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Jasiński on Finder and Prusin, 'Justice Behind the Iron Curtain: Nazis on Trial in Communist Poland'

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Jasiński on Finder and Prusin, 'Justice Behind the Iron Curtain: Nazis on Trial in Communist Poland' H-Poland Jasiński on Finder and Prusin, 'Justice behind the Iron Curtain: Nazis on Trial in Communist Poland' Review published on Tuesday, April 30, 2019 Gabriel N. Finder, Alexander V. Prusin. Justice behind the Iron Curtain: Nazis on Trial in Communist Poland. German and European Studies Series. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2018. 400 pp. $90.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-1-4426-3745-0; $34.95 (paper), ISBN 978-1-4875-2268-1. Reviewed by Łukasz Jasiński (Muzeum Miasta Gdyni, Poland) Published on H-Poland (April, 2019) Commissioned by Anna Muller (University of Michigan - Dearborn) Printable Version: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=53400 The question of postwar trials of war criminals and collaborators has been a subject of interest of many scholars from different countries. Numerous books and articles have been published on such topics as the Nuremberg trials, the trials in the Far East, and legal purges of war criminals and collaborators. Among these publications, however, we can barely find any works devoted to trials that took place in postwar Poland. Poland, which suffered almost six years of brutal German occupation as well as Soviet occupation of its eastern territories, became after 1945 a site of various legal proceedings aimed at punishing perpetrators and collaborators. These proceedings were conducted simultaneously with political trials of opponents of communist power. Existing literature on Polish retribution has offered only superficial analysis in the form of articles or works from the 1960s and 1970s often published by the Main Commission for the Investigation of German (since 1949 Hitlerite) War Crimes in Poland. The reviewed monograph by Gabriel N. Finder and Alexander V. Prusin is an attempt at filling this gap. Finder and Prusin base their work on extensive research conducted in various Polish, German, Austrian, American, and Israeli archives. They complement this archival research with research in the Polish press from the late 1940s and 1950s, as well as private collections. A broad bibliography contains many publications in various languages, although as in the case of any book, there are some missing sources. The chronological frame of the book is marked by the years 1944-59, starting with such legal acts as the August Decree and initial trial proceedings and ending with the trials of General Paul Otto Geibel and Erich Koch. Such a chronological approach enables an analysis of various phases of postwar retribution in connection to a broad background of political changes during the fifteen years from consolidation of communist power through Stalinism and destalinization. The authors divide their book into six chapters and an epilogue. Chapters are devoted to the main aspects of postwar retribution in Poland. The first four chapters cover the early trials and social demands for justice, the presence of a Polish delegation at the Nuremberg trials, the establishment of the Supreme National Tribunal, and trials of perpetrators in the district courts. The final two chapters focus on the role of the Jewish community in postwar Poland, especially historians and lawyers, but also witnesses, who contributed in a vivid way to prosecuting perpetrators of war crimes, and examine trials of the 1950s. Finder and Prusin combine these diverse plots neatly and Citation: H-Net Reviews. Jasiński on Finder and Prusin, 'Justice behind the Iron Curtain: Nazis on Trial in Communist Poland'. H- Poland. 04-30-2019. https://networks.h-net.org/node/9669/reviews/4077597/jasi%C5%84ski-finder-and-prusin-justice-behind-iron-curtain-nazis-trial Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 1 H-Poland rationally. Thanks to this clear chapter division, the reader can easily find information about various aspects of postwar retribution in Poland. The authors lay out the general goals of the book in their introduction. Although the trials of political opponents of communists and native collaborators are beyond the scope of this publication, Finder and Prusin rightly decided to include a short description of the tangled political situation in postwar Poland. This historical introduction will be especially beneficial for readers who may be unaware of the specific Polish experience of war, double German-Soviet occupation, and gradual sovietization of Poland after 1945. What I found to be particularly important in this discussion is the inclusion of examples of members of the Polish anti-Nazi resistance, who became victims of communist repression and show trials, such as General Emil Fieldorf “Nil,” sentenced to death and executed in 1953, and Kazimierz Moczarski, a high-ranking officer of the Home Army, who was tortured in prison and spent many months in a cell with SS general Jürgen Stroop. Without mentioning political misuse of the judiciary system in Poland after 1945 by the communists, the panorama of Polish retribution would be incomplete. The first chapter enumerates legal acts and measures imposed by the Polish government in exile and Polish communists, who after 1944 and the creation of the Polish Committee of National Liberation, under the aegis of Joseph Stalin, took power in Poland. Finder and Prusin meticulously portray subsequent legal acts that were foundations for planned retribution. The Declaration of St. James’ Palace from June 12, 1941, for example, expressed the necessity of retribution for the first time. The authors correctly notice here the significant contribution of the Polish government in exile in creating this document. The main part of the first chapter focuses on the creation of legal structures devoted to prosecuting war criminals. The first, and probably most important, step was the “Decree on punishment for Nazi criminals guilty of murdering and maltreating civil population, prisoners-of-war and for traitors of Polish Nation,” also known as the August Decree. Finder and Prusin also examine the Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland, created in spring 1945 to conduct investigations and documentary work in places of martyrdom. The role of the commission was closely connected with research on German atrocities committed during the occupation. It was thus, to some extent, a predecessor of today’s Institute for National Remembrance in Poland. Perhaps the most important legal structure created to conduct retribution was the Special Penalty Courts (SPCs), a new type of court that was to judge war criminals based on the August Decree. The SPCs consisted of professional judges acting together with laymen, “people judges.” Finder and Prusin paint a wide panorama of the SPCs and its functioning until its liquidation in 1947. Unfortunately, the description of the SPCs lacks a broad, comparative perspective. The construct of the “people judges” was at the time often used by the justice administration in countries that suffered German occupation. Taking this into account and comparing the SPCs with, for example, the case of Czechoslovakia would have enabled readers to gain a more complex perspective on this matter. It is a pity that the authors did not make such an effort. A big advantage of this chapter is, however, a detailed description of two significant trials of war criminals that serve as case studies of legal proceedings before the SPCs: the Majdanek trial from November and December 1944 and the April 1947 trial of Hans Biebow, chief of the German Nazi administration in the Łódź Ghetto. Finder and Prusin not only point out the later historical value of these trials in documenting German war atrocities but also reconstruct the legal aspects of these Citation: H-Net Reviews. Jasiński on Finder and Prusin, 'Justice behind the Iron Curtain: Nazis on Trial in Communist Poland'. H- Poland. 04-30-2019. https://networks.h-net.org/node/9669/reviews/4077597/jasi%C5%84ski-finder-and-prusin-justice-behind-iron-curtain-nazis-trial Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 2 H-Poland cases. The Majdanek trial, which took place before the Nuremberg trials, was demanding for Polish prosecutors as they were forced to create its legal framework without any broad international legal sources and precedents. In chapter 1, the authors do not limit themselves only to legal aspects of war crime trials in Poland. Thanks to their broad research in the Polish press, they also recreate social attitudes toward retribution as a whole. This chapter points out that no matter how big the political differences between communist authorities and the rest of the political parties and social groups were, the demand for a strict purge of war criminals and collaborators was at that time absolutely prevalent. After almost six years of a traumatic, brutal occupation the name “German” became a symbol of war criminal and murderer. This explains also the name of the Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland. In postwar Poland, traumatized by horrors of war and occupation, there was no room for creating any nuanced division between war criminals and ordinary Germans. The second chapter turns to the Nuremberg trials and the Polish delegation of the International Military Tribunal. It deals mostly with a special document prepared by this delegation, the so-called Polish Indictment, and hearings of witnesses conducted by Polish prosecutors in Nuremberg, like, for example, the hearings of Hans Frank and General Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski. The role of the Polish Indictment is hard to overestimate. It was presumably the first document that provided a picture of the brutality of the German occupation and emphasized that Poland was the first victim of German aggression. This document highlighted the sufferings of Poles and Jews under German occupation. This played an important role in the Nuremberg trials. The fact that Jewish suffering was detailed in this document was significant, especially taking into account the fact that the Holocaust itself was not regarded as a separate phenomenon by the International Military Tribunal.
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