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Classification of Bantu Languages by Malcolm Guthrie Pdf

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Classification of Bantu Languages by Malcolm Guthrie Pdf Classification of bantu languages by malcolm guthrie pdf Continue Linguistic classification BantuNarrow BantuGeographicdistributionAfrica, from approximately equator southern linguistics classificationNiger-CongoAtlantisk-CongoBenue-CongoSudder BantoidBantuSubdivisions Zones A-S (geographical) Glottoologistnarr1281[1]The approximate locations of the sixteen Guthrie Bantu zones, including the addition of a zone J The approximately 250 Narrow Bantu languages are conventionally divided into geographical zones, as Malcolm Guthrie first proposed (1967-1971). [2] These were assigned letters A-S and divided into decades (groups A10, A20, etc.); individual languages were assigned unit numbers (A11, A12, etc.) and dialects were further divided (A11a, A11b, etc.). This encoding system has become the standard for identifying Bantu languages. It was the only practical way to distinguish many ambiguously named languages before the introduction of ISO 639-3 coding, and it continues to be widely used. Only Guthrie's Zone S is considered (sometimes) to be a genealogical group. Since guthrie's time, a zone J (made of languages previously classified in groups D and E) has been created as another possible genealogical group bordering the Great Lakes. The list is first summarized, with links to articles about accepted groups of Bantu language (bold decade headlines). Then the complete 1948[3] list, updated by Guthrie in 1971 and by J. F. Maho in 2009. Summary The list below reflects Guthrie as updated by Maho (2009). Not included in details is the northeastern Bantu language characterized by Dahl's Law, which is believed to be a genealogical group, cuts across the Guthrie system and is covered in northeastern Bantu. Other groups with dedicated articles, such as Southern Bantu (Zone S) are also only summarized here, so that the original listing is only a summary and an index for other articles. Note that Ethnologue made several changes to Guthrie in an attempt to make the classification more historically correct. But the changes are inconsistent, and Ethnologue has not been followed here, although it is publicly available online. Thus, a code can mean different things depending on whether Guthrie or SIL is being followed. (See the link below for the SIL code assignments.) The updates in Maho (2009), on the other hand, are designed to be compatible with the original values of the codes. Bantu has long been divided into Northwest Bantu (Forest Bantu) and Central Bantu (Savanna Bantu) branches based on tone patterns, but there is little agreement on which Guthrie zones (or which parts of zones) should be in either dichotomy are questionable and they have not been followed here. Accepted genealogical groups within Guthrie zones are bold. Zone A S Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, N Gabon A10 Lundu-Balong : Oroko (probably one of the Sawabantu languages); other languages except A15 Manenguba (i.e. Bonkeng, Nkongho, may be Sawabantu as well. A15 Manenguba (Ngoe) language A20-30 Sawabantu language; Bube (in Mbam?) A40a (reduced) Basaa language A50 Bafia language A60 +40b Mbam language (Jarawan added after Guthrie) A70 Beti language A80-90 Makaa-Njem language Zone A is sometimes considered Forest Bantu. Guthrie's A60 and part of his A40 have been removed for the Southern Bantoid Mbam language. Sawabantu may include some of the A10 languages apart from Manenguba, while Bube can be homed in Mbam. Southern Bantoid Jarawan was assigned to Zone A by Gerhardt (1982) and Blench (ms 2006, 2011), specifically for the A60, in Mbam. According to several researchers, including Blench, there can be no coherent concept bantu as long as many of zone A and perhaps Zone B languages are included. Zone B S Gabon, W Congo, W DR-Congo B20 Kele language (? Seki) B10-30 Tsogo language (? Myene) B40 (with some H10) Sira language B50 Nzebi language B60 Mbete language B70 (with some B80) Teke language B80 (reduced) Boma-Dzing language (Tsong/Songo?) Zone B is sometimes considered Forest Bantu. B10-30 can belong together as Kele-Tsogo, B40 with Kongo-Yaka (H) and B50-70 with H24 Songo as Teke-Mbede. Zone C NE DR-Congo, N Congo C10 (with some C30) Ngondi-Ngiri language C20 Mboshi language C30 (with Mongo, etc.) Bangi-Ntomba language (Lingala et al.) C37+41 Buja-Ngombe language C42 Bwela C40a Bati-Angba language (Bwa) C50-60 Soko language C70 Tetela language C80 Bushoong language Zone C is sometimes considered Forest Bantu, sometimes Savanna Bantu. There are proposals for three major clades, Mboshi-Buja covers C10-20 and C37+41, and Bangi-Tetela covers the C30 with C50-80 (Motingea 1996), and C40a along with the D20-30 in Boan. Zone D NE DR-Congo D10 Mbole-Enya language (? Lengola) D20a Lega-Binja language D20-30 Komo-Bira language, (with C40a) Boan D28 Holoholo (maybe in NE Bantu) D30 (unclassified): Guru (Boguru), Ngbinda, Kare (Kari), Nyanga-li (Gbati-ri) D33 Nyali language (Beeke? Ngbee?, +Bodo?) D43-55 Nyanga-Buyi language D54 Bembe (with Lega?) D10, D30, and some of the D20 and D40 are sometimes considered Forest Bantu, the other Savanna Bantu. Most of the D40-60 has been moved to the Great Lakes Bantu language. Lengola, Bodo and Nyali can belong together as Lebonya, and Beeke in Boan. Zone E Kenya, apart from Swahili Language Zone E has been redistributed: E10-E40 to the Great Lakes Bantu language; E50 Kikuyu-Kamba (Central Kenya Bantu) and E60 Chaga-Taita to northeastern Bantu; E70 Nyika to northeastern Bantu, mostly in Sabaki. Zone F W & C Tanzania. F10 Tongwe-Bende F30 (reduced) Mbugwe-Rangi language? Isanzu Much of the F20 and F30, including the great language of Sukuma, have been reclassified as northeast Bantu, with Bungu to Rukwa and Sumbwa as great lakes. However, Mbugwe-Rangi forms a valid node by Isanzu is sometimes classified as F30, as a number of Nilamba, and sometimes believed to be a remnant of the Bantu language spoken in the area before the F-zone language arrived. Zone G E Tanzania, Comoros G50 (with Mbunga) Kilombero Language Zone G have been reclassified, the G60 Bene-Kinga to northeastern Bantu, and the other branches more specifically for the Northeast Coast Bantu language. Zone H NW Angola, W Congo H10 (reduced) Kongo language H20 Kimbundu language (? Songo) H30-40 (with Yanzi) Yaka language H10 and H40 are sometimes considered Forest Bantu, the other Savanna Bantu. H10 Kunyi, Suundi and Vili have been split between B40 and L10. The H40 is divided between H30 and L10. Kongo-Yaka can form a family, perhaps with the B40 Sira. Zone J Uganda, Rwanda-Burundi, near lakes Kivu & Victoria J Great Lakes (part of northeast Bantu) Zone K E Angola, W Zambia K10 Chokwe-Luchazi language K31 Luyana K30 Kavango language? K43 Mbukushu K20 Lozi is now classified as Southern Bantu. Some K30 languages have been reclassified as Kavango, but Luyana is an independent lineage. K40 Subiya-Totela has been reclassified as Botatwe, except for Mbukushu, which appears to be an independent lineage. Zone L S DR-Congo, C Zambia L10 (with some H) Pende language L20-40 +L60 Luba languages (Luluwa) L50 Lunda language L20 Songe (except maybe Lwalu), L30 Luba, L40 Kaonde, and L60 Nkoya have been grouped as Luban. Zone M E Zambia, SE DR-Congo M10-30 (with Bungu) Rukwa language M40-50 (with Senga) Sabi language M60 (with K40 Subia) Botatwe language Sabi-Bobatwe may be related. Zone N Malawi and the surrounding areas, C Mozambique N20-40 Nyasa language N10 Manda has been classified as Rufiji-Ruvuma, and N20 Tumbuka 'dialect' Senga as Sabi. Zone P NE Mozambique, SE Tanzania P10 Matuumbi and P20 Yao have been classified as Rufiji-Ruvuma, P15 Mbunga as Kilombero, P30 Makhuwa as Southern Bantu. Zone R SW Angola, N Namibia, N Botswana R11 Umbundu (South Mbundu) R10-30 Southwest Bantu language R40 Yeyi R20 Ovambo, R30 Herero, and R10 apart from Umbundu have been grouped together as Southwest Bantu. Yeyi forms his own lineage. Zone S South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe, S. Mozambique. S10 Shona language S20-60 (with P30) Southern Bantu language Full list (1948/2009) The following is the original list from Guthrie (1948), with all numerical tasks as updated by Guthrie himself (1971) and JF Maho (2009). The groups are geographical and do not necessarily imply a link between the languages in them. Words in parentheses are added to ambiguity. Figures in brackets are changes made to Maho (2009); language in parentheses was added by Maho (2009). Languages of the proposed Zone J are covered by zones D and E. Zone A10: A11[101] Londo, A12[101] Barue, A13 Balong, A14 Bonkeng, A15 Mbo, [A141 Bafo, A151 Nkongho, several til A101 Oroko] A20: A21 Bomboko, A22 Baakpe, A23 Su, A24 Duala, A25 Oli, A26 Pongo, A27 Mulimba, [A221 Bubia, A231 Kole, tilføjelser til A24-26 Duala] A30: A31a North Bobe, A31b Southwest Bobe, A31c Southeast Bobe, A32a Banoo, A32b Bapoko, A33a Yasa, A33b Kombe, A34 Benga A40: A41 Lombi, A42 Bankon, A43a Mbene, A43b North Kogo, A43c South Kogo, A44 Banen , A45 Nyokon, A46 Mandi, [A441 Aling'a, A461 Bonek, A462 Yambeta] A50: A51 Fa', A52 Kaalong, A53 Kpa, A54 Ngayaba, [A501 Hijuk] A60: A61[601] Ngoro, A62 Yambasa, A63 Mangisa, A64[601] Bacenga, A65 Bati, [A621 Read, A622 Gunu, A623 Mbule] A70: A71 Eton, A72a Ewondo, A72b Mvele, A72c Bakja, A72d Yangafek, A73a Bëbëlë, A73b Gbïgbïl, A74 Bulu, A75 Fang, [A751 South-West Fang] A80 : A81 Mvumbo, A82 So, A83 Makaa, A84 Njem, A85a Konabem, A85b Bekwil, A86a Medjime, A86b Mpompo, A86c Mpiemo, A87 Bomwali, [A801 Gyele, A802 Ukwedjo, A803 Shiwe, A831 Byep, A832 Bekol, A841 Bajue, A842 Koonzime] A90: A91 Kwakum, A92a Pol, A92b Pomo, A93 Kako Zone B
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