential was Jane Long, the widow of James Long. Characteristics of The Old Three Hundred Old Three Hundred

mostly U.S. mostly southerners farmers

many slaveholders

mostly fairly well law-abiding educated Austin’s Leadership

• The first years in the colony were tough. – drought – attacks by Karankawas – many colonists returning to the United States •Austin’s colony was successful. •This success was due to Austin’s leadership. • Settlers who were farmers received one labor, or 177 acres. • Settlers who raised cattle received a sitio, or a square league of 4,428 acres. • Many settlers received both. Once the settlers were selected to come to Texas, they were given land titles, or proof of ownership of the land. Austin deals successfully with Mexican leaders. • Austin was awarded grants under national colonization laws. • Austin influenced laws that freed colonists from taxes. • Austin also obtained homestead rights for the colonists. – These rights meant that settlers’ land and tools could not be seized to pay back a debt. Mexico’s New Colonization Laws

National Colonization State Colonization Law of 1824 Law of 1825 -allowed each Mexican state - received 67,000 to set its own colonization acres of land for every 200 policies families -restricted new U.S. immigrants - heads of household received from establishing colonies near 4,428 acres of land for $30 and the borders or the coast exempt from paying taxes for 10 years

Effects on Settlement in Texas -huge wave of immigration, particularly U.S. immigration to Texas -several new colonies established Stephen F Austin’s Contributions to Texas • Over 40 Empresarios were granted land during the 1820’s and the population increased from a mere couple thousand to 21,000 by 1834. • Stephen F Austin alone was responsible for bringing more than 1,500 families to Texas. • He had the ability to get along with almost everyone he met including Mexican officials and Indian leaders • He will forever be known as “The Father of Texas” If you were an empresario, which land grant would you Mexican Land Grants, 1821-1836 have wanted and why? Expanding the Empresarial System • The second most important empresario was Green DeWitt. – DeWitt founded a colony southwest of Austin’s original grant. – DeWitt’s headquarters were in Gonzales. – Although DeWitt had permission to bring 400 families to Texas, he had only really settled 166 families. Other Empresarios • Martin de Leon- was the only Mexican empresario to found a Texas colony made up of primarily Mexican settlers.

• Lorenzo de Zavala- was active in Mexican politics and received a grant to settle 500 families in . He sold the land before establishing the colonies

What did you Learn??

1. Where did most of the Old Three Hundred come from and what did they all have in common? - Most were from the Southern U.S. They were mainly well educated, law abiding farmers and many were slaveholders. 2. How did Austin and the other empresarios affect settlement in Texas? - They brought many immigrants particularly U.S. citizens to Texas, increased the population by setting up colonies and towns.