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Scholars, Travellers and Trade SCHOLARS, TRAVELLERS AND TRADE Today, the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden is internationally known for its outstanding archaeological collections. Yet its origins lie in an insignificant assortment of artefacts used for study by Leiden University. How did this transformation come about? Ruurd Halbertsma has delved into the archives to show that the appoint- ment of Caspar Reuvens as Professor of Archaeology in 1818 was the crucial turning point. He tells the dramatic story of Reuvens’ struggle to establish the museum, with battles against rival scholars, red tape and the Dutch attitude of neglect towards archaeological monuments. It was Reuvens who trained archaeological agents to investigate and excavate ancient sites, and bring back the antiquities on which the museum’s importance rests. Though he was operating long before the current debate on whether collecting anti- quities is legal trade or cultural looting, Reuvens recognized the potential ethical problems inherent in achieving a world-class collection. In this, he was ahead of his time. Scholars, Travellers and Trade throws new light on the process of creating a national museum and the difficulties of convincing society of the value of the past – issues with which museums are still wrestling. It also highlights the difficulties that an archaeological pioneer had in establishing his discip- line as a fully accepted branch of academia. Ruurd B. Halbertsma is Curator of the Classical Department at the National Museum of Antiquities, Leiden, The Netherlands. i ii SCHOLARS, TRAVELLERS AND TRADE The pioneer years of the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden, 1818–40 R.B. Halbertsma I~ ~~o~;~;n~~~up LONDON AND NEW YORK iii First published 2003 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2003 R.B. Halbertsma Typeset in 11/12pt Garamond 3 by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Halbertsma, Ruurd B. Scholars, travellers and trade: the pioneer years of the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden, 1818–1840 / R.B. Halbertsma. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden. 2. Reuvens, Caspar Jacob Christiaan, 1793–1835. 3. Archaeologists–Netherlands– Biography. 4. Netherlands–History–1815–1830. 5. Netherlands–History–1830–1849. I. Title. AM101.L536H35 2003 069′-09492–dc21 2003043147 ISBN 13: 978-0-415-27630-6 (pbk) iv TO THE MEMORY OF HERRE HALBERTSMA (1920– 98) v vi CONTENTS Figures x Foreword xi Preface xii Acknowledgements xiv 1 Introduction 1 Political developments, 1795–1840 1 Museums, ministries and departments 2 The price for antiquities 3 Sources 4 2 Early collections of classical art in the Netherlands: the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries 6 ‘Works of art and beauties from Venice’: the Reijnst collection 6 The Smetius collection: in search of the Oppidum Batavorum 10 Adventures and antiquities: Frederic Count de Thoms 11 Gerard van Papenbroek: Vanitas Vanitatum 14 Papenbroekiana marmora, nunc Leydensia marmora 16 3 C.J.C. Reuvens and the archaeological cabinet in Leiden, 1818 21 Law, classics and archaeology 21 From Harderwijk to Leiden: per aspera ad astra 24 Professor in Leiden: the praise of archaeology 25 Examples from abroad: Cambridge, Oxford and London 28 4 Collections and conflicts 31 A national museum and the study of archaeology: organization 31 Art from the East Indies: ‘contemporary or ancient civilizations?’ 34 vii CONTENTS The Royal Coin Cabinet: ‘a difference in scholarly views’ 39 The Rijksmuseum: ‘one of the largest and finest examples of the so-called Etruscan vases’ 42 Archaeology versus philology: ‘beneath the dignity of study and rank’ 43 Antiquiteiten: an archaeological journal 47 5 The Greek collections of B.E.A. Rottiers 49 Greek antiquities from Athens 49 ‘The literary glory of a nation’ 51 Rottiers’ second collection: ‘an important enlargement’ 54 ‘Judging the authenticity’: doubts and forgeries 55 An expedition to the Aegean, 1824–657 Excavation on Melos 60 The monuments of Rhodes 65 Evaluation of the expedition: ‘much and ungrateful work’ 66 6 Jean Emile Humbert: the quest for Carthage 71 Dutch engineers in Tunisia, 1796 71 Antiquarian interests: an exiled count in Tunis 74 Between hope and fear: repatriation and new prospects 75 First archaeological expedition to North Africa, 1822–479 Excavations in Tunisia 83 Carthage revisited? 86 The Borgia inheritance 87 7 Station Livorno: the Etruscan and Egyptian collections 89 Etruscan urns from Volterra 89 Supposed forgeries: ‘resignation, patience and philosophy’ 91 The Museo Corazzi in Cortona 93 Egyptian antiquities on the European market 97 ‘Egypt along the Rhine’: the Cimba and d’Anastasy collections 98 Reuvens’ first valuation: ‘below the Salt collection’ 100 Reuvens’ second valuation: ‘the collection has risen in value’ 101 Reuvens’ third valuation: ‘the price half-way between Salt and Drovetti’ 103 The breakthrough 104 Epilogue: three gifts and an unreliable merchant 106 End of the expedition: the Nani-Tiepolo and Pacileo collections 107 viii CONTENTS 8 Forum Hadriani: digging behind the dunes 112 The search for Forum Hadriani 112 Start of the excavations: ‘sherds of tiles, pots and urns’ 117 Inventing archaeology: fieldwork and documentation 121 End of the excavations: ‘the old state of stagnation’ 124 Smaller excavations and surveys 126 9 The ideal museum: dreams and reality 128 The archaeological cabinet 128 Towards a national museum: ‘a ponderous and stately building’ 130 State of affairs: ‘general and loud complaints’ 133 The ideal surroundings: ‘the splendour of a capital’? 134 The darkest hour: antiquities and mushrooms 137 Choice of Amsterdam: ‘the last of all cities worthy of such an honour’ 139 10 End of the pioneer years, 1835–40 141 Reuvens’ death, July 1835 141 The new museum: ‘mummies in a Dutch drawing-room’ 145 Private interest: purchases and donations 147 Vases from Vulci 149 Appendix 1 – Life of C.J.C. Reuvens 153 Appendix 2 – The discorso preliminare of Raffaele Gargiulo: classifying Greek vases 155 Appendix 3 – Earliest museum publications, 1818–40 158 Appendix 4 – Le Voyageur: a wanderer’s song 160 Notes 162 Bibliography 175 Index 178 ix FIGURES 2.1 Title-page of Reijnst’s Signorum Veterum Icones, 1670 9 2.2 Marble owl with inscription, second century ad 13 2.3 The marmora Papenburgica in the orangery of the botanical garden at Leiden 18 3.1 Professor C.J.C. Reuvens, lithograph of 1835 26 4.1 The Theatrum Anatomicum in Leiden 33 4.2 Head of Dionysos, early second century ad 35 5.1 B.E.A. Rottiers 50 5.2 Attic grave relief of Archestrate, c.325 bc 53 5.3 Portrait of a priest from Melos, first century ad 61 5.4 Mosaic floor from Melos 62 5.5 Reconstruction of the Colossus of Rhodes by Rottiers 66 6.1 J.E. Humbert 72 6.2 Punic stelae found in Carthage, third to second century bc 77 6.3 Statue of Trajan, second century ad 80 6.4 Plan and sections of a Roman mausoleum near Tunis 85 7.1 Etruscan cinerary urn from Volterra, second century bc 91 7.2 Bronzes from the Corazzi collection 94 7.3 Statue of Maya, minister under pharaohs Tutankhamun and Horemheb, and his wife Merit, Saqqara, c.1300 bc 105 7.4 Relief with the honouring of General Horemheb, Saqqara, c.1330 bc 110 8.1 Bronze hand of a Roman statue, second century ad 114 8.2 C.J.C. Reuvens and Conrad Leemans at Arentsburg, c.1829 118 8.3 Plaster cast of skeleton found at Arentsburg 121 8.4 Plans and sections of excavations at Arentsburg, 1827–30 122–3 9.1 Project for an archaeological museum by Zeger Reijers, 1826 132 10.1 Scarabs and jewellery from the d’Anastasy collection 152 x FOREWORD Only in recent years has the history of museums become established as a field of academic enquiry in its own right. It is nevertheless surprising that the fascinating, sometimes painful story of the birth of the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden has not been told before. The challenge is now happily taken up by Ruurd Halbertsma, who has ransacked the museum’s own archives to reveal its origins in the eighteenth century and to trace its rise from the modest collections of Leiden’s ancient university. The result is an important and compelling new chapter in Dutch and indeed European cultural history. The central hero of the narrative is Caspar Jacob Christiaan Reuvens. He was professor at the university and an early pioneer of the new nineteenth- century discipline of archaeology. He conducted systematic excavations in Holland itself and laid the foundations of modern understanding of the Roman province there. In Leiden he had care of the marmora Papenburgica, that is to say, the classical marbles bequeathed to the university by Gerard van Papenbroek (1673–1743), who is described by Halbertsma as a ‘repres- entative of the Dutch “sedentary” school of collecting’. Reuvens was not himself of that persuasion, but travelled less in his short life than he should have liked and set about augmenting the founding collection of the museum by employing agents operating abroad on his behalf. He did, however, twice visit England, first in summer 1819, to take inspiration from the public museums there.
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