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The Late Tertiary History of the Upper Little Missouri River, North Dakota

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The Late Tertiary History of the Upper Little Missouri River, North Dakota University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects 1956 The al te tertiary history of the upper Little iM ssouri River, North Dakota Charles K. Petter Jr. University of North Dakota Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Petter, Charles K. Jr., "The al te tertiary history of the upper Little iM ssouri River, North Dakota" (1956). Theses and Dissertations. 231. https://commons.und.edu/theses/231 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE LATE TERTIARY H!~TORY OF 'l'HE. UPP.7:B LITTLE MISSOURI RIVER, NORTH DAKOTA A Thesis Submitted to tba Faculty of' the G?"adue.te School of the University ot 1'1ortri Dakota by Charles K. Petter, Jr. II In Partial Fulf'1llment or the Requirements tor the Degree ot Master of Science .rune 1956 "l' I l i This t.:iesis sured. tted by Charles re. Petter, J.r-. 1.n partial lftllment of tb.e requirements '.for the Degree of .Master of gcJenee in tr:i.e ·;rnivarsity of llorth Dakot;a. is .hereby approved by the Committee under. whom l~he work h.a.s 1)EH!Hl done. -- i"", " *'\ ~1" Wf 303937 Illustrations ......... .,............................. iv Oeneral Statement.............................. l Ar..:l:nowlodgments .................................. • ".... 3 Previous ·work........................................ .3 tfet::ods or T<"inld 1,\l'ork........................... 4 1ccessihility~···•••••••••••••••••••••••• 5 '1:;:;1•.race Levels..................................... 5 ;:, tr1Jc tu·re-. • • • • .. • • • • • • .. • .. • • •. • • • • .. • • • • .. • • • • • • • • 7 Cretaceous S trati,:rapt.ry............................ 8 'I'ort1a1"y tra :,1:fraphy............................ 9 ?hysiogra.ph.y and Topo:;ra1>hy ....... ,. .............. n ttes . ._ .......... ,,. ......... ,,. .............. l '- 'Peneplain •. •.•••••••• ~ •••••..••••• ., • ., •••.•.• 19 T'erracea. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 20 Low-lands • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • 2.5 'Jnctlands and Slopes ......................... 26 Drs.inar;e. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. • • .. • • • • .. • • • • • • • • 29 '.?equence o.f .I~vents. • • • • • e • • • • 4t .- • • 1· .. • • • • * o • • ·• • 31 Stage 1. ~ . ~ . .. ~ .. .. .. .. .. 31 ,., Stage Iio. C,. • ........ •· ••••• •· ................ 32 Stage .3. ........... •· .. ., ............. 3} ~tage No. ········"··~·················· J6 '3:, tS..f~e 170 • 5 • • 11 • • • • i, • • • .. i" e • • • -. .. • • 9' • ·• • .._ • • .. • 38 ,. Ste.go Uo. o •••••••••• a.011••••••~···•0•••• 40 Stage uo. s Wruuary ...... " • • • • • G .- O" °' .. • • • q • • • • • • • • .. • • • • • " • .. -• •· 45 Bi::>liography •• - • .. • • • • • .. .. • • • .. • • .. .. • • • • • • • • • • • .. • L~'"l iv I !ndo,i: rr.ap of Uortb. Dakota .............. 2 2. !'.?ypics.l landscape along Lil;;tla 1:issouri Rl·.rer 1J'alley ................. 1 Composite sketc,n of erosion surfaces• 6 Outcrop of Rell Creek formation •••••• 9 5. 6. Miocene-Pliocene peneplnin., Le-val S •• 19 Broad expanse of '.rerra.oe JJo. 4•·*•• ••• 21 8. Terracos alone; Oannonball Creek ..... .. 22 9. f.'t;ago 1:ro. 3 Early to middle Oligocene t:t:me ........................ •.. 35 10. · /?.tage ?c!o. 4 Late Oligocene to early Miocene time .................... 37 11. Stage No • .5 Late Mioce11e-early . Pl:tacene time•••••••••••••••••••••••• 39 12. Stage No. 6 Late Pliocene-early ?leistooane time •.•••••••••••••••••••• lJ. \!'1aw alone Paddock Creek............... 44 Table l. Terrace elassl.f!eation.................. 7 2. Cretaceous and Tertiary s tra. t igraphy •• , • • .. • • • • • • .. • • • • • • .. • • • • • 10 J. Heavy minera.l analysis ................ 14 Plate l. Geologic map of Little Missouri Hiver Valley, north Dakota .......... Cover 2. Projected profilo of Little l'Yissouri River and Tarra.ea Mo. 4... Cover f TL:: Il1.TC T.I:.'Rl'I ·\RY .~IS 0. ' on T:Ih UPPE. LI LE Udf JUR I RI V..,;, , JJO 1.. .. D,.K ...' ~en rnl Statomunt The upper Little ?Ussouri River valley, southwost rn North Do.kota , dose ioed within t his report, conto.ino approxi­ mately 1800 squo.ro niles (oce Fi ,uro 1 ) . Erosional re!'ln3.nts situated on the pnrtinlly dis~octed .fioceno- Pliocene pcne ­ plain, border t .no Little ·1ssouri River va.11 y . ,L .1e [;ravel deposits wnich veneer this uplan · ourf co nro horo·n de~ig­ nated as Flaxvillo o.nd are correl.ntod .dtn tho ..• laxville ro.vel of northeast rn ftonta.na . : i t nln t ho vo.lley , t i...o pictur sque ~dlo.nds of No t h Da '.~otn are subdued by vo tice.n of a former r l ootl plain of t he Little !Iis sou i River , desig­ nated o.s I ittl e I.iosouri Terrace ro . t . B low this h i ,:h terrace level, terraces of Ploiatocone aa a are fell devel op d an i ndicate nultipl a cycles of eronion. Fi 0 uro 2 . Typic 11 ndsc po a l ong Little Jf1s ouri n ivor V lloy ,I•.;,.,\,.·~ Williston 0 Grand forks M~ Kenzie Co. -~-] I/ Forgo CX) Slope Co. Bowman Co. INDEX MAP OF NORTH DAKOTA »Area Mopped 0 SCALE 40miles l Fig I 3 forms of southwestern Nort.:i:1 Dakota were initiated and in• fluenced. by numerous factors and agents, such tis broad uplifts., stream cap-tures, climate, lithologie variations and simi­ larities, and isostatic adjustment. Figure 2 shows a typical view of the landscape along tne !.>ittle Missouri Hiver valley. Acknowledgments I wish to express 'tfr;; appr0cia.tion tc the Hort:h Geological Survey, use equipment t,;hieh made ponsiblo study of' this area. ,'t . ~ • \A'• .J.J• Holl, ::1e t:2e Critellell Parsons Graduate fi'ellowship in GcoloG:r, wt.2ich enabled me to operate in tne field. I n.::n deeply :Lnde'btetl to Dr,, (}ordon Bell for suggestlng the p:1:•oblem, his :i.nve.luable 1:1me;csstions, ass:1.::itanoe, criticisms, and continu interest in the field in Hr. r::mmett R. Sc}:i..m.itz, Skelly Oil Co•, Caspei" t Wyoming, I express deep a:pp:reeiation f'or his helpful stF:f;ec~tions Previo~s Work In ti1e ea.rly 1900 1 2, Dr. A. G. Leonard, forraer State Geo1o;;1st, did extensi·ve work describing much of tJ.1c geology of southwestern No1... th Dalrnta • Hare3 (1928), did extensive ing south of Billings County, to the ;1outh sta I 4 I line along: the Little raesouri :aver and its tribr.:rto.r:I.es. Alden (1932), outlined the p~iysiography and glacial ;;:;eolog,7 of northeastern Montana and the adjacent areas. r..aird {1950),· Eenso; (1952}, Fisher (195.3}, Hanson (19.55), Melda21l {1956), have mapped in some detail eith.or the geomorpnology, stratigra­ ";.?b:y, or strueture of portions o:r western North Dakota. The most recent ex.tensi~:e seomoeyh1c work in the immediate area was done by Sohm1 tz ( 1955}; in ~,.fhic~1. he deserioas the geo:::norphic history or tile lower Little :Mlssi:>ttri R1ver. Hatb.ods of -:;;,ield Work May and Jtine 1955. F1old wor1r was bec;un dur:i.ng the latte1"' par·t or July 1955, and was completed by :mid.-Septamber of tkle same year. Areal index photoc;raphs to t?1e ste9.le of ap::n."'01dma tely one inch to the mile were used n.s base maps and for control in mapping. 1:iorth Dakota Sta.ta High.way rri.aps of !·i"CTtenzie, Billings, Golden Valley, Slope II and BOW??..an counties were of g:t'eat assistance in locating possible routes of travel and for identifying local landmarks. Bive:.r• Survey .maps, J;:mblished by the United States Geolozical Survey, 19!.~9, for tl1e area south of Hedcra to tc.a state line were of great holp in locating oene.11. marks and for topographic control along the Little Missou.r:1 .River. However, a Paulin altimeter was used to obtain the altitlldea of terraces and hlgher surfaces a.long the river valle·y. ~ccessibility -- aroa. can 'Je roaci1.ed fron1 ·tho south or .. ·~- 65 on the oast s of the area or North Dakota St~te 16 on the west side of tb.e area. Access to the Little ouri valley from east or west can sta tss Highway 10., pa.ssinr.:. th.rough Medora, Cf!" United S tes u:tghuay 12., t,hrough r,i.a:rmarth {Plate l). Han~... sec0nclar:r roads and seismic survey trails provide amp1e routes through ·the area, altl:u::>ugh a.t places these roads become i:mpa.ssable as the I"esult of rainfall. lilords £or river crossing are desi.E;nated on county road maps., but it is ndviat:1.ble to consult; ·with local rar1ch.ers before attor,pt:tne a cross:i'.ng. The upland or peneplain i1P.. :trface is designated as Level 5. prominent levels will be defined below. All t01.. ra;::,es and levels a~o i1ldicated on Pi:::;ure 3. t,evol 5 was ma;rped far enougb bac~:.:: on both sidos of the river to include all younger terraces and their graded conditions along more extensive tributaries of the Bioeegal Creeks are exceptions a.nd no attempt wa.s 1:1ade to includ0 these tributaries (see Plate l}. ?lle terrace clasoi.ficatlon used in this re;1ort oo:nf'orms wi that of Laird (l9S:O), and Schmitz (1955). -?--~~"" - ··.-·~· ¥"'""~"-,- Composite Sketch of Erosion Surfaces L6 L7 // LB LS ......__ / L5 --------~---------Teg ~..&..la..llt:;----~~;,Tl.... b--... ~ . / T4 T3 Tl ~ EXPLANATION L = Level T = Terrace L8 Post Paleocene erosion surface L 7 Late Eocene - early Oligocene surface L6 Late Oligocene - early Miocent= surface LS Miocene - Pliocene peneplain ( Flaxvi I le surface} T4 Pliocene - Pleistocene terrace T3 Pleistocene terrace T2 Pie isfocene terrace Tl Present Little Missouri River channel fig.a I 7 I£ 'f; ]!able 1 Terrace Classification tittle r"ttssour:1 'rerrace iro. l ·- present stream level .. Little !c!J:is$ouri Terrace 110. 2 ...... lowlands and f'ltits along tho present stream. ·r,ittle :Missouri Terorace Uo • .) .... away f:ror1 the main stream, developed as a combination cut terrace and eut and !"ill terrace.
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