Combustion Synthesis of Fullerenes and Fullerenic Nanostructures LIBRARIES
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Accomplishments in Nanotechnology
U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretaiy Technology Administration Robert Cresanti, Under Secretaiy of Commerce for Technology National Institute ofStandards and Technolog}' William Jeffrey, Director Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the materials or equipment used are necessarily the best available for the purpose. National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 1052 Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 1052, 186 pages (August 2006) CODEN: NSPUE2 NIST Special Publication 1052 Accomplishments in Nanoteciinology Compiled and Edited by: Michael T. Postek, Assistant to the Director for Nanotechnology, Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Joseph Kopanski, Program Office and David Wollman, Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory U. S. Department of Commerce Technology Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 August 2006 National Institute of Standards and Teclinology • Technology Administration • U.S. Department of Commerce Acknowledgments Thanks go to the NIST technical staff for providing the information outlined on this report. Each of the investigators is identified with their contribution. Contact information can be obtained by going to: http ://www. nist.gov Acknowledged as well, -
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers – Innovative Genera- Tions of Solid Lipid Carriers
324 Current Drug Delivery, 2008, 5, 324-331 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers – Innovative Genera- tions of Solid Lipid Carriers S.S. Shidhaye*, Reshma Vaidya, Sagar Sutar, Arati Patwardhan and V.J. Kadam Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Pharmacy, Navi Mumbai, India Abstract: The first generation of solid lipid carrier systems in nanometer range, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN), was introduced as an alternative to liposomes. SLN are aqueous colloidal dispersions, the matrix of which comprises of solid biodegradable lipids. SLN are manufactured by techniques like high pressure homogenization, solvent diffusion method etc. They exhibit major advantages such as modulated release, improved bioavailability, protection of chemically labile molecules like retinol, peptides from degradation, cost effec- tive excipients, improved drug incorporation and wide application spectrum. However there are certain limitations associated with SLN, like limited drug loading capacity and drug expulsion during storage, which can be minimized by the next generation of solid lipids, Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC). NLC are lipid particles with a controlled nanostructure that improves drug loading and firmly incor- porates the drug during storage. Owing to their properties and advantages, SLN and NLC may find extensive application in topical drug delivery, oral and parenteral administration of cosmetic and pharmaceutical actives. Cosmeceuticals is emerging as the biggest applica- tion target of these carriers. Carrier systems like SLN and NLC were developed with a perspective to meet industrial needs like scale up, qualification and validation, simple technology, low cost etc. This paper reviews present status of SLN and NLC as carrier systems with special emphasis on their ap- plication in Cosmeceuticals; it also gives an overview about various manufacturing techniques of SLN and NLC. -
Nanocellulose Fragmentation Mechanisms and Inversion of Chirality From
Nanocellulose Fragmentation Mechanisms and Inversion of Chirality from the Single Particle to the Cholesteric Phase Gustav Nyström1, Jozef Adamcik1, Ivan Usov2, Mario Arcari1 and Raffaele Mezzenga1,3* 1. ETH Zurich, Department of Health Science & Technology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland 2. Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland 3. ETH Zurich, Department of Materials, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland *Correspondence to: [email protected] Keywords: nanocellulose, fibril, kink, hydrolysis, chirality, liquid crystal, handedness Understanding how nanostructure and nanomechanics influence physical material properties on the micro- and macroscale is an essential goal in soft condensed matter research. Mechanisms governing fragmentation and chirality inversion of filamentous colloids are of specific interest because of their critical role in load-bearing and self- organizing functionalities of soft nanomaterials. Here we provide a fundamental insight into the self-organization across several length scales of nanocellulose, an important bio- colloid system with wide-ranging applications as structural, insulating and functional material. Through a combined microscopic and statistical analysis of nanocellulose fibrils at the single particle level, we show how mechanically and chemically induced fragmentation proceed in this system. Moreover, by studying the bottom-up self-assembly of fragmented carboxylated cellulose nanofibrils into cholesteric liquid crystals, we show via direct microscopic observations, that the chirality is inverted from right-handed at the 1 nanofibril level to left-handed at the level of the liquid crystal phase. These results improve our fundamental understanding of nanocellulose and provide an important rationale for their application in colloidal systems, liquid crystals and nanomaterials. The increasing global population and improved living standards demand a more efficient use of available resources and energy1. -
Carbon Additives for Polymer Compounds
Polymers Carbon Additives for Polymer Compounds Conductive Carbon Black Graphite & Coke www.timcal.com 1 Who are we? TIMCAL Graphite & Carbon has a strong tra- agement and continuous process improve- dition and history in carbon manufacturing. Its ment, all TIMCAL manufacturing plants comply first manufacturing operation was founded in with ISO 9001-2008. 1908. TIMCAL Graphite & Carbon is committed to Today, TIMCAL facilities produce and market a produce highly specialized graphite and car- large variety of synthetic and natural graphite bon materials for today’s and tomorrow’s cus- powders, conductive carbon blacks and water- tomers needs. based dispersions of consistent high quality. TIMCAL Graphite & Carbon is a member of IMERYS, Adhering to a philosophy of Total Quality Man- a world leader in adding value to minerals. Where are we located? With headquarters located in Switzerland, TIMCAL The Group’s industrial and commercial activities Graphite & Carbon has an international pres- are managed by an experienced multinational ence with production facilities and commercial team of more than 430 employees from many offices located in key markets around the globe. countries on three continents. HQ Bodio, Switzerland Willebroek, Belgium Lac-des-Îles, Canada Terrebonne, Canada Graphitization & pro- Manufacturing & pro- Mining, purification and Exfoliation of natural cessing of synthetic cessing of conductive sieving of natural graphite, processing of graphite, manufacturing carbon black graphite flakes natural and synthetic of water-based -
Carbon Nanomaterials: Building Blocks in Energy Conversion Devices
Mimicking Photosynthesis Carbon nanostructure-based donor- acceptor molecular assemblies can be engineered to mimic natural photo- synthesis. Fullerene C60 is an excellent electron acceptor for the design of donor-bridge-acceptor molecular systems. Photoinduced charge transfer processes in fullerene-based dyads and triads have been extensively investigated by several research groups during the last decade. In these cases the excited C60 accepts an electron from the linked donor group Carbon Nanomaterials: to give the charge-separated state under visible light excitation. Photoinduced charge separation in these dyads has Building Blocks in Energy been achieved using porphyrins, phtha- locyanine, ruthenium complexes, ferro- cene, and anilines as electron donors. Conversion Devices The rate of electron transfer and by Prashant Kamat charge separation efficiency is dependent on the molecular configuration, redox Carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and mesoporous carbon potential of the donor, and the medium. Clustering the fullerene-donor systems structures constitute a new class of carbon nanomaterials with provides a unique way to stabilize properties that differ signifi cantly from other forms of carbon electron transfer products. The stability of C anions in cluster forms opens such as graphite and diamond. The ability to custom synthesize 60 up new ways to store and transport nanotubes with attached functional groups or to assemble photochemically harnessed charge. fullerene (C60 and analogues) clusters into three-dimensional Novel organic solar cells have (3D) arrays has opened up new avenues to design high surface been constructed by quaternary area catalyst supports and materials with high photochemical self-organization of porphyrin and fullerenes with gold nanoparticles. and electrochemical activity. -
Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet
Right to Know Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet Common Name: CARBON BLACK Synonyms: C.I. Pigment Black 7; Channel Black; Lamp Black CAS Number: 1333-86-4 Chemical Name: Carbon Black RTK Substance Number: 0342 Date: December 2007 Revision: November 2016 DOT Number: UN 1361 Description and Use EMERGENCY RESPONDERS >>>> SEE BACK PAGE Carbon Black is black, odorless, finely divided powder Hazard Summary generated from the incomplete combustion of Hydrocarbons. It Hazard Rating NJDOH NFPA may contain Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) which HEALTH 3 - are formed during its manufacture and become adsorbed on FLAMMABILITY 1 - the Carbon Black. It is used in making tire treads, in abrasion REACTIVITY 0 - resistant rubber products, and as a pigment for paints and inks. CARCINOGEN SPONTANEOUSLY COMBUSTIBLE PARTICULATE POISONOUS GASES ARE PRODUCED IN FIRE Reasons for Citation Hazard Rating Key: 0=minimal; 1=slight; 2=moderate; 3=serious; Carbon Black is on the Right to Know Hazardous 4=severe Substance List because it is cited by OSHA, ACGIH, NIOSH and IARC. Carbon Black can affect you when inhaled. This chemical is on the Special Health Hazard Substance Carbon Black should be handled as a CARCINOGEN-- List as it is considered a carcinogen. WITH EXTREME CAUTION. Contact can irritate the skin and eyes. Inhaling Carbon Black can irritate the nose, throat and lungs. Finely dispersed Carbon Black particles may form explosive mixtures in air. SEE GLOSSARY ON PAGE 5. FIRST AID Workplace Exposure Limits Eye Contact OSHA: The legal airborne permissible exposure limit (PEL) is Immediately flush with large amounts of water for at least 15 3.5 mg/m3 averaged over an 8-hour workshift. -
Acid-Base Properties of Carbon Black Surfaces Roy Eugene Test Iowa State University
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital Repository @ Iowa State University Ames Laboratory Technical Reports Ames Laboratory 5-1961 Acid-base properties of carbon black surfaces Roy Eugene Test Iowa State University Robert S. Hansen Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ameslab_isreports Part of the Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Test, Roy Eugene and Hansen, Robert S., "Acid-base properties of carbon black surfaces" (1961). Ames Laboratory Technical Reports. 43. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ameslab_isreports/43 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Ames Laboratory at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Ames Laboratory Technical Reports by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Acid-base properties of carbon black surfaces Abstract The urs face properties of carbon blacks reflect not only Van der Waals forces due to carbon, but also chemical properties of groups formed on carbon black surfaces by reactions with environmental substances (e.g. water, oxygen, etc.). The present work constitutes a study of such groups. Disciplines Chemistry This report is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ameslab_isreports/43 I IS-341 ACID-BASE PROPERTIES OF CARBON BLACK SURFACES By Roy Eugene Test Robert S. Hansen May 196 1 Ames Laboratory Iowa State University I Ames, Iowa :· : :· .. : :· :. ': •. :· ·:· ·:: .: •. :' . :, ·: :· ': F. H. Spedding, Director, Ames Laboratory. Work performed under Contract No. W-7405-eng-82. -
Defence Applications of New Forms of Carbon
FOI-R--1103--SE December 2003 ISSN 1650-1942 Base data report S.J. Savage Defence applications of new forms of carbon Schematic model of the C60 fullerene molecule (Fagerström, 2003) Sensor Technology SE-581 11 Linköping SWEDISH DEFENCE RESEARCH AGENCY FOI-R--1103--SE Sensor Technology December 2003 P.O. Box 1165 ISSN 1650-1942 SE-581 11 Linköping Base data report S.J. Savage Defence applications of new forms of carbon Issuing organization Report number, ISRN Report type FOI – Swedish Defence Research Agency FOI-R--1103--SE Base data report Sensor Technology Research area code P.O. Box 1165 7. Vehicles SE-581 11 Linköping Month year Project no. December 2003 E3037 Customers code 5. Commissioned Research Sub area code 74 Materials technology Author/s (editor/s) Project manager S.J. Savage S.J. Savage Approved by Sponsoring agency Scientifically and technically responsible Report title Defence applications of new forms of carbon Abstract (not more than 200 words) This report briefly reviews some applications of new forms of carbon (fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and nanofibres) in military technology. Selected reports are summarised and discussed, and a number of military applications suggested. The report contains recommendations for future studies. Keywords nanotechnology, carbon, defence applications, nanotubes, fullerenes Further bibliographic information Language English ISSN 1650-1942 Pages 15 p. Price acc. to pricelist 2 Utgivare Rapportnummer, ISRN Klassificering Totalförsvarets Forskningsinstitut - FOI FOI-R--1103--SE Underlagsrapport Sensorteknik Forskningsområde Box 1165 7. Farkoster 581 11 Linköping Månad, år Projektnummer December 2003 E3037 Verksamhetsgren 5. Uppdragsfinansierad verksamhet Delområde 74 Materialteknik Författare/redaktör Projektledare S.J. -
A Post-Buckminsterfullerene View of Carbon Chemistry
A POST-BUCKMINSTERFULLERENE VIEW OF CARBON CHEMISTRY Harold Kroto School of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BNI 9QJ UK Keywords: Cs0, Fullerenes, carbon particles INTRODUCTION The discovery of c60 Buckminsterfullerene, Fig 1, has its origins in a research programme involving synthetic chemistry, microwave spectroscopy and radioastronomyl. In 1915, at Sussex (with David Walton), the long chain polyyne H-CeC-CsC-CsN was synthesised and studied by microwave spectroscopy. Subsequently, with Takeshi Oka and NRC(0ttawa) astronomers, the molecule was discovered in space, Fig 2, by radioastronomy using the laboratory microwave frequencies. This discovery led on to the detection of the even longer carbon chain molecules HCTN, HCgN and HCl.lN in the space between the stars2. Further work aimed at understanding the formation of the chains in space focussed attention on the possibility that they are produced at the same time as carbon dust in red giant stars1,*. During experiments at Rice University in 1985 (with James Heath, Sean O'Brien, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley), designed to simulate the conditions in these stars and explore their capacity for carbon chain formation, the exciting discovery that C60 was remarkably stable was made3. It was found that under conditions where almost all the atoms in a carbon plasma had nucleated to form microparticles the molecule c60 remained behind - together with some CTO. This result was, as is now well 'known, rationalised on the basis of the closed cage structure shown in Fig 1. It was proposed that the geodesic and aromatic factors inherent in such a structure could account for the stability of the molecule. -
Metallofullerene and Fullerene Formation from Condensing Carbon Gas Under Conditions of Stellar Outflows and Implication to Star
Metallofullerene and fullerene formation from condensing carbon gas under conditions of stellar outflows and implication to stardust Paul W. Dunka,b,1, Jean-Joseph Adjizianc, Nathan K. Kaiserb, John P. Quinnb, Gregory T. Blakneyb, Christopher P. Ewelsc,1, Alan G. Marshalla,b,1, and Harold W. Krotoa,1 aDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306; bIon Cyclotron Resonance Program, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310; and cInstitut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6502, Université de Nantes, BP 32229 Nantes, France Contributed by Harold W. Kroto, August 29, 2013 (sent for review June 13, 2013) Carbonaceous presolar grains of supernovae origin have long confirmed to exist in circumstellar and interstellar environments. been isolated and are determined to be the carrier of anomalous C60 and C70 were first unequivocally detected in a planetary 22Ne in ancient meteorites. That exotic 22Ne is, in fact, the decay nebula in 2010, which was thought to be hydrogen deficient (11). isotope of relatively short-lived 22Na formed by explosive nucleo- Thereafter, Buckminsterfullerene was detected in hydrogen- synthesis, and therefore, a selective and rapid Na physical trapping rich [including the least H-deficient R Coronae Borealis stars] mechanism must take place during carbon condensation in super- (12, 13) and oxygen-rich environments (14), as well as the ISM nova ejecta. Elucidation of the processes that trap Na and produce (15) and a protoplanetary nebula (16). Moreover, fullerenes large carbon molecules should yield insight into carbon stardust have been detected in a host of other circumstellar and in- enrichment and formation. -
New Frontiers in Nanocarbons by R
New Frontiers in Nanocarbons by R. Bruce Weisman arbon is an extraordinary element. Its ability to covalently applications. Graphene may be prepared as single-layer, double-layer, bond with different orbital hybridizations leads to a uniquely or multi-layer sheets through graphite exfoliation or through epitaxial Crich array of molecular structures that form the vast subject growth on a variety of substrates, and narrow strips called graphene of organic chemistry. Approximately 20 million organic compounds nanoribbons are of additional interest. The scientific literature already containing carbon and other elements have been characterized, and lists 27,000 papers on graphene. it is estimated that than more than 90% of all recognized chemical As chemically-related nanocarbon research has expanded over compounds include carbon. By contrast, for millennia only two the past 20 years to include structures that are essentially zero- known substances were composed exclusively of carbon atoms: dimensional (fullerenes), one-dimensional (nanotubes), and two- the elemental allotropes graphite and diamond. This situation dimensional (graphene), the focus and size of the Fullerenes Group changed dramatically in 1985 with the discovery of a new molecular has grown accordingly. In 2000, the Group became a full Division allotrope, the soccer-ball shaped cage molecule C60, also known as of the ECS, and its name was expanded to Fullerenes, Nanotubes, Buckminsterfullerene. and Carbon Nanostructures (abbreviated FNCN). It will soon be The discovery of C60 marked the dawn of carbon nanostructure simplified to the “Nanocarbons Division.” research. In this field the focus is on all-carbon materials whose Members of the FNCN Division conduct much of the world’s properties are determined by their specific covalent bonding leading basic and applied nanocarbon research. -
Formation of Buckminsterfullerene (C60) in Interstellar Space
Formation of buckminsterfullerene ( ) C60 in interstellar space Olivier Berné1 and A. G. G. M. Tielens Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9513, NL- 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands Edited by Neta A. Bahcall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, and approved November 2, 2011 (received for review August 31, 2011) Buckminsterfullerene (C60) was recently confirmed as the largest region, at high angular resolution (Fig. 1). This measurement can molecule identified in space. However, it remains unclear how be used to derive the integrated intensity radiated by the nebula, and where this molecule is formed. It is generally believed that which can be used as a calibrator, to convert the Spitzer observa- C60 is formed from the buildup of small carbonaceous compounds tions of the PAHs and C60 bands into absolute chemical abun- in the hot and dense envelopes of evolved stars. Analyzing infrared dances of these species, allowing a quantitive study of PAH and observations, obtained by Spitzer and Herschel, we found that C60 C60 chemical evolution. is efficiently formed in the tenuous and cold environment of an interstellar cloud illuminated by strong ultraviolet (UV) radiation Measurement of the Far Infrared Integrated Intensity of Dust Emission I fields. This implies that another formation pathway, efficient at in the Nebula. The far infrared integrated intensity FIR was ex- low densities, must exist. Based on recent laboratory and theore- tracted by fitting the spectral energy distribution (SED) at each tical studies, we argue that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are position in the cross-cut shown in Fig. 1. For these positions, we converted into graphene, and subsequently C60, under UV irradia- have used the brightnesses as measured by Herschel Photodetec- tion from massive stars.