Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Foundation Volume 3 Article 1 Issue 3 Rapa Nui Journal, Fall 1989

1989 Rapa Nui Journal 3#3 Fall 1989

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Recommended Citation (1989) "Rapa Nui Journal 3#3 Fall 1989," Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation: Vol. 3 : Iss. 3 , Article 1. Available at: https://kahualike.manoa.hawaii.edu/rnj/vol3/iss3/1

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Vol 3, No 3 Fall 1989 I Frankfort Eastvr Island Thv uitvimiro·· of Barcvlona Exhibition Is Spvctacolar and Its Inscriptions

The undersigned had the good fortune to travel to Germany in Beautifully Carved Artifact from Easter Island Mayand twice visited theSenckenberg Museum ofNatural History Previously Unknown in Frankfurt to see the the exhibit "1500 Jahre Kultur der Osterin­ sel" (1500 Years of CulLure in Easter Island). Some while ago the Francesc Amor6s i Gonell museum, the largest natural history museum in Germany, and the Deutsch-Ibero-Amerikanischen Gesellschaft had awarded Dr. Homage to Sr. Albert Folch iRusinol (1922-1988), Heide-MargaretEsen-Baurfacil ities and financial support to mount maecenas and art collectorfrom Catalonia. Spain this exhibit which officially opened on AprilS of this year and will My intention is to present and describe iconographically, an run until September 3, 1989. Over 50 sponsors contributed addi­ tional funds or valuable assistance, and a nearly equal number of Easter Island carving which has remained unknown to scholars up to the present day. The first person to actually report the existence museums and individuals from 16 countries around the world in Barcelona (Spain) of such a wooden crescent-shaped breast loaned often priceless island artifacts orotherinteresting objects for pendant with inscriptions was the Spanish researcher display. Francisco Mellen Blanco in 1986. The exhibit was open seven days a week, in the venerable old Some years later, and after quite an intensive search, I managed red-brick museum building. Upon entering the front door, the visitor was led by signs to the large central exhibit hall normally to find the aforementioned artifact in Barcelona itself. It is, in fact, part of a private Collection, which is well known for its excellent reserved for several sizeable dinosaur skeletons. However, for this new ehibitition, half of the floor space was occupied by "Iifesize" and numerouspieces ofprimitiveartwork from Oceaniaand Africa. (and amazingly "life-like") fiberglas reproductions of two of the This magnificent collection was gathered together by Albert Folch and Eudald Serra, who are co-authors of the book Arte de Papua y best known heads and torsos from RanoRaraku, accompanied Nueva Guinea. Barcelona 1976. by a fiberglas casting of a portion of the finely constructed facade oftheahu known as Vinapu 1. It isan interestingjuxwposition. The seemingly massive Easter Island statues made the large but fragile dinosaur skeletons appear almost insignificant. The aLlention that they rcceived demonstrated thatmoaiare highIYeffective allen tion­ geLlers. In a large second room beyond the central hall, the visitor is introduced to Easter Island by a series of maps, charts, and photo­ graphs, followed by exhibits of contemporary wood and stone carvings, a selection of books, and other items of interest. Particu­ larly noteworthy are three original rongorongo boards dating from the 19th century (two from Rome, one from Leningrad), and the famous coral-and- moai eye found near Ahu Nau Nau at , again theoriginal item loaned to Frankfurt for the exhibit. Butit was upstairs where mOSlofthe treasures were to be found. There in a single, large, well-illuminated room one found the most remarkable collection ofEaster Island pieces imaginable, exquisite examples ofkavakava, moai langala, moko, rei miro,tahonga. ua, ao and rapa, tapa figures, and feather headdresses, just to name Easter Island appears in this collection, though quite brieOy, some of the more spectacular items. Most date from the Late 19th with the following: a moai paapaa; a pair of moai tangata; a century, buta least two moaikavakava are said to havebeen brought doubtful moai kavakava; and lastly a small . Hereafter it back by Captain Cook. It was a breathtaking display. will be refered to as the "Reimiro of Barcelona." On my second visit it was my pleasure to meet with Dr. Esen­ The information circulated in 1986 by Mellen about a reimiro Baur and was given a private guided tour of the entire exhibition. Continued on page 7... Continued on following page...

Rapa Nui Journal • Page 1 • Fall 1988

Published by Kahualike, 1989 1 Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation, Vol. 3 [1989], Iss. 3, Art. 1 Rvi Miro... continued from previous {Yoge

found in Barcelona was, however, only gathered from what ap­ Museum. On the reimiro of Barcelona about fifty-one incised peared in an advertising leaflet, printed in 1975 by an art gallery in characters can be counted. They are fine superficial incisions, cut the same city. Therefore this author did not have the chance to out by a sharp instrument ofgreat precision. Being so harmonious closely inspect and examine its characteristic in detail. One such and unifonn they seem quite different from the simple and figura­ characteristic is the rongorongo inscriptions, which at the time was tive, ancient and classical rongorongo. I understand its inscription mistakenly thought to be ofancient origin. The actual dating of the demonstrate a writing technique which is purer and more propor­ reimiro ofBarcelona and the unique peculiarities of the ideograms tioned. It appears to be a calligraphic simplification, much more are what I intent to clarify. ductile than the ones previously known. After analyzing the reimiro in situ, I am able to confirm that the In orderto describe thereimiro ofBarcelona's inscriptions with material from which it has been carved is dark amber wood, a usual the minimum of methodology, I will take from Cambell and Silva characteristic of toromiro. It has the two common eyes of black (1970) the following classification forTables 1 to 5. A first analysis set in rings of fish bone, inlaid on each side. The exact identifies an approximate total of fifty-one ideographic signs. measurements are 293 mm long, 225 mm high and 33 mm thick. Thesearegathered in seven basic types corresponding to eachofthe The exceptional accuracy and precision of the carvings of this tables. However we mustnotreject the possibility that someofthem small reimiro in all its details, as well as the faultless condition of might belong to another compound sign, so consequently the total the wood, indicate the reimiro of Barcelona is not very old. It is number would vary. worthwhile to emphasize here the impressive serenity that the expert hand of the carver wanted to infuse to the two anthropomor­ phic faces which crown the ends of the crescent shape or rei­ marama. The slightly turned-up beards are unlike other known v x J))) reimiro. Its aquiline features, executed with excellentprecision and neatness are stressed by a curved nose, which is quite short in BA c D E F proportion to the total length of the head (12 em). From the eyebrows extends a trapezoidal shape which seems to take the place Table 1: The komari Sign (vulva) of the ear. The exaggerated eyebrow in the shape ofa double visor Small size-4 mm. There are six glyphs of this nature, all of resembles a helmet, similar to the reimiro of London. them without interior vertical strokes. In my opinion, the reimiro of Barcelona can be distinguished from the standard types of such breast ornaments by its closed curvature which makes the two bifacial bearded faces look at each other. They, in fact, face each othersoperfectly thatoneis reminded III 'II /'/ ofa crescent moon rather than the open shape ofa boat. There is a II ( I , frn~llIre on each neck iust under the heads M R themselves. In the central part of the upper curvature there is a c o protuberance vertically drilled, with a single suspension hole, Table 2: The horehore tu'u tu'u Sign (vertical sticks) which would probably have allowed it to be worn on the breast. Two of them are extremely small. There are nine which can be The reimiro does not, however, show any obvious signs of found alone as well as consisting of two or three compositions. It continuous use. Its shape is not flat, but adopts a convex curvature seems they are always gathered with others ofa large size (15 mm). in such a way that the two ends are set further back from the central part. The reverse side, apart from the two anthropomorphic faces which are perfectly finished, has only two unequally carved groves. These pointed engravings are parallel and follow the curvature of the reimiro. The upper grove measures 12 cm and shows a triangu­ lar section of 8 x 4 mm on its central part. The lower one of 18 cm has a width of 10 x 4 mm. Finally, there is the number which A B c corresponds to a cataloging inventory: the present one is in white and the other is in red. Table 3: The horehore tukituki Sign The most relevant detail is an asymmetrical line of ideographic (large sticks with small marks) signs engraved on the lower boarder on the convex side. This is Medium size (9 mm) or large size. similar to the famous reimiro of London, on exhibit at the British

The Complete Barcelona Rei Miro Script

Rapa Nui Journal • Page 2 • Fall 1989 https://kahualike.manoa.hawaii.edu/rnj/vol3/iss3/1 2 et al.: Rapa Nui Journal 3#3 Fall 1989 ~ It J A B c

Table 4: The horehore tumu-miro Sign (non-fruit bearing trees) ~~ iJJ These are of the aka-aka variety, that is to say, being without 'r roolS. Large size. Very abundant in classical writing, as well as in K L M Tomenika's "Ta'u." Table 6.3: The S-Shaped Form

Table 5: An X-Shaped Sign IL has the lower ends widcned in triangular shape and is large sized. Similar shapes have been indicated The ta'u and the Classical rongorongo Signs by Chauvet and Barthel, although it does appear in a fish-shaped tablet which is found in the Concepcion In this last section I include the remaining signs which x Museum. appear on the reimiro of Barcelona. They are common to A classical rongorongo writing on paper or wood in one way or another, as well as to the non-classical writing which has been The Closed Outline Signs known since 1915 by the name ta'u, and which was put onto paper by the native Tomenika at the request of Mrs. Routledge. I have identified 19 glyphs, all of them of closed outlines and with pointed ends. I have arranged them in three different basic Table 7.1: The "ta'u" Signs groups: single, compound and S-shaped; and I put them into (According to the opinion of Canbell and Silva) thirteen modalities from A to M. The basic forms A, B and I are These signs would be represented found in the classical writing and also in Tomenika's "ta'u" type by the glyphs A and B, each one of writing. On the other hand they are not represcnted among the corresponding to the sign ra'a ? (sun) ideographic signs of the fish-shaped tablet at Concepcion. The ~ ~ and to another one that also looks like remainder are of forms peculiar only to the reimiro of Barcelona. AB a question mark (B). I do not take into account either the already classical crescent shaped glyph or the S-shaped form, included in Table 6. Medium size.

Table 7.2: The Classical rongorongo Signs Sign C is very similar to the one A B c classified by Barthel as , but it looks like the one described by Table 6.1: The Single Crescent-shape Sign (marama) ~ Metraux. This is ofa small size and is Large Size. C probably a compound. A: (Melraux, p. 406, no. 5a)? [C: mamma? Medium size. (Melraux, p. 408, no. 73a)?] Concerning the D series represented by the ika (fish) figure, one can observe a gradation in the simplification of shape. Large size. Appears a very unusual form. D We can find the E characteron its own orin conjunction with othersigns and it is classical. In general it is D E F G H I I believed to be used to separate phrases. Large sizes. Table 6.2: The Compound Crescent-shape Signs [H: komari? (Metraux, p. 406, no. 28a)?] E

Continued on page 9...

Rapa Nui Journal • Page 3 • Fa111988

Published by Kahualike, 1989 3 Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation, Vol. 3 [1989], Iss. 3, Art. 1 On Other Islands... The Petroglyphs of Poako. Hawai'i /~, .~ Two of the largest petroglyph sites at Puako in South '",- Kohala, Hawai'i, were documented in August­ September (1989) under the auspices of the Univer­ sity Research Expeditions Program, University of California at Berkeley, and with the permission of Mauna Lani Resort and the Historic Sites Section of the Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii. Although these sites have been well known to locals for many years and their location is listed in guide books to the area, intensive scientific docu­ mentation of the petroglyphs had not previously been done. Following the six weeks in the field, a brief seminar was held at Mauna Lani Hotel to dis­ cuss options and ideas for conservation and preser­ vation of the sites. At Puako, petroglyphs are found on smooth lava domes (pahoehoe). The major site here, Kaeo A, has an intense concentration over most of its exposed surface. Soil and vegetation cover portions of the surrounding areas, suggesting that the site probably is much larger than what is now visible. Aside from Kaeo A, the site known as Paniau C was also documented during this study. Other petro­ glyph sites, most of them to the northeast, were mapped but not recorded due to lack of time. Previous reports on the sites of Puako were made by the Bishop Museum (1964), Cox and Stasack (1970), and Kirch (1973,1979). Many reports have relied heavily on Cox and Stasack's (1970) interpretations, repeating their emphasis on the nwkahiki ceremony, representations of the god Lono, and/or marks made by travellers. The purpose of the project was to systematically document Paniau C the petroglyphs at Puako, specifically those that are most likely Paniau C is the designation for the first large petroglyph site to be effected by future visitors to the sites. Kaeo A, the largest inland fTom Puako Beach Drive. A well-worn path leads in from single site in the area, is to be developed as a tourist attraction. It the road. Encompassing approximately 40 x 40 meters of was thus considered important to acquire a full inventory of the pahoehoe, the site is ringed by kiawe trees. rock art. Paniau C, through which Kaeo A is now accessed, was The designs here tend to be faint. They appear and disap­ also documented; both sites have been impacted by numerous pear, and many can only be seen when there is a raking side visitors over the years. light. Others are visible simply because lichen tends to grown in Over 2000 individual petroglyph elements were scientifi­ the peck marks. cally documented at these two sites. Cox and Stasack's Paniau C is notable for its long lines of stick figures,2 (1970:85) estimate of approximately 3000 units in this area is (Figure 2) and for the remarkable variation in size between small probably quite accurate, if the sites along the Kaeo Trail and (12 x 20 cm) and large (276 x 236 cm) anthropomorphic motifs others at Paniau are included. (Figure 4). One panel contains lettering; this is the only historic Both Paniau C and Kaeo A were mapped and divided into element noted at either Paniau C or Kaeo A. numbered sections. Within these sections, petroglyph panelsl were given letter designations and were recorded in their entirety KaeoA by means of20 centimeter string grids and scale drawings made on grid paper. Thus all motifs were documented in their context Kaeo A encompasses approximately 2000 square meters of and with their associated designs. A standardized form including pahoehoe; the design motifs have certain special features. pertinent information was filled out for each panel. This material Superimpositioning, a feature not noted at Paniau C, is often the was supplimented by a photographic record. rule at this site. Many anthropomorphs are "compound figures," that is, they share arms or legs with other elements. Some share a

Rapa Nui Journal • Page 4 • Fa111989 https://kahualike.manoa.hawaii.edu/rnj/vol3/iss3/1 4 et al.: Rapa Nui Journal 3#3 Fall 1989

backbone. It is resemblance to the famous birdman figure from Easter Island. possible that these No actual contact is suggested; rather, it likely reflects a shared combined elements Polynesian heritage. refer to family geneoiogy, ances­ tors, and descent. r Notable also are ~\ / the occurrences of /'~/ disjointed arms and legs that do not connect with bodies Figure 3 and incomplete an­ Figures from Kaeo A that bear a strong thropomorphs. resemblance to the birdman motif of Rapa NuL Judging whether a design is "incom­ Interpretation plete" or deliberately Petroglyphs were not idle markings, but were the end result made in that fashion Figure 2 p~ayers, is very subjective but of chants, and offerings to the gods. IL was not quality of It is tempting to suggest that this workmanshIp that mattered, but the power gained by this enough figures with panel may represent a clan, family activity. missing arms or legs or genealogical record. Kaeo A. This area must have possessed ritual power, perhaps as a were recorded to place of pilgrimage where offerings in the form of petroglyphs suggest that something specific was being indicated. were made. The ancient Hawaiians who carved these petro­ Petroglyphs of footprints are prominent at Kaeo A. These glyphs were undoubtedly drawn to the smooth surfaces provided range from very large to tiny, and may be fully pecked out or ?y the palwehoe at Puako. However, many sections ofpahoehoe m~rely indicated with outline. Tiny feet nearly always appear in In the Puako area are untouched, while those at Kaeo A, Paniau paIrs and are the same size. C, and others to the northeast are covered with motifs. This Anthropomorphs, which make up the bulk of the design indi.c~tes elements, often display unusual features such as a circle on each that certain rock surfaces were selected because they exhibited some special features or contained mana. Perhaps they side of the head or neck, or a head that is simply a curved line. A "revealed" themselves to the kahuna (priests) as sacred places. few have outsized round heads with eyes, and some have forked We can be reasonably certain that they were selected as the heads. We recorded several figures with vulvas; only one vulva­ result of some ritual or sacred formula. Conditions of kapu and like motif was found detached, all others were associated with a mana (supernatural forces) partly, or wholly, guided the choice human figure. (see Figure 5.) of sites (Cox and Stasack 1970:21). A few petroglyphs at Kaeo A that may We can but guess at the intent of the makers of these almost be considered as bas relief petroglyphs; surely they had ritual purposes. The designs were noted; these are rare in probably referred to family geneology, ancestors, and 'aumakua. Hawaiian rock art (Cox and Their significance may have only been fully understood by those Stasack 1970:61). Not fully in initiated into a select group, for they likely contained secret relief as they do not actually allusions fTaught with symbolism and, typical for Hawaiian stand up from the rock, these do have culture, had mulLiple hidden meanings (kaona) (Cox and Stasack pecking around them suggesting that some 1970:67). modeling of form was being attempted. The technical quality and Great variation in pecking at Kaeo A was clearly evident, craftsmanship that we see in suggesting different carvers and different tools. Some elements Hawaiian petroglyph making are crudely pecked whereas others are made with great delicacy is not comparable to their and fine pecking. At times it was possible to note which design wood carvings or feather­ was carved first and which one cut through an earlier motif. work. But it is important to Earlier studies of Puako (Cox and Stasack 1970:61) all remember that it was not suggest that it is a very early site. The Bishop Museum report workmanship that counted (1964:6-7) notes few triangular-bodied anthropomorphs at Kaeo - but the correct chants, prayers A, which are considered a late feature and they also suggest this and offerings that accompa­ - .. site has considerable antiquity because of lack of historic -- nied the process; these ele­ elements in the art, the intense superimpositioning of the ments gave the designs power designs, linear type stick figures, and profile or crouching Figure 4 and connected them to the An example of the remarkable figures. Our study verifies these opinions. gods. variation in size between Of particular interest is the occurrence here of anthropomor­ petroglyphs. These two are on a phs in profile, in squatting configuration. These bear an uncanny single panel at Paniau C.

Rapa Nui Journal • Page 5 • Fall 1988 Published by Kahualike, 1989 5 Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation, Vol. 3 [1989], Iss. 3, Art. 1 Pvtros of Puako... continued from previous page

Impact and Preservation part of a class excursion when the entire REFERENCES class made rubbings! There is little doubt that we are losing B. P. Bishop Museum Department of An­ During the next few years, the the petroglyphs. Foot traffic is im- thropology. Report ofthe Puako Puako sites will undergo changes. A pacting them, rubbings wear ~...... Petroglyph Field in the Proposed State well-designed plan has been proposed down the surfaces, or leave Historic Petroglyph Park. Ms. 1964. by Mauna Lani Resorts for the unsightly paint and crayon Cox, J. Halley and Edward Stasack. curation of the petroglyph sites. markings, and abortive Hawaiian Petroglyphs. Bishop It is hoped that, when imple­ attempts to make mented, the petroglyphs will be Museum Special Publication 60; castings have destroyed secure from further vandalism, but Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. others. still visible for the interested visitor. 1970. Vandalism at both Kaeo A As manifestations of belief and Kirch, Patrick V. Archaeological and at Paniau C consists of power, prayer and offering, the pet- Reconnaissance Survey of attempts to make rubbings and! roglyphs at Puako reflect a remnant Kalahuipua' a, and portions of or molds; numerous fine examples of pet­ of ancient ritual life, and represent an Waikoloa, Lalami/o, and Anaeho'om­ roglyphs have been ruined by paint or important non-renewable resource. Part alu, South Kohala, Hawai'i Island. latex products being put into the grooves of the archaeological heritage of the Department of Anthropology, Bernice of the designs. A fair amount of motifs islands, they deserve to be preserved and P. Bishop Museum. 1973. have been disfigured by crayons and protected, not just for the descendants of Kirch, Patrick V. Marine Exploitation in chalk. old Hawaii but for all who care about and Prehistoric Hawai' i. Pacific Anthropo­ The "normal" type of vandalism, treasure the past. logical Records 29. Bernice P. Bishop such as names and dates painted or scratched on the designs, is fortunately Museum, Honolulu. 1979. Georgia Lee, Ph.D. ~ very rare at Puako. However, well­ Tuggle, H. David. National Register of Los Osos, California ~ meaning but uninformed visitors to these Historic Places Nomination Form. 1982. sites need to be aware that their efforts to NOTES obtain replicas of the designs are causing 1 A panel refers to a discrete group of their destruction. Acknowledgement An intense interest in Hawaiian designs on a section ofpahoehoe, as defined by the shape of the lava. petroglyphs is evident from the constant A special thanks to Mikilani Ho 2 Long serpentine lines of stick figures stream of visitors we experienced during who assisted in the field project, and to have been referred to as "marching men" the six weeks we worked at the Puako Leilani Hino, Mauna Lani Resorts, who by some. We prefer to describe them in a sites; people came through the sites from organized the seminar on conservation. early morning to dusk. All sought infor­ non-subjective way. mation. The most frequently asked ques­ tion concerned the age of the petroglyphs, followed by questions concerning their method of manufacture, purpose and meaning. Many visitors were shocked by the paint, latex, resin, and crayon left on the petroglyphs by past attempts to make rubbings. However, a large proportion of visitors to the sites arrived with paper or cloth and a variety of materials with which to make rubbings. Most, when we talked to them and requested they not make rubbings, were cooperative. Others became quite hostile. Many local residents stated they had made them for years, and intended to continue doing so. Some had come to the site years ago as Figure 5 Examples of figures with vulva from different panels at Kaeo A.

Rapa Nui Journal • Page 6 • Fall 1989 https://kahualike.manoa.hawaii.edu/rnj/vol3/iss3/1 6 et al.: Rapa Nui Journal 3#3 Fall 1989 SClnckClnbClrg MusClum·s EastClr Island Symposium The Research Institute of the Sencken­ Religious Terminology ofEaster Island Statue by Prof. Charles Love, Rock berg Museum hosted a meeting in Frankfort and by Dr. Horst Cain, Springs, Wyoming from August30 to September2titled "Status K61n Reconstruction ofthe Transport ofMoai and Perspective ofEasterIsland Research," Ethnological and Folklore Data in the by Pavel Pavel, Strakonice in conjunction with theSenckenbergEaster Symbolic Interpretation ofEaster Settlement Patterns on Easter Island by Island exhibit. This is the first international Island Art Objects by Dr. Irene Patricia Vargas C., Santiago meeting regarding Easter Island since that Fedorova, Leningrad The Lost Observatories ofRapa Nui by of 1984, which was held on Rapa Nui. The Mystery ofRapanui by Wilfred Prof. William LiJler, Vifia del Mar Papers were presented by numerous Schuhmacher, Gadstrup Tratamiento Enconservacion Sobre un experts on Rapa Nui culture, history and La Profecia de Renga Varevare by Prof. Moai en Isla de Pascua by Monica archaeology; these will be published in Olaf Blixen, Montevideo Bahamondes P., Santiago 1990. Particularly noted was the openness Wege durch die Nacht. Rongorongo­ Die Konservierung des Moai Hanga of the meeting and freedom of interchange Studien aufdem Santiagostab by Kio'e-Methoden und Tragweite der among the participants. Prof. Thomas S. Barthel, Tubingen Restaurierung by Dr. Michael Roth, The exhibit in Frankfort drew over Problems ofMethods in Interpreting Burghausen 150,000 people; it next moves to Brussels Easter Island Data by Prof. Jean Changes in Easter Island Flora-­ where it will be displayed at the Musees Guiart, Paris Comments on Selected Families by Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire from January Is a New Approach to Decipher Ron­ Dr. Georg Zizka, Frankfurt 26 to April 29, 1990. gorongo Necessary? by Jacques Le Palmier des Pascuans Date au Listed below are the talks given and the Vignes, Paris Tandetron by Helene Valadas, Paris papers read and discussed, in the order of The Notes and Les Objects en Toromiro des Collections their appearance. They are scheduled for Photos: Their Importance for Easter du Musee de L.Homme, Paris by Dr. publication early in 1990. Papers not in Island by Prof. Charles Love, Rock Catherine Orliac, Paris English will include an English abstract. Springs, Wyoming Discovery and Cultivation ofSophora Cartografia Historica de la Isla de Toromiro by Dr. Wolfram Lobin, BegrufJung der Teilnehmer by Prof. Willi Pascua en el Siglo XVllI Acom­ K61n Ziegler, Director of the Senckenberg pailada de Aigunos Datos Etnologi­ In-Vitro Regeneration ofSophora Museum cos y Arqueologicos by Francisco Toromiro by Prof. Jacobsen, K61n Zer Zielsetzung des Symposiums by Dr. Mellen Blanco, Madrid Fuhrung Durch die Osterinsel­ Heide-Margaret Esen-Baur, Kronberg How to Make and Move an Easter Island Ausstellung by Dr. Heide-Margaret Esen-Baur, Kronberg Frankfurt Exhibition... continued from front page

Among other things, she told me that the the book will surely become one of the Baur expressed immense concern and con­ pieces, insured for many millions of dol­ classics of 20th centuries literature about siderable dismay over the reported damage lars, were personaJly selected by her after the Island. done to the two moai when the casting an around-the-world tour of museums and Entitled "1500 Jahre Kulture der Oster­ material was removed. It was her sincere private collections. I was delighted to learn insel" and subtitled "Schatze aus dem Land contention thatexceptfor someofthe pebbly that copies wiJl be made of one or two des HOlU Matu'a" (Treasures from the Land matter that the winter's rains would have dozen pieces and donated to the Sebastian of Hotu Matu'a), it contains 15 articles (in removed anyway, the only material that Englert Museum on Easter Island. Con­ German) including contributions from peeled off when the casting material was forming to agreements made with Chilean Georgia Lee, Thomas Barthel, Christian stripped away was the thin outer layer of authorities, including Sr. Mario AmeJlo, Walter, Dr. Esen-Baur, and two people lichen and organic matter that naturally and director ofChile's museums,the molds for intimately involved in the making of the quickly turns the original ochre-colored the fiberglass moai were destroyed after fiberglass reproductions, Ursala Hanig and lava to grey. She reported that before­ the frrst successful castings were made. Dieter F. Sauer. At US $17.50 (plus post­ and-after photographs clearly show dam­ Where the existing reproductions wiJl go age) the book is a steal and can be ordered age to have been inconsequential. Until I next, and finaJly, had not yet been deter­ from the Deutsch-lbero-Amerikanische am shown clear evidence to the contrary, I mined. Gesellschaft E.V., Grafstrasse 83, 6000 have to believe her. Unquestionably, the most valuable by­ Frankfurt 90, West Germany. One hopes product of this extraordinary exhibit is the that before long, an English translation will William LiJler Catalog-Handbook prepared and edited by become available. It will soon be published Instituto Issac Newton Dr. Esen-Baur and coJleagues. With 326 in both French and Flemish. Ministerio de Educacion pages and 332 photographs, 125 in color, FinaJly, I should report thaL Dr. Esen- de

Rapa Nui Journal • Page 7 • Fall 1988

Published by Kahualike, 1989 7 Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation, Vol. 3 [1989], Iss. 3, Art. 1 Publications

Bierbach, Annette and Horst Cain. Ma­ This slim volume contains a discus­ provoking pocket volume contains kemake from Hiva to Rapa Nui: An sion ofthe ubiquitous "Heyerdahl Ques­ innumerable helpful hints for the rug­ attempt to shed new light on the old tion" from a linguistic approach. ged adventurer-not the hotel-bound topic ofthe origin ofRapa Nui Culture. Hidden beneath often unintelligible tourist. Baessler-Archiv, Neue Folge, Band jargon are strong arguments "disprov­ Packed among the necessary infor­ XXXVI, Berlin (1988:399-454). ing" the possibility ofa South American mation on lodgings andrestaurants are a Blixen, Olaf. Los Akuaku. Comunica­ colonization of Polynesia, and Easter thorough series of historical perspec­ ciones Antropologicas del Museo de Island in particular. tives on each island nation, told hon­ Historia Natural de Montevideo. Except that Heyerdahl's theories estly and straightforwardly. The maps 13(11): 1-24. periodically enter the consciousness of are excellent and the large (7 page) Lee, Georgia. Some comments on "The new generations ofreaders interested in reading list is invaluable to novice trav­ BBC and Easter Island History by Peter exotic Polynesia, one wonders why dis­ elers seeking serious information on the Gathercole." Pacific Arts Newsleuer claimers must continue to be presented. individual island groups and their inter­ 29:30-31, July 1989. Still, Schuhmacher insists there is a new, related "Pacific Issues." The book is --. 1979. EasterIsland: Mysterious Past, growing interest among linguists in worth reading for its historical perspec­ Uncertain Future. South American Ex­ pursuing the comparativestudy ofSouth tive alone, for the author is unafraid to plorer. August, No. 22. Denver& Lima. American languages and their near and approach such 'delicate issues' as nu­ Within this rather obscure publica­ remote neighbors. In particular he pur­ clear testing and 'cultureclash'-topics tion, Dr. Lee presents an unusually sues "the so-called non-Polynesian ele­ one would not normally find in Field­ straightforward telling of Rapanui his­ ment in Polynesian" using, among oth­ ing's or Birnbaum's. tory since the coming of Europeans. ers, the Rapanui names for numbers, Like all of Moon Publication's Readers of her other writings will be which he refers to as "alien." "Handbooks," this one is periodically surprised to find nothing here concern­ Schuhmacher finally concludes his revised. Specialists in related fields have ing rock art or the island's other ar­ detailed analysis by admitting that we been consulted and the author encour­ chaeological features. Nothing is men­ have been unsuccessful in proving a ages his readers to send in "comments, tioned about the mysterious history of linguistic contactbetween Polynesiaand corrections,additions, amendmentsand the past. Instead wearetold oftheplight because "no such con­ critiques," thus keeping the facts true of the Rapanui people throughout his­ tact [may ever] have taken place." He and up-to-date. Moon Publications, Inc. torical times, with a particularemphasis recommends the establishment of an­ 722 Wall St., Chico, CA 95928. US on the current, seeming hopeless, situ­ otherhypothesis to explain "theso-called $9.95. Reviewed by Walter Boggs. ation of young islanders-those who non-Polynesian element in Polynesia," --. 1989. Tahiti-Polynesia Handbook. were overeducated on the mainland and pointing towards Papua and western Price $9.95.225 pages, maps, glossary, on their return to their island home are Polynesia. bibliography, black and white and color unable to use their new found knowl­ This book is not for everyone. It photographs, index. Foreward by Bengt edge. requires close and tedious reading and Danielsson.Takes in all the islandgroups The obligatory tourist information lacks the necessary organization and including the Marquesas, Australs, presented in this article is helpful to the plain language to make it comprehen­ Tuamotusand Gambiers. Even includes first time visitor to the island, giving sible to anyone other than a hardened exchange rates! helpful hints for finding lodging outside linguist. Were these and similar themes Van Tilburg, Jo Anne. Klidm of Belau. of the regular hotels. There are even presented more plainly for the average Guam and Micronesia Glimpses. 3rd comments on choosing the right horse reader to comprehend and ponder, the quarter, 1989:45-52. Published in Guam. for exploring the island's rocky terrain. more popularized pseudo-theories of Photos by David C. Ochsner. Reviewed by William Trench. Heyerdahl, et ai, would not be pursued Ramirez, Jose Miguel. Cultura Rapanui. so religiously by the general public. Serie Patrimonio Cultural Chileno. Reviewed by Walter Boggs. Coleccion Culturas Aborigenes, Stanley, David. 1989. Micronesia Hand­ Departamento de Extension Cultural book: Guide to the Caroline. Gilbert. del Ministerio de Educacion, San­ Mariana and Marshal/Islands. Second tiago, 1988. 97 pages, 45 full color Edition. Moon Publications. Chico, plates, black and white line drawings, California. bibliography. This companion volume to Moon Schuhmacher, W. Wilfried. 1989. The Lin­ Publication's South Pacific Handbook guistic AspectofThor Heyerdahl's The­ and the Tahiti-Polynesia Handbook ory. Carl Winter Universitiisverlag. places itself apart from typical "sight­ Heidelberg. seerguidebooks." Mr. Stanley's thought-

Rapa Nui Journal • Page 8 • Fa111989 https://kahualike.manoa.hawaii.edu/rnj/vol3/iss3/1 8 et al.: Rapa Nui Journal 3#3 Fall 1989 Lvttvrs

Dear Editors, necessity in order to avoid a mess. My and the Tourism Board are totally aware of My recent visit to Easter Island made an doubts aboutachieving this havebeen taken the necessity ofpreserving ourcultural pat­ enormous impression on mebecauseI think away now that I have seen that so many rimony [Servicio Nacional de Turismo]. that there is no place in the world where eminent people with a thorough knowl­ 2) " ...tourism agencies will only be al­ such a small population, limited to such a edge on the subject contribute or write lowed in the area" [Jefe Of­ restricted area, and in extreme isolation, letters to your journal. I think that some of ficina Intereses Maritimes]. produced such a quantity ofculLural monu­ them might be induced to take an active 3) "...we have not received any request ments. role in such work. Could we take an initia­ for information on the said project" [Cor­ If more of the statues were erected, it tive in this direction? I would be willing to poracion Nacional Forestal]. would increase the attraction of visitors to contribute money as well as (my) man­ We believe that these divergent replies the island. This is quite apart from the power for this purpose. While I am not a call for a close watch. scientist, I have a great interest in the sub­ question whether it is notourduty to restore G. King, jectand seek a highly inspirational activity and guard for the future these wonders of Sevres, France the past. Moreover, creating order out of in a field that apparently has been ne­ glected up to now. the heaps of stones that one finds lying Dear Editor: around now would also inspire more or­ Herbert von Saher, Aside from the seemingly "good news" derly conduct of the visitors. Midden Duin en on Club Med we have heard from various These thoughts came to me when I read Daalsweg 6, 2061 AR quarters, has anyone else noticed that there inRNJ3(l) that the Japanese Hitachi Com­ Bloemendaal, Holland pany intends to send a crane for just that continues to be a huge information gap in regard to the Club Med project? purpose. This inspired me further. With the Dear Editor: crane, could we not unite to contribute One branch of the government of Chile money and manpower as well as scientific In regard to Club Med on Easter Island, says the plan is rejected and another one we sent Icuers to Chile. To our surprise we says, "what project?" I find this very suspi­ guidance to achieve the goal of creating received these replies: orderly archaeological sites? This scien­ cious. 1) " ...the National Monument Council M. Dodds, tific guidance is of course an absolute Houston, Texas

Rvi Miro... continued from page 3... _

Provisional Conclusions imiro of Barcelona on a poster advertising References a public sale in Paris-Drouot, on December A very careful observation of the small Barthel, Thomas S. 1963. Rongorongo­ 5,1987. However, it was apparently more of Barcelona, and bearing in mind Studien. Anlhropos. Vol. 58, pp. 372­ reimiro recent and without any inscriptions. the external characteristics, its perfect con­ 436. Fribourg. At any rate, the city of Barcelona pos­ dition and the non-classical typology ofthe Cambell, Ramon B. and Jorge Silva O. sesses a fine example of art and writing engraved inscription, brings me to the con­ 1970. Hallazgo de un nuevo tipo de from Easter Island, which can not be ig­ clusion that this carving is not as old as has escriptura de la Isla de Pascua. Anales nored any more by scholars on this subject. been attributed (l8th Century) on the leaf­ del Museo de HiSlOria Nalural. No.3, let printed in Barcelona on July 1975. A pp. 161-191. Valparafso. Francese Amoros i Gonell phytological analysis should be carried out Dr. Steven-Chauvet 1946. La Isla de Pas­ Indice Historico to determine its exact age. Contrary to the cua y sus mislerios. Editoral Zig-Zag. Espanol classical inscriptions, this breast ornament Page 292, Fig 175. Santiago de Chile. University of Barcelona has almost a total absence ofanthropomor­ Force, R. and Force M. 1971. The Fuller phic signs and a lack of zoomorphic signs. Colleclion ofPacific Arlifacls. Praeger Only a part of some ofthe signs are similar Publishers. Page 76. New York. to certain gl yphs ofthe fish-shaped wooden Mellen Blanco, Francisco. 1986. Manus­ tablet studied by Campbell and Sil va. There crilos y documenlos espanoles para la is very liuleconnection atall between itand hislOria de la Isla de Pascua. Centro the fish shaped tablets from Tahiti Mu­ de ESIUdios Hisloricosde Obras PUbli­ seum, nor No. 273245 of the Fuller Collec­ casyUrbanismo.pp.199-200.Madrid. tion. Metraux,Alfred.1971.ElhnologyofEasler As a curious anecdote, I was very sur­ Island. Bishop Museum PressReprints. prised to see, quite by chance, an object Honolulu, Hawaii. which was practically identical to the re- . Rapa Nui Journal • Page 9 • Fall 1988 Published by Kahualike, 1989 9 Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation, Vol. 3 [1989], Iss. 3, Art. 1 CommentaIy••• The Rapa tlui Information Gap J. Douglas Porteous One of these proved extremely difficult, Research on Easter Island is extremely se­ is going on there now. The lack ofhistorical objecting, inter alia, to my (fairly mild) lective. On the one hand, we have numer­ or social science (political, economic, so­ comments on the failings ofofficial policy, ous studies of archaeology and ethnology cial) research is obvious and disturbing. my less than warm appreciation ofGeneral relating to the pre-1862 era, the results of So much so that in the 1970's I began Pinochet, and my division of Rapa Nui's which end up in yet more popular books a major one-man historical social science modem history into a colonial period (to exalting the 'mysteries, 'secrets,' or project to help fill this information gap. So 1888), a neo-colonial period (1888-1952), 'enigma' of Easter Island. On the other far the major results are four articles and a and a period of internal-colonialism (after hand, modem scientific work concentrates book: 1952). The manuscript was then difficult to on hard science-geology, botany, zool­ 1. "Easter Island: The Scottish place with major publishers, mostofwhom ogy, physical anthropology, medical stud­ Connection," Geographical Review. 68, made the same kind of comment, viz.: ies, linguistics. 1978, 145-56. 'Easter Island means 'stone heads' and What's missing is any apparent inter­ 2. "The Development of Tourism on there's no market in writing aboutanything est in the Rapanui people and their history Easter Island," Geography 65, 1980, 137­ else.' Finally, publication subsidies from (not prehistory), recent development, rela­ 38. the Social Science Federation of Canada tionship to the land, or current socio-politi­ 3. "The Annexation of Easter Island: and myown university (for the colorplates) cal problems. Rapa Nui Journal Vol. 3 Geopolitics and EnvironmenLal Percep­ led to a successful outcome. (Summer 1989) included two letters with tion," Canadian Journal ofLatin American Meanwhile, books and videos on the entirely opposing viewpoints concerning Studies 6, 1981,67-80. 'mysteries' of Easter Island continue to the need to include socio-political material 4. "Easter Island, Pluralism and appear in profusion in many languages, in the journal. Why this lack ofinterest? Do Power," pp. 157-172 in C. Clarke, D. Ley, often repeating each other, perpetuating the we have a conspiracy of silence, designed and C. Peach (eds.) Geography and Ethnic same errors, and almost always failing to to protect the islanders and/or avoid annoy­ Pluralism. London: Allen & Unwin, 1982. consider the present as of ing the Chilean authorities? Or do we have 5. The Modernization ofEasterIsland. any great importance. a simple disregard of people who are seen Victoria, B.C.: Western Geographical Se­ Public knowledge of Rapa Nui, there­ as merely lovable adjuncts to the starsofLhe ries, 1981. (ISBN 0315-2022 vol. 19). pp. fore, continues to be strongly skewed in landscape, the cold dead artifacts ofa for­ xvi + 306; 36 figures, 50 black and white favour of the ancient and the sensational. gOllen culture? plates; 29 color plates. This bias is supported by academic re­ The real mystery of Easter Island has search, with its tremendous emphasis on nothing to do with moai, linguistics, or sea The history ofthe book itselfis ofsome prehistory. I'm getting used to this imbal­ voyages. The real mystery is the general interest. Preparatory to receiving a Cana­ ance, but because of my preference for lack of interest in what happened on the dian publication subsidy, the manuscript living people over dead ancestors I still find island after the disaster of 1862 and in what was read by several anonymous referees. it rather odd. The Rapanui Proposal for Autonomy ------(from EI Mercurio de Santiago, 14 October 1989)

The Consortium of Parties for It adds that the Rapanui people are tion of a Corporation for the Devel­ Democracy received and accepted a a community that ethnically, lin­ opmentofIslade Pascua, which will document presented by the Consejo guistically, culturally, socially, eco­ receive government land that cur­ de Ancianos of Easter Island in nomically and politically have been rently forms part of the Rapa Nui which they set forth the foundations maintained on the margin ofthe rest National Park, administrated by of new legislation for the Rapanui of the Chilean nation. SASIPA. The said corporation will people which would require consti­ The document goes on to say that exercise jurisdiction exclusively tutional reform. the Rapanui people need judicial over Isla de Pascua with the sole "Our proposal is inspired by the recognition of certain socioeco­ exception of those lands that are in recognition and the protection ofthe nomic conditions and that "the res­ the dominion of individuals. autonomy of the Rapanui people, titution of property is a matter of In educational matters,itproposes and especially the fact that the terri­ essential importance." The most that teaching in the Isla de Pascua tory ofRapa Nui is the private prop­ suitable way to accomplish this is to school will be at least 50% Rapanui. erty ofthe ancestral tribes and ofthe establish constitutional reform guar­ Teachers will have to learn and teach present day successors of the Rapa­ anteeing the rights of the minority. the Rapanui language. nui people." The document proposes the crea-

Rapa Nui Journal • Page 10 • Fall 1989 https://kahualike.manoa.hawaii.edu/rnj/vol3/iss3/1 10 et al.: Rapa Nui Journal 3#3 Fall 1989 Mvtvi: Thv Canadian Mvdical J. Douglas Porteous Expvdition to Eastvr Island University of Victoria, Canada In 1964-65 a Canadian medical expedi­ The report appears to be in more than one These parts are followed by abstracts in tion spent approximately one year on Rapa volume, but I possess only Volume I, which French, German and Spanish, lists of key Nui at a time of considerable change (air­ comprises xix + 306 pp. Its contents are as works, and the author, subject, and biblio­ port construction; the 'revoh' by islanders follows: graphic indexes. No indication is given of againstmainland mismanagement; etc.) The Part 1: RapaNui staphylococci (10pa­ the contents of other possible volumes. expedition was known as METEI-Medi­ pers, with discussion) It is clear from the existence of this and cal Expedition to Easter Island-and is Part 2: Human defence against infec­ much other fugitive material that our sub­ mentioned in two popular travel books (see tious diseases (2 papers) ject, Rapa Nui Studies, badly needs a large, Rapa Nui Journal Vol 3, No.2, Summer Part 3: Finding list ofRapa Nui human indexed, and annotated bibliography list­ 1989, p.8.) staphylococcus isolates and ing all known publications in all languages. Unfortunately, the above-mentioned ar­ human serum samples Perhaps some kindly soul will get to work ticle continues: "The study by the Canadi­ Part 4: Census of the sampled Rapa on this? ans has never been published and the scien­ Nui native population in 1964­ tific knowledge gained there seems to be 65 as regards staphylococci and Editor's Note: One of the major roles of the lost." I'd like to provide more accurate sera permanent Librarian at the Mulloy Research information on this point. Part 5: Recommendations for further Library on Rapa Nui will be to create just such Some of the results of the medical re­ studies with Rapa Nui blood a Master Rapa Nui Bibliography. A preliminary search carried out by METEI were made and serum samples bibliography will be one of the first official public at the International Symposium on Part 6: Map of Rapa Nui publications of the Library. There would be the Microbiology ofEasterIsland held April Part 7: District map of Hangaroa vil­ periotic updates. Meanwhile, to help in this 26-28, 1971 in Montreal, Quebec. A publi­ lage effort, interested readers should send a list of cation was also produced: Part 8: Staphylococcus sampling map their personal "Rapa Nui Bibliographies," in all ofHanga Roa village (1964-65) languages, with abstracts, subject classification Nogrady,GeorgesL. (editor) The Micro­ Part 9: Map indicating houses with and associated information, to Bibliography, in biology ofEaster Island (1974). Published identical numbers in Hangaroa care of RNJ. in Montreal by Georges L. Nogrady, M.D. village (1964-65) (4662 Victoria Avenue, Montreal, P.Q. Part 10: District-house and house­ Canada) as the "Proceedings ofan Interna­ district listings in Hangaroa Eastvr Island tional Symposium held in Montreal, 1971." village Stamp Inquiry Although I am a field geographer, I am also a serious postal-historian with a Journal... Kote special affection for Easter Island. In rj~a researching [or a postal-history Hand­ book, I am seeking (to borrow, buy, or riva!! photocopy) any and all Easter Island "covers" (entire envelopes bearing stamps with Isla de Pascua postal markings), from regular mail, any time period. I especially seek any

Kiea Editions, on Policarpo Toro Street on Rapa Nui, has * Via USAF or NASA. A few people were created scores ofcards like this for all seasons and occasions, able to get mail to USA faster through !GIlA including Xmas Cards with several different island drawings. courtesy of the USA personnel who put it EDICIONES RAPA NUl (50¢ ea. US). They are designed and drawn by Cesar Aguilera. into their own official mail, or via "shirt Write: Helen Williams, Isla de Pascua. pocket" mail systems.

Rapa Nui Journal • Page 11 • Fall 1988

Published by Kahualike, 1989 11 Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation, Vol. 3 [1989], Iss. 3, Art. 1 What's New in ttanga ROG .------From EI Mercurio de Valpariaso, 25 July, 1989, comes this Chile has provisionally accepted a bid for 51 % of the state report: Medical equipmentvalued atmore than $80,000 will be sent airline, LAN-Chile, by a group associated with SAS. There is talk to Rapa Nui this October, on the next shipment from the mainland. ofremodeling the existing fleet ofplanes, replacing the 707s. This Financed by the National Development Fund (FND) and the Inter­ put an end to the hopes of executives and employees of LAN who national Development Bank (BID), this equipment includes a high seriously intended to acquire the airline. Itis hoped that within two temperature pressure sterilizer, another kind of sterilizer, X-ray years there will be new routes crossing the Pacific. equipment, a cardiac monitor, an echograph, a transportable incu­ The Consejo Regional de Desarrollo (COREDE) recently bator, an instrument that detects fetal heartbeats, a vaporizer for elected mayors of 25 communities in the Quinta region. Among children, dental equipment, wheel chairs, and other miscellaneous those elected was a new mayor of Easter Island: Juan Edmunds things.This equipment will provide better medical auention for the Rapahango. Congratulations to the new alcade! islanders. ~. Earthwatch crew members, under the direction ofDr. Christo­ A distress'iJJ,g report of vandalism to one of the island's best pher Stevenson, are beginning another field season on the island. cave paintings was reported to CONAF by Dr. Jo Anne Van Excavations will beconducted on the south coast in Quadrant6, and Tilburg.. puring recent field work on , it was noted that in the center of the island, in Quadrant 10. The focus of this year's cuts of upto 7 cm deep had been made at several points around the work will be village seulements and settlement patterns. The painting, apparenLly in an attempt to remove it intact. Flakes of inland sites are at the foot of Mt Terevaka and are extremely stone with paint on them also were observed on the floor of the interesting. Square house foundations-----,some 300 of them-were cave. It is not known when the damage was done, but CONAF identified a few years back by Claudio Cristino and Patricia Vargas officials note that it must have occurred between last year's site in­ ofthe Instituto de Estudios of the Universidad de Chile. The house spection and July 1989. foundations are along ravines, and excavations carried out by the Dr. Ben Finney, Department of Anthropology, University of Universidad de Chile uncovered wood working tools, possibly used Hawai'i, was on the island briefly in July. Finney is famed for his for harvesting the great trees that formerly grew on the mountain work with the Polynesian Voyaging Society and the sailing canoe, (the name "Terevaka" means "to pull out canoes"!). The square Hokule'a. He presented a lecture to islanders on the history ofthe foundations are similar to those found in the Marquesas, and appear Hokule'a project. to be very early. Salvage divers from Valparaiso have been looking atdebris left Dr. Stevenson is being assisted in the field by Jose Miguel on the ocean floor by the wreckoftheRegentOak,anda group from Ramirez of the Fonck Museum, Vifia del Mar. Surfer Magazine was on the island for two weeks, filming surfers ~ in action along the coast. The surfers were Brazilian champions. Georgia lee, Ph.D. Alan Davis-Drake A fire that blackened the slopes ofRano Raraku was reported Publisher and General Editor Editor and Design to have cracked some ofthe hare paenga stones that lie around the Rapa Nui Journal is an international newsletter published quarterly for south side of the crater. We will try to give a full update in an the benefit of those interested in Easter Island and Polynesia. Correspon­ upcoming issue ofRNJ. dence, articles, photographs, drawings, reviews of books & films, Jose Fati, one of the most valuable and interesting ofRapa Nui announcements ofconferences & publications, and all related materials informants, was recently lost to cancer. Sr. Fati had been treated for are invited. We cannot be responsible for unsolicited items or anything submitted without adequate return postage or International Reply the disease on the mainland and then returned to the island only Coupon. If possible please send submissions on floppy disk for either days before his death. He had been an importantsourceofRapa Nui IBM or Macintosh-in ASCII format. traditions to a number of investigators, including Fr. Englert and Annual subscription rate for 4 issues, in US funds: U.S. $15, Foreign Thomas Barthel. Most recently, he had worked with the Universi­ Airmail $25. Back issues are available at U.S. $4 each, post paid. dad de Chile survey teams and with Jo Anne Van Tilburg's statue ISSN 1040-1385 • © Georgia Lee 1989 project. His warmth and good humor will be sorely missed.

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