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International Journal of Research p-ISSN: 2348-6848 e-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 04 Issue 09 August 2017

“19th Century: Society; Education and Literature” Mukesh Saha Assistant Teacher Jalpaiguri High School [email protected] Abstract

The abstraction of 19th century century of stagnation. Indian society, as (years 1801- 1900) provides a glimpse of accomplished remained alone from the India in its beforehand centuries, while political developments. The innumerable abounding records of the century are village communities led their independent accessible due to the western influences. activities as before. Amusing acerbity and aberrant amusing practices became The earlier years were anarchic with apparent affection of the nineteenth abundant kingdoms rising and falling century India. In the nineteenth century, successively. A lot of important contest account and fatalism had been connected that occurred are the enactment of British to extremes. Islam, too, had become an in India, the First Indian War of antipathetic adoration in the heyday of Independence, the end of Mughal empire, Islamic glory, the Sufi preachers preached and aboriginal signs of Indian renaissance tolerance, but the Muslims affected that led to India's abandon and desperate religious bigotry as an allotment of their amusing reforms. State Policy. With religions adhering added accent to alien anatomy than to 19th century India was lagging behind close reality, religious superstitions, began other countries with the prevalence of to affect all aspects of amusing life. caste system in the country. Untouchability Infanticide, adolescent marriage, and Sati were still in practice, and the polygamy, the afire of widows(sati) and literacy rate was actually low. Education added amusing evils, were all interpreted was denied to women, and blind (purdah) as religiously valid, and appropriately arrangement was in vogue. there was no agitation of censor even in a lot of abhorrent performances. Similarly, Some of the 19th century Indians who left such amusing systems as caste, their bench mark are: Dayanand untouchability, bullwork(slavery) were all Saraswati, Bahadur Shah II, Raja Ravi advised as all-powerful by the shastras, Varma, and Raja Ram Mohan Roy. and therefore, actually accurate and estimable. Thus the nineteenth century was Key words: society; education; literature an age of antipathetic institutions and aberrant customs. That was the endure SOCIETY abundant century of amusing asperity in India. With the impact of western account Society in India anesthetized through and the acceleration of Hindu reform abundant phases of changes. In the history movements in the consecutive century, of India there had been periods of advance caste was assailed and there began an and reform; and also as periods of decay, apathetic abatement of adamant attitudes dissolution and degeneration. The towards untouchability. However, in nineteenth century witnessed the closing of animosity of reform movements, tenancy. In Europe it was the age of throughout the nineteenth century the caste enlightenment, but in India, it was a

Available online: https://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/ P a g e | 25

International Journal of Research p-ISSN: 2348-6848 e-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 04 Issue 09 August 2017 apathy did not show any amazing advance (Dynasty of Raghu) ; it was accounted in in the position of the untouchables. Classical rather than Ballsy Sanskrit. Added examples of works accounting in Classical Sanskrit include the Pāṇini's Ashtadhyayi which connected the grammar and phonetics of Classical Sanskrit. The Laws of Manu is an arguable Indian abstract refers to the abstract argument in Hinduism. Kālidāsa was the produced on the Indian subcontinent until greatest columnist and poet in Sanskrit 1947 and in the Republic of India literature, whose Shakuntala and thereafter. The Republic of India has 22 Meghaduuta are the acclaimed Sanskrit clearly accustomed languages. plays. Some added acclaimed plays were Mricchakatika by , Svapna The age-old works of Indian abstract were Vasavadattam by Bhasa, and by orally transmitted. Sri . Afterwards anapestic works begins with the articulate abstract of the include Geeta Govinda by Jayadeva. Some Rig Veda an accumulation of angelic added acclaimed works are Chanakya's hymns dating to the century 1500–1200 Arthashastra and Vatsyayana's Kamasutra. BCE. The Sanskrit epics and arose the end of the aboriginal millennium BCE. Classical Sanskrit abstract developed rapidly during Indian literature in common Indian the aboriginal few centuries of the languages aboriginal millennium BCE, as did the Tamil Sangam literature, and the Pāli Assamese literature Canon. In the medieval period, abstract in Kannada and Telugu appeared in the 9th The Charyapadas are cited as the age-old and 11th centuries respectively. Later, archetype of Assamese literature. The abstract in Marathi, Odia, Bengali, Charyapadas are Buddhist songs assorted dialects of Hindi, Persian and composed in the 8th to 12th centuries. Urdu began to arise as well. Aboriginal in These writings buck similarities to Oriya the 20th century, Bengali poet and Bengali languages as well. The Rabindranath Tagore became India's phonological and morphological ancestry aboriginal Nobel laureate. In abreast of these songs buck similarities to Indian literature, there are two above Assamese some of which are extant. literary awards; these are the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship and the Jnanpith After the Charyapadas, the century may Award. Eight Jnanpith Awards been afresh be breach into (a) Pre-Vaishnavite awarded in Hindi and Kannada, followed and (b) Vaishnavite sub-periods. The age- by 5 in Bengali and Malayalam, four in old accepted Assamese biographer is Odia, three in Gujarati, Marathi, Telugu Hema Saraswati, who wrote a baby and Urdu, two each in Assamese and composition "Prahlada Charita". Addition Tamil, and one in Sanskrit. artist alleged Rudra Kandali translated Drona Parva into Assamese. Classical Sanskrit literature Notable Assamese writers of Vaishnavite The acclaimed artist and columnist periods had been Madhabdev, Srimanta Kālidāsa wrote one epic: Raghuvamsha Sankardev, Damodardev, Haridev and

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International Journal of Research p-ISSN: 2348-6848 e-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 04 Issue 09 August 2017

Bhattadev. Srimanta Sankardev has been The aboriginal affirmation of Bengali broadly accustomed as the top Assamese abstract is accepted as Charyapada or littérateur of all-time, and about Charyageeti, which were Buddhist hymns accustomed as the one who alien , from the 8th century. Charyapada is in the poetry, classical ball anatomy alleged oldest accepted accounting anatomy of Satriya, classical music anatomy alleged Bengal. The acclaimed Bengali linguist Borgeet, art and painting, date Harprashad Shastri apparent the approach achievement of ball alleged Bhaona and blade Charyapada arrangement in the Satra attitude of apostolic lifestyle. His Nepal Royal Cloister Library in 1907. The capital aggregation Madhabdev and internationally acclaimed Bengali Damodardev followed in his footsteps, and biographer is Nobel laureate Rabindranath accomplished Assamese literary world Tagore, who accustomed the Nobel Prize their own contributions. Damodardev's for Abstract in 1913 for his plan adherent Bhattadev is accustomed as the "Gitanjali". He wrote the civic canticle of aboriginal Indian book writer, who alien India and Bangladesh namely, "Jana Gana the altered book writing style in Assamese. Mana" and "Amar Sonar Bangla", respectively. He was the aboriginal Asian An absolute anterior book ‘Assamese who won the Nobel Prize. Rabindranath Language-Literature & Sahityarathi’- has accounting astronomic bulk of poems, Lakshminath Bezbaroa originally authored songs, essays, novels, plays and abbreviate by arch Assamese littérateur of Awahon- stories. His songs abide accepted and are Ramdhenu Era and beat Assam economist still broadly articulate in Bengal. Bhabananda Deka calm with his three deputies, Parikshit Hazarika, Upendra Bengali is the additional frequently Nath Goswami and Prabhat Chandra announced accent in India (after Hindi). Sarma, arose in 1968. This book was As an after effect of the Bengal clearly released in New Delhi on 24 Nov Renaissance in the 19th and 20th centuries, 1968 by again President of India Dr Zakir abounding of India's a lot of famous, and Hussain in ceremony of the bearing almost recent, literature, poetry, and songs centenary ceremony of administrator of are in Bengali. Assamese abstract Lakshminath Bezbaroa. In the history of Bengali abstract there has Bengali abstract been alone one pathbreaking arcane movement by an accumulation of poets Rabindranath Tagore, the columnist of and artists who alleged themselves abounding works, including Gitanjali and Hungryalists. India's civic canticle 'Jana Gana Mana'. He was awarded the Noble Prize in Abstract English abstract in 1913 for "his greatly sensitive, alpha and admirable verse, by which, with able In the 19th century, several Indian writers skill, he has fabricated his anapestic acclaimed themselves not alone in thought, bidding in his own English words, acceptable Indian languages but as well in a allotment of the abstract of the West." He English, an accent affiliated from the was the aboriginal getting of non- British. As an aftereffect of British European birth to win a Nobel Prize. colonisation, India has developed its own altered accent of English accepted as The columnist of India's Civic Song Indian English. Indian English follows 'Vande Mataram'. British spelling and accentuation as against

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International Journal of Research p-ISSN: 2348-6848 e-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 04 Issue 09 August 2017 to American, and books arise in India [4] "Kunwar Narayan to be awarded reflect this phenomenon. Jnanpith". Times of India. 24 Nov 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-25. India's alone Nobel laureate in abstract [5] Fallon, Oliver. 2009. Bhatti's Poem: was the Bengali biographer Rabindranath The Death of Rávana (Bhaṭṭikāvya). New Tagore, who wrote some of his plan York: [1]. ISBN 978- originally in English, and did some of his 0-8147-2778-2 | ISBN 0-8147-2778-6 | own English from Bengali. [6] Narang, Satya Pal. 2003. An India's best affairs English-language Analysis of the Prākṛta of Bhāśā-sama of novelists of best are the abreast writers like the Bhaṭṭi-kāvya (Canto XII). In: Prof. Chetan Bhagat, Manjiri Prabhu and Ashok Mahapatra G.N., Vanijyotih: Felicitation Banker. Volume, Utkal University, *Bhuvaneshwar. [7] Sentinel, The (4 December 2014). "Documentary film, books on Hindi abstract started as religious and Bhabananda–Nalini Prava". Retrieved 24 abstract balladry in medieval periods in December2014. dialects like Avadhi and Brij. Alot of [8] "Indian Literature Through the acclaimed abstracts from this century are Ages". Ccrtindia.gov.in. Archived from the Kabir and Tulsidas. In beat times, the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 2013- Khariboli accent became more popular 04-22. than Sanskrit. [9] Jyotsna Kamat. "History of the Kannada Literature-I". Kamat's Potpourri, Chandrakanta, accounted by Devaki 4 November 2006. Kamat's Potpourri. Nandan Khatri, is advised to be the Retrieved 2006-11-25. aboriginal plan of book in Hindi. Munshi [10] "Declare Kannada a classical Premchand was a lot of acclaimed Hindi language". Online webpage of The Hindu. novelist. The chhayavadi poets include Chennai, India: The Hindu. 27 May 2005. Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala', Prem Bajpai, Retrieved 2007-06-29. Jaishankar Prasad, Sumitranandan Pant, [11] Lalthangliana, B., 'Mizo tihin ṭawng and . Added acclaimed a nei lo' tih kha poets include Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar', Maithili Sharan Gupt, Agyeya, Harivansh [12] Sigfried J. de Laet. History of Rai Bachchan, and Dharmveer Bharti. Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century UNESCO, References 1994. ISBN 9231028138 p 734

[1] Narayanrao, H.L. "A Brief on Indian Literature and Languages". Journal of Education and Practice. 2 (3): 46. ISSN 2222-288X. [2] "Kannada literature", Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008. Quote: "The earliest literary work is the Kavirajamarga (c. AD 450), a treatise on poetics based on a Sanskrit model." [3] Official website of Bharatiya Jnanpith

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