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Hakarongo Mai! Rapanui Women and Decolonisation for Development

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Hakarongo Mai! Rapanui Women and Decolonisation for Development Hakarongo Mai! Rapanui women and decolonisation for development Karly Gempp Christ 2012 A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Development Studies School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Victoria University of Wellington Supervisors: Teresia Teaiwa and Warwick Murray This thesis is dedicated to women in the world who struggle against oppression in their lives and work towards a more just and equitable future for their families and their communities And to my mother, Annie Barnes, who is still the strongest woman that I know Acknowledgements My sincere thanks to the women in Makenu for sharing your time, stories and lives with me. The passion, dedication and commitment you have to your families, your community and your island is motivating and inspiring, and I am forever humbled by this experience. To other members of the Rapa Nui community who also participated in this project, helping me to understand and appreciate life on the island and the struggles of the Rapanui people. To Teresia Teaiwa for keeping me sharp, thoughtful and reflective throughout this process, and for the many chats that went beyond this work. To Warwick Murray for providing support throughout my three years of this degree, and always having faith in my ability and my potential to succeed. To John Overton, Warwick Murray and the Marsden project, White Poppy Peace Scholarship, Katherine Stewart Postgraduate Scholarship, DF McKenzie Award, Lady Stout Bursary, and Katherine Pattison Memorial Award, for the financial support that made this project possible. To Riet for so many things, but especially for taking me in, sharing your knowledge, and becoming a special friend. To Moira for your amazing generosity and friendship – I cannot begin to express my gratitude. To Poncho and Lili for looking after me and always making sure I was happy. To Nano and Juan for the asados, music and inclusion into your family life. And to the numerous others in Chile, on the island and at home for supporting my work and providing your friendship - especially Rodrigo, Mauricio, Marcela and Sandra. Thank you. To Marto, for always showing interest in my work and helping me to overcome barriers throughout the writing process. To Marianne for being my sounding board. To Annette for the welcomed distractions, the loyal friendship, and for helping me to format this monstrous piece of work. To Gemma for feeding me delicious food and always providing an ear. To Emily and George for your essential editing skills. To Amy for being there when I needed you most, and the massages that kept me balanced. To Hannah for the much needed “Newtown holidays”, the unforgettable laughter and for editing this thesis. To Anna and Helen for being great thesis buddies. To all the DEVE girls – you guys rock! To my family for their love and unwavering support. And finally to Jan, for being my “rock”, encouraging my dreams and always inspiring me to be a better person. ii | Hakarongo Mai! Rapanui women and decolonisation for development Figure 1: Protest, 23rd July 2011 (Karly Christ, 2011) Abstract On the Pacific island of Rapa Nui, there are growing calls from the indigenous population for political and cultural decolonisation. This research explores and documents how some women in Rapa Nui are engaging in these struggles. It investigates their aspirations for decolonisation and the strategies they are employing to have their voices heard. It also identifies and describes some of the challenges these women have faced as well as the successes they have had in the context of these struggles to date. Sharing the stories of women who are active participants in these efforts, this research seeks to provide space for their perspectives and their experiences, acknowledging the presence and significance of women within decolonisation efforts on Rapa Nui. Hakarongo Mai! Rapanui women and decolonisation for development | iii In framing and carrying out this research I draw on feminist and indigenous epistemologies, as well as Participatory Action Research (Kindon, Pain, & Kesby, 2007) and Appreciative Inquiry (Cooperrider, Whitney, & Stavros, 2003). My methods include a series of unstructured and semi-structured interviews, Talanoa (Otsuka, 2006; Vaioleti, 2006) as well as participant observation. By considering the critical issues women identify within their struggles, this study illustrates how their aspirations for decolonisation are intrinsically focused on development goals, strongly linked to and framed by their colonial resistance. Additionally, centring women in this analysis, the important role they play within these processes is highlighted. This affords a fuller understanding of the range of possibilities that exist for Rapa Nui’s decolonisation and future development, pushing Development Studies to pay better attention to the voices coming from the Fourth World, as people within these contexts strive for positive development within their communities. iv | Hakarongo Mai! Rapanui women and decolonisation for development Table of contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ ii Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... iii Table of contents ..................................................................................................................................... v List of figures ......................................................................................................................................... viii List of tables .............................................................................................................................................. ix Keywords .................................................................................................................................................... x Glossary of Rapanui words ................................................................................................................. xi Prologue .................................................................................................................................................. xiii Chapter One: A Rapanui story ........................................................................................... 1 Research questions ........................................................................................................................ 2 The beginnings of a research journey ................................................................................... 4 Research setting .............................................................................................................................. 8 Thesis structure ........................................................................................................................... 10 Summary ......................................................................................................................................... 12 PART I: FRAMING THE RESEARCH 13 Chapter Two: Development, decolonisation and women ...................................... 14 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 14 Section One: Towards a decolonising development framework ............................ 14 Section Two: Women and decolonisation ........................................................................ 22 Section Three: Native feminisms .......................................................................................... 29 Summary ......................................................................................................................................... 32 Chapter Three: Approach and methodology .............................................................. 34 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 34 Philosophical approaches ........................................................................................................ 34 The process of carrying out my research .......................................................................... 42 Creating knowledge .................................................................................................................... 46 Hakarongo Mai! Rapanui women and decolonisation for development | v Chapter Four: Rapa Nui – A history of resistance .................................................... 54 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 54 Section One: Pre-contact and early contact period ...................................................... 54 Section Two: Chile’s more recent engagement ............................................................... 63 Section Three: Rapanui women’s acts of resistance .................................................... 73 By way of conclusion ................................................................................................................. 80 PART II: MAKENU’S STORIES OF STRUGGLE 82 Preamble ......................................................................................................................................... 82
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