DOCSLIB.ORG

Specialty Carbons for Polymer Compounds

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Specialty Carbons for Polymer Compounds Polymers SPECIALTY CARBONS FOR POLYMER COMPOUNDS ENSACO® TIMCAL Carbon Black TIMREX® TIMCAL Graphite TIMREX® TIMCAL Coke TIMREX® TIMCAL Dispersion imerys-graphite-and-carbon.com Imerys Graphite & Carbon WHO ARE WE? IMERYS Graphite & Carbon has a strong tradition and history in carbon manufactur- ing. Its first manufacturing operation was founded in 1908. Today, IMERYS Graphite & Carbon facilities produce and market a large variety of synthetic and natural graphite powders, conductive carbon blacks and water-based dispersions of consistent high quality. Adhering to a philosophy of Total Quality Management and continuous process improve- ment, all Imerys Graphite & Carbon manufacturing plants comply with ISO 9001:2008. IMERYS Graphite & Carbon is committed to produce highly specialized graphite and carbon materials for today’s and tomorrow’s customers needs. IMERYS Graphite & Carbon belongs to IMERYS, the world leader in mineral-based specialties for industry. WHERE ARE With headquarters located in Switzerland, IMERYS Graphite & Carbon has an inter- WE LOCATED? national presence with production facilities and commercial offices located in key markets around the globe. The Group’s industrial and commercial activities are man- aged by an experienced multinational team of more than 430 employees from many countries on three continents. For the updated list of commercial offices and distributors please visit www.imerys-graphite-and-carbon.com Lac-des-Îles, Canada HQ Bodio, Switzerland Changzhou, China Mining, purification and sieving of Graphitization and processing of Manufacturing of descaling agents natural graphite flakes synthetic graphite, manufacturing of and processing of natural graphite water-based dispersions, processing of natural graphite and coke, and manufacturing and processing of silicon carbide Terrebonne, Canada Willebroek, Belgium Fuji, Japan Exfoliation of natural graphite, Manufacturing and processing of Manufacturing of water-based processing of natural and synthetic conductive carbon black dispersions graphite WHAT IS OUR MISSION? To promote our economic, social and cultural advance- ment with enthusiasm, efficiency and dynamism by of- fering value, reliability and quality to ensure the lasting success of our customers. WHAT IS OUR VISION? To be the worldwide leader and to be recognized as the reference for innovative capability in the field of carbon powder-based solutions. 2 Contents ENSACO® conductive carbon black TIMREX® graphite and coke Specialty carbons for polymer compounds THE PRODUCTS • Introduction to ENSACO® conductive carbon black p. 4 • Introduction to TIMREX® graphite and coke p. 5 • ENSACO® conductive carbon black for polymer compounds p. 6 • TIMREX® graphite and coke for polymer compounds p. 8 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS FOR ENSACO® CONDUCTIVE CARBON BLACK • Electrically conductive plastics p. 10 • Rubber p. 14 • Power cables and accessories p. 17 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS FOR TIMREX® GRAPHITE AND COKE • Self lubricating polymers p. 18 • Filled PTFE p. 20 • Thermally conductive polymers p. 22 3 Introduction to ENSACO® conductive carbon black Conductive carbon blacks are carbon blacks with high to very high stucture (or void volume) allowing the retention of a carbon network at low to very low filler content. The void volume can originate from the interstices between the carbon black particles, due to their complex arrangement, and from the porosity. THE PRODUCTS HOW ENSACO® The Imerys Graphite & Carbon carbon black process has been developed around 1980 CONDUCTIVE CARBON and is commercially exploited since 1982. The plant uses most modern technology. BLACKS ARE PRODUCED The process is based on partial oil oxidation of carbochemical and petrochemical origin. The major difference with other partial combustion carbon black technologies lies in the aerodynamic and thermodynamic conditions: • low velocity; • no quench; • no additives. This leads to a material with no or nearly no sieve residue on the 325 mesh sieve and allows the highest possible purity. The granulation process has been developed to achieve an homogeneously consist- ent product maintaining an outstanding dispersibility. It is in fact a free-flowing soft flake characterised by a homogeneous and very low crushing strength that guaran- tees the absence of bigger and harder agglomerates. The process enables the production of easily dispersible low surface area conductive carbon blacks as well as very high surface area conductive carbon blacks. The unique combination of high structure and low surface area also contributes to give outstand- ing dispersibility and smooth surface finish. The low surface area materials show a chain-like structure comparable to acetylene black. The very high surface area materi- als belong to the extra conductive (EC) family. Although ENSACO® carbon blacks are slightly more graphitic than furnace blacks, they are quite close to the latter ones as far as reinforcement is concerned. ENSACO® carbon blacks combine to a certain extent both the properties of furnace and acetylene black, reaching the optimal compromise. 100 nm TEM picture of ENSACO® 250G carbon black showing STM picture of the surface of ENSACO® 250G carbon the high level of aggregation. black 5x5 nm. By courtesy of University of Louvain (Louvain-La-Neuve) By courtesy Prof. Donnet - Mulhouse 100 nm SEM picture of ENSACO® 250G carbon black illustrating the high void volume. By courtesy of University of Louvain (Louvain-La-Neuve) 4 Introduction to TIMREX® graphite and coke Graphite finds wide application thanks to its favourable combination of properties such as: • low friction, chemical inertness and absence of inherent abrasiveness; • high thermal conductivity, thermal stability and electrical conductivity; • film forming ability on metal surfaces; THE PRODUCTS • relatively inoffensive nature of both powders and products of combustion. These properties are a consequence of the lamellar graphite structure and the ani- sotropic nature of chemical bonding between carbon atoms. In graphite, three sp2 hybrid orbitals (each containing one electron) are formed from the 2s and two of the 2p orbitals of each carbon atom and participate in covalent bonding with three sur- rounding carbon atoms in the graphite planes. The fourth electron is located in the remaining 2p orbital, which projects above and below the graphite plane, to form part of a polyaromatic π-system. Delocalisation of electrons in π-electron system is the reason of graphite’s high sta- bility and electrical conductivity. Interlamellar bonding was once thought to be weak and mainly the result of Van der Waals forces, however, it now appears that interla- mellar bonding is reinforced by π-electron interactions. Graphite is therefore not in- trinsically a solid lubricant and requires the presence of adsorbed vapours to maintain low friction and wear. HOW TIMREX® TIMREX® PRIMARY SYNTHETIC GRAPHITE GRAPHITE AND TIMREX® primary synthetic graphite is produced in a unique highly controlled graphiti- COKE POWDERS ARE zation process which assures narrow specifications and unequalled consistent quality PRODUCED thanks to: monitoring of all production and processing stages, strict final inspection, and clearly defined development processes. TIMREX® primary synthetic graphite shows unique properties thanks to the combi- nation of a consistent purity, perfect crystalline structure and well defined texture. TIMREX® NATURAL FLAKE GRAPHITE TIMREX® natural flake graphite is produced in a wide range of products distinguished by particle size distribution, chemistry and carbon content. Imerys Graphite & Carbon mines the graphite from its own source in Lac-des-Îles, Quebec, Canada. Further pro- cessing can be done either in Lac-des-Îles or in our processing plant in Terrebonne, Quebec, Canada. All TIMREX® “naturals” are thoroughly controlled in our laborato- ries to ensure quality, consistency and total customer satisfaction. TIMREX® COKE TIMREX® petroleum coke is calcined at appropriate temperature with low ash and sulphur content, well defined texture and consistent particle size distribution. Lc c c/2 SEM picture of TIMREX® Graphite showing the c/2 = Interlayer distance perfect crystalline structure. Lc = Crystallite height 5 ENSACO® conductive carbon black for polymer compounds TYPICAL VALUES THE PRODUCTS PROPERTY TEST METHOD UNIT ENSACO® 150G ENSACO® 210G ENSACO® 250G ENSACO® 260G ENSACO® 350G Form Granules (*) Granules Granules (*) Granules Granules BET nitrogen surface area m2/g 50 55 65 70 770 ASTM D3037 OAN absorption ml/100 g 165 155 190 190 320 ASTM D2414 (1) COAN crushed OAN ml/100 g 95 95 104 104 270 ASTM D2414 (1) Pour density kg/m3 190 210 170 170 135 ASTM D1513 Moisture (as packed) % 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1 max ASTM D1509 Sieve residue 325 mesh (45 μm) ppm 2 2 2 2 10 ASTM D1514 Ash content % 0.1 0.1 0.01 0.01 0.03 ASTM D1506 Volatile content % 0.2 max 0.2 max 0.2 max 0.2 max 0.3 max TIMCAL Method 02 (2) Sulphur content % 0.5 max 0.5 max 0.02 0.02 0.02 ASTM D1619 Toluene extract % 0.1 max 0.1 max 0.1 max 0.1 max 0.1 max ASTM D4527 pH 8–11 8–11 8–11 8–11 8–11 ASTM D1512 Volume resistivity Ohm.cm 2000 max (3) 500 max (3) 10 max (3) 5 max (3) 20 max (4) TIMCAL Method 11 (3) (4) (1) Spring: 0.9 lbs/inch; 10 g of carbon black (2) Weight loss during heating between 105 and 950°C (3) 25% carbon black in HDPE Finathene 47100 (4) 15% carbon black in HDPE Finathene 47100 (*) ENSACO® 150 and ENSACO® 250 are also available in powder form. 6 TYPICAL EFFECTS ON POLYMER COMPOUNDS THE PRODUCTS PROPERTY ENSACO® 150G ENSACO® 210G ENSACO® 250G ENSACO® 260G ENSACO® 350G Form Granules (*) Granules Granules (*) Granules Granules BET nitrogen surface area 50 55 65 70 770 (m2/g) OAN oil absorption 165 155 190 190 320 (ml/100 g) Conductivity Dispersibility Purity Water absorption very low very low very low very low high Surface smoothness Electrical/mechanical properties balance Resistance to shear MRG Comments to Easy strippable (mechanical All polymers application domains insulation shields rubber goods) excellent very good good quite good difficult (*) ENSACO® 150 and ENSACO® 250 are also available in powder form.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Carbon Additives for Polymer Compounds
    Polymers Carbon Additives for Polymer Compounds Conductive Carbon Black Graphite & Coke www.timcal.com 1 Who are we? TIMCAL Graphite & Carbon has a strong tra- agement and continuous process improve- dition and history in carbon manufacturing. Its ment, all TIMCAL manufacturing plants comply first manufacturing operation was founded in with ISO 9001-2008. 1908. TIMCAL Graphite & Carbon is committed to Today, TIMCAL facilities produce and market a produce highly specialized graphite and car- large variety of synthetic and natural graphite bon materials for today’s and tomorrow’s cus- powders, conductive carbon blacks and water- tomers needs. based dispersions of consistent high quality. TIMCAL Graphite & Carbon is a member of IMERYS, Adhering to a philosophy of Total Quality Man- a world leader in adding value to minerals. Where are we located? With headquarters located in Switzerland, TIMCAL The Group’s industrial and commercial activities Graphite & Carbon has an international pres- are managed by an experienced multinational ence with production facilities and commercial team of more than 430 employees from many offices located in key markets around the globe. countries on three continents. HQ Bodio, Switzerland Willebroek, Belgium Lac-des-Îles, Canada Terrebonne, Canada Graphitization & pro- Manufacturing & pro- Mining, purification and Exfoliation of natural cessing of synthetic cessing of conductive sieving of natural graphite, processing of graphite, manufacturing carbon black graphite flakes natural and synthetic of water-based
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Nanomaterials: Building Blocks in Energy Conversion Devices
    Mimicking Photosynthesis Carbon nanostructure-based donor- acceptor molecular assemblies can be engineered to mimic natural photo- synthesis. Fullerene C60 is an excellent electron acceptor for the design of donor-bridge-acceptor molecular systems. Photoinduced charge transfer processes in fullerene-based dyads and triads have been extensively investigated by several research groups during the last decade. In these cases the excited C60 accepts an electron from the linked donor group Carbon Nanomaterials: to give the charge-separated state under visible light excitation. Photoinduced charge separation in these dyads has Building Blocks in Energy been achieved using porphyrins, phtha- locyanine, ruthenium complexes, ferro- cene, and anilines as electron donors. Conversion Devices The rate of electron transfer and by Prashant Kamat charge separation efficiency is dependent on the molecular configuration, redox Carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and mesoporous carbon potential of the donor, and the medium. Clustering the fullerene-donor systems structures constitute a new class of carbon nanomaterials with provides a unique way to stabilize properties that differ signifi cantly from other forms of carbon electron transfer products. The stability of C anions in cluster forms opens such as graphite and diamond. The ability to custom synthesize 60 up new ways to store and transport nanotubes with attached functional groups or to assemble photochemically harnessed charge. fullerene (C60 and analogues) clusters into three-dimensional Novel organic solar cells have (3D) arrays has opened up new avenues to design high surface been constructed by quaternary area catalyst supports and materials with high photochemical self-organization of porphyrin and fullerenes with gold nanoparticles. and electrochemical activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet
    Right to Know Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet Common Name: CARBON BLACK Synonyms: C.I. Pigment Black 7; Channel Black; Lamp Black CAS Number: 1333-86-4 Chemical Name: Carbon Black RTK Substance Number: 0342 Date: December 2007 Revision: November 2016 DOT Number: UN 1361 Description and Use EMERGENCY RESPONDERS >>>> SEE BACK PAGE Carbon Black is black, odorless, finely divided powder Hazard Summary generated from the incomplete combustion of Hydrocarbons. It Hazard Rating NJDOH NFPA may contain Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) which HEALTH 3 - are formed during its manufacture and become adsorbed on FLAMMABILITY 1 - the Carbon Black. It is used in making tire treads, in abrasion REACTIVITY 0 - resistant rubber products, and as a pigment for paints and inks. CARCINOGEN SPONTANEOUSLY COMBUSTIBLE PARTICULATE POISONOUS GASES ARE PRODUCED IN FIRE Reasons for Citation Hazard Rating Key: 0=minimal; 1=slight; 2=moderate; 3=serious; Carbon Black is on the Right to Know Hazardous 4=severe Substance List because it is cited by OSHA, ACGIH, NIOSH and IARC. Carbon Black can affect you when inhaled. This chemical is on the Special Health Hazard Substance Carbon Black should be handled as a CARCINOGEN-- List as it is considered a carcinogen. WITH EXTREME CAUTION. Contact can irritate the skin and eyes. Inhaling Carbon Black can irritate the nose, throat and lungs. Finely dispersed Carbon Black particles may form explosive mixtures in air. SEE GLOSSARY ON PAGE 5. FIRST AID Workplace Exposure Limits Eye Contact OSHA: The legal airborne permissible exposure limit (PEL) is Immediately flush with large amounts of water for at least 15 3.5 mg/m3 averaged over an 8-hour workshift.
    [Show full text]
  • Acid-Base Properties of Carbon Black Surfaces Roy Eugene Test Iowa State University
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital Repository @ Iowa State University Ames Laboratory Technical Reports Ames Laboratory 5-1961 Acid-base properties of carbon black surfaces Roy Eugene Test Iowa State University Robert S. Hansen Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ameslab_isreports Part of the Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Test, Roy Eugene and Hansen, Robert S., "Acid-base properties of carbon black surfaces" (1961). Ames Laboratory Technical Reports. 43. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ameslab_isreports/43 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Ames Laboratory at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Ames Laboratory Technical Reports by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Acid-base properties of carbon black surfaces Abstract The urs face properties of carbon blacks reflect not only Van der Waals forces due to carbon, but also chemical properties of groups formed on carbon black surfaces by reactions with environmental substances (e.g. water, oxygen, etc.). The present work constitutes a study of such groups. Disciplines Chemistry This report is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ameslab_isreports/43 I IS-341 ACID-BASE PROPERTIES OF CARBON BLACK SURFACES By Roy Eugene Test Robert S. Hansen May 196 1 Ames Laboratory Iowa State University I Ames, Iowa :· : :· .. : :· :. ': •. :· ·:· ·:: .: •. :' . :, ·: :· ': F. H. Spedding, Director, Ames Laboratory. Work performed under Contract No. W-7405-eng-82.
    [Show full text]
  • Defence Applications of New Forms of Carbon
    FOI-R--1103--SE December 2003 ISSN 1650-1942 Base data report S.J. Savage Defence applications of new forms of carbon Schematic model of the C60 fullerene molecule (Fagerström, 2003) Sensor Technology SE-581 11 Linköping SWEDISH DEFENCE RESEARCH AGENCY FOI-R--1103--SE Sensor Technology December 2003 P.O. Box 1165 ISSN 1650-1942 SE-581 11 Linköping Base data report S.J. Savage Defence applications of new forms of carbon Issuing organization Report number, ISRN Report type FOI – Swedish Defence Research Agency FOI-R--1103--SE Base data report Sensor Technology Research area code P.O. Box 1165 7. Vehicles SE-581 11 Linköping Month year Project no. December 2003 E3037 Customers code 5. Commissioned Research Sub area code 74 Materials technology Author/s (editor/s) Project manager S.J. Savage S.J. Savage Approved by Sponsoring agency Scientifically and technically responsible Report title Defence applications of new forms of carbon Abstract (not more than 200 words) This report briefly reviews some applications of new forms of carbon (fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and nanofibres) in military technology. Selected reports are summarised and discussed, and a number of military applications suggested. The report contains recommendations for future studies. Keywords nanotechnology, carbon, defence applications, nanotubes, fullerenes Further bibliographic information Language English ISSN 1650-1942 Pages 15 p. Price acc. to pricelist 2 Utgivare Rapportnummer, ISRN Klassificering Totalförsvarets Forskningsinstitut - FOI FOI-R--1103--SE Underlagsrapport Sensorteknik Forskningsområde Box 1165 7. Farkoster 581 11 Linköping Månad, år Projektnummer December 2003 E3037 Verksamhetsgren 5. Uppdragsfinansierad verksamhet Delområde 74 Materialteknik Författare/redaktör Projektledare S.J.
    [Show full text]
  • A Post-Buckminsterfullerene View of Carbon Chemistry
    A POST-BUCKMINSTERFULLERENE VIEW OF CARBON CHEMISTRY Harold Kroto School of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BNI 9QJ UK Keywords: Cs0, Fullerenes, carbon particles INTRODUCTION The discovery of c60 Buckminsterfullerene, Fig 1, has its origins in a research programme involving synthetic chemistry, microwave spectroscopy and radioastronomyl. In 1915, at Sussex (with David Walton), the long chain polyyne H-CeC-CsC-CsN was synthesised and studied by microwave spectroscopy. Subsequently, with Takeshi Oka and NRC(0ttawa) astronomers, the molecule was discovered in space, Fig 2, by radioastronomy using the laboratory microwave frequencies. This discovery led on to the detection of the even longer carbon chain molecules HCTN, HCgN and HCl.lN in the space between the stars2. Further work aimed at understanding the formation of the chains in space focussed attention on the possibility that they are produced at the same time as carbon dust in red giant stars1,*. During experiments at Rice University in 1985 (with James Heath, Sean O'Brien, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley), designed to simulate the conditions in these stars and explore their capacity for carbon chain formation, the exciting discovery that C60 was remarkably stable was made3. It was found that under conditions where almost all the atoms in a carbon plasma had nucleated to form microparticles the molecule c60 remained behind - together with some CTO. This result was, as is now well 'known, rationalised on the basis of the closed cage structure shown in Fig 1. It was proposed that the geodesic and aromatic factors inherent in such a structure could account for the stability of the molecule.
    [Show full text]
  • Nanostructure Quantification of Carbon Blacks
    Journal of C Carbon Research Article Nanostructure Quantification of Carbon Blacks Madhu Singh and Randy L. Vander Wal * John and Willie Leone Family Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering and the Earth and Mineral Sciences (EMS) Energy Institute, Penn State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-814-865-5813 Received: 20 November 2018; Accepted: 21 December 2018; Published: 31 December 2018 Abstract: Carbon blacks are an extensively used manufactured product. There exist different grades by which the carbon black is classified, based on its purpose and end use. Different properties inherent to the various carbon black types are a result of their production processes. Based on the combustion condition and fuel used, each process results in a carbon black separate from those obtained from other processes. These carbons differ in their aggregate morphology, particle size, and particle nanostructure. Nanostructure is key in determining the material’s behavior in bulk form. A variety of carbon blacks have been analyzed and quantified for their lattice parameters and structure at the nanometer scale, using transmission electron microscopy and custom-developed fringe analysis algorithms, to illustrate differences in nanostructure and their potential relation to observed material properties. Keywords: carbon; nanostructure; HRTEM; fringe; quantification 1. Introduction Carbon black is manufactured elemental carbon with customized particle size and aggregate morphology [1]. Produced from the partial combustion or thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons, carbon black is an engineered material, primarily composed of >98% elemental carbon. This number may vary based on its production process and final desired application, where carbon black may be doped with other elements like oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur to impart solubility, better dispersion or binding properties to the material.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon-Based Nanomaterials/Allotropes: a Glimpse of Their Synthesis, Properties and Some Applications
    materials Review Carbon-Based Nanomaterials/Allotropes: A Glimpse of Their Synthesis, Properties and Some Applications Salisu Nasir 1,2,* ID , Mohd Zobir Hussein 1,* ID , Zulkarnain Zainal 3 and Nor Azah Yusof 3 1 Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory (MSCL), Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Federal University Dutse, 7156 Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria 3 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] (Z.Z.); [email protected] (N.A.Y.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.N.); [email protected] (M.Z.H.); Tel.: +60-1-2343-3858 (M.Z.H.) Received: 19 November 2017; Accepted: 3 January 2018; Published: 13 February 2018 Abstract: Carbon in its single entity and various forms has been used in technology and human life for many centuries. Since prehistoric times, carbon-based materials such as graphite, charcoal and carbon black have been used as writing and drawing materials. In the past two and a half decades or so, conjugated carbon nanomaterials, especially carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, activated carbon and graphite have been used as energy materials due to their exclusive properties. Due to their outstanding chemical, mechanical, electrical and thermal properties, carbon nanostructures have recently found application in many diverse areas; including drug delivery, electronics, composite materials, sensors, field emission devices, energy storage and conversion, etc. Following the global energy outlook, it is forecasted that the world energy demand will double by 2050. This calls for a new and efficient means to double the energy supply in order to meet the challenges that forge ahead.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent Office Patented Sept
    3,274,258 United States Patent Office Patented Sept. 20, 1966 2 o, ox'-thiobis(2-n-heptyl-6-tert-butyl-p-cresol); 3,274,258 ox.c4'-thiobis 2-(3'-nonyl)-6-isopropyl-4-ethylphenol); HYDROXYBENZYL THOETHERS AND METHOD OF PREPARATION o,c'-thiobis(2-n-dodecyl-6-sec-butyl-p-cresol); Joseph D. Odenweiler, Birmingham, Mich., assignor to ox,c''-thiobis(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl); Ethyl Corporation, New York, N.Y., a corporation of 5 (3-isopropyl-5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-benzyl)-(3-ethyl-5- Virginia tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-thio ether; No Drawing. Filed Sept. 1, 1960, Ser. No. 53,353 o,o'-thiobis(2-methyl-6-tert-butyl-4-(4'-hexylbenzyl)- 6 Ciains. (C. 260-609) phenol). The compounds of this invention are water insoluble, This invention deals with a novel class of compounds, O their preparation and their use as antioxidants. More white to yellow, crystalline solids. They are ashless, hy particularly, it relates to a novel and unusual class of sul drolytically stable and non-volatile, facilitating their in fur-containing substituted phenolic compounds, their prep corporation into a wide range of organic material. aration from the corresponding benzyl chlorides and the Although the compounds of this invention described in employment of these novel compounds as stabilizers and 5 the above formula, are those in which R5 and Rs are alkyl antioxidants for organic materials. radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, haloalkyl radi It is an object of this invention to provide a novel class cals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms are also useful.
    [Show full text]
  • Fullerenes and Pahs: a Novel Model Explains Their Formation Via
    Fullerenes and PAHs: A Novel Model Explains their Formation via Sequential Cycloaddition Reactions Involving C2 Dimers Sylvain L. Smadja [email protected] 10364 Almayo Ave., Suite 304 Los Angeles, CA 90064 “Cove” region closure C20 bowl + 10C2 creates pentagonal ring C50 + 5C2 [2 + 2 + 2] [4 + 2] Cycloadditions Cycloadditions Cage 5C 5C 2 2 closure “Cove” region C40 C50 C60 Buckministerfullerene ABSTRACT: Based on a new understanding of the nature of the bonding in the C2 dimer, a novel bottom-up model is offered that can explain the growth processes of fullerenes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). It is shown how growth sequences involving C2 dimers, that take place in carbon vapor, combustion systems, and the ISM, could give rise to a variety of bare carbon clusters. Among the bare carbon clusters thus formed, some could lead to fullerenes, while others, after hydrogenation, could lead to PAHs. We propose that the formation of hexagonal rings present in these bare carbon clusters are the result of [2+2+2] and [4+2] cycloaddition reactions that involve C2 dimers. In the C60 and C70 fullerenes, each of the twelve pentagons is surrounded by five hexagons and thereby “isolated” from each other. To explain why, we suggest that in bowl-shaped clusters the pentagons can form as the consequence of closures of “cove regions” that exist between hexagonal rings, and that they can also form during cage-closure, which results in the creation of six “isolated” pentagonal rings, and five hexagonal rings. The proposed growth mechanisms can account for the formation of fullerene isomers without the need to invoke the widely used Stone-Wales rearrangement.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is Carbon Black?
    What is Carbon Black? Focused. Innovative. Responsive. Contents 1 Introduction 4 1.1 About Orion Engineered Carbons 4 1.2 What is Carbon Black 7 2 Manufacturing Process 10 2.1 Raw Materials 12 2.2 Thermal-Oxidative Processes 14 2.2.1 Furnace Black Process 14 2.2.2 Degussa Gas Black Process 18 2.2.3 Lamp Black Process 19 2.2.4 Channel Black Process (historical) 20 2.3 Thermal Decomposition Processes 21 2.3.1 Thermal Black Process 21 2.3.2 Acetylene Black Process 22 2.4 Carbon Black Dispersions, Compounds, Plastic and Rubber Masterbatches 23 3 Properties of Carbon Black 24 3.1 General Physical and Chemical Properties 25 3.2 Definition of Carbon Black 27 3.3 Test Methods, Chemical and Physical Data 28 3.3.1 Determination of Surface Area 32 3.3.2 Determination of Structure 33 3.3.3 Colorimetric Characterization 33 3.3.4 Chemical and Physical Measurements 34 3.3.5 Physical Appearance and Handling Properties 34 3.4 Specifications and Quality Assurance 35 3.5 Characteristic Data of various Production Processes 36 4 Handling 38 5 Product Safety 40 5.1 Toxicology 40 5.2 Safety-Related Properties 41 6 Applications 42 6.1 Rubber Carbon Blacks 42 6.2 Specialty Carbon Blacks 44 3 3 1 Introduction 1.1 About Orion Engineered Carbons Who We Are? Orion Engineered Carbons (OEC) is one of the world’s leading suppliers of Carbon Black. We off er standard and high-performance products for coatings, printing inks, polymers, rubber and other applications.
    [Show full text]
  • Many Phases of Carbon
    GENERAL I ARTICLE Many Phases of Carbon B Gopalakrishnan and S V Subramanyam Introduction Carbon - the element known from prehistoric time, derives its name from Latin 'carbo' meaning charcoal. Carbon is known as the king of elements owing to its versatility and diversity in all fields, which is unquestionable. It is widely distributed in N a­ ture, from molecules of life to matter in outer cosmos. It holds B Gopalakrishnan is a the sixth place in the list of abundance in Universe. The exist­ research scholar pursuing PhD at the Department of ence of carbon and its role in natural mechanisms are aplenty. Physics, Indian Institute The biochemical mechanism responsible for life are very much of Science. His current dependent on the r,ole of carbon either directly or otherwise. research involves synthesis and studies on • Natural carbon exists in two isotopic forms as Cl2 and C13 The amorphous and crystalline nucleus of the abundant isotope of carbon -C is composed of carbon nitride system. l2 six protons and six neutrons. Neutral carbon atom is tetravalent and has totally six electrons with four of them occupying the outer orbit (2S2 2p2). In 1772, Antoine Lavoisier realised the allotropic forms of carbon by a famous experiment in which he found that burning a piece of diamond and a charcoal of equal mass yields the same S V Subramanyam is a amount of CO which made him conclude that charcoal and Professor at the Depart­ 2 ment of Physics, Indian diamond are indeed made up of the same element carbon. Institute of Science, Presently we know that diamond, graphite, fullerenes, carbon Bangalore.
    [Show full text]